22 U.S.C. § 2771 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter III: MILITARY EXPORT CONTROLS / Section 2771: Military sales authorizations and ceilings
Military sales authorizations and ceilings
Status: in_force

(a) Authorization for foreign military sales credit and guarantee program

There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out this chapter $5,371,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $5,371,000,000 for fiscal year 1987. Credits may not be extended under section 2763 of this title in an amount, and loans may not be guaranteed under section 2764(a) of this title in a principal amount, which exceeds any maximum amount which may be established with respect to such credits or such loan guarantees in legislation appropriating funds to carry out this chapter. Unobligated balances of funds made available pursuant to this section are hereby authorized to be continued available by appropriations legislation to carry out this chapter.

(b) Aggregate ceilings on credit sales; availability at concessional rates of interest

(1) The total amount of credits extended under section 2763 of this title shall not exceed $5,371,000,000 for fiscal year 1986 and $5,371,000,000 for fiscal year 1987.

(2) Of the aggregate amount of financing provided under this section, not more than $553,900,000 for fiscal year 1986 and not more than $553,900,000 for fiscal year 1987 may be made available at concessional rates of interest. If a country is released from its contractual liability to repay the United States Government with respect to financing provided under this section, such financing shall not be considered to be financing provided at concessional rates of interest for purposes of the limitation established by this paragraph.

(c) Interest rates

Loans available under section 2763 of this title shall be provided at rates of interest that are not less than the current average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturities.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 3, §31, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1324; Pub. L. 91–672, §2, Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2053; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. IV, §401(a), (b), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 93–189, §25(5), (6), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(6), (7), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1815; Pub. L. 94–329, title II, §210(a)–(c)(1), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 740; Pub. L. 95–92, §19, Aug. 4, 1977, 91 Stat. 623; Pub. L. 95–384, §20, Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 741; Pub. L. 96–92, §17(a), Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 708; Pub. L. 96–533, title I, §§104(d), 105(b)(3), 106(a)–(c), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3133–3136; Pub. L. 97–113, title I, §105, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1521; Pub. L. 98–151, §101(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 969, 970; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, §101(a), (b), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 193; Pub. L. 101–513, title V, §596(c), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2062; Pub. L. 104–164, title I, §§101, 104(b)(2)(C), July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1422, 1427.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1996—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 104–164, §101, amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "For fiscal year 1986 and fiscal year 1987, the principal amount of credits provided under section 2763 of this title at market rates of interest with respect to Greece, the Republic of Korea, the Philippines, Portugal, Spain, Thailand, and Turkey shall (if and to the extent each country so desires) be repaid in not more than twenty years, following a grace period of ten years on repayment of principal."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–164, §104(b)(2)(C), struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows: "The aggregate acquisition cost to the United States of excess defense articles ordered by the President in any fiscal year after fiscal year 1976 for delivery to foreign countries or international organizations under the authority of chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 or pursuant to sales under this chapter may not exceed $250,000,000 (exclusive of ships and their onboard stores and supplies transferred in accordance with law, and of any defense articles with respect to which the President submits a certification under section 2776(b) of this title.)."

1990—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–513 inserted ", and of any defense articles with respect to which the President submits a certification under section 2776(b) of this title." after "law".

1985—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–83, §101(a), substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of $5,371,000,000 for fiscal years 1986 and 1987, for provisions authorizing appropriations of $800,000,000 for fiscal years 1982 and 1983.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–83, §101(b), amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting provisions relating to maximum amount of credits authorized for fiscal years 1986 and 1987 and maximum amounts of such credits available at concessional rates of interest for such years, for provisions relating to maximum amounts of credits (or participations in credits) and loans guaranteed for fiscal years 1982 and 1983, and credit, etc., programs with respect to specific countries.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–83, §101(b), amended subsec. (c) generally, substituting provisions relating to extended repayment terms for credits provided for fiscal years 1986 and 1987, for provisions relating to funds made available for fiscal year 1984 to finance procurement of defense articles, etc., by Israel.

1983—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 98–151 amended par. (3) generally, substituting provisions authorizing not less than $1,700,000,000 for fiscal year 1984 as available to Israel, of which not less than $850,000,000 shall be available as credits under section 2763 of this title, and provisions relating to availability of funds part of the total aggregate credit ceiling made available to Israel, for provisions authorizing not less than $1,400,000,000 for the fiscal years 1982 and 1983 as available to Israel, of which not less than $550,000,000 for each year shall be available as credits.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–151 substituted "1984" for "1982 and for the fiscal year 1983".

Subsec. (b)(6). Pub. L. 98–151 amended par. (6) generally, inserting provisions relating to availability to Egypt for fiscal year 1984 of not less than $900,000,000 of the total principal amount of loans guaranteed, and substituting provisions authorizing not less than $465,000,000 for fiscal year 1984, for provisions authorizing not less than $200,000,000 for fiscal years 1982 and 1983.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–151 substituted provisions relating to applicability to fiscal year 1984, for provisions relating to applicability to fiscal years 1982 and 1983, and substituted "$850,000,000" for "$550,000,000".

1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–113, §105(a), substituted "$800,000,000 for the fiscal year 1982 and $800,000,000 for the fiscal year 1983" for "$500,000,000 for the fiscal year 1981".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–113, §105(b), prescribed in par. (1) $800,000,000 limit on credits for fiscal years 1982 and 1983, striking out $500,000,000 limit for fiscal year 1981, in par. (2) $3,269,525,000 limit on total principal amount of guaranteed loans for fiscal years 1982 and 1983, striking out $2,616,000,000 limit for fiscal year 1981, and in par. (3) $1,400,000,000 minimum for Israel in fiscal years 1982 and 1983, the same sum made available for fiscal year 1981, including requirement of $550,000,000 minimum of such funds for such fiscal years as credits under section 2763 of this title, striking out requirement for Israeli use of $200,000,000 of available funds only for relocation costs from the Sinai, and added pars. (4) to (7).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–113, §105(c)(1)–(3), substituted "fiscal year 1982 and for the fiscal year 1983" for "fiscal year 1981", "$550,000,000" for "$500,000,000", and "each such year" for "such year".

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–533, §§104(d), 106(a), placed a limit on extension of credits and loan guaranties not to exceed amount established in appropriation of funds to carry out this chapter and substituted "$500,000,000 for the fiscal year 1981" for "$673,500,000 for the fiscal year 1980".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–533, §106(b), in revising subsec. (b), substituted par. (1) and (2) limits on amount of credits or participations in credits and loan guaranties for fiscal year 1981 in amounts of $500,000,000 and $2,616,000,000 for prior combined sum limited to $2,235,000,000 for fiscal year 1980 and substituted par. (3) earmarking minimum of $1,400,000,000 only for Israel for fiscal year 1981, including availability of $200,000,000 for costs associated with relocation of Israeli forces from the Sinai for prior prescription of minimum sum of $1,000,000,000 as available only for Israel.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–533, §§105(b)(3), 106(c), substituted "defense articles, defense services, and design and construction services" for "defense articles and defense services" in two places, "1981" for "1980" in two places, and "$500,000,000" for "one-half".

1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–92, §17(a)(1), substituted "$673,500,000 for the fiscal year 1980" for "$682,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978 and $674,300,000 for the fiscal year 1979".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–92, §17(a)(2), substituted "$2,235,000,000 for the fiscal year 1980, of which" for "$2,152,350,000 for the fiscal year 1978 and $2,085,500,000 for the fiscal year 1979, of which amount for each such year".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–92, §17(a)(3), substituted "fiscal year 1980" for "fiscal year 1979".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–92, §17(a)(4), substituted "$250,000,000" for "$150,000,000".

1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–384, §20(a), substituted "$682,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978 and $674,300,000 for the fiscal year 1979" for "$677,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–384, §20(b), substituted "$2,152,350,000 for the fiscal year 1978 and $2,085,500,000 for the fiscal year 1979, of which amount for each such year" for "$2,102,350,000 for the fiscal year 1978, of which".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–384, §20(c), substituted "fiscal year 1979" for "fiscal year 1978".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–384, §20(d), substituted "$150,000,000" for "$100,000,000".

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–92, §19(1), substituted "$677,000,000 for the fiscal year 1978" for "$1,039,000,000 for the fiscal year 1976 and not to exceed $740,000,000 for the fiscal year 1977".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–92, §19(2), substituted "$2,102,350,000 for the fiscal year 1978" for "$2,374,700,000 for the fiscal year 1976, of which not less than $1,500,000,000 shall be available only for Israel, and shall not exceed $2,022,100,000 for the fiscal year 1977".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–92, §19(3), substituted "year 1978" for "years 1976 and 1977" and struck out "each" before "such year".

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–329, §210(a), substituted provisions authorizing appropriations not to exceed $1,039,000,000 for the fiscal year 1976 and not to exceed $740,000,000 for the fiscal year 1977, for provisions authorizing appropriations not to exceed $405,000,000 for the fiscal year 1975.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–329, §210(b), substituted provisions setting out the foreign military sales credit ceiling of $2,374,700,000 for the fiscal year 1976, of which not less than $1,500,000,000 shall be available only for Israel, and $2,022,100,000 for the fiscal year 1977, of which not less than $1,000,000,000 shall be available only for Israel, for provisions setting out such ceiling of $872,500,000 for the fiscal year 1975, of which amount not less than $300,000,000 shall be available to Israel only, and struck out provisions relating to obligation of $100,000,000 for financing procurement of defense articles and services by Israel and for release of Israel from contractual liability to repay United States Government for the defense article and services so financed.

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94–329, §210(c)(1), added subsecs. (c) and (d).

1974—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(6), substituted "$405,000,000 for the fiscal year 1975" for "$325,000,000 for the fiscal year 1974".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(7), substituted "$872,500,000 for the fiscal year 1975" for "$730,000,000 for the fiscal year 1974" and provided for obligation of $100,000,000 for financing procurement of defense articles and defense services by Israel and for release of Israel from contractual liability to repay the United States Government for the defense articles and defense services so financed.

1973—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–189, §25(5), substituted provision authorizing appropriation of not more than $325,000,000 for the fiscal year 1974, for provision authorizing appropriation of not more than $400,000,000 for the fiscal year 1972.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–189, §25(6), substituted provisions setting out the foreign military sales credit ceiling of $730,000,000 for the fiscal year 1974, of which amount not less than $300,000,000 shall be made available to Israel, for provisions setting out such ceiling of $550,000,000 for the fiscal year 1972, of which amount not less than $300,000,000 shall be made available to Israel, and such amount to exclude credits covered by guaranties issued under section 2764(b) of this title.

1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–226, §401(a), substituted provision authorizing appropriation of not more than $400,000,000 for the fiscal year 1972, for provisions authorizing appropriation of not more than $250,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1970 and 1971.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–226, §401(b), substituted provisions setting out the foreign military sales credit ceiling of $550,000,000 for the fiscal year 1972, of which amount not less than $300,000,000 shall be made available to Israel, for provisions setting out such ceiling of $340,000,000 for the fiscal years 1970 and 1971.

1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–672, §2(1), substituted provisions authorizing appropriation of not more than $250,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1970 and 1971 for provisions authorizing appropriation of not more than $296,000,000 for the fiscal year 1969.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–672, §2(2), substituted provisions setting out the foreign military sales credit ceiling of $340,000,000 for the fiscal years 1970 and 1971 for provisions setting out such ceiling of $296,000,000 for the fiscal year 1969.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective July 1, 1968, see section 41 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title.

Ceilings on Loans for Greece, Sudan, and Turkey, Fiscal Year 1980; Repayment Period; Grace Period for Repayment of Principal

Pub. L. 96–92, §17(b), Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 709, provided that: "Of the principal amount of loans guaranteed for the fiscal year 1980 under section 24 of the Arms Export Control Act [section 2764 of this title]—

"(1) with respect to Turkey, not to exceed $50,000,000,

"(2) with respect to Greece, not to exceed $42,000,000, and

"(3) with respect to Sudan, not to exceed $25,000,000,

shall be repaid in not less than 20 years, following a grace period of 10 years on repayment of principal."
22 U.S.C. § 9303 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 100: GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY / Section 9303: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this chapter:

(1) Appropriate congressional committees

The term "appropriate congressional committees" means—

(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;

(B) the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate;

(C) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(D) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives;

(E) the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives; and

(F) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(2) Feed the Future Innovation Labs

The term "Feed the Future Innovation Labs" means research partnerships led by United States universities that advance solutions to reduce global hunger, poverty, and malnutrition, including in response to shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security.

(3) Food and nutrition security

The term "food and nutrition security" means access to, and availability, utilization, and stability of, sufficient food to meet caloric and nutritional needs for an active and healthy life.

(4) Food system

The term "food system" means the intact or whole unit made up of interrelated components of people, behaviors, relationships, and material goods that interact in the production, processing, packaging, transporting, trade, marketing, consumption, and use of food, feed, and fiber through aquaculture, farming, wild fisheries, forestry, and pastoralism that operates within and is influenced by social, political, economic, and environmental contexts.

(5) Global Food Security Strategy

The term "Global Food Security Strategy" means the strategy developed and implemented pursuant to section 9304(a) of this title.

(6) Key stakeholders

The term "key stakeholders" means actors engaged in efforts to advance global food security programs and objectives, including—

(A) relevant Federal departments and agencies;

(B) national and local governments in target countries;

(C) other bilateral donors;

(D) international and regional organizations;

(E) international, regional, and local financial institutions;

(F) international, regional, and local private voluntary, nongovernmental, faith-based, and civil society organizations;

(G) the private sector, including agribusinesses and relevant commodities groups;

(H) local agricultural producers, including farmer and fisher organizations, cooperatives, small-scale producers, youth, and women; and

(I) agricultural research and academic institutions, including land-grant universities and extension services.

(7) Malnutrition

The term "malnutrition" means poor nutritional status caused by nutritional deficiency or excess.

(8) Relevant Federal departments and agencies

The term "relevant Federal departments and agencies" means the United States Agency for International Development, the Department of Agriculture, the Department of Commerce, the Department of State, the Department of the Treasury, the Millennium Challenge Corporation, the United States International Development Finance Corporation, the Peace Corps, the Office of the United States Trade Representative, the United States African Development Foundation, the Inter-American Foundation, the United States Geological Survey, and any other department or agency specified by the President for purposes of this section.

(9) Resilience

The term "resilience" means the ability of people, households, communities, countries, and agriculture and food systems to mitigate, adapt to, and recover from shocks and stresses to food security, including global food catastrophes, in a manner that reduces chronic vulnerability and facilitates inclusive growth.

(10) Small-scale producer

The term "small-scale producer" means farmers, pastoralists, foresters, and artisanal fishing communities that have a low asset base and limited resources, including land, capital, skills and labor, and, in the case of farmers, typically farm on fewer than 5 hectares of land.

(11) Stunting

The term "stunting" refers to a condition that—

(A) is measured by a height-to-age ratio that is more than 2 standard deviations below the median for the population;

(B) manifests in children who are younger than 2 years of age;

(C) is a process that can continue in children after they reach 2 years of age, resulting in an individual being "stunted";

(D) is a marker of an environment deficient in the various needs that allow for a child's healthy growth, including nutrition; and

(E) is associated with long-term poor health, delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function, and decreased immunity.

(12) Sustainable

The term "sustainable" means the ability of a target country, community, implementing partner, or intended beneficiary to maintain, over time, the programs authorized and outcomes achieved pursuant to this chapter.

(13) Target country

The term "target country" means a developing country that is selected to participate in food and nutrition security and agriculture-led economic growth programs under the Global Food Security Strategy pursuant to the selection criteria described in section 9304(a)(2) of this title, including criteria such as the potential for agriculture-led economic growth, government commitment to agricultural investment and policy reform, opportunities for partnerships and regional synergies, the level of need, and resource availability.

(14) Wasting

The term "wasting" means—

(A) a life-threatening condition attributable to poor nutrient intake or disease that is characterized by a rapid deterioration in nutritional status over a short period of time; and

(B) in the case of children, is characterized by low weight for height and weakened immunity, increasing their risk of death due to greater frequency and severity of common infection, particularly when severe.

(Pub. L. 114–195, §4, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, §1470(s), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3519; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(c), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3376.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Par. (2). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(1), inserted ", including in response to shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security" before period at end.

