34 U.S.C. § 11277 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter III / Section 11277: Evaluation and information
Evaluation and information
Status: in_force

(a) In general

If a grantee receives grants for 3 consecutive fiscal years under part A, B, C, D, or E (in the alternative), then the Secretary shall evaluate such grantee on-site, not less frequently than once in the period of such 3 consecutive fiscal years, for purposes of—

(1) determining whether such grants are being used for the purposes for which such grants are made by the Secretary;

(2) collecting additional information for the report required by section 11275 of this title; and

(3) providing such information and assistance to such grantee as will enable such grantee to improve the operation of the centers, projects, and activities for which such grants are made.

(b) Cooperation

Recipients of grants under this subchapter shall cooperate with the Secretary's efforts to carry out evaluations, and to collect information, under this subchapter.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title III, §386, formerly §364, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7278, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4458; renumbered §384, Pub. L. 102–586, §3(g)(1)(A)(ii), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5022; renumbered §386 and amended Pub. L. 106–71, §3(l), Oct. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1039.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5732 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

1999—Pub. L. 106–71 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a) The Secretary shall develop for each fiscal year, and publish annually in the Federal Register for public comment a proposed plan specifying the subject priorities the Secretary will follow in making grants under this subchapter for such fiscal year.

"(b) Taking into consideration comments received in the 45-day period beginning on the date the proposed plan is published, the Secretary shall develop and publish, before December 31 of such fiscal year, a final plan specifying the priorities referred to in subsection (a) of this section."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 1988, but not applicable with respect to fiscal year 1989, see section 7296(a), (b)(2) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 21503 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 215 / Section 21503: Angel Watch Center
Angel Watch Center
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

Not later than 90 days after February 8, 2016, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall establish within the Child Exploitation Investigations Unit of U.S. Immigrations and Customs Enforcement a Center, to be known as the "Angel Watch Center", to carry out the activities specified in subsection (e).

(b) Incoming notification

(1) In general

The Center may receive incoming notifications concerning individuals seeking to enter the United States who have committed offenses of a sexual nature.

(2) Notification

Upon receiving an incoming notification under paragraph (1), the Center shall—

(A) immediately share all information received relating to the individual with the Department of Justice; and

(B) share all relevant information relating to the individual with other Federal, State, and local agencies and entities, as appropriate.

(3) Collaboration

The Secretary of Homeland Security shall collaborate with the Attorney General to establish a process for the receipt, dissemination, and categorization of information relating to individuals and specific offenses provided herein.

(c) Leadership

The Center shall be headed by the Assistant Secretary of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, in collaboration with the Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection and in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of State.

(d) Members

The Center shall consist of the following:

(1) The Assistant Secretary of U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement.

(2) The Commissioner of U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

(3) Individuals who are designated as analysts in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement or U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

(4) Individuals who are designated as program managers in U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement or U.S. Customs and Border Protection.

(e) Activities

(1) In general

In carrying out this section, the Center shall, using all relevant databases, systems and sources of information, not later than 48 hours before scheduled departure, or as soon as practicable before scheduled departure—

(A) determine if individuals traveling abroad are listed on the National Sex Offender Registry;

(B) review the United States Marshals Service's National Sex Offender Targeting Center case management system or other system that provides access to a list of individuals who have provided advanced notice of international travel to identify any individual who meets the criteria described in subparagraph (A) and is not in a system reviewed pursuant to this subparagraph; and

(C) provide a list of individuals identified under subparagraph (B) to the United States Marshals Service's National Sex Offender Targeting Center to determine compliance with title I of the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006 (42 U.S.C. 16901 et seq.).1

(2) Provision of information to Center

Twenty-four hours before the intended travel, or thereafter, not later than 72 hours after the intended travel, the United States Marshals Service's National Sex Offender Targeting Center shall provide, to the Angel Watch Center, information pertaining to any sex offender described in subparagraph (C) of paragraph (1).

(3) Advance notice to destination country

(A) In general

The Center may transmit relevant information to the destination country about a sex offender if—

(i) the individual is identified by a review conducted under paragraph (1)(B) as having provided advanced notice of international travel; or

(ii) after completing the activities described in paragraph (1), the Center receives information pertaining to a sex offender under paragraph (2).

(B) Exceptions

The Center may immediately transmit relevant information on a sex offender to the destination country if—

(i) the Center becomes aware that a sex offender is traveling outside of the United States within 24 hours of intended travel, and simultaneously completes the activities described in paragraph (1); or

(ii) the Center has not received a transmission pursuant to paragraph (2), provided it is not more than 24 hours before the intended travel.

(C) Corrections

Upon receiving information that a notification sent by the Center regarding an individual was inaccurate, the Center shall immediately—

(i) send a notification of correction to the destination country notified;

(ii) correct all data collected pursuant to paragraph (6); and

(iii) if applicable, notify the Secretary of State for purposes of the passport review and marking processes described in section 212b of title 22.

(D) Form

The notification under this paragraph may be transmitted through such means as are determined appropriate by the Center, including through U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement attaches.

(4) Memorandum of Agreement

Not later than 6 months after February 8, 2016, the Secretary of Homeland Security shall enter into a Memorandum of Agreement with the Attorney General to facilitate the activities of the Angel Watch Center in collaboration with the United States Marshals Service's National Sex Offender Targeting Center, including the exchange of information, the sharing of personnel, access to information and databases in accordance with paragraph (1)(B), and the establishment of a process to share notifications from the international community in accordance with subsection (b)(1).

(5) Passport application review

(A) In general

The Center shall provide a written determination to the Department of State regarding the status of an individual as a covered sex offender (as defined in section 212b of title 22) when appropriate.

(B) Effective date

Subparagraph (A) shall take effect upon certification by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Homeland Security, and the Attorney General that the process developed and reported to the appropriate congressional committees under section 21507 of this title has been successfully implemented.

(6) Collection of data

The Center shall collect all relevant data, including—

(A) a record of each notification sent under paragraph (3);

(B) the response of the destination country to notifications under paragraph (3), where available;

(C) any decision not to transmit a notification abroad, to the extent practicable;

(D) the number of transmissions made under subparagraphs (A),(B), and (C) of paragraph (3) and the countries to which they are transmitted, respectively;

(E) whether the information was transmitted to the destination country before scheduled commencement of sex offender travel; and

(F) any other information deemed necessary and appropriate by the Secretary of Homeland Security.

(7) Complaint review

(A) In general

The Center shall—

(i) establish a mechanism to receive complaints from individuals affected by erroneous notifications under this section;

(ii) ensure that any complaint is promptly reviewed; and

(iii) in the case of a complaint that involves a notification sent by another Federal Government entity, notify the individual of the contact information for the appropriate entity and forward the complaint to the appropriate entity for prompt review and response pursuant to this section.

(B) Response to complaints

The Center shall, as applicable—

(i) provide the individual with notification in writing that the individual was erroneously subjected to international notification;

(ii) take action to ensure that a notification or information regarding the individual is not erroneously transmitted to a destination country in the future; and

(iii) submit an additional written notification to the individual explaining why a notification or information regarding the individual was erroneously transmitted to the destination country and describing the actions that the Center has taken or is taking under clause (ii).

(C) Public awareness

The Center shall make publicly available information on how an individual may submit a complaint under this section.

(D) Reporting requirement

The Secretary of Homeland Security shall submit an annual report to the appropriate congressional committees (as defined in section 21507 of this title) that includes—

(i) the number of instances in which a notification or information was erroneously transmitted to the destination country of an individual under paragraph (3); and

(ii) the actions taken to prevent similar errors from occurring in the future.

(8) Annual review process

The Center shall establish, in coordination with the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, and INTERPOL, an annual review process to ensure that there is appropriate coordination and collaboration, including consistent procedures governing the activities authorized under this chapter, in carrying out this chapter.

(9) Information required

The Center shall make available to the United States Marshals Service's National Sex Offender Targeting Center information on travel by sex offenders in a timely manner.

(f) Definition

In this section, the term "sex offender" means—

(1) a covered sex offender; or

(2) an individual required to register under the sex offender registration program of any jurisdiction or included in the National Sex Offender Registry, on the basis of an offense against a minor.