Pars. (4) to (6). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (3), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) and (5) as (5) and (6), respectively. Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Par. (6)(H). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(4), amended subpar. (H) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (H) read as follows: "agricultural producers, including farmer organizations, cooperatives, small-scale producers, and women; and".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Par. (8). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(5), which directed amendment of "paragraph (7), as redesignated" by inserting "the Inter-American Foundation," after "United States African Development Foundation," was executed by making the amendment in par. (8), as redesignated, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Par. (7), as redesignated by Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), does not contain the words "United States African Development Foundation,".

Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (7) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (9).

Par. (9). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (6), redesignated par. (8) as (9) and inserted "agriculture and food" before "systems" and ", including global food catastrophes," after "food security". Former par. (9) redesignated (10).

Par. (10). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (7), redesignated par. (9) as (10) and substituted "artisanal fishing communities" for "fishers". Former par. (10) redesignated (11).

Par. (11). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (10) as (11). Former par. (11) redesignated (12).

Par. (11)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(8), amended subpars. (D) and (E) generally. Prior to amendment, subpars. (D) and (E) read as follows:

"(D) is a sign of chronic malnutrition; and

"(E) can lead to long-term poor health, delayed motor development, impaired cognitive function, and decreased immunity."

Par. (12). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), redesignated par. (11) as (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (13).

Par. (13). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(2), (9), redesignated par. (12) as (13) and substituted "food and nutrition security and agriculture-led economic growth" for "agriculture and nutrition security".

Par. (14). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(c)(10), added par. (14).

2018—Par. (7). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "United States International Development Finance Corporation" for "Overseas Private Investment Corporation".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–254 effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title, see section 1470(w) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.
22 U.S.C. § 2077 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 29: CULTURAL, TECHNICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL CENTERS / Subchapter IV: INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY / Section 2077: International University for the Americas
International University for the Americas
Status: in_force

(a) Purpose

The purpose of this section is to promote economic integration and the consolidation and strengthening of democratic institutions in the Western Hemisphere, and to commemorate the 500th anniversary of the discovery of the Americas by Christopher Columbus through the establishment of an institution of higher education, which shall be known as the "International University for the Americas".

(b) Establishment

The Secretary of State, in consultation with other governments in the Western Hemisphere, shall determine the most appropriate location for the International University for the Americas. In making that determination, the Secretary shall ensure that—

(1) the location chosen is in the Americas and is easily accessible to all peoples in the region; and

(2) the relevant government—

(A) has demonstrated a commitment to economic integration and democratic values though 1 its policies and programs; and

(B) has expressed an interest in that location being chosen as a site and has agreed to contribute some amount of assistance, either in cash or kind, toward the costs of developing the institution.

(c) Faculty, students, and curriculum

In developing the bylaws of the International University for the Americas, the Secretary of State shall ensure that they contain provisions to ensure that faculty and students are drawn from all the nations in the Western Hemisphere, and that the curriculum is designed to develop expertise in fields that will promote the economic integration of the Americas and the consolidation of democracy throughout the Hemisphere.

(d) Annual report

The annual reports submitted pursuant to section 1738m of title 7 shall include a progress report on the selection of a site and design for the establishment of the International University for the Americas.

(e) Funding

Of the funds that are allocated for assistance for Latin America and the Caribbean under chapter 1 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] (relating to development assistance) and chapter 4 of part II of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] (relating to the economic support fund), $500,000 may be made available to carry out the site location and design phase of the International University for the Americas.

(Pub. L. 102–549, title VI, §604, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3669; Pub. L. 110–246, title III, §3001(b)(1)(A), (2)(O), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1820.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (e), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 1 of part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Act are classified generally to part I (§2151 et seq.) of subchapter I and part IV (§2346 et seq.) of subchapter II, respectively, of chapter 32 of this title. For provisions deeming references to part I of subchapter I to include a reference to section 2293 of this title, see section 2293(d)(1) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–246 made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 1738m of title 7.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.

1 So in original. Probably should be "through".
22 U.S.C. § 3968 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IV: COMPENSATION / Section 3968: Local compensation plans
Local compensation plans
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment; rates of pay; leaves of absence; supplemental payments; transfer from Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund

(1) The Secretary shall establish compensation (including position classification) plans for foreign national employees of the Service and United States citizens employed under section 3951(c)(1) of this title. To the extent consistent with the public interest, each compensation plan shall be based upon prevailing wage rates and compensation practices (including participation in local social security plans) for corresponding types of positions in the locality of employment, except that such compensation plans shall provide for payment of wages to United States citizens at a rate which is no less than the then applicable minimum wage rate specified in section 206(a)(1) of title 29. Any compensation plan established under this section may include provision for (A) leaves of absence with pay for employees in accordance with prevailing law and employment practices in the locality of employment without regard to any limitation contained in section 6310 of title 5, (B) programs for voluntary transfers of such leave and voluntary leave banks, which shall, to the extent practicable, be established in a manner consistent with the provisions of subchapters III and IV, respectively, of chapter 63 of title 5, and (C) payments by the Government and employees to (i) a trust or other fund in a financial institution in order to finance future benefits for employees, including provision for retention in the fund of accumulated interest and dividends for the benefit of covered employees; or (ii) a Foreign Service National Savings Fund established in the Treasury of the United States, which (I) shall be administered by the Secretary, at whose direction the Secretary of the Treasury shall invest amounts not required for the current needs of the Fund; and (II) shall be public monies, which are authorized to be appropriated and remain available without fiscal year limitation to pay benefits, to be invested in public debt obligations bearing interest at rates determined by the Secretary of the Treasury taking into consideration current average market yields on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturity, and to pay administrative expenses. For United States citizens under a compensation plan, the Secretary shall define those allowances and benefits provided under United States law which shall be included as part of the total compensation package, notwithstanding any other provision of law, except that this section shall not be used to override United States minimum wage requirements, or any provision of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 301 et seq.] or title 26.

(2) The Secretary may make supplemental payments to any civil service annuitant who is a former foreign national employee of the Service (or who is receiving an annuity as a survivor of a former foreign national employee of the Service) in order to offset exchange rate losses, if the annuity being paid such annuitant is based on—

(A) a salary that was fixed in a foreign currency that has appreciated in value in terms of the United States dollar; and

(B) service in a country in which (as determined by the Secretary) the average retirement benefits being received by individuals who retired from competitive local organizations are superior to the local currency value of civil service annuities plus any other retirement benefits payable to foreign national employees who retired during similar time periods and after comparable careers with the Government.

(3)(A) Whenever a foreign national employee so elects during a one-year period established by the Secretary of State with respect to each post abroad, the Secretary of the Treasury (at the direction of the Secretary of State) shall transfer such employee's interest in the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund to a trust or other local retirement plan certified by the United States Government under a local compensation plan established for foreign national employees pursuant to this section (excluding local social security plans).

(B) For purposes of subparagraph (A), the phrase "employee's interest in the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund" means the total contributions of the employee and the employing agency with respect to such employee, pursuant to sections 8331(8) and 8334(a)(1) of title 5, respectively, plus interest at the rate provided in section 8334(e)(3) of such title.

(C) Any such transfer shall void any annuity rights or entitlement to lump-sum credit under subchapter III of chapter 83 of such title.

(b) Employment programs

For the purpose of performing functions abroad, any agency or other Government establishment (including any establishment in the legislative or judicial branch) may administer employment programs for its employees who are foreign nationals, are United States citizens employed in the Service abroad who were hired while residing abroad, or are family members of Government employees assigned abroad, in accordance with the applicable provisions of this chapter.

(c) Regulations

The Secretary of State may prescribe regulations governing the establishment and administration of local compensation plans under this section by all agencies and other Government establishments.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §408, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2090; Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §127(a), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1026; Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §141(a), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 35; Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §§148, 152, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 670, 672; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §180(a)(4), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 415; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title III, §322], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–436; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §313, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1378.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620, which is classified generally to chapter 7 (§301 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 96–465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, known as the Foreign Service Act of 1980, which is classified principally to this chapter (§3901 et. seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 107–228 in third sentence substituted "payments by the Government and employees to (i) a trust or other fund in a financial institution in order to finance future benefits for employees, including provision for retention in the fund of accumulated interest and dividends for the benefit of covered employees; or (ii) a Foreign Service National Savings Fund established in the Treasury of the United States, which (I) shall be administered by the Secretary, at whose direction the Secretary of the Treasury shall invest amounts not required for the current needs of the Fund; and (II) shall be public monies, which are authorized to be appropriated and remain available without fiscal year limitation to pay benefits, to be invested in public debt obligations bearing interest at rates determined by the Secretary of the Treasury taking into consideration current average market yields on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturity, and to pay administrative expenses." for "payments by the Government and employees to a trust or other fund in a financial institution in order to finance future benefits for employees, including provision for retention in the fund of accumulated interest for the benefit of covered employees."

1999—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 106–113, in last sentence, struck out "(A) provide such citizens with a total compensation package (including wages, allowances, benefits, and other employer payments, such as for social security) that has the equivalent cost to that received by foreign national employees occupying a similar position at that post and (B)" after "Secretary shall" and substituted "the total compensation package" for "this total compensation package".

1994—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–236, §180(a)(4)(D), inserted at end "For United States citizens under a compensation plan, the Secretary shall (A) provide such citizens with a total compensation package (including wages, allowances, benefits, and other employer payments, such as for social security) that has the equivalent cost to that received by foreign national employees occupying a similar position at that post and (B) define those allowances and benefits provided under United States law which shall be included as part of this total compensation package, notwithstanding any other provision of law, except that this section shall not be used to override United States minimum wage requirements, or any provision of the Social Security Act or title 26."

Pub. L. 103–236, §180(a)(4)(B), (C), in second sentence struck out "employed in the Service abroad who were hired while residing abroad and to those family members of Government employees who are paid in accordance with such plans" after "United States citizens" and in third sentence struck out "foreign national" before "employees" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 103–236, §180(a)(4)(A), inserted first sentence and struck out former first sentence which read as follows: "The Secretary shall establish compensation (including position classification) plans for foreign national employees of the Service, United States citizens employed in the Service abroad who were hired while residing abroad, and for United States citizens employed in the Service abroad who are family members of Government employees."

1991—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–138, §152(a), inserted "United States citizens employed in the Service abroad who were hired while residing abroad," after "employees of the Service," and "to United States citizens employed in the Service abroad who were hired while residing abroad and" after "payment of wages".

Pub. L. 102–138, §148, added cl. (B) and redesignated former cl. (B) as (C).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–138, §152(b), inserted ", are United States citizens employed in the Service abroad who were hired while residing abroad," after "foreign nationals".

1990—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 101–246 added par. (3).

1983—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–164 designated existing provisions as cl. (A) and added cl. (B).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Date of Transfer From Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund

Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §141(c), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 35, provided that: "The transfer of an employee's interest in the Civil Service Retirement and Disability Fund shall occur after October 1, 1990."

Foreign National Pay Plans

Pub. L. 96–60, title I, §107(a), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 397, provided that: "It is the sense of the Congress that the Secretary of State should—

"(1) improve coordination between the Department of State and the Department of Defense and other departments and agencies of the United States operating outside the United States with respect to foreign national pay systems and wage schedules to the extent that—

"(A) joint wage surveys and compatible pay schedules are adopted in countries where two or more departments or agencies of the United States directly employ foreign nationals, and

"(B) Department of Defense wage rates are included in wage surveys of the Department of State where the Department of Defense operates under indirect-hire arrangements;

"(2) monitor the establishment of wage rates outside the United States more closely to insure that United States missions—

"(A) operate under salary schedules that reflect private sector average pay or average pay ranges,

"(B) include the cost of severance in making pay adjustments, and

"(C) survey jobs in the private sector which represent as closely as possible the work force of the mission; and

"(3) substitute, whenever possible, prevailing local retirement plans for civil service retirement with respect to the retirement of foreign nationals employed by the United States."
22 U.S.C. § 526 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 10: HEMISPHERAL RELATIONS / Subchapter II: WAR MATERIALS / Section 526: Protection of patent rights
Protection of patent rights
Status: in_force

The Secretary of the Army and the Secretary of the Navy shall in all contracts or agreements for the sale of such matériel fully protect the rights of all citizens of the United States who have patent rights in and to any such matériel which is authorized to be sold and the funds collected for royalties on such patents shall be paid to the owners and holders of such patents.

(June 15, 1940, ch. 365, §6, 54 Stat. 397; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, §205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted "Title 10, Armed Forces" which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.

Executive Documents

Secretary of the Air Force

For transfer of certain procurement and related functions and property, insofar as they pertain to Air Force, from Secretary of the Army and Department of the Army to Secretary of the Air Force and Department of the Air Force, see Secretary of Defense Transfer Order Nos. 6 [§1(a)(41)], eff. Jan. 15, 1948; 39 [§2zz], May 18, 1949.
22 U.S.C. § 4118 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter X: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS / Section 4118: Administrative provisions
Administrative provisions
Status: in_force

(a) Assignment for deduction of dues

If the Department has received from any individual a written assignment which authorizes the Department to deduct from the salary of that individual amounts for the payment of regular and periodic dues of the exclusive representative, the Department shall honor the assignment. Any such assignment shall be made at no cost to the exclusive representative or the individual. Except as provided in subsection (b), any such assignment may not be revoked for a period of one year from its execution.

(b) Termination of assignment for deduction of dues

An assignment for deduction of dues shall terminate when—

(1) the labor organization ceases to be the exclusive representative;

(2) the individual ceases to receive a salary from the Department as a member of the Service; or

(3) the individual is suspended or expelled from membership in the exclusive representative.

(c) Negotiations with uncertified labor organizations

During any period when no labor organization is certified as the exclusive representative of employees in the Department, the Department shall have the duty to negotiate with a labor organization which has filed a petition under section 4111(b)(1)(A) of this title alleging that 10 percent of the employees in the Department have membership in the organization if the Board has determined that the petition is valid. Negotiations under this subsection shall be concerned solely with the deduction of dues of the labor organization from the salary of the individuals who are members of the labor organization and who make a voluntary allotment for that purpose. Any agreement between the Department and a labor organization under this subsection shall terminate upon the certification of an exclusive representative of any employees to whom the agreement applies.

(d) Official time usage

The following provisions shall apply to the use of official time:

(1) Any employee representing an exclusive representative in the negotiation of a collective bargaining agreement under this subchapter shall be authorized official time for such purposes, including attendance at impasse proceedings, during the time the employee otherwise would be in a duty status. The number of employees for whom official time is authorized under this paragraph shall not exceed the number of individuals designated as representing the Department for such purposes.

(2) Any activities performed by any employee relating to the internal business of the labor organization, including the solicitation of membership, elections of labor organization officials, and collection of dues, shall be performed during the time the employee is in a nonduty status.

(3) Except as provided in paragraph (1), the Board shall determine whether any employee participating for, or on behalf of, a labor organization in any phase of proceedings before the Board shall be authorized official time for such purpose during the time the employee would otherwise be in a duty status.

(4) Except as provided in paragraphs (1), (2), and (3), any employee representing an exclusive representative, or engaged in any other matter covered by this subchapter, shall be granted official time in any amount the Department and the exclusive representative agree to be reasonable, necessary, and in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §1018, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2141.)
22 U.S.C. § 41 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 1: DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR SERVICE GENERALLY / Section 41: Transferred
Transferred
Status: transferred

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section, act July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title I, 60 Stat. 448, which related to ambassadors or ministers unable to serve because of emergent conditions abroad, was transferred and set out as a note under section 901 of this title and subsequently omitted from the Code.
22 U.S.C. § 3967 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IV: COMPENSATION / Section 3967: Salaries for Foreign Service personnel abroad who perform routine duties
Salaries for Foreign Service personnel abroad who perform routine duties
Status: in_force

(a) The Secretary may establish salary rates at rates lower than those established for the Foreign Service Schedule for the Foreign Service personnel described in subsection (b). The rates established under this subsection may be no less than the then applicable minimum wage rate specified in section 206(a)(1) of title 29.

(b) The Secretary may pay Foreign Service personnel who are recruited abroad, who are not available or are not qualified for assignment to another Foreign Service post, and who perform duties of a more routine nature than are generally performed by Foreign Service personnel assigned to class 9 in the Foreign Service Schedule, in accordance with the salary rates established under subsection (a).

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §407, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2090.)
22 U.S.C. § 8551 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 92: COMPREHENSIVE IRAN SANCTIONS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DIVESTMENT / Subchapter IV: GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 8551: General provisions
General provisions
Status: in_force

(a) Sunset

The provisions of this Act (other than sections 105 and 305 [22 U.S.C. 8514, 8544] and the amendments made by sections 102, 107, 109, and 205) shall terminate, and section 80a–13(c)(1)(B) of title 15, as added by section 203(a), shall cease to be effective, on the date that is 30 days after the date on which the President certifies to Congress that—

(1) the Government of Iran has ceased providing support for acts of international terrorism and no longer satisfies the requirements for designation as a state sponsor of terrorism (as defined in section 301 [22 U.S.C. 8541]) under—

(A) section 4605(j)(1)(A) 1 of title 50 (or any successor thereto);

(B) section 2780(d) of this title; or

(C) section 2371(a) of this title; and

(2) Iran has ceased the pursuit, acquisition, and development of, and verifiably dismantled its, nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons and ballistic missiles and ballistic missile launch technology.

(b) Presidential waivers

(1) In general

The President may waive the application of sanctions under section 103(b) [22 U.S.C. 8512(b)], the requirement to impose or maintain sanctions with respect to a person under section 105(a) [22 U.S.C. 8514(a)], 105A(a) [22 U.S.C. 8514a(a)], 105B(a) [22 U.S.C. 8514b(a)], or 105C(a) [22 U.S.C. 8514c(a)], the requirement to include a person on the list required by section 105(b) [22 U.S.C. 8514(b)], 105A(b) [22 U.S.C. 8514a(b)], 105B(b) [22 U.S.C. 8514b(b)], or 105C(b) [22 U.S.C. 8514c(b)], the application of the prohibition under section 106(a) [22 U.S.C. 8515(a)], or the imposition of the licensing requirement under section 303(c) [22 U.S.C. 8543(c)] with respect to a country designated as a Destination of Diversion Concern under section 303(a) [22 U.S.C. 8543(a)], if the President determines that such a waiver is in the national interest of the United States.

(2) Reports

(A) In general

If the President waives the application of a provision pursuant to paragraph (1), the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing the reasons for the waiver.

(B) Special rule for report on waiving imposition of licensing requirement under section 303(c)

In any case in which the President waives, pursuant to paragraph (1), the imposition of the licensing requirement under section 303(c) [22 U.S.C. 8543(c)] with respect to a country designated as a Destination of Diversion Concern under section 303(a) [22 U.S.C. 8543(a)], the President shall include in the report required by subparagraph (A) of this paragraph an assessment of whether the government of the country is taking the steps described in subparagraph (A) of section 303(d)(1) [22 U.S.C. 8543(d)(1)(A)].

(c) Authorizations of appropriations

(1) Authorization of appropriations for the Department of State and the Department of the Treasury

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State and to the Secretary of the Treasury such sums as may be necessary to implement the provisions of, and amendments made by, titles I and III of this Act [22 U.S.C. 8511 et seq., 8541 et seq.].

(2) Authorization of appropriations for the Department of Commerce

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Commerce such sums as may be necessary to carry out title III [22 U.S.C. 8541 et seq.].

(Pub. L. 111–195, title IV, §401, July 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 1350; Pub. L. 112–158, title IV, §403(d), title VI, §605(b), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1255, 1265; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1249(b), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2016.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(1), is Pub. L. 111–195, July 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 1312, known as the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010, which enacted this chapter, amended sections 287c, 2778, and 2780 of this title, section 80a–13 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 310 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 4315 of Title 50, War and National Defense, enacted provisions set out as notes under section 80a–13 of Title 15 and section 1701 of Title 50, and amended provisions set out as notes under section 1701 of Title 50. Title I of the Act enacted subchapter I of this chapter, amended sections 287c, 2778, and 2780 of this title, section 310 of Title 31, and section 4315 of Title 50, enacted provisions set out as a note under section 1701 of Title 50, and amended provisions set out as a note under section 1701 of Title 50. Title III of the Act enacted subchapter III of this chapter. Section 102 of the Act enacted and amended provisions set out as notes under section 1701 of Title 50. Section 107 of the Act amended sections 287c, 2778, and 2780 of this title and section 4315 of Title 50. Section 109 of the Act enacted section 8517 of this title and amended section 310 of Title 31. Section 205 of the Act amended section 80a–13 of Title 15, enacted provisions set out as a note under section 80a–13 of Title 15, and amended provisions set out as a note under section 1701 of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8501 of this title and Tables.

Section 4605(j)(1)(A) of title 50, referred to in subsec. (a)(1)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232. Provisions similar to those in former section 4605(j)(1)(A) of title 50 can be found in section 4813(c)(1)(A)(i) of title 50, as enacted by Pub. L. 115–232.

Amendments

2013—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–239 substituted "105B(a), or 105C(a)" for "or 105B(a)" and "105B(b), or 105C(b)" for "or 105B(b)".

2012—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 112–158, §605(b), inserted ", and verifiably dismantled its," after "development of".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 112–158, §403(d), inserted ", 105A(a), or 105B(a)" after "105(a)" and ", 105A(b), or 105B(b)" after "105(b)".

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Ex. Ord. No. 13553, §§5–7, Sept. 28, 2010, 77 Stat. 60568, 60569, authorized the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, to exercise the functions and waiver authorities conferred upon the President by subsec. (b) of this section with respect to the requirement to impose or maintain sanctions pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) under section 8514(a) of this title; authorized the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of Homeland Security on certain admissibility matters, to exercise the functions and waiver authorities conferred upon the President by subsec. (b) of this section with respect to the requirement to impose or maintain visa sanctions under section 8514(a) of this title; and authorized the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, to exercise the functions and waiver authorities conferred upon the President by subsec. (b) of this section with respect to the requirement to include a person on the list required by section 8514(b) of this title.

Other delegations of functions vested in the President by this section were contained in the following:

Memorandum of President of the United States, June 3, 2013, 78 F.R. 35545, set out as a note under section 8801 of this title.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 23, 2010, 75 F.R. 67025, set out as a note under section 8501 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 9251 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 99: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS AND POLICY ENHANCEMENT / Subchapter IV: GENERAL AUTHORITIES / Section 9251: Suspension of sanctions and other measures
Suspension of sanctions and other measures
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Any sanction or other measure required under subchapter I, II, or III (or any amendment made by such subchapters) (other than section 9214(g), 9221b, or 9221c of this title) may be suspended for up to 1 year upon certification by the President to the appropriate congressional committees that the Government of North Korea has made progress toward—

(1) verifiably ceasing its counterfeiting of United States currency, including the surrender or destruction of specialized materials and equipment used or particularly suitable for counterfeiting;

(2) taking steps toward financial transparency to comply with generally accepted protocols to cease and prevent the laundering of monetary instruments;

(3) taking steps toward verification of its compliance with applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions;

(4) taking steps toward accounting for and repatriating the citizens of other countries—

(A) abducted or unlawfully held captive by the Government of North Korea; or

(B) detained in violation of the Agreement Concerning a Military Armistice in Korea, signed at Panmunjom July 27, 1953 (commonly referred to as the "Korean War Armistice Agreement");

(5) accepting and beginning to abide by internationally recognized standards for the distribution and monitoring of humanitarian aid; and

(6) taking verified steps to improve living conditions in its political prison camps.

(b) Renewal of suspension

The suspension described in subsection (a) may be renewed for additional, consecutive 180-day periods after the President certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the Government of North Korea has continued to comply with the conditions described in subsection (a) during the previous year.

(Pub. L. 114–122, title IV, §401, Feb. 18, 2016, 130 Stat. 114; Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXI, §7143(b)(2), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2256.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Subchapter I, II, or III (or any amendment made by such subchapters), referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "title I, II, or III (or any amendment made by such titles)", meaning titles I, II, and III of Pub. L. 114–122, Feb. 18, 2016, 130 Stat. 98, 101, 112. Titles I and III are classified principally to subchapters I and III, respectively, of this chapter. Title II is classified generally to subchapter II of this chapter. For complete classification of titles I, II, and III of Pub. L. 114–122 to the Code, see Tables.

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–92 inserted "(other than section 9214(g), 9221b, or 9221c of this title)" after "such subchapters)" in introductory provisions.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions and authorities of President under subsecs. (a) and (b) of this section delegated to Secretary of State, to be executed in consultation with Secretary of the Treasury when appropriate, by Memorandum of President of the United States, May 18, 2016, 81 F.R. 37479, set out as a note under section 9212 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2805 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 40: INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITIONS / Section 2805: Withdrawal of Federal recognition or participation
Withdrawal of Federal recognition or participation
Status: in_force

The President may withdraw Federal recognition or participation whenever he finds that continuing recognition or participation would be inconsistent with the national interest and with the purposes of this chapter.

(Pub. L. 91–269, §5, May 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 272.)
22 U.S.C. § 8565 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 92: COMPREHENSIVE IRAN SANCTIONS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DIVESTMENT / Subchapter V: MASIH ALINEJAD HARASSMENT AND UNLAWFUL TARGETING / Section 8565: Exceptions; waivers; implementation
Exceptions; waivers; implementation
Status: in_force

(a) Exceptions

(1) Exception for intelligence, law enforcement, and national security activities

Sanctions under sections 8563 and 8564 of this title shall not apply to any authorized intelligence, law enforcement, or national security activities of the United States.

(2) Exception to comply with United Nations Headquarters agreement

Sanctions under section 8563(c)(2) of this title shall not apply with respect to the admission of an individual to the United States if the admission of the individual is necessary to permit the United States to comply with the Agreement regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed at Lake Success June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, between the United Nations and the United States, the Convention on Consular Relations, done at Vienna April 24, 1963, and entered into force March 19, 1967, or other applicable international obligations.

(b) National interests waiver

The President may waive the application of sanctions under section 8563 of this title with respect to a person if the President—

(1) determines that the waiver is in the national interests of the United States; and

(2) submits to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the waiver and the reasons for the waiver.

(c) Implementation; penalties

(1) Implementation

The President may exercise all authorities provided to the President under sections 1702 and 1704 of title 50 to carry out this subchapter.

(2) Penalties

A person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of section 8563(c)(1) or 8564(b) of this title or any regulation, license, or order issued to carry out either such section shall be subject to the penalties set forth in subsections (b) and (c) of section 1705 of title 50 to the same extent as a person that commits an unlawful act described in subsection (a) of that section.

(Pub. L. 117–328, div. AA, title II, §206, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5535.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Masih Alinejad Harassment and Unlawful Targeting Act of 2022, also known as the Masih Alinejad HUNT Act of 2022, and not as part of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 which comprises this chapter.
22 U.S.C. § 2773 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter III: MILITARY EXPORT CONTROLS / Section 2773: Restraint in arms sales to Sub-Saharan Africa
Restraint in arms sales to Sub-Saharan Africa
Status: in_force

It is the sense of the Congress that the problems of Sub-Saharan Africa are primarily those of economic development and that United States policy should assist in limiting the development of costly military conflict in that region. Therefore, the President shall exercise restraint in selling defense articles and defense services, and in providing financing for sales of defense articles and defense services, to countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 3, §33, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1325; Pub. L. 91–672, §3, Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2053; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. IV, §401(c), (d), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 93–189, §25(7)–(9), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 731; Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(8), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1815; Pub. L. 96–92, §18, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 709.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1979—Pub. L. 96–92 substituted provisions respecting restraint in arms sales to Sub-Saharan Africa for provisions imposing regional ceilings on foreign military sales to African countries and Presidential waiver and report thereof to Congress.

1974—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(8)(A), (B), repealed subsec. (a) which prescribed a ceiling of $150,000,000 in each fiscal year on the total amount of military assistance, credits, participations in credits, guaranteed loans, and loans and sales under section 7307 of Title 10, for Latin American countries, and redesignated subsec. (b) as (a).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(8)(B), (C), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (a).

1973—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–189, §25(7), struck out reference to cash sales pursuant to sections 2761 and 2762 of this title reference to exclusion of credits covered by guaranties issued under section 2764(b) of this title, and reference to the face amount of contracts of guaranty issued under section 2764(a) and (b) of this title, inserted reference to the principal amount of loans guaranteed under section 2764(a) of this title, and substituted "$150,000,000" for "$100,000,000".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–189, §25(8), struck out reference to cash sales pursuant to sections 2761 and 2762 of this title, reference to exclusion of credits covered by guaranties issued under section 2764(b) of this title, and reference to the face amount of contracts of guaranty issued under section 2764(a) and (b) of this title, and inserted reference to the principal amount of loans guaranteed under section 2764(a) of this title.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–189, §25(9), struck out subsec. (c) which provided for Presidential waiver of limitations on amounts authorized under this section and set forth geographical limitations on the aggregate amounts of military assistance to be made available and percentage deviations from such ceiling amounts.

1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–226, §401(c), substituted "$100,000,000" for "$75,000,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 92–226, §401(d), substituted provisions for waiver of limitations when overriding requirements of the national security of the United States justify waiver for prior provisions for such a waiver when important to the security of the United States, required a written report with reasons for findings and statement in detail of expenditures when in excess of applicable geographical limitations, and prescribed percentage limitation for exceeding aggregate of geographical ceiling limitation.

1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–672, §3(1), made fiscal year 1969 ceiling of $75,000,000 for Latin American countries a continuing ceiling applicable in each fiscal year.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–672, §3(2), made fiscal year 1969 ceiling of $40,000,000 for African countries a continuing ceiling applicable in each fiscal year.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective July 1, 1968, see section 41 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 1980b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 25: PROTECTION OF VESSELS ON THE HIGH SEAS AND IN TERRITORIAL WATERS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES / Section 1980b: Sanctions for imposition of conditions on U.S. fishing vessel found inconsistent with international law
Sanctions for imposition of conditions on U.S. fishing vessel found inconsistent with international law
Status: in_force

(a) Certification

If the Secretary of State finds that the government of any nation imposes conditions on the operation or transit of United States fishing vessels which the United States regards as being inconsistent with international law or an international agreement, the Secretary of State shall certify that fact to the President.

(b) Sanctions

Upon receipt of a certification under subsection (a), the President shall direct the heads of Federal agencies to impose similar conditions on the operation or transit of fishing vessels registered under the laws of the nation which has imposed conditions on United States fishing vessels.

(c) "Fishing vessel" defined

For the purposes of this section, the term "fishing vessel" has the meaning given that term in section 2101(12) of title 46.

(d) Sanctions commensurate with conditions certified

It is the sense of the Congress that any action taken by any Federal agency under subsection (b) should be commensurate with any conditions certified by the Secretary of State under subsection (a).

(Aug. 27, 1954, ch. 1018, §12, as added Pub. L. 104–43, title IV, §402(b), Nov. 3, 1995, 109 Stat. 390; amended Pub. L. 115–232, div. C, title XXXV, §3541(b)(4), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2323.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–232 substituted "section 2101(12)" for "section 2101(11a)".
22 U.S.C. § 276bb (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter III: KERMIT ROOSEVELT FUND / Section 276bb: Acceptance of funds and property from Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt; purpose and use; disbursement and investment of fund
Acceptance of funds and property from Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt; purpose and use; disbursement and investment of fund
Status: in_force

The board is authorized to accept from Mrs. Kermit Roosevelt such money and property as she may tender, to receipt therefor on behalf of the United States, and to deposit the funds so received in the Treasury of the United States as the original corpus of a trust fund, to be known as the Kermit Roosevelt fund, which shall be used for the purpose of fostering a better understanding and a closer relationship between the military forces of the United States and those of the United Kingdom by sponsoring lectures or courses of instruction to be delivered by officers of the British Army at the United States Military Academy and elsewhere in the United States and by officers of the United States Army at Sandhurst Royal Military College and elsewhere in the United Kingdom or, should such exchange lectures prove or become impracticable or unnecessary for any reason, by such other application of the funds as the board, with the approval of the Secretary of the Army may determine. The original corpus of the fund and the income therefrom may be disbursed at the discretion of the board in furtherance of the stated purpose, and shall be subject to investment and reinvestment as provided in section 276cc of this title.