(Pub. L. 114–119, §4, Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 17.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006, referred to in subsec. (e)(1)(C), is Pub. L. 109–248, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 587. Title I of the Act, known as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, was classified principally to subchapter I (§16901 et seq.) of chapter 151 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification as subchapter I (§20901 et seq.) of chapter 209 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2006 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (e)(8), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 114–119, Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 15, known as the International Megan's Law to Prevent Child Exploitation and Other Sexual Crimes Through Advanced Notification of Traveling Sex Offenders, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2016 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16935b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

1 See References in Text note below.
34 U.S.C. § 20991 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 209 / Subchapter III / Section 20991: Annual report on enforcement of registration requirements
Annual report on enforcement of registration requirements
Status: in_force

Not later than July 1 of each year, the Attorney General shall submit a report to Congress describing—

(1) the use by the Department of Justice of the United States Marshals Service to assist jurisdictions in locating and apprehending sex offenders who fail to comply with sex offender registration requirements, as authorized by this chapter;

(2) the use of section 2250 of title 18 to punish offenders for failure to register;

(3) a detailed explanation of each jurisdiction's compliance with subchapter I of this chapter;

(4) a detailed description of Justice Department efforts to ensure compliance and any funding reductions, the basis for any decision to reduce funding or not to reduce funding under section 20927 of this title; and

(5) the denial or grant of any extensions to comply with subchapter I of this chapter, and the reasons for such denial or grant.

(Pub. L. 109–248, title VI, §635, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 644.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in par. (1), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 109–248, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 587, known as the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2006 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Subchapter I of this chapter, referred to in pars. (3) and (5), was in the original "the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act", meaning title I of Pub. L. 109–248, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 590. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title of 2006 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16991 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 20302 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 203 / Subchapter I / Section 20302: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

For purposes of this subchapter—

(1) the term "Administrator" means the agency head designated under section 11111(b) of this title;

(2) the term "applicant" means a child protective service, law enforcement, legal, medical and mental health agency or other agency that responds to child abuse cases;

(3) the term "census region" means 1 of the 4 census regions (northeast, south, midwest, and west) that are designated as census regions by the Bureau of the Census as of November 4, 1992;

(4) the term "child abuse" means physical or sexual abuse or neglect of a child, including human trafficking and the production of child pornography;

(5) the term "multidisciplinary response to child abuse" means a coordinated team response to child abuse that is based on mutually agreed upon procedures among the community agencies and professionals involved in the intervention, prevention, prosecution, and investigation systems that best meets the needs of child victims and their nonoffending family members;

(6) the term "nonoffending family member" means a member of the family of a victim of child abuse other than a member who has been convicted or accused of committing an act of child abuse;

(7) the term "regional children's advocacy program" means the children's advocacy program established under section 20303(a) of this title; and

(8) the term "State chapter" means a membership organization that provides technical assistance, training, coordination, grant administration, oversight, and organizational capacity support to local children's advocacy centers, multidisciplinary teams, and communities working to implement a multidisciplinary response to child abuse in the provision of evidence-informed initiatives, including mental health counseling, forensic interviewing, multidisciplinary team coordination, and victim advocacy.

(Pub. L. 101–647, title II, §212, as added Pub. L. 102–586, §6(b)(2), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5029; amended Pub. L. 114–22, title I, §104(1), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 236; Pub. L. 115–424, §2(b), (h)(1), Jan. 7, 2019, 132 Stat. 5465, 5470; Pub. L. 117–354, §3(2), Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6274.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 13001a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 212 of Pub. L. 101–647 was renumbered section 214 and is classified to section 20304 of this title.

Amendments

2023—Par. (5). Pub. L. 117–354, §3(2)(A), which directed insertion of "coordinated team" before "response", was executed by making the insertion before "response" the second time appearing, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Par. (8). Pub. L. 117–354, §3(2)(B), inserted "organizational capacity" before "support".

2019—Par. (1). Pub. L. 115–424, §2(h)(1), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 11111(b) of this title.

Pars. (3) to (9). Pub. L. 115–424, §2(b), redesignated pars. (4), (5), and (7) to (9) as (3) to (7), respectively, added par. (8), and struck out former pars. (3) and (6) which defined the terms "board" and "Director", respectively.

2015—Par. (5). Pub. L. 114–22 inserted ", including human trafficking and the production of child pornography" before semicolon at end.
34 U.S.C. § 30108 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 301 / Section 30108: National Resource Center grant
National Resource Center grant
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Cybercrime against individuals

The term "cybercrime against individuals" has the meaning given such term in section 30107 of this title.

(2) Eligible entity

The term "eligible entity" means a nonprofit private organization that—

(A) focuses on cybercrimes against individuals;

(B) provides documentation to the Attorney General demonstrating experience working directly on issues of cybercrimes against individuals; and

(C) includes on the organization's advisory board representatives who—

(i) have a documented history of working directly on issues of cybercrimes against individuals;

(ii) have a history of working directly with victims of cybercrimes against individuals; and

(iii) are geographically and culturally diverse.

(b) Authorization of grant program

Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Attorney General shall award a grant under this section to an eligible entity for the purpose of the establishment and maintenance of a National Resource Center on Cybercrimes Against Individuals to provide resource information, training, and technical assistance to improve the capacity of individuals, organizations, governmental entities, and communities to prevent, enforce, and prosecute cybercrimes against individuals.

(c) Application

(1) In general

To request a grant under this section, an eligible entity shall submit an application to the Attorney General not later than 90 days after the date on which funds to carry out this section are appropriated for fiscal year 2022 in such form as the Attorney General may require.

(2) Contents

An application submitted under paragraph (1) shall include the following:

(A) An assurance that, for each fiscal year covered by the application, the applicant will maintain and report such data, records, and information (programmatic and financial) as the Attorney General may reasonably require.

(B) A certification, made in a form acceptable to the Attorney General, that—

(i) the programs funded by the grant meet all the requirements of this section;

(ii) all the information contained in the application is correct; and

(iii) the applicant will comply with all provisions of this section and all other applicable Federal laws.

(d) Use of funds

The eligible entity awarded a grant under this section shall use such amounts for the establishment and maintenance of a National Resource Center on Cybercrimes Against Individuals, which shall—

(1) offer a comprehensive array of technical assistance and training resources to Federal, State, and local governmental agencies, community-based organizations, and other professionals and interested parties related to cybercrimes against individuals, including programs and research related to victims;

(2) maintain a resource library which shall collect, prepare, analyze, and disseminate information and statistics related to—

(A) the incidence of cybercrimes against individuals;

(B) the enforcement and prosecution of laws relating to cybercrimes against individuals; and

(C) the provision of supportive services and resources for victims, including victims from underserved populations, of cybercrimes against individuals; and

(3) conduct research related to—

(A) the causes of cybercrimes against individuals;

(B) the effect of cybercrimes against individuals on victims of such crimes; and

(C) model solutions to prevent or deter cybercrimes against individuals or to enforce the laws relating to cybercrimes against individuals.

(e) Duration of grant

(1) In general

A grant awarded under this section shall be awarded for a period of 5 years.

(2) Renewal

A grant under this section may be renewed for additional 5-year periods if the Attorney General determines that the funds made available to the recipient were used in a manner described in subsection (d), and if the recipient resubmits an application described in subsection (c) in such form, and at such time, as the Attorney General may reasonably require.

(f) Subgrants

The eligible entity awarded a grant under this section may make subgrants to other nonprofit private organizations with relevant subject matter expertise in order to establish and maintain the National Resource Center on Cybercrimes Against Individuals in accordance with subsection (d).

(g) Reports to the Attorney General

On the date that is 1 year after the date on which an eligible entity receives a grant under this section, and annually thereafter for the duration of the grant period, the entity shall submit to the Attorney General a report which contains—

(1) a summary of the activities carried out under the grant program during the previous year;

(2) an evaluation of the results of such activities; and

(3) such other information as the Attorney General may reasonably require.

(h) Reports to Congress

Not later than November 1 of each even-numbered fiscal year, the Attorney General shall submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate a report that contains a compilation of the information contained in the reports submitted under subsection (g).

(i) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $4,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

(Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title XIV, §1402, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 948.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section not effective until Oct. 1 of the first fiscal year beginning after Mar. 15, 2022, see section 4(a) of div. W of Pub. L. 117–103, set out as a note under section 6851 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Definitions

For definitions of terms used in this section, see section 12291 of this title, as made applicable by section 2(b) of div. W of Pub. L. 117–103, which is set out as a note under section 12291 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 40502 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 405 / Section 40502: Eligibility
Eligibility
Status: in_force

(a) Application

To be eligible to receive a grant award under this chapter, an entity described in section 40501 of this title shall submit an application at such time and in such form as the Attorney General may reasonably require.