(July 2, 1945, ch. 228, §2, 59 Stat. 316; July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, §205(a), 61 Stat. 501.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 225 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Department of War designated Department of the Army and title of Secretary of War changed to Secretary of the Army by section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, title II, 61 Stat. 501. Section 205(a) of act July 26, 1947, was repealed by section 53 of act Aug. 10, 1956, ch. 1041, 70A Stat. 641. Section 1 of act Aug. 10, 1956, enacted "Title 10, Armed Forces" which in sections 3010 to 3013 continued Department of the Army under administrative supervision of Secretary of the Army.
22 U.S.C. § 262o (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Section 262o: Negotiations concerning replenishment or increase in capital; annual reports on implementation of lending policy goals
Negotiations concerning replenishment or increase in capital; annual reports on implementation of lending policy goals
Status: in_force

(a) In any negotiations concerning replenishment or an increase in capital for any multilateral development bank, the Secretary of the Treasury shall propose, as a principal point for negotiations, the following institutional reforms:

(1) The establishment of a unified program within each multilateral development bank to assess the extent to which bank lending benefits the least advantaged members of society, particularly women and the poor, and to increase the extent to which such members benefit from future bank lending.

(2) The establishment of an office or other administrative procedures within each multilateral development bank to—

(A) provide in-country liaison services for nongovernmental organizations operating at the community level;

(B) monitor the impact of project and nonproject lending on local populations; and

(C) ensure compliance with loan conditionalities, especially loan conditionalities relating to the protection of the quality of life of the poor and the rights of aboriginal minorities.

(3) A major increase in the number of members of the professional staff of each regional multilateral development bank with training in environmental or social impact analysis or natural science, including—

(A) recruitment of additional permanent professional staff; and

(B) training programs for existing staff members in these subject areas.

(4) With respect to the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the establishment of a program for policy-based lending to promote the sustainable use of renewable resources and the protection of the environment in borrowing countries.

(5) An increase in the length of any review period established by any multilateral development bank for board review of staff recommendations by such time as would be sufficient to allow the governments of member countries to review and comment on the staff recommendations before any action is taken by the board of directors of such bank on the recommendations.

(b) The Secretary of the Treasury shall instruct the United States Executive Director of each multilateral development bank to request the management of such bank to prepare an annual report which identifies and describes the most exemplary lending practices or loan components implemented during the preceding year with respect to each of the following lending policy goals for each major borrowing country or country group:

(1) Benefit to the poor.

(2) Involvement of nongovernmental organizations and local and indigenous populations in loan design, implementation, planning, and monitoring.

(3) Integration of, consideration of, and concern for environmental quality and the sustainable use of natural resources into loan design, implementation, planning, and monitoring.

(4) Recognition of and support for the economic and social development of women.

(Pub. L. 95–118, title XV, §1501, as added Pub. L. 100–202, §101(e) [title I], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–134.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section 1501 of Pub. L. 95–118 is based on section 701 of title VII of H.R. 3750, One Hundredth Congress, as introduced Dec. 11, 1987, and enacted into law by Pub. L. 100–202.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Definitions

The definitions in section 262p–5 of this title apply to this section.
22 U.S.C. § 286mm (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XV: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT / Section 286mm: Measures to reduce military spending by developing nations
Measures to reduce military spending by developing nations
Status: in_force

(a) Development by Fund of means to measure military spending

(1) Position of the United States

The United States Executive Director of the Fund shall use the voice and vote of the United States to urge the Fund, in consultation with the Bank, to continue to develop an economic methodology to measure the level of military spending by each developing country.

(2) Progress report to the Congress

No later than 1 year after October 24, 1992, the Secretary of the Treasury shall submit to the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate a report on the status of the development by the Fund of a workable economic methodology to measure military spending by developing countries.

(b) Annual reports by Fund on levels of military spending

The United States Executive Director of the Fund shall use the voice and vote of the United States to urge the Fund, beginning with 1994, to provide the Executive Board of the Fund with annual reports stating the estimate by the Fund of the level of military spending by each developing country in the immediately preceding calendar year (or, with respect to developing countries whose fiscal years are not calendar years, in the most recently completed fiscal year of the developing country), not later than the date of the annual fall Interim and Development Committee meetings.

(c) Analysis and assessment of military spending to be included in article IV consultations by Fund

The United States Executive Director of the Fund shall use the voice and vote of the United States to urge the Fund, beginning no later than the date of the first report provided as described in subsection (b), to include in every article IV consultation with a developing country an analysis of the level of military spending by the developing country in the immediately preceding calendar year (or, with respect to developing countries whose fiscal years are not calendar years, in the most recently completed fiscal year of the developing country).

(July 31, 1945, ch. 339, §60, as added Pub. L. 102–511, title X, §1003, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3359.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives abolished and replaced by Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred from Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001.
22 U.S.C. § 1354 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 15: THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES / Subchapter IV: GENERAL PROVISIONS RELATING TO TRADE RELATIONS / Section 1354: Quotas on Philippine articles
Quotas on Philippine articles
Status: in_force

(a) to (c) Omitted

(d) Investigations by International Trade Commission

The United States International Trade Commission shall at the request of the President, upon resolution of either House of Congress or concurrent resolution of both Houses of Congress, upon its own motion, or when in its judgment there is good reason therefor, upon application of any interested party, make an investigation to ascertain (1) whether imports of a Philippine article (other than an article for which a quota is established by part 2 of subchapter I) are coming, or are likely to come, into substantial competition with like articles which are the product of the United States; (2) what is the greatest amount of such article which may be entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in the United States for consumption, without coming into substantial competition with like articles which are the product of the United States; and (3) the total amount of such article which (during the twelve months ended on the last day of the month preceding the month in which occurs the date of the beginning of the investigation) was entered, or withdrawn from warehouse, in the United States for consumption. During the course of the investigation the Commission shall hold a public hearing, of which reasonable public notice shall be given and at which parties interested shall be afforded reasonable opportunity to be present, to produce evidence, and to be heard. The Commission shall give precedence to such investigations. The Commission shall report the results of its investigations to the President, and shall send copies of such report to each House of the Congress.

(Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title V, §504, 60 Stat. 156; Pub. L. 93–618, title I, §171(b), Jan. 3, 1975, 88 Stat. 2009.)

Suspension of Provisions

Section not applicable during such time as the revised agreement between the United States and the Philippines is in effect, see section 1373 of this title.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Part 2 of subchapter I, referred to in subsec. (d), was omitted from the Code. See Codification note set out under section 1261 of this title.

Codification

Subsec. (a) of this section, which provided that the President establish quotas on Philippine articles, was omitted on authority of subsec. (c) of this section which provided that no quota so established continue in effect after the expiration of the executive agreement which expiration occurred on July 4, 1974. Subsec. (b) of this section, which provided for the maximum and minimum quotas, was omitted on authority of subsec. (c) of this section. Subsec. (c) provided for the duration of the quotas.

Amendments

1975—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 93–618 substituted "United States International Trade Commission" for "United States Tariff Commission".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title V, §512, 60 Stat. 158, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapters I to IV of this chapter; sections 2470(a)(2) and 2800(a)(4)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939; and section 734 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions] shall take effect on the day after the date of its enactment [Apr. 30, 1946], except Part 2 of Title II [enacting sections 1261 to 1266 of this title], which shall take effect as of January 1, 1946."

Short Title

Act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title I, §1, 60 Stat. 141, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapters I to IV of this chapter, amending section 1393 of this title, sections 2470 and 2800 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, and section 734 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions, repealing section 1301 of Title 19, Customs Duties, sections 2476, and 3340 to 3343 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, and section 1243 of Title 48] may be cited as the 'Philippine Trade Act of 1946'."
22 U.S.C. § 1760 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 24: MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM / Subchapter I: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 1760: Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, §642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, §642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
Status: repealed

Section, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, §508, 68 Stat. 853, prohibited use of funds for propaganda purposes.
22 U.S.C. § 1627 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter I: GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 1627: Creation of special funds in Treasury
Creation of special funds in Treasury
Status: in_force

(a) Credits to, and payment from funds

There are created in the Treasury of the United States (1) a special fund to be known as the Yugoslav Claims Fund; and (2) such other special funds as may, in the discretion of the Secretary of the Treasury, be required, each to be a claims fund to be known by the name of the foreign government which has entered into a settlement agreement with the Government of the United States as described in subsection (a) of section 1623 of this title. There shall be covered into the Treasury to the credit of the proper special fund all funds hereinafter specified. All payments authorized under section 1626 of this title shall be disbursed from the proper fund, as the case may be, and all amounts covered into the Treasury to the credit of the aforesaid funds are permanently appropriated for the making of the payments authorized by section 1626 of this title.

(b) Credits to Yugoslav Claims Fund; credits to other funds

The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to cover into—

(1) the Yugoslav Claims Fund the sum of $17,000,000 being the amount paid by the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia pursuant to the Yugoslav Claims Agreement of 1948;

(2) a special fund created for that purpose pursuant to subsection (a) of this section any amounts hereafter paid, in United States dollars, by a foreign government which has entered into a claims settlement agreement with the Government of the United States as described in subsection (a) of section 1623 of this title.

(c) Payment of awards

The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed out of the sums covered, prior to July 24, 1968, into any of the funds pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, and after making the deduction provided for in section 1626(b)(1) of this title—

(1) to make payments in full of the principal of awards of $1,000 or less, certified pursuant to section 1624 of this title;

(2) to make payments of $1,000 on the principal of each award of more than $1,000 in principal amount, certified pursuant to section 1624 of this title;

(3) to make additional payment of not to exceed 25 per centum of the unpaid principal of awards in the principal amount of more than $1,000;

(4) after completing the payments prescribed by paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection, to make payments, from time to time in ratable proportions, on account of the unpaid principal of all awards in the principal amount of more than $1,000, according to the proportions which the unpaid principal of such awards bear to the total amount in the fund available for distribution at the time such payments are made; and

(5) after payment has been made of the principal amounts of all such awards, to make pro rata payments on account of accrued interest on such awards as bear interest.

(d) Payment of balance to Yugoslav Government; certification of adjudication costs; finality of certification

The Secretary of the Treasury, upon the concurrence of the Secretary of State, is authorized and directed, out of the sum covered into the Yugoslav Claims Fund pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, after completing the payments of such funds pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, to make payment of the balance of any sum remaining in such fund to the Government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia to the extent required under article 1(c) of the Yugoslav Claims Agreement of 1948. The Secretary of State shall certify to the Secretary of the Treasury the total cost of adjudication, not borne by the claimants, attributable to the Yugoslav Claims Agreement of 1948. Such certification shall be final and conclusive and shall not be subject to review by any other official, or department, agency, or establishment of the United States.

(e) Payments; priorities

Except as provided in subsection (f), the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed out of sums covered, subsequent to July 24, 1968, into any special fund created pursuant to this section to make payment on account of awards certified by the Commission pursuant to this subchapter with respect to claims included within the terms of a claims settlement agreement concluded between the Government of the United States and a foreign government as described in section 1623(a) of this title, as follows and in the following order of priority:

(1) Payment in the amount of $1,000 or the principal amount of the award, whichever is less;

(2) Thereafter, payments from time to time on account of the unpaid principal balance of each remaining award which shall bear to such unpaid principal balance the same proportion as the total amount available for distribution at the time such payments are made bears to the aggregate unpaid principal balance of all such awards; and

(3) Thereafter, payments from time to time on account of the unpaid balance of each award of interest which shall bear to such unpaid balance of interest, the same proportion as the total amount available for distribution at the time such payments are made bears to the aggregate unpaid balance of interest of all such awards.

(f) People's Republic of China; claim payment priorities

(1) Out of sums covered after May 11, 1979, into the special fund created pursuant to this section to receive funds paid by the People's Republic of China, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to make payments on account of awards certified by the Commission pursuant to subchapter V with respect to claims included within the terms of the Agreement Between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of the People's Republic of China Concerning the Settlement of Claims, signed on May 11, 1979, in the following order of priority:

(A) Payment in the amount of $1,000 or the principal amount of the award, whichever is less.

(B) Thereafter, except as provided in paragraph (2), to the extent there remain unpaid principal balances on awards, payments from time to time on account of the unpaid principal balance of each remaining award which bear to such unpaid principal balance the same proportion as the total amount available for distribution at the time such payments are made bears to the aggregate unpaid principal balance of all such awards.

(C) Thereafter, payments from time to time on account of the unpaid balance of each award of interest which bear to such unpaid balance of interest the same proportion as the total amount available for distribution at the time such payments are made bears to the aggregate unpaid balance of interest of all such awards.

(2)(A) For the purpose of computing the payments to be made under paragraph (1) to any claimant which was an incorporated business enterprise on the date of nationalization or other taking of property, the award certified by the Commission under subchapter V shall be reduced by the amount of Federal tax benefits derived by such claimant on account of the losses upon which such claim was based, but in no case shall such payments be reduced below the amount paid to such claimant on account of such claim before October 13, 1980. For purposes of this subparagraph, such Federal tax benefits shall be the amount by which the claimant's taxes in any prior taxable year or years under chapters 1, 2A, 2B, 2D, and 2E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, or subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, were decreased with respect to the loss or losses upon which the claim was based. The sum of the amounts which would otherwise be payable but for this paragraph which are not paid to any such claimant shall be aggregated, and the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to make payments out of such aggregated sums in accordance with subparagraph (B).

(B) To the extent that there remain unpaid principal balances on awards to claimants which were, on the date of nationalization or other taking of property, nonprofit organizations operated exclusively for the promotion of social welfare, religious, charitable, or educational purposes (after payments made to such nonprofit organizations pursuant to subparagraphs (A) and (B) of paragraph (1) are taken into account), the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to make payments from time to time on account of the unpaid principal balance of each remaining award to such nonprofit organizations which bear to such unpaid principal balance the same proportion as the total sums aggregated pursuant to subparagraph (A) at the times such payments are made bear to the aggregate unpaid principal balance of all such awards to nonprofit organizations.

(g) Authority to invest and recover expenses from funds

The Secretary of the Treasury is authorized and directed to invest the amounts held respectively in the "special funds" established by this section in public debt securities with maturities suitable for the needs of the separate accounts and bearing interest at rates determined by the Secretary, taking into consideration the average market yield on outstanding marketable obligations of the United States of comparable maturities. The interest earned on the amounts in each special fund shall be used to make payments, in accordance with subsection (c), on awards payable from that special fund.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title I, §8, 64 Stat. 17; Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 645, §1, 69 Stat. 562; Pub. L. 90–421, §1(4), (5), July 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 420; Pub. L. 96–445, Oct. 13, 1980, 94 Stat. 1891; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §142(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1350.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), was generally repealed by section 7851 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, Title 26. The Internal Revenue Code of 1954 was redesignated the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095. For table of comparisons of the 1939 Code to the 1986 Code, see Table I preceding section 1 of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. See also section 7852(b) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code, for provision that references in any other law to a provision of the 1939 Code, unless expressly incompatible with the intent thereof, shall be deemed a reference to the corresponding provision of the 1986 Code.

Chapter 1 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), was comprised of sections 1 to 482 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Section 14 of former Title 26 was repealed by act Oct. 20, 1951, ch. 521, title I, pt. II, §121(g), 65 Stat. 469. Sections 34 and 185 of former Title 26 were repealed by act Feb. 25, 1944, ch. 63, title I, §§106(c)(2), 107(a), 58 Stat. 31. Sections 264 and 363 of former Title 26 were repealed by act Oct. 21, 1942, ch. 619, title I, §§159(e), 170(a), 56 Stat. 860, 878. Sections 430 to 474 of former Title 26 were omitted, and subsequently, along with the remaining sections of former Title 26 comprising chapter 1, except sections 143 and 144, were repealed by sections 7851(a)(1)(A) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Sections 143 and 144 of former Title 26 were repealed by section 7851(a)(1)(B) of Title 26.

Chapter 2A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), was comprised of sections 500 to 511 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Sections 500 to 511 were repealed by section 7851(a)(1)(A) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Chapter 2B of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), was comprised of sections 600 to 605 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Sections 600 to 605 were repealed by act Nov. 8, 1945, ch. 453, title II, §202, 59 Stat. 574, eff. with respect to taxable years ending June 30, 1946.

Chapter 2D of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), was comprised of sections 700 to 706 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Sections 700 to 716 were repealed by section 7851(a)(1)(A) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Chapter 2E of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), was comprised of sections 710 to 784 of former Title 26, Internal Revenue Code. Sections 710 to 736, 740, 742 to 744, 750, 751, 760, 761 and 780 to 784 were repealed by act Nov. 8, 1945, ch. 453, title I, §122(a), 59 Stat. 568. Section 741 was repealed by act Oct. 21, 1942, ch. 619, title II, §§224(b), 228(b), 56 Stat. 920, 925. Section 752 was repealed by act Oct. 21, 1942, ch. 619, title II, §229(a)(1), 56 Stat. 931, eff. as of Oct. 8, 1940.