(b) Contents

Each such application shall include assurances that the applicant shall, to the greatest extent possible—

(1) report to the National Crime Information Center and, when possible, to law enforcement authorities throughout the applicant's jurisdiction regarding every deceased unidentified person, regardless of age, found in the applicant's jurisdiction;

(2) enter a complete profile of such unidentified person in compliance with the guidelines established by the Department of Justice for the National Crime Information Center Missing and Unidentified Persons File, including dental records, DNA records, x-rays, and fingerprints, if available;

(3) enter the National Crime Information Center number or other appropriate number assigned to the unidentified person on the death certificate of each such unidentified person;

(4) retain all such records pertaining to unidentified persons until a person is identified; and

(5) collect and report information to the National Missing and Unidentified Persons System (NamUs) regarding missing persons and unidentified remains.

(c) Privacy protections for biological family reference samples

(1) In general

Any suspected biological family DNA reference samples received from citizens of the United States or foreign nationals and uploaded into the Combined DNA Index System (commonly referred to as "CODIS") by an accredited, publicly funded CODIS forensic laboratory awarded a grant under this section may be used only for identifying missing persons and unidentified remains.

(2) Limitation on use

Any biological family DNA reference samples from citizens of the United States or foreign nationals entered into CODIS for purposes of identifying missing persons and unidentified remains may not be disclosed to a Federal or State law enforcement agency for law enforcement purposes.

(Pub. L. 106–177, title II, §203, Mar. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 36; Pub. L. 116–277, §2(a)(2), Dec. 31, 2020, 134 Stat. 3369.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 14662 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2020—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 116–277, §2(a)(2)(A), substituted "an entity described in section 40501 of this title" for "a State".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 116–277, §2(a)(2)(B)(i), substituted "applicant" for "State" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 116–277, §2(a)(2)(B)(ii), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "report to the National Crime Information Center and when possible, to law enforcement authorities throughout the State regarding every deceased unidentified person, regardless of age, found in the State's jurisdiction;".

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 116–277, §2(a)(2)(B)(iii)–(v), added par. (5).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 116–277, §2(a)(2)(C), added subsec. (c).
34 U.S.C. § 10422 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XVIII / Section 10422: State applications
State applications
Status: in_force

(a) In general

(1) To request a grant under this subchapter the chief executive of a State shall submit an application to the Attorney General in such form and containing such information as the Attorney General may reasonably require.

(2) Such application shall include assurances that Federal funds received under this subchapter shall be used to supplement, not supplant, non-Federal funds that would otherwise be available for activities funded under this subchapter.

(3) Such application shall coordinate the design and implementation of treatment programs between State correctional representatives and the State Alcohol 1 and Drug 1 Abuse 1 agency (and, if appropriate, between representatives of local correctional agencies and representatives of either the State alcohol and drug abuse agency or any appropriate local alcohol and drug abuse agency).

(b) Substance abuse testing requirement

To be eligible to receive funds under this subchapter, a State must agree to implement or continue to require urinalysis or other proven reliable forms of testing, including both periodic and random testing—

(1) of an individual before the individual enters a residential substance abuse treatment program and during the period in which the individual participates in the treatment program; and

(2) of an individual released from a residential substance abuse treatment program if the individual remains in the custody of the State.

(c) Requirement for aftercare component

(1) To be eligible for funding under this subchapter, a State shall ensure that individuals who participate in the substance abuse treatment program established or implemented with assistance provided under this subchapter will be provided with aftercare services, which may include case management services and a full continuum of support services that ensure providers furnishing services under that program are approved by the appropriate State or local agency, and licensed, if necessary, to provide medical treatment or other health services.

(2) State aftercare services must involve the coordination of the correctional facility treatment program with other human service and rehabilitation programs, such as educational and job training programs, parole supervision programs, half-way house programs, and participation in self-help and peer group programs, that may aid in the rehabilitation of individuals in the substance abuse treatment program.

(3) To qualify as an aftercare program, the head of the substance abuse treatment program, in conjunction with State and local authorities and organizations involved in substance abuse treatment, shall assist in placement of substance abuse treatment program participants with appropriate community substance abuse treatment facilities when such individuals leave the correctional facility at the end of a sentence or on parole.

(4) After care 2 services required by this subsection shall be funded through funds provided for this subchapter.

(d) Coordination of Federal assistance

Each application submitted for a grant under this section shall include a description of how the funds made available under this section will be coordinated with Federal assistance for substance abuse treatment and aftercare services currently provided by the Department of Health and Human Services' Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

(e) State office

The office responsible for the trust fund required by section 10158 of this title—

(1) shall prepare the application as required under this section; and

(2) shall administer grant funds received under this subchapter, including review of spending, processing, progress, financial reporting, technical assistance, grant adjustments, accounting, auditing, and fund disbursement.

(f) Use of grant amounts for nonresidential aftercare services

A State may use amounts received under this subchapter to provide nonresidential substance abuse treatment aftercare services for inmates or former inmates that meet the requirements of subsection (c), if the chief executive officer of the State certifies to the Attorney General that the State is providing, and will continue to provide, an adequate level of residential treatment services.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §1902, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title III, §32101(a)(3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1898; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title II, §2102(2), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1792; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §§1111(c)(2)(J), 1145(a), (b), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3102, 3111; Pub. L. 110–199, title I, §102(a), Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 668.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796ff–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–199 substituted "Requirement for aftercare component" for "Aftercare services requirement" in heading and amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "To be eligible for funding under this subchapter, a State shall ensure that individuals who participate in the substance abuse treatment program established or implemented with assistance provided under this subchapter will be provided with after care services."

2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–162, §1145(a), reenacted subsec. heading without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "To be eligible to receive funds under this subchapter, a State must agree to implement or continue to require urinalysis or other proven reliable forms of testing of individuals in correctional residential substance abuse treatment programs. Such testing shall include individuals released from residential substance abuse treatment programs who remain in the custody of the State."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–162, §1145(b)(1), substituted "Aftercare services requirement" for "Eligibility for preference with after care component" in subsec. heading.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–162, §1145(b)(2), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "To be eligible for a preference under this subchapter, a State must ensure that individuals who participate in the substance abuse treatment program established or implemented with assistance provided under this subchapter will be provided with aftercare services."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 109–162, §1145(b)(3), added par. (4).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–162, §1111(c)(2)(J), substituted "The office responsible for the trust fund required by section 3757 of this title" for "The Office designated under section 3757 of this title" in introductory provisions.

2002—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–273 added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Amendment by section 1111(c)(2)(J) of Pub. L. 109–162 applicable with respect to the first fiscal year beginning after Jan. 5, 2006, and each fiscal year thereafter, see section 1111(d) of Pub. L. 109–162, set out as a note under section 10151 of this title.

Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1147, as added by Pub. L. 109–271, §8(n)(2)(A), Aug. 12, 2006, 120 Stat. 767, provided that: "The amendments made by sections 1144 and 1145 [amending this section and sections 10423 and 10424 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 2006."

Construction of 2008 Amendment

For construction of amendments by Pub. L. 110–199 and requirements for grants made under such amendments, see section 60504 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should not be capitalized.

2 So in original. Probably should be "Aftercare".
34 U.S.C. § 10594 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XXIX / Section 10594: Applications
Applications
Status: in_force

(a) In general

An entity described in section 10591 of this title desiring a grant under this subchapter shall submit to the Attorney General an application in such form and manner and at such time as the Attorney General requires.

(b) Contents

An application under subsection (a) shall include a description of the methods and measurements the applicant will use for purposes of evaluating the program involved.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §2924, as added Pub. L. 110–199, title I, §113, Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 676.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3797s–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Construction of 2008 Amendment

For construction of amendments by Pub. L. 110–199 and requirements for grants made under such amendments, see section 60504 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 20925 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 209 / Subchapter I / Section 20925: Development and availability of registry management and website software
Development and availability of registry management and website software
Status: in_force

(a) Duty to develop and support

The Attorney General shall, in consultation with the jurisdictions, develop and support software to enable jurisdictions to establish and operate uniform sex offender registries and Internet sites.

(b) Criteria

The software should facilitate—

(1) immediate exchange of information among jurisdictions;

(2) public access over the Internet to appropriate information, including the number of registered sex offenders in each jurisdiction on a current basis;

(3) full compliance with the requirements of this subchapter; and

(4) communication of information to community notification program participants as required under section 20923 of this title.

(c) Deadline

The Attorney General shall make the first complete edition of this software available to jurisdictions within 2 years of July 27, 2006.

(Pub. L. 109–248, title I, §123, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 598.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 109–248, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 590, known as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title of 2006 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16923 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 41303 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 413 / Section 41303: Uniform Federal Crime Reporting Act of 1988
Uniform Federal Crime Reporting Act of 1988
Status: in_force

(a) Short title

This section may be cited as the "Uniform Federal Crime Reporting Act of 1988".