Subtitle A of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, referred to in subsec. (f)(2)(A), is subtitle A of act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 4, which comprises Subtitle A (§1 et seq.) of Title 26, Internal Revenue Code.

Amendments

1987—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–204 added subsec. (g).

1986—Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954".

1980—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–445, §1(1), substituted "Except as provided in subsection (f), the Secretary of the Treasury" for "The Secretary of the Treasury".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–445, §1(2), added subsec. (f).

1968—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90–421, §1(4), inserted ", prior to July 24, 1968," after "the sums covered" and substituted "section 1626(b)(1) of this title" for "section 1626(b) of this title".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 90–421, §1(5), added subsec. (e).

1955—Act Aug. 9, 1955, amended credit to section by designating act Mar. 10, 1950, as "title I".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to This Subchapter Deemed To Include Section 119 of H.R. 2076

References to this subchapter deemed to include section 119 of H.R. 2076, see section 119(b) of H.R. 2076, as enacted into law by Pub. L. 104–91, set out as an Authority of Foreign Claims Settlement Commission note under section 1644 of this title.

Executive Documents

Abolition of International Claims Commission and Transfer of Functions

International Claims Commission of the United States, including offices of its members, abolished and functions of Commission and of members, officers, and employees thereof transferred to Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States by Reorg. Plan No. 1 of 1954, §§1, 2, 4, eff. July 1, 1954, 19 F.R. 3985, 68 Stat. 1279, set out as a note under section 1622 of this title.

For provisions transferring Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States as a separate agency within the Department of Justice, see section 1622a et seq. of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2415 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2415: Annual military assistance report
Annual military assistance report
Status: in_force

(a) Report required

Not later than February 1 of each year, the President shall transmit to the Congress an annual report for the fiscal year ending the previous September 30.

(b) Information relating to military assistance and military exports

Each such report shall show the aggregate dollar value and quantity of defense articles (including excess defense articles), defense services, and international military education and training activities authorized by the United States and of such articles, services, and activities provided by the United States, excluding any activity that is reportable under title V of the National Security Act of 1947 [50 U.S.C. 3091 et seq.], to each foreign country and international organization. The report shall specify, by category, whether such defense articles—

(1) were furnished by grant under part II or part V of subchapter II of this chapter or under any other authority of law or by sale under chapter 2 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2761 et seq.];

(2) were furnished with the financial assistance of the United States Government, including through loans and guarantees; or

(3) were licensed for export under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2778] and, if so, a specification of those defense articles that were exported during the fiscal year covered by the report, including, in the case of defense articles that are firearms controlled under category I of the United States Munitions List, a statement of the aggregate dollar value and quantity of semiautomatic assault weapons, or spare parts for such weapons, the manufacture, transfer, or possession of which is unlawful under section 922 of title 18, that were licensed for export during the period covered by the report.

(c) Availability on Internet

All unclassified portions of such report shall be made available to the public on the Internet through the Department of State.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §655, as added Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XIII, §1324(c), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 481; amended Pub. L. 104–164, title I, §148, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1435; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XIII, §1306], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–512; Pub. L. 106–280, title VII, §702, Oct. 6, 2000, 114 Stat. 861; Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XII, §§1205(c), 1262(b), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1428, 1434.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The National Security Act of 1947, referred to in subsec. (b), is act July 26, 1947, ch. 343, 61 Stat. 495, which was formerly classified principally to chapter 15 (§401 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to editorial reclassification in chapter 44 (§3001 et seq.) of Title 50. Title V of the Act is now classified generally to subchapter III (§3091 et seq.) of chapter 44 of Title 50. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320. Chapter 2 of the Act is classified generally to subchapter II (§2761 et seq.) of chapter 39 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2415, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §655, as added Pub. L. 92–226, pt. III, §304(b), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 29; amended Pub. L. 93–559, §39(a), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1810; Pub. L. 94–329, title IV, §413(a), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 761, related to limitation in amounts to be expended for assistance to Cambodia, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, §§604, 605, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961, effective Oct. 1, 1978.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 107–228, §1205(c), inserted before period at end ", including, in the case of defense articles that are firearms controlled under category I of the United States Munitions List, a statement of the aggregate dollar value and quantity of semiautomatic assault weapons, or spare parts for such weapons, the manufacture, transfer, or possession of which is unlawful under section 922 of title 18, that were licensed for export during the period covered by the report".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 107–228, §1262(b), redesignated subsec. (d) as (c) and struck out heading and text of former subsec. (c). Text read as follows: "Each such report shall also include the total amount of military items manufactured outside the United States that were imported into the United States during the fiscal year covered by the report. For each country of origin the report shall show the type of item being imported and the total amount of the items."

2000—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 106–280 inserted before the period at end "and, if so, a specification of those defense articles that were exported during the fiscal year covered by the report".

1999—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–113, §1000(a)(7) [title XIII, §1306(a)], reenacted heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Each such report shall show the aggregate dollar value and quantity of defense articles (including excess defense articles), defense services, and international military education and training authorized by the United States, excluding that which is pursuant to activies reportable under title V of the National Security Act of 1947, to each foreign country and international organization. The report shall specify, by category, whether such defense articles—

"(1) were furnished by grant under part II or part V of subchapter II of this chapter or under any other authority of law or by sale under chapter 2 of the Arms Export Control Act; or

"(2) were licensed for export under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–113, §1000(a)(7) [title XIII, §1306(b)], added subsec. (d).

1996—Pub. L. 104–164 substituted "Annual military assistance report" for "Annual report on military assistance, military exports, and military imports" in section catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a) Report Required.—Not later than February 1 of each of 1996 and 1997, the President shall transmit to Congress a report concerning military assistance authorized or furnished for the fiscal year ending the previous September 30.

"(b) Information Relating to Military Assistance and Military Exports.—Each such report shall show the aggregate dollar value and quantity of defense articles (including excess defense articles) and defense services, and of military education and training, authorized or furnished by the United States to each foreign country and international organization. The report shall specify, by category, whether those articles and services, and that education and training, were furnished by grant under part II or part V of subchapter II of this chapter or by sale under chapter 2 of the Arms Export Control Act or were authorized by commercial sale licensed under section 38 of the Arms Export Control Act.

"(c) Information Relating to Military Imports.—Each such report shall also include the total amount of military items of non-United States manufacture that were imported into the United States during the fiscal year covered by the report. The report shall show the country of origin, the type of item being imported, and the total amount of items."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 9221 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 99: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS AND POLICY ENHANCEMENT / Subchapter II: SANCTIONS AGAINST NORTH KOREAN PROLIFERATION, HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES, AND ILLICIT ACTIVITIES / Section 9221: Determinations with respect to North Korea as a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern
Determinations with respect to North Korea as a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern
Status: in_force

(a) Findings

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) The Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, who is responsible for safeguarding the financial system against illicit use, money laundering, terrorist financing, and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and has repeatedly expressed concern about North Korea's misuse of the international financial system—

(A) in 2006—

(i) stated, "Given [North Korea's] counterfeiting of U.S. currency, narcotics trafficking and use of accounts world-wide to conduct proliferation-related transactions, the line between illicit and licit North Korean money is nearly invisible."; and

(ii) urged financial institutions worldwide to "think carefully about the risks of doing any North Korea-related business";

(B) in 2011, stated that North Korea—

(i) "remains intent on engaging in proliferation, selling arms as well as bringing in material"; and

(ii) was "aggressively pursuing the effort to establish front companies."; and

(C) in 2013, stated—

(i) in reference to North Korea's distribution of high-quality counterfeit United States currency, that "North Korea is continuing to try to pass a supernote into the international financial system"; and

(ii) the Department of the Treasury would soon introduce new currency with improved security features to protect against counterfeiting by the Government of North Korea.

(2) The Financial Action Task Force, an intergovernmental body whose purpose is to develop and promote national and international policies to combat money laundering and terrorist financing, has repeatedly—

(A) expressed concern at deficiencies in North Korea's regimes to combat money laundering and terrorist financing;

(B) urged North Korea to adopt a plan of action to address significant deficiencies in those regimes and the serious threat those deficiencies pose to the integrity of the international financial system;

(C) urged all jurisdictions to apply countermeasures to protect the international financial system from ongoing and substantial money laundering and terrorist financing risks emanating from North Korea;

(D) urged all jurisdictions to advise their financial institutions to give special attention to business relationships and transactions with North Korea, including North Korean companies and financial institutions; and

(E) called on all jurisdictions—

(i) to protect against correspondent relationships being used to bypass or evade countermeasures and risk mitigation practices; and

(ii) to take into account money laundering and terrorist financing risks when considering requests by North Korean financial institutions to open branches and subsidiaries in their respective jurisdictions.

(3) On March 7, 2013, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 2094, which—

(A) welcomed the Financial Action Task Force's—

(i) recommendation on financial sanctions related to proliferation; and

(ii) guidance on the implementation of such sanctions;

(B) decided that United Nations member states should apply enhanced monitoring and other legal measures to prevent the provision of financial services or the transfer of property that could contribute to activities prohibited by applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions; and

(C) called upon United Nations member states to prohibit North Korean financial institutions from establishing or maintaining correspondent relationships with financial institutions in their respective jurisdictions to prevent the provision of financial services if such member states have information that provides reasonable grounds to believe that such activities could contribute to—

(i) activities prohibited by an applicable United Nations Security Council resolution; or

(ii) the evasion of such prohibitions.

(b) Sense of Congress regarding the designation of North Korea as a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern

Congress—

(1) acknowledges the efforts of the United Nations Security Council to impose limitations on, and to require the enhanced monitoring of, transactions involving North Korean financial institutions that could contribute to sanctioned activities;

(2) urges the President, in the strongest terms—

(A) to immediately designate North Korea as a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern; and

(B) to adopt stringent special measures to safeguard the financial system against the risks posed by North Korea's willful evasion of sanctions and its illicit activities; and

(3) urges the President to seek the prompt implementation by other countries of enhanced monitoring and due diligence to prevent North Korea's misuse of the international financial system, including by sharing information about activities, transactions, and property that could contribute to—

(A) activities sanctioned by applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions; or

(B) the evasion of such sanctions.

(c) Determinations regarding North Korea

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after February 18, 2016, the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State and the Attorney General, and in accordance with section 5318A of title 31, shall determine whether reasonable grounds exist for concluding that North Korea is a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern.

(2) Enhanced due diligence and reporting requirements

If the Secretary of the Treasury determines under paragraph (1) that reasonable grounds exist for concluding that North Korea is a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern, the Secretary, in consultation with the Federal functional regulators (as defined in section 6809 of title 15), shall impose 1 or more of the special measures described in section 5318A(b) of title 31 with respect to the jurisdiction of North Korea.

(3) Report required

(A) In general

Not later than 90 days after the date on which the Secretary of the Treasury makes a determination under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains the reasons for such determination.

(B) Form

The report submitted under subparagraph (A) shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

(Pub. L. 114–122, title II, §201, Feb. 18, 2016, 130 Stat. 101.)
22 U.S.C. § 9529 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 102: COUNTERING RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN EUROPE AND EURASIA / Subchapter I: SANCTIONS AND OTHER MEASURES WITH RESPECT TO THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION / Section 9529: Sanctions described
Sanctions described
Status: in_force

(a) Sanctions described

The sanctions to be imposed with respect to a person under section 9524(a)(2), 9525(b), 9526(a), or 9527(a) of this title are the following:

(1) Export-Import Bank assistance for exports to sanctioned persons

The President may direct the Export-Import Bank of the United States not to give approval to the issuance of any guarantee, insurance, extension of credit, or participation in the extension of credit in connection with the export of any goods or services to the sanctioned person.

(2) Export sanction

The President may order the United States Government not to issue any specific license and not to grant any other specific permission or authority to export any goods or technology to the sanctioned person under—

(A) the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. 4601 et seq.) (as continued in effect pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.));

(B) the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.);

(C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.); or

(D) any other statute that requires the prior review and approval of the United States Government as a condition for the export or reexport of goods or services.

(3) Loans from United States financial institutions

The President may prohibit any United States financial institution from making loans or providing credits to the sanctioned person totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period unless the person is engaged in activities to relieve human suffering and the loans or credits are provided for such activities.

(4) Loans from international financial institutions

The President may direct the United States executive director to each international financial institution to use the voice and vote of the United States to oppose any loan from the international financial institution that would benefit the sanctioned person.

(5) Prohibitions on financial institutions

The following prohibitions may be imposed against the sanctioned person if that person is a financial institution:

(A) Prohibition on designation as primary dealer

Neither the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System nor the Federal Reserve Bank of New York may designate, or permit the continuation of any prior designation of, the financial institution as a primary dealer in United States Government debt instruments.

(B) Prohibition on service as a repository of Government funds

The financial institution may not serve as agent of the United States Government or serve as repository for United States Government funds.

The imposition of either sanction under subparagraph (A) or (B) shall be treated as one sanction for purposes of subsection (b), and the imposition of both such sanctions shall be treated as two sanctions for purposes of subsection (b).

(6) Procurement sanction

The United States Government may not procure, or enter into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the sanctioned person.

(7) Foreign exchange

The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any transactions in foreign exchange that are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and in which the sanctioned person has any interest.

(8) Banking transactions

The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any transfers of credit or payments between financial institutions or by, through, or to any financial institution, to the extent that such transfers or payments are subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and involve any interest of the sanctioned person.

(9) Property transactions

The President may, pursuant to such regulations as the President may prescribe, prohibit any person from—

(A) acquiring, holding, withholding, using, transferring, withdrawing, transporting, importing, or exporting any property that is subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and with respect to which the sanctioned person has any interest;

(B) dealing in or exercising any right, power, or privilege with respect to such property; or

(C) conducting any transaction involving such property.

(10) Ban on investment in equity or debt of sanctioned person

The President may, pursuant to such regulations or guidelines as the President may prescribe, prohibit any United States person from investing in or purchasing significant amounts of equity or debt instruments of the sanctioned person.

(11) Exclusion of corporate officers

The President may direct the Secretary of State to deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security to exclude from the United States, any alien that the President determines is a corporate officer or principal of, or a shareholder with a controlling interest in, the sanctioned person.

(12) Sanctions on principal executive officers

The President may impose on the principal executive officer or officers of the sanctioned person, or on persons performing similar functions and with similar authorities as such officer or officers, any of the sanctions under this subsection.

(b) Sanctioned person defined

In this section, the term "sanctioned person" means a person subject to sanctions under section 9524(a)(2), 9525(b), 9526(a), or 9527(a) of this title.

(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, §235, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 919.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is Pub. L. 96–72, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 503, which was classified principally to chapter 56 (§4601 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232, except for sections 11A, 11B, and 11C thereof (50 U.S.C. 4611, 4612, 4613).

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§2751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(C), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, §1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 3691 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3691: Individuals considered employees
Individuals considered employees
Status: in_force

(a) Individuals considered employees for purposes of certain sections

For the purposes of sections 3646,1 3671, and 3672 of this title, including any amendment made by sections 1231, 1241, and 1242 of this Act, the United States Attorney for the District of the Canal Zone and the Assistant United States Attorneys and their clerical assistants, and the United States Marshal for the District of the Canal Zone and his deputies and clerical assistants shall be considered employees of the Commission.

(b) Individuals considered employees for certain purposes

For the purposes of this Act, including any amendment made by this Act, the Executive Director of the Canal Zone Civilian Personnel Policy Coordinating Board, the Manager, Central Examining Office, and their staffs shall be considered to have been employees of the Panama Canal Company with respect to service in those positions before October 1, 1979, and as employees of the Commission with respect to service in those positions on or after that date.

(Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1261(a), (b), Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 476.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 3646 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was repealed by Pub. L. 105–261, div. C, title XXXV, §3507(a), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2269.

Section 1231 of this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), amended sections 5595, 5724a, and 8102 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Section 1241 of this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), amended section 8336 of Title 5 and enacted provisions set out as notes thereunder.

Section 1242 of this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), amended section 8339 of Title 5 and enacted provisions set out as notes thereunder.

This Act, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 96–70, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 452, known as the Panama Canal Act of 1979, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3601 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1261(c), Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 476, provided that: "The provisions of this section [enacting this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 27, 1979]."