(b) Definitions

For purposes of this section, the term "Uniform Crime Reports" means the reports authorized under section 534 of title 28 and administered by the Federal Bureau of Investigation which compiles nationwide criminal statistics for use in law enforcement administration, operation, and management and to assess the nature and type of crime in the United States.

(c) Establishment of system

(1) In general

The Attorney General shall acquire, collect, classify, and preserve national data on Federal criminal offenses as part of the Uniform Crime Reports.

(2) Reporting by Federal agencies

All departments and agencies within the Federal government (including the Department of Defense) which routinely investigate complaints of criminal activity, shall report details about crime within their respective jurisdiction to the Attorney General in a uniform manner and on a form prescribed by the Attorney General. The reporting required by this subsection shall be limited to the reporting of those crimes comprising the Uniform Crime Reports.

(3) Distribution of data

The Attorney General shall distribute data received pursuant to paragraph (2), not less frequently than annually, to the President, Members of the Congress, State governments, and officials of localities and penal and other institutions participating in the Uniform Crime Reports program.

(4) Interagency coordination

(A) In general

Not later than 90 days after December 21, 2018, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall coordinate with the head of each department or agency within the Federal Government that is subject to the mandatory reporting requirements under paragraph (2) for the purpose of ensuring successful implementation of paragraph (2).

(B) For report

Not later than 6 months after December 21, 2018, the head of each department or agency within the Federal Government that is subject to the mandatory reporting requirements under paragraph (2) shall provide the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation such information as the Director determines is necessary to complete the first report required under paragraph (5).

(5) Annual report by Federal Bureau of Investigation

Not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, and annually thereafter, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall prepare and submit to the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives a report detailing the efforts of the departments and agencies within the Federal Government to come into compliance with paragraph (2). The report shall contain a list of all departments and agencies within the Federal Government subject to paragraph (2) and whether each department or agency is in compliance with paragraph (2).

(d) Role of Federal Bureau of Investigation

The Attorney General may designate the Federal Bureau of Investigation as the lead agency for purposes of performing the functions authorized by this section and may appoint or establish such advisory and oversight boards as may be necessary to assist the Bureau in ensuring uniformity, quality, and maximum use of the data collected.

(e) Inclusion of offenses involving illegal drugs

The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is authorized to classify offenses involving illegal drugs and drug trafficking as a part I crime in the Uniform Crime Reports.

(f) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated $350,000 for fiscal year 1989 and such sums as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this section after fiscal year 1989.

(g) Effective date

The provisions of this section shall be effective on January 1, 1989.

(Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7332, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4468; Pub. L. 115–393, title IV, §402, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5274.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified as a note under section 534 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 115–393, §402(1), substituted "not less frequently than annually" for "in the form of annual Uniform Crime Reports for the United States".

Subsec. (c)(4), (5). Pub. L. 115–393, §402(2), added pars. (4) and (5).
34 U.S.C. § 20702 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 207 / Section 20702: Establishment of a grant program to develop, expand, and strengthen assistance programs for certain persons subject to trafficking
Establishment of a grant program to develop, expand, and strengthen assistance programs for certain persons subject to trafficking
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Assistant Secretary

The term "Assistant Secretary" means the Assistant Secretary for Children and Families of the Department of Health and Human Services.

(2) Assistant Attorney General

The term "Assistant Attorney General" means the Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs of the Department of Justice.

(3) Eligible entity

The term "eligible entity" means a State or unit of local government that—

(A) has significant criminal activity involving sex trafficking of minors;

(B) has demonstrated cooperation between Federal, State, local, and, where applicable, tribal law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, and social service providers in addressing sex trafficking of minors;

(C) has developed a workable, multi-disciplinary plan to combat sex trafficking of minors, including—

(i) building or establishing a residential care facility for minor victims of sex trafficking;

(ii) the provision of rehabilitative care to minor victims of sex trafficking;

(iii) the provision of specialized training for law enforcement officers and social service providers for all forms of sex trafficking, with a focus on sex trafficking of minors;

(iv) prevention, deterrence, and prosecution of offenses involving sex trafficking of minors;

(v) cooperation or referral agreements with organizations providing outreach or other related services to runaway and homeless youth; and

(vi) law enforcement protocols or procedures to screen all individuals arrested for prostitution, whether adult or minor, for victimization by sex trafficking and by other crimes, such as sexual assault and domestic violence; and

(D) provides assurance that a minor victim of sex trafficking shall not be required to collaborate with law enforcement to have access to residential care or services provided with a grant under this section.