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 4306 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 53: AUTHORITIES RELATING TO THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN MISSIONS / Section 4306: Location of foreign missions in the District of Columbia
Location of foreign missions in the District of Columbia
Status: in_force

(a) Section as governing location, replacement, or expansion

The location, replacement, or expansion of chanceries in the District of Columbia shall be subject to this section.

(b) Acceptable areas; limitations and conditions

(1) A chancery shall be permitted to locate as a matter of right in any area which is zoned commercial, industrial, waterfront, or mixed-use (CR).

(2) A chancery shall also be permitted to locate—

(A) in any area which is zoned medium-high or high density residential, and

(B) in any other area, determined on the basis of existing uses, which includes office or institutional uses, including but not limited to any area zoned mixed-use diplomatic or special purpose,

subject to disapproval by the District of Columbia Board of Zoning Adjustment in accordance with this section.

(3) In each of the areas described in paragraphs (1) and (2), the limitations and conditions applicable to chanceries shall not exceed those applicable to other office or institutional uses in that area.

(c) Filing of application with Board of Zoning Adjustment; publication of notice; public participation; final determination

(1) If a foreign mission wishes to locate a chancery in an area described in subsection (b)(2), or wishes to appeal an administrative decision relating to a chancery based in whole or in part upon any zoning map or regulation, it shall file an application with the Board of Zoning Adjustment which shall publish notice of that application in the District of Columbia Register.

(2) Regulations issued to carry out this section shall provide appropriate opportunities for participation by the public in proceedings concerning the location, replacement, or expansion of chanceries.

(3) A final determination concerning the location, replacement, or expansion of a chancery shall be made not later than six months after the date of the filing of an application with respect to such location, replacement, or expansion. Such determination shall not be subject to the administrative proceedings of any other agency or official except as provided in this chapter.

(d) Criteria for determination

Any determination concerning the location of a chancery under subsection (b)(2), or concerning an appeal of an administrative decision with respect to a chancery based in whole or in part upon any zoning regulation or map, shall be based solely on the following criteria:

(1) The international obligation of the United States to facilitate the provision of adequate and secure facilities for foreign missions in the Nation's Capital.

(2) Historic preservation, as determined by the Board of Zoning Adjustment in carrying out this section; and in order to ensure compatibility with historic landmarks and districts, substantial compliance with District of Columbia and Federal regulations governing historic preservation shall be required with respect to new construction and to demolition of or alteration to historic landmarks.

(3) The adequacy of off-street or other parking and the extent to which the area will be served by public transportation to reduce parking requirements, subject to such special security requirements as may be determined by the Secretary, after consultation with Federal agencies authorized to perform protective services.

(4) The extent to which the area is capable of being adequately protected, as determined by the Secretary, after consultation with Federal agencies authorized to perform protective services.

(5) The municipal interest, as determined by the Mayor of the District of Columbia.

(6) The Federal interest, as determined by the Secretary.

(e) Consistency of regulations, proceedings, and other actions; review and comment by National Planning Commission

(1) Regulations, proceedings, and other actions of the National Capital Planning Commission, the Zoning Commission for the District of Columbia, and the Board of Zoning Adjustment affecting the location, replacement, or expansion of chanceries shall be consistent with this section (including the criteria set out in subsection (d)) and shall reflect the policy of this chapter.

(2) Proposed actions of the Zoning Commission concerning implementation of this section shall be referred to the National Capital Planning Commission for review and comment.

(f) Rule-making nature of proceedings

Regulations issued to carry out this section shall provide for proceedings of a rule-making and not of an adjudicatory nature.

(g) Compliance with District of Columbia building and related codes

The Secretary shall require foreign missions to comply substantially with District of Columbia building and related codes in a manner determined by the Secretary to be not inconsistent with the international obligations of the United States.

(h) Approval of Board of Zoning Adjustment or Zoning Commission not required

Approval by the Board of Zoning Adjustment or the Zoning Commission or, except as provided in section 4305 of this title, by any other agency or official is not required—

(1) for the location, replacement, or expansion of a chancery to the extent that authority to proceed, or rights or interests, with respect to such location, replacement, or expansion were granted to or otherwise acquired by the foreign mission before October 1, 1982; or

(2) for continuing use of a chancery by a foreign mission to the extent that the chancery was being used by a foreign mission on October 1, 1982.

(i) Membership on Zoning Commission and Board of Zoning Adjustment

(1) The President may designate the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of the Interior, or the Administrator of General Services (or such alternate as such official may from time to time designate) to serve as a member of the Zoning Commission in lieu of the Director of the National Park Service whenever the President determines that the Zoning Commission is performing functions concerning the implementation of this section.

(2) Whenever the Board of Zoning Adjustment is performing functions regarding an application by a foreign mission with respect to the location, expansion, or replacement of a chancery—

(A) the representative from the Zoning Commission shall be the Director of the National Park Service or if another person has been designated under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the person so designated; and

(B) the representative from the National Capital Planning Commission shall be the Executive Director of that Commission.

(j) Application of other laws

Provisions of law (other than this chapter) applicable with respect to the location, replacement, or expansion of real property in the District of Columbia shall apply with respect to chanceries only to the extent that they are consistent with this section.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title II, §206, as added Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 286.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 204 of Pub. L. 97–241, set out as a note under section 4301 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4222 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter XIV: POWERS, DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF CONSULAR OFFICERS GENERALLY / Section 4222: Authentication of documents of State of Vatican City by consular officer in Rome
Authentication of documents of State of Vatican City by consular officer in Rome
Status: in_force

Until the United States shall have consular officer resident in the State of the Vatican City, a copy of any document of record or on file in a public office of said State of the Vatican City, certified by the lawful custodian of such document, may be authenticated, as provided in section 1741 of title 28, by a consular officer of the United States resident in the city of Rome, Kingdom of Italy, and such document or record shall, when so certified and authenticated, be admissible in evidence in any court of the United States.

(June 20, 1936, ch. 640, §6A, as added June 25, 1938, ch. 682, 52 Stat. 1163.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

"Section 1741 of title 28" substituted in text for "section 6 of this Act [28 U.S.C. 695e]" on authority of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 869, section 1 of which enacted Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.

Section was not enacted as part of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 which comprises this chapter.

Section was formerly classified to section 1204 of this title, and prior thereto to section 695e–1 of Title 28.
22 U.S.C. § 1631k (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter II: VESTING AND LIQUIDATION OF BULGARIAN, HUNGARIAN, AND RUMANIAN PROPERTY / Section 1631k: Taxes
Taxes
Status: in_force

(a) Liability

The vesting in any officer or agency designated by the President under this subchapter of any property or the receipt by such designee of any earnings, increment, or proceeds thereof shall not render inapplicable any Federal, State, Territorial, or local tax for any period before or after such vesting.

(b) Payment by designee; liability of former owner; enforcement of tax liability; transfer of property

The officer or agency designated by the President under this subchapter shall, notwithstanding the filing of any claim or the institution of any suit under this subchapter, pay any tax incident to any such property, or the earnings, increment, or proceeds thereof, at the earliest time appearing to him to be not contrary to the interest of the United States. The former owner shall not be liable for any such tax accruing while such property, earnings, increment, or proceeds are held by such designee, unless they are returned pursuant to this subchapter without payment of such tax by the designee. Every such tax shall be paid by the designee to the same extent, as nearly as may be deemed practicable, as though the property had not been vested, and shall be paid only out of the property, or earnings, increment, or proceeds thereof, to which they are incident or out of other property acquired from the same former owner, or earnings, increment, or proceeds thereof. No tax liability may be enforced from any property or the earnings, increment, or proceeds thereof while held by the designee except with his consent. Where any property is transferred, otherwise than pursuant to section 1631f(a) or 1631f(b) of this title, the designee may transfer the property free and clear of any tax, except to the extent of any lien for a tax existing and perfected at the date of vesting, and the proceeds of such transfer shall, for tax purposes, replace the property in the hands of the designee.

(c) Computation; suspension of limitations

Subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, the manner of computing any Federal taxes, including without limitation by reason of this enumeration, the applicability in such computation of credits, deductions, and exemptions to which the former owner is or would be entitled, and the time and manner of any payment of such taxes and the extent of any compliance by the designee with provisions of Federal law and regulations applicable with respect to Federal taxes, shall be in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury to effectuate this section. Statutes of limitations on assessments, collection, refund, or credit of Federal taxes shall be suspended with respect to any vested property or the earnings, increment, or proceeds thereof, while vested and for six months thereafter; but no interest shall be paid upon any refund with respect to any period during which the statute of limitations is so suspended.

(d) "Tax" defined

The word "tax" as used in this section shall include, without limitation by reason of this enumeration, any property, income, excess-profits, war-profits, excise, estate, and employment tax, import duty, and special assessment; and also any interest, penalty, additional amount, or addition thereto not arising from any act, omission, neglect, failure, or delay on the part of the designee.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title II, §212, as added Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 645, §3, 69 Stat. 569.)
22 U.S.C. § 2719a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2719a: Foreign affairs training
Foreign affairs training
Status: in_force

(a) Sense of Congress

It is the sense of Congress that—

(1) Congress has recognized, including in division E of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022 (Public Law 117–81), that the Department is a crucial national security agency, whose employees, both Foreign Service and Civil Service, require the best possible training and professional development at every stage of their careers to prepare them to promote and defend United States national interests and the health and safety of United States citizens abroad; and

(2) the new and evolving challenges of national security in the 21st century necessitate the expansion of standardized training and professional development opportunities linked to equal, accountable, and transparent promotion and leadership practices for Department and other national security agency personnel.

(b) Defined term

In this section, the term "appropriate committees of Congress" means—

(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;

(2) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(3) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and

(4) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(c) Omitted

(d) Fellowships

The Director General of the Foreign Service shall—

(1) expand and establish new fellowship programs for Foreign Service and Civil Service officers that include short- and long-term opportunities at organizations, including—

(A) think tanks and nongovernmental organizations;

(B) the Department of Defense and other relevant Federal agencies;

(C) industry entities, especially such entities related to technology, global operations, finance, and other fields directly relevant to international affairs; and

(D) schools of international relations and other relevant programs at universities throughout the United States; and

(2) not later than 180 days after December 23, 2022, submit a report to Congress that describes how the Department could expand the Pearson Fellows Program for Foreign Service Officers and the Brookings Fellow Program for Civil Servants to provide fellows in such programs with the opportunity to undertake a follow-on assignment within the Department in an office in which fellows will gain practical knowledge of the people and processes of Congress, including offices other than the Legislative Affairs Bureau, including—

(A) an assessment of the current state of congressional fellowships, including the demand for fellowships, support for applicants to pursue and perform such fellowships, and the value the fellowships provide to both the career of the officer and to the Department; and

(B) an assessment of the options for making congressional fellowships for both the Foreign Service and the Civil Service more career-enhancing.

(e) Board of Visitors of the Foreign Service Institute

(1) Establishment

The Secretary is authorized to establish a Board of Visitors of the Foreign Service Institute (referred to in this subsection as the "Board"). It is the sense of Congress that the Board should be established not later than 1 year after December 23, 2022.

(2) Duties

The Board authorized by this subsection shall be comprised of 12 members, who shall be appointed by the Secretary and shall provide the Secretary with independent advice and recommendations regarding organizational management, strategic planning, resource management, curriculum development, and other matters of interest to the Foreign Service Institute, including regular observations about how well the Department is integrating training and professional development into the work of the Bureau for Global Talent Management.

(3) Membership

(A) Qualifications

Members of the Board shall be appointed from among individuals who—

(i) are not officers or employees of the Federal Government; and

(ii) are eminent authorities in the fields of diplomacy, national security, management, leadership, economics, trade, technology, or advanced international relations education.

(B) Outside expertise

(i) In general

Not fewer than 6 members of the Board shall have a minimum of 10 years of relevant expertise outside the field of diplomacy.

(ii) Prior senior service at the Department

Not more than 6 members of the Board may be persons who previously served in the Senior Foreign Service or the Senior Executive Service at the Department.

(4) Terms

Each member of the Board shall be appointed for a term of 3 years, except that of the members first appointed—

(A) 4 members shall be appointed for a term of 3 years;

(B) 4 members shall be appointed for a term of 2 years; and

(C) 4 members shall be appointed for a term of 1 year.

(5) Chairperson; Vice Chairperson

(A) Approval

The Chairperson and Vice Chairperson of the Board shall be approved by the Secretary of State based upon a recommendation from the members of the Board.

(B) Service

The Chairperson and Vice Chairperson shall serve at the discretion of the Secretary.

(6) Meetings

The Board shall meet—

(A) at the call of the Director of the Foreign Service Institute and the Chairperson; and

(B) not fewer than 2 times per year.

(7) Compensation

Each member of the Board shall serve without compensation, except that a member of the Board shall be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, at rates authorized for employees of agencies under subchapter I of chapter 57 of title 5, while away from their homes or regular places of business in the performance of service for the Board. Notwithstanding section 1342 of title 31, the Secretary may accept the voluntary and uncompensated service of members of the Board.

(8) Applicability of Federal Advisory Committee Act

The Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) 1 shall apply to the Board established under this subsection.

(f) Establishment of Provost of the Foreign Service Institute

(1) Establishment

There is established in the Foreign Service Institute the position of Provost.

(2) Appointment; reporting

The Provost shall—

(A) be appointed by the Secretary; and

(B) report to the Director of the Foreign Service Institute.

(3) Qualifications

The Provost, who should be a member of the Senior Executive Service, shall have—

(A) experience in the field of diplomacy, national security, education, management, leadership, economics, history, trade, adult education, or technology; and

(B) significant experience outside the Department, whether in other national security agencies or in the private sector, and preferably in positions of authority in educational institutions or the field of professional development and mid-career training with oversight for the evaluation of academic programs.

(4) Duties

The Provost shall—

(A) oversee, review, evaluate, and coordinate the academic curriculum for all courses taught and administered by the Foreign Service Institute; and

(B) coordinate the development of an evaluation system to ascertain the utility of the information and skills imparted by each such course, such that, to the extent practicable, performance assessments can be included in the personnel records maintained by the Bureau of Global Talent Management and utilized in Foreign Service Selection Boards.

(5) Compensation

The Provost shall receive a salary commensurate with the rank and experience of a member of the Senior Executive Service, as determined by the Secretary.

(g) Other Agency responsibilities and opportunities for congressional staff

(1) Other agencies

National security agencies other than the Department should be afforded the ability to increase the enrollment of their personnel in courses at the Foreign Service Institute and other training and professional development facilities of the Department to promote a whole-of-government approach to mitigating national security challenges.

(2) Congressional staff

Not later than 180 days after December 23, 2022, the Secretary shall submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress that describes—

(A) the training and professional development opportunities at the Foreign Service Institute and other Department facilities available to congressional staff;

(B) the budget impacts of offering such opportunities to congressional staff; and

(C) potential course offerings.

(h) Strategy for adapting training requirements for modern diplomatic needs

(1) In general

Not later than 1 year after December 23, 2022, the Secretary shall develop and submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a strategy for adapting and evolving training requirements to better meet the Department's current and future needs for 21st century diplomacy.

(2) Elements

The strategy required under paragraph (1) shall include the following elements:

(A) Integrating training requirements into the Department's promotion policies, including establishing educational and professional development standards for training and attainment to be used as a part of tenure and promotion guidelines.

(B) Addressing multiple existing and emerging national security challenges, including—

(i) democratic backsliding and authoritarianism;

(ii) countering, and assisting United States allies to address, state-sponsored disinformation, including through the Global Engagement Center;

(iii) cyber threats;

(iv) the aggression and malign influence of Russia, Cuba, Iran, North Korea, the Maduro Regime, and the Chinese Communist Party's multi-faceted and comprehensive challenge to the rules-based order;

(v) the implications of climate change for United States diplomacy; and

(vi) nuclear threats.

(C) An examination of the likely advantages and disadvantages of establishing residential training for the A–100 orientation course administered by the Foreign Service Institute and evaluating the feasibility of residential training for other long-term training opportunities.

(D) An examination of the likely advantages and disadvantages of establishing a press freedom curriculum for the National Foreign Affairs Training Center that enables Foreign Service officers to better understand issues of press freedom and the tools that are available to help protect journalists and promote freedom of the press norms, which may include—

(i) the historic and current issues facing press freedom, including countries of specific concern;

(ii) the Department's role in promoting press freedom as an American value, a human rights issue, and a national security imperative;

(iii) ways to incorporate press freedom promotion into other aspects of diplomacy; and

(iv) existing tools to assist journalists in distress and methods for engaging foreign governments and institutions on behalf of individuals engaged in journalistic activity who are at risk of harm.

(E) The expansion of external courses offered by the Foreign Service Institute at academic institutions or professional associations on specific topics, including in-person and virtual courses on monitoring and evaluation, audience analysis, and the use of emerging technologies in diplomacy.

(3) Utilization of existing resources

In examining the advantages and disadvantages of establishing a residential training program pursuant to paragraph (2)(C), the Secretary shall—

(A) collaborate with other national security departments and agencies that employ residential training for their orientation courses; and

(B) consider using the Department's Foreign Affairs Security Training Center in Blackstone, Virginia.

(i) Report and briefing requirements

(1) Report

Not later than 1 year after December 23, 2022, the Secretary shall submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress that includes—

(A) a strategy for broadening and deepening professional development and training at the Department, including assessing current and future needs for 21st century diplomacy;

(B) the process used and resources needed to implement the strategy referred to in subparagraph (A) throughout the Department; and

(C) the results and impact of the strategy on the workforce of the Department, particularly the relationship between professional development and training and promotions for Department personnel, and the measurement and evaluation methods used to evaluate such results.

(2) Briefing

Not later than 1 year after the date on which the Secretary submits the report required under paragraph (1), and annually thereafter for 2 years, the Secretary shall provide to the appropriate committees of Congress a briefing on the information required to be included in the report.

(j) Foreign language maintenance incentive program

(1) Authorization

The Secretary is authorized to establish and implement an incentive program, with a similar structure as the Foreign Language Proficiency Bonus offered by the Department of Defense, to encourage members of the Foreign Service who possess language proficiency in any of the languages that qualify for additional incentive pay, as determined by the Secretary, to maintain critical foreign language skills.

(2) Report

Not later than 90 days after December 23, 2022, the Secretary shall submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress that includes a detailed plan for implementing the program authorized under paragraph (1), including anticipated resource requirements to carry out such program.

(Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCII, §9205, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3865.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Division E of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), is div. E of Pub. L. 117–81, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2341, which is known as the Department of State Authorization Act of 2021. For complete classification of div. E to the Code, see Tables.

The Federal Advisory Committee Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(8), is Pub. L. 92–463, Oct. 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 770, which was set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapter 10 (§1001 et seq.) of Title 5 by Pub. L. 117–286, §§3(a), 7, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4197, 4361. For disposition of sections of the Act into chapter 10 of Title 5, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 5.

Codification

Section is comprised of section 9205 of Pub. L. 117–263. Subsec. (c) of section 9205 of Pub. L. 117–263 amended section 2719b of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Definitions

For definitions of "Department" and "Secretary" as used in this section, see section 9002 of Pub. L. 117–263, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 1475h (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 18: UNITED STATES INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS / Subchapter VII: ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURE / Section 1475h: Overseas public diplomacy grants
Overseas public diplomacy grants
Status: in_force

(a) Competitive grant procedures

Except as provided in subsection (b), the Department of State shall work to achieve full and open competition in the award of grants for carrying out its overseas public diplomacy functions.

(b) Exceptions

The Department of State may award an overseas public diplomacy grant under procedures other than competitive procedures when—

(1) such a grant is made under the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961 (commonly known as the Fulbright-Hays Act) [22 U.S.C. 2451 et seq.] or any statute which expressly authorizes or requires that a grant be made with a specified entity;

(2) the terms of an international agreement or treaty between the United States Government and a foreign government or international organization have the effect of requiring the use of procedures other than competitive procedures;

(3) a recipient organization has developed particular expertise in the planning and administration of longstanding exchange programs important to United States foreign policy; or

(4) introducing competition would increase costs.

(c) Compliance with grant guidelines

(1) After October 1, 1991, overseas public diplomacy grants awarded by the Department of State shall substantially comply with Department of State grant guidelines and applicable circulars of the Office of Management and Budget.

(2) If the Agency 1 determines that a grantee has not satisfied the requirement of paragraph (1), the Department of State shall notify the grantee of the suspension of payments under a grant unless compliance is achieved within 90 days of such notice.

(3) The Agency 1 shall suspend payments under any such grant which remains in noncompliance 90 days after notification under paragraph (2).

(Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §212, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, §1335(b), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–787.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, which is classified principally to chapter 33 (§2451 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993, and not as part of the United States Information and Educational Exchange Act of 1948 which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(1), (2), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency" and inserted "for carrying out its overseas public diplomacy functions" after "grants".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(1), (3)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency" and "an overseas public diplomacy grant" for "a grant".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(3)(B), inserted "such" after "(1)".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(1), (4), inserted "overseas public diplomacy" before "grants" and substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency" in two places.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(1), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Information Agency".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(5), inserted "such" before "grant".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 105–277, §1335(b)(6), struck out heading and text of subsec. (d). Text read as follows: "Not later than 90 days after October 28, 1991, the Director of the United States Information Agency shall submit a detailed report to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on United States Information Agency action to comply with subsection (a) of this section."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "Department".
22 U.S.C. § 8602 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 93: UNITED STATES-ISRAEL COOPERATION / Section 8602: Statement of policy
Statement of policy
Status: in_force

It is the policy of the United States:

(1) To reaffirm our unwavering commitment to the security of the State of Israel as a Jewish state. As President Barack Obama stated on December 16, 2011, "America's commitment and my commitment to Israel and Israel's security is unshakeable." And as President George W. Bush stated before the Israeli Knesset on May 15, 2008, on the 60th anniversary of the founding of the State of Israel, "The alliance between our governments is unbreakable, yet the source of our friendship runs deeper than any treaty.".

(2) To help the Government of Israel preserve its qualitative military edge amid rapid and uncertain regional political transformation.

(3) To veto any one-sided anti-Israel resolutions at the United Nations Security Council.

(4) To support Israel's inherent right to self-defense.

(5) To pursue avenues to expand cooperation with the Government of Israel both in defense and across the spectrum of civilian sectors, including high technology, agriculture, medicine, health, pharmaceuticals, and energy.

(6) To assist the Government of Israel with its ongoing efforts to forge a peaceful, negotiated settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict that results in two states living side-by-side in peace and security, and to encourage Israel's neighbors to recognize Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state.

(7) To encourage further development of advanced technology programs between the United States and Israel given current trends and instability in the region.

(Pub. L. 112–150, §3, July 27, 2012, 126 Stat. 1147.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Statement of Policy Ensuring Israel's Defense

Pub. L. 118–159, div. A, title XII, §1211, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2099, provided that: "It is the policy of the United States to work with Israel to ensure adequate stocks of interceptors and weapons system components to defend Israel against air and missile threats from Iran and Iranian military proxies, such as Hamas, Hezbollah, the Houthis, and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, if the transfer of such interceptors and weapons system components are in the national security interests of the United States."

Statement of Policy Regarding United States-Israel Strategic Partnership

Pub. L. 113–296, §3, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4075, provided that: "It is the policy of the United States—

"(1) to reaffirm the unwavering support of the people and the Government of the United States for the security of Israel as a Jewish state;

"(2) to reaffirm the principles and objectives enshrined in the United States-Israel Enhanced Security Cooperation Act of 2012 (Public Law 112–150) [22 U.S.C. 8601 et seq.] and ensure its implementation to the fullest extent;

"(3) to reaffirm the importance of the 2007 United States-Israel Memorandum of Understanding on United States assistance to Israel and the semi-annual Strategic Dialogue between the United States and Israel;

"(4) to pursue every opportunity to deepen cooperation with Israel on a range of critical issues including defense, homeland security, energy, and cybersecurity;

"(5) to continue to provide Israel with robust security assistance, including for the procurement of the Iron Dome Missile Defense System; and

"(6) to support the Government of Israel in its ongoing efforts to reach a negotiated political settlement with the Palestinian people that results in two states living side-by-side in peace and security."

Statement of Policy Regarding the Visa Waiver Program

Pub. L. 113–296, §9, Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4077, provided that: "It shall be the policy of the United States to include Israel in the list of countries that participate in the visa waiver program under section 217 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (8 U.S.C. 1187) when Israel satisfies, and as long as Israel continues to satisfy, the requirements for inclusion in such program specified in such section."
22 U.S.C. § 5902 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 68: DEMILITARIZATION OF FORMER SOVIET UNION / Subchapter I: FINDINGS AND PROGRAM AUTHORITY / Section 5902: Repealed. Pub. L. 113-291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606
Repealed. Pub. L. 113-291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(2), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3606
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XIV, §1412, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2563, authorized the President to establish and conduct programs to assist the demilitarization of the independent states of the former Soviet Union.
22 U.S.C. § 1965 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 24A: MIDDLE EAST PEACE AND STABILITY / Section 1965: Expiration
Expiration
Status: in_force

This chapter shall expire when the President shall determine that the peace and security of the nations in the general area of the Middle East are reasonably assured by international conditions created by action of the United Nations or otherwise except that it may be terminated earlier by a concurrent resolution of the two Houses of Congress.

(Pub. L. 85–7, §6, Mar. 9, 1957, 71 Stat. 6.)
22 U.S.C. § 286zz (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XV: INTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND AND BANK FOR RECONSTRUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT / Section 286zz: Capital stock increases
Capital stock increases
Status: in_force

(a) Increases authorized

The United States Governor of the Bank is authorized—

(1)(A) to vote in favor of a resolution to increase the capital stock of the Bank on a selective basis by 245,773 shares; and

(B) to subscribe on behalf of the United States to 42,298 additional shares of the capital stock of the Bank, as part of the selective increase in the capital stock of the Bank, except that any subscription to such additional shares shall be effective only to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriations Acts; and

(2)(A) to vote in favor of a resolution to increase the capital stock of the Bank on a general basis by 230,500 shares; and

(B) to subscribe on behalf of the United States to 38,662 additional shares of the capital stock of the Bank, as part of the general increase in the capital stock of the Bank, except that any subscription to such additional shares shall be effective only to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriations Acts.

(b) Limitations on authorization of appropriations

(1) In order to pay for the increase in the United States subscription to the Bank under subsection (a)(2)(B), there are authorized to be appropriated, without fiscal year limitation, $4,663,990,370 for payment by the Secretary of the Treasury.

(2) Of the amount authorized to be appropriated under paragraph (1), $932,798,074 shall be for paid in shares of the Bank, and $3,731,192,296 shall be for callable shares of the Bank.

(3) In order to pay for the increase in the United States subscription to the Bank under subsection (a)(1)(B), there are authorized to be appropriated, without fiscal year limitation $5,102,619,230 for payment by the Secretary of the Treasury.

(4) Of the amount authorized to be appropriated under paragraph (3), $306,157,153.80 shall be for paid in shares of the Bank, and $4,796,462,076.20 shall be for callable shares of the Bank.

(July 31, 1945, ch. 339, §73, as added Pub. L. 116–94, div. P, title XIX, §1901, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3222.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Another section 73 of the Bretton Woods Agreements Act was enacted by Pub. L. 116–92 and is classified to section 286yy of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2378c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2378c: Limitation on assistance for the West Bank and Gaza
Limitation on assistance for the West Bank and Gaza
Status: in_force

(a) Limitation

Assistance may be provided under this chapter to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza only during a period for which a certification described in section 2378b(b) of this title is in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

(b) Exceptions

Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to the following:

(1) Assistance to meet basic human needs

Assistance to meet food, water, medicine, health, or sanitation needs, or other assistance to meet basic human needs.

(2) Assistance to promote democracy

Assistance to promote democracy, human rights, freedom of the press, non-violence, reconciliation, and peaceful coexistence, provided that such assistance does not directly benefit Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization.

(3) Assistance for individual members of the Palestinian Legislative Council

Assistance, other than funding of salaries or salary supplements, to individual members of the Palestinian Legislative Council who the President determines are not members of Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization, for the purposes of facilitating the attendance of such members in programs for the development of institutions of democratic governance, including enhancing the transparent and accountable operations of such institutions, and providing support for the Middle East peace process.

(4) Other types of assistance

Any other type of assistance if the President—

(A) determines that the provision of such assistance is in the national security interest of the United States; and

(B) not less than 30 days prior to the obligation of amounts for the provision of such assistance—

(i) consults with the appropriate congressional committees regarding the specific programs, projects, and activities to be carried out using such assistance; and

(ii) submits to the appropriate congressional committees a written memorandum that contains the determination of the President under subparagraph (A).

(c) Marking requirement

Assistance provided under this chapter to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza shall be marked as assistance from the American people or the United States Government unless the Secretary of State or, as appropriate, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, determines that such marking will endanger the lives or safety of persons delivering such assistance or would have an adverse effect on the implementation of that assistance.

(d) Congressional notification

Assistance made available under this chapter to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza may not be provided until 15 days after the date on which the President has provided notice thereof to the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1(a) of this title.

(e) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Appropriate congressional committees

the 1 term "appropriate congressional committees" means—

(A) the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

(2) Foreign terrorist organization

The term "foreign terrorist organization" means an organization designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 1189(a) of title 8.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §620L, as added Pub. L. 109–446, §3(a), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3320.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (c), and (d), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under subsec. (b)(4)(B) of this section delegated to Secretary of State by Determination of President of the United States, No. 2007–20, June 1, 2007, 72 F.R. 34973, set out as a note under section 2378b of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be capitalized.
22 U.S.C. § 2791 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter IV: GENERAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS / Section 2791: General provisions
General provisions
Status: in_force

(a) Considerations in procurement outside United States

In carrying out this chapter, special emphasis shall be placed on procurement in the United States, but, subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section, consideration shall also be given to coproduction or licensed production outside the United States of defense articles of United States origin when such production best serves the foreign policy, national security, and economy of the United States. In evaluating any sale proposed to be made pursuant to this chapter, there shall be taken into consideration (A) the extent to which the proposed sale damages or infringes upon licensing arrangements whereby United States entities have granted licenses for the manufacture of the defense articles selected by the purchasing country to entities located in friendly foreign countries, which licenses result in financial returns to the United States, (B) the portion of the defense articles so manufactured which is of United States origin, and (C) whether, and the extent to which, such sale might contribute to an arms race, aid in the development of weapons of mass destruction, support international terrorism, increase the possibility of outbreak or escalation of conflict, or prejudice the development of bilateral or multilateral arms control or nonproliferation agreements or other arrangements.

(b) Information to Congress on credit sales and guaranties

No credit sale shall be extended under section 2763 of this title, and no guarantee shall be issued under section 2764 of this title, in any case involving coproduction or licensed, production outside the United States of any defense article of United States origin unless the Secretary of State shall, in advance of any such transaction, advise the appropriate committees of the Congress and furnish the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate with full information regarding the proposed transaction, including, but not limited to, a description of the particular defense article or articles which would be produced under a license or coproduced outside the United States, the estimated value of such production or coproduction, and the probable impact of the proposed transaction on employment and production within the United States.

(c) Availability of funds for procurement outside United States

Funds made available under this chapter may be used for procurement outside the United States only if the President determines that such procurement will not result in adverse effects upon the economy of the United States or the industrial mobilization base, with special reference to any areas of labor surplus or to the net position of the United States in its balance of payments with the rest of the world, which outweigh the economic or other advantages to the United States of less costly procurement outside the United States.

(d) Responsibility of Secretary of Defense with respect to sales and guaranties

(1) With respect to sales and guaranties under sections 2761, 2762, 2763, 2764, 2769 and 2770 of this title, the Secretary of Defense shall, under the direction of the President, have primary responsibility for—

(A) the determination of military end-item requirements;

(B) the procurement of military equipment in a manner which permits its integration with service programs;

(C) the supervision of the training of foreign military personnel;

(D) the movement and delivery of military end-items; and

(E) within the Department of Defense, the performance of any other functions with respect to sales and guaranties.

(2) The establishment of priorities in the procurement, delivery, and allocation of military equipment shall, under the direction of the President, be determined by the Secretary of Defense.

(e) Revocation and suspension provisions of contracts for sale and export licenses; appropriations for refunds

(1) Each contract for sale entered into under sections 2761, 2762, 2769 and 2770 of this title, and each contract entered into under section 2767(d) of this title, shall provide that such contract may be canceled in whole or in part, or its execution suspended, by the United States at any time under unusual or compelling circumstances if the national interest so requires.

(2)(A) Each export license issued under section 2778 of this title shall provide that such license may be revoked, suspended, or amended by the Secretary of State, without prior notice, whenever the Secretary deems such action to be advisable.

(B) Nothing in this paragraph may be construed as limiting the regulatory authority of the President under this chapter.

(3) There are authorized to be appropriated from time to time such sums as may be necessary (A) to refund moneys received from purchasers under contracts of sale entered into under sections 2761, 2762, 2769 and 2770 of this title, or under contracts entered into under section 2767(d) of this title, that are canceled or suspended under this subsection to the extent such moneys have previously been disbursed to private contractors and United States Government agencies for work in progress, and (B) to pay such damages and costs that accrue from the corresponding cancellation or suspension of the existing procurement contracts or United States Government agency work orders involved.

(f) Use of civilian contract personnel in foreign countries

The President shall, to the maximum extent possible and consistent with the purposes of this chapter, use civilian contract personnel in any foreign country to perform defense services sold under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 4, §42, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1326; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. IV, §401(e), (f), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 33; Pub. L. 94–141, title I, §150(b), Nov. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 760; Pub. L. 94–329, title II, §213, title VI, §605(b), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 745, 768; Pub. L. 96–533, title I, §105(e)(3), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3135; Pub. L. 97–392, §2, Dec. 29, 1982, 96 Stat. 1963; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, §115(b)(3), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 201; Pub. L. 99–145, title XI, §1102(a)(4), (5), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 710; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1342(e), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3991; Pub. L. 103–236, title VII, §714(a)(2), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 497; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, §1225(a)(3), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–773.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–277 struck out par. (1) designation, struck out "the assessment of the Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency as to" after ", and (C)", and struck out par. (2) which read as follows: "Any proposed sale made pursuant to this chapter shall be approved only after consultation with the Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency. The Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency is authorized, whenever the Director determines that a sale under this section would be detrimental to the national security of the United States, to recommend to the President that such sale be disapproved."

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236 designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former cls. (1) to (3) as cls. (A) to (C), respectively, amended cl. (C) generally, and added par. (2). Prior to being amended generally, cl. (C) read as follows: "in coordination with the Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, the Director's opinion as to the extent to which such sale might contribute to an arms race, or increase the possibility of outbreak or escalation of conflict, or prejudice the development of bilateral or multilateral arms control arrangements."

1986—Subsec. (e)(1), (3). Pub. L. 99–661 repealed section 1102(a)(4) of Pub. L. 99–145 and the amendments made by that section, and provided that this section shall apply as if that section had never been enacted. See 1985 Amendments note below.

1985—Subsec. (e)(1), (3). Pub. L. 99–83 inserted reference to contracts under section 2767(d) of this title.

Pub. L. 99–145, §1102(a)(4), which enacted amendments similar to those provided in Pub. L. 99–83, was repealed. See 1986 Amendments note below and former section 1102(a)(5) of Pub. L. 99–145 set out as a Repeals; Effective Date note under section 2752 of this title.

1982—Subsecs. (d)(1), (e)(1), (3)(A). Pub. L. 97–392 substituted "2769 and 2770" for "and 2769".

1980—Subsecs. (d)(1), (e)(1), (3). Pub. L. 96–533, §105(e)(3), inserted reference to section 2769 of this title.

1976—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–329, §213, added subsec. (e).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–329, §605(b), added subsec. (f).

1975—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–141 inserted provision relating to coordination with the Director of the United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency.

1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–226, §401(e), (f)(1), added cl. (3) and inserted ", subject to the provisions of subsection (b) of this section," before "consideration shall also be given", respectively.

Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 92–226, §401(f)(2), added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Apr. 1, 1999, see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6511 of this title.

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective July 1, 1968, see section 41 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of the President under subsecs. (c) and (f) of this section, with certain conditions, see section 1(r) of Ex. Ord. No. 13637, Mar. 8, 2013, 78 F.R. 16131, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title. Functions were previously delegated by Ex. Ord. No. 11958, which was formerly set out as a note under section 2751 of this title and was revoked, subject to a savings provision, by section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 13637.
22 U.S.C. § 9225 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 99: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS AND POLICY ENHANCEMENT / Subchapter II: SANCTIONS AGAINST NORTH KOREAN PROLIFERATION, HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES, AND ILLICIT ACTIVITIES / Section 9225: Enhanced inspection authorities
Enhanced inspection authorities
Status: in_force

(a) Report required

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after August 2, 2017, and annually thereafter for 5 years, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report—

(A) identifying the operators of foreign sea ports and airports that knowingly—

(i) significantly fail to implement or enforce regulations to inspect ships, aircraft, cargo, or conveyances in transit to or from North Korea, as required by applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions;

(ii) facilitate the transfer, transshipment, or conveyance of significant types or quantities of cargo, vessels, or aircraft owned or controlled by persons designated under applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions; or

(iii) facilitate any of the activities described in section 9214(a) of this title;

(B) describing the extent to which the requirements of applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions to de-register any vessel owned, controlled, or operated by or on behalf of the Government of North Korea have been implemented by other foreign countries;

(C) describing the compliance of the Islamic Republic of Iran with the sanctions mandated in applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions;

(D) identifying vessels, aircraft, and conveyances owned or controlled by the Reconnaissance General Bureau of the Workers' Party of Korea; and

(E) describing the diplomatic and enforcement efforts by the President to secure the full implementation of the applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions, as described in subparagraphs (A) through (C).

(2) Form

The report required under paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may contain a classified annex.

(b) Specific findings

Each report required under subsection (a) shall include specific findings with respect to the following ports and airports:

(1) The ports of Dandong, Dalian, and any other port in the People's Republic of China that the President deems appropriate.

(2) The ports of Abadan, Bandar-e-Abbas, Chabahar, Bandar-e-Khomeini, Bushehr Port, Asaluyeh Port, Kish, Kharg Island, Bandar-e-Lenge, and Khorramshahr, and Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport, in the Islamic Republic of Iran.

(3) The ports of Nakhodka, Vanino, and Vladivostok, in the Russian Federation.

(4) The ports of Latakia, Banias, and Tartous, and Damascus International Airport, in the Syrian Arab Republic.

(c) Enhanced security targeting requirements

(1) In general

Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary of Homeland Security may, using a layered approach, require enhanced screening procedures to determine whether physical inspections are warranted of any cargo bound for or landed in the United States that—

(A) has been transported through a sea port or airport the operator of which has been identified by the President in accordance with subsection (a)(1) as having repeatedly failed to comply with applicable United Nations Security Council resolutions;

(B) is aboard a vessel or aircraft, or within a conveyance that has, within the last 365 days, entered the territory or waters of North Korea, or landed in any of the sea ports or airports of North Korea; or

(C) is registered by a country or jurisdiction whose compliance has been identified by the President as deficient pursuant to subsection (a)(2).

(2) Exception for food, medicine, and humanitarian shipments

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any vessel, aircraft, or conveyance that has entered the territory or waters of North Korea, or landed in any of the sea ports or airports of North Korea, exclusively for the purposes described in section 9228(b)(3)(B) of this title, or to import food, medicine, or supplies into North Korea to meet the humanitarian needs of the North Korean people.

(d) Seizure and forfeiture

A vessel, aircraft, or conveyance used to facilitate any of the activities described in section 9214(a) of this title under the jurisdiction of the United States may be seized and forfeited, or subject to forfeiture, under—

(1) chapter 46 of title 18; or

(2) part V of title IV of the Tariff Act of 1930 (19 U.S.C. 1581 et seq.).

(Pub. L. 114–122, title II, §205, as added Pub. L. 115–44, title III, §314, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 946.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Tariff Act of 1930, referred to in subsec. (d)(2), is act June 17, 1930, ch. 497, 46 Stat. 590. Part V of title IV of the Act is classified generally to part V (§1581 et seq.) of subtitle III of chapter 4 of Title 19, Customs Duties. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1654 of Title 19 and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 9225, Pub. L. 114–122, title II, §205, Feb. 18, 2016, 130 Stat. 108, related to enhanced inspection authorities, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–44, title III, §314, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 946.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions and authorities of President under subsec. (a) of this section delegated to Director of National Intelligence, in consultation with Secretary of State, by Memorandum of President of the United States, May 18, 2016, 81 F.R. 37479, set out as a note under section 9212 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 5871 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 67: FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT / Subchapter V: SPACE TRADE AND COOPERATION / Section 5871: Facilitating discussions regarding acquisition of space hardware, technology, and services from former Soviet Union
Facilitating discussions regarding acquisition of space hardware, technology, and services from former Soviet Union
Status: in_force

(a) Expedited review

Any request for a license or other approval described in subsection (c) that is submitted to any United States Government agency by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, any of its contractors, or any other person shall be considered on an expedited basis by that agency and any other agency involved in an applicable interagency review process.

(b) Notice to Congress if license denied

If any United States Government agency denies a request for a license or other approval described in subsection (c), that agency shall immediately notify the designated congressional committees. Each such notification shall include a statement of the reasons for the denial.

(c) Description of discussions

This section applies to a request for any license or other approval that may be necessary to conduct discussions with an independent state of the former Soviet Union with respect to the possible acquisition of any space hardware, space technology, or space service for integration into—

(1) United States space projects that have been approved by the Congress, or

(2) commercial space ventures,

including discussions relating to technical evaluation of such hardware, technology, or service.

(Pub. L. 102–511, title VI, §601, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3346.)
22 U.S.C. § 6473 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 73: INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM / Subchapter IV: REFUGEE, ASYLUM, AND CONSULAR MATTERS / Section 6473: Reform of asylum policy
Reform of asylum policy
Status: in_force

(a) Guidelines

The Attorney General and the Secretary of State shall develop guidelines to ensure that persons with potential biases against individuals on the grounds of religion, race, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion, including interpreters and personnel of airlines owned by governments known to be involved in practices which would meet the definition of persecution under international refugee law, shall not in any manner be used to interpret conversations between aliens and inspection or asylum officers.

(b) Training for asylum and immigration officers

The Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of State, the Ambassador at Large, and other relevant officials such as the Director of the George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center, shall provide training to all officers adjudicating asylum cases, and to immigration officers performing duties under section 1225(b) of title 8, on the nature of religious persecution abroad, including country-specific conditions, instruction on the internationally recognized right to freedom of religion, instruction on methods of religious persecution practiced in foreign countries, and applicable distinctions within a country in the treatment of various religious practices and believers.

(c) Training for immigration judges

The Executive Office of Immigration Review of the Department of Justice shall incorporate into its initial and ongoing training of immigration judges training on the extent and nature of religious persecution internationally, including country-specific conditions, and including use of the Annual Report. Such training shall include governmental and nongovernmental methods of persecution employed, and differences in the treatment of religious groups by such persecuting entities.

(Pub. L. 105–292, title VI, §603, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2813; Pub. L. 107–132, §1(b), Jan. 16, 2002, 115 Stat. 2412.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–132 substituted "George P. Shultz National Foreign Affairs Training Center" for "National Foreign Affairs Training Center".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service and Transfer of Functions

For abolition of Immigration and Naturalization Service, transfer of functions, and treatment of related references, see note set out under section 1551 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.
22 U.S.C. § 1641n (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter III: CLAIMS AGAINST BULGARIA, HUNGARY, RUMANIA, ITALY, AND THE SOVIET UNION / Section 1641n: Appropriations
Appropriations
Status: in_force

There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to enable the Commission and the Treasury Department to pay their administrative expenses incurred in carrying out their functions under this subchapter.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title III, §315, as added Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 645, §3, 69 Stat. 574.)
22 U.S.C. § 7108 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 78: TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION / Section 7108: Actions against significant traffickers in persons
Actions against significant traffickers in persons
Status: in_force

(a) Authority to sanction significant traffickers in persons

(1) In general

The President may exercise the authorities set forth in section 1702 of title 50 without regard to section 1701 of title 50, or section 10102 of this title, in the case of any of the following persons:

(A) Any foreign person that plays a significant role in a severe form of trafficking in persons, directly or indirectly in the United States.

(B) Foreign persons that materially assist in, or provide financial or technological support for or to, or provide goods or services in support of, activities of a significant foreign trafficker in persons identified pursuant to subparagraph (A).

(C) Foreign persons that are owned, controlled, or directed by, or acting for or on behalf of, a significant foreign trafficker identified pursuant to subparagraph (A).

(D) Officials of a foreign government who participate in, facilitate, or condone severe forms of trafficking in persons for significant financial gain.

(2) Penalties

The penalties set forth in section 1705 of title 50 apply to violations of any license, order, or regulation issued under this section.

(b) Report to Congress on identification and sanctioning of significant traffickers in persons

(1) In general

Upon exercising the authority of subsection (a), the President shall report to the appropriate congressional committees—

(A) identifying publicly the foreign persons that the President determines are appropriate for sanctions pursuant to this section and the basis for such determination; and

(B) detailing publicly the sanctions imposed pursuant to this section.

(2) Removal of sanctions

Upon suspending or terminating any action imposed under the authority of subsection (a), the President shall report to the committees described in paragraph (1) on such suspension or termination.

(3) Submission of classified information

Reports submitted under this subsection may include an annex with classified information regarding the basis for the determination made by the President under paragraph (1)(A).

(c) Law enforcement and intelligence activities not affected

Nothing in this section prohibits or otherwise limits the authorized law enforcement or intelligence activities of the United States, or the law enforcement activities of any State or subdivision thereof.

(d) Omitted

(e) Implementation

(1) Delegation of authority

The President may delegate any authority granted by this section, including the authority to designate foreign persons under paragraphs (1)(B) and (1)(C) of subsection (a).

(2) Promulgation of rules and regulations

The head of any agency, including the Secretary of Treasury, is authorized to take such actions as may be necessary to carry out any authority delegated by the President pursuant to paragraph (1), including promulgating rules and regulations.

(3) Opportunity for review

Such rules and regulations shall include procedures affording an opportunity for a person to be heard in an expeditious manner, either in person or through a representative, for the purpose of seeking changes to or termination of any determination, order, designation or other action associated with the exercise of the authority in subsection (a).

(f) Definition of foreign persons

In this section, the term "foreign person" means any citizen or national of a foreign state or any entity not organized under the laws of the United States, including a foreign government official, but does not include a foreign state.

(g) Construction

Nothing in this section shall be construed as precluding judicial review of the exercise of the authority described in subsection (a).

(Pub. L. 106–386, div. A, §111, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1484; Pub. L. 115–425, title I, §124, Jan. 8, 2019, 132 Stat. 5479.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is comprised of section 111 of Pub. L. 106–386. Subsec. (d) of section 111 of Pub. L. 106–386 amended section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality.

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–425, §124(1), inserted ", or section 10102 of this title," after "without regard to section 1701 of title 50" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(D). Pub. L. 115–425, §124(2), added subpar. (D).
22 U.S.C. § 289b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XIX: INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION / Section 289b: Authorization of appropriations; payment of salaries and expenses
Authorization of appropriations; payment of salaries and expenses
Status: in_force

There is hereby authorized to be appropriated annually to the Department of State—

(a) such sums, not to exceed $73,325,000 for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1947, as may be necessary for the payment of United States contributions to the Organization (consisting of supplies, services, or funds and all necessary expenses related thereto) as determined in accordance with article 10 of the constitution of the Organization; and

(b) such sums, not to exceed $175,000 for the fiscal year beginning July 1, 1947, as may be necessary for the payment of—

(1) salaries of the representative or representatives and alternates provided for in section 289a of this title, and appropriate staff, including personal services in the District of Columbia and elsewhere, without regard to the civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5; and

(2) such other expenses as the Secretary of State deems necessary to participation by the United States in the activities of the Organization; Provided, That the provisions of section 287e of this title and regulations thereunder, applicable to expenses incurred pursuant to subchapter XVI of this chapter shall be applicable to any expenses incurred pursuant to this chapter.

(July 1, 1947, ch. 185, §3, 61 Stat. 215; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title II, §202(2), title XI, §1106(a), 63 Stat. 954, 972.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Subchapter XVI [§287 et seq.] of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(2), was in the original a reference to the United Nations Participation Act of 1945.

Codification

In subsec. (b)(1), "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" substituted for "the Classification Act of 1949" on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, §7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Amendments

1949—Subsec. (b)(1). Act Oct. 28, 1949, substituted "Classification Act of 1949" for "Classification Act of 1923".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Repeals

Act Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed (subject to a savings clause) by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, §8, 80 Stat. 632, 655.