(4) Minor victim of sex trafficking

The term "minor victim of sex trafficking" means an individual who—

(A) is younger than 18 years of age, and is a victim of an offense described in section 1591(a) of title 18 or a comparable State law; or

(B)(i) is not younger than 18 years of age nor older than 20 years of age;

(ii) before the individual reached 18 years of age, was described in subparagraph (A); and

(iii) was receiving shelter or services as a minor victim of sex trafficking.

(5) Qualified nongovernmental organization

The term "qualified nongovernmental organization" means an organization that—

(A) is not a State or unit of local government, or an agency of a State or unit of local government;

(B) has demonstrated experience providing services to victims of sex trafficking or related populations (such as runaway and homeless youth), or employs staff specialized in the treatment of sex trafficking victims; and

(C) demonstrates a plan to sustain the provision of services beyond the period of a grant awarded under this section.

(6) Sex trafficking of a minor

The term "sex trafficking of a minor" means an offense described in section 1591(a) of title 18 or a comparable State law, against a minor.

(b) Sex trafficking block grants

(1) Grants authorized

(A) In general

The Assistant Attorney General, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary, may make block grants to 4 eligible entities located in different regions of the United States to combat sex trafficking of minors.

(B) Requirement

Not fewer than 1 of the block grants made under subparagraph (A) shall be awarded to an eligible entity with a State population of less than 5,000,000.

(C) Grant amount

Subject to the availability of appropriations under subsection (g) to carry out this section, each grant made under this section shall be for an amount not less than $1,500,000 and not greater than $2,000,000.

(D) Duration

(i) In general

A grant made under this section shall be for a period of 1 year.

(ii) Renewal

(I) In general

The Assistant Attorney General may renew a grant under this section for up to 3 1-year periods.

(II) Priority

In making grants in any fiscal year after the first fiscal year in which grants are made under this section, the Assistant Attorney General shall give priority to an eligible entity that received a grant in the preceding fiscal year and is eligible for renewal under this subparagraph, taking into account any evaluation of the eligible entity conducted under paragraph (4), if available.

(E) Consultation

In carrying out this section, the Assistant Attorney General shall consult with the Assistant Secretary with respect to—

(i) evaluations of grant recipients under paragraph (4);

(ii) avoiding unintentional duplication of grants; and

(iii) any other areas of shared concern.

(2) Use of funds

(A) Allocation

Not less than 67 percent of each grant made under paragraph (1) shall be used by the eligible entity to provide residential care and services (as described in clauses (i) through (iv) of subparagraph (B)) to minor victims of sex trafficking through qualified nongovernmental organizations.

(B) Authorized activities

Grants awarded pursuant to paragraph (2) may be used for—

(i) providing residential care to minor victims of sex trafficking, including temporary or long-term placement as appropriate;

(ii) providing 24-hour emergency social services response for minor victims of sex trafficking;

(iii) providing minor victims of sex trafficking with clothing and other daily necessities needed to keep such victims from returning to living on the street;

(iv) case management services for minor victims of sex trafficking;

(v) mental health counseling for minor victims of sex trafficking, including specialized counseling and substance abuse treatment;

(vi) legal services for minor victims of sex trafficking;

(vii) specialized training for social service providers, public sector personnel, and private sector personnel likely to encounter sex trafficking victims on issues related to the sex trafficking of minors and severe forms of trafficking in persons;

(viii) outreach and education programs to provide information about deterrence and prevention of sex trafficking of minors;

(ix) programs to provide treatment to individuals charged or cited with purchasing or attempting to purchase sex acts in cases where—

(I) a treatment program can be mandated as a condition of a sentence, fine, suspended sentence, or probation, or is an appropriate alternative to criminal prosecution; and

(II) the individual was not charged with purchasing or attempting to purchase sex acts with a minor; and

(x) screening and referral of minor victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons.

(3) Application

(A) In general

Each eligible entity desiring a grant under this section shall submit an application to the Assistant Attorney General at such time, in such manner, and accompanied by such information as the Assistant Attorney General may reasonably require.

(B) Contents

Each application submitted pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall—

(i) describe the activities for which assistance under this section is sought; and

(ii) provide such additional assurances as the Assistant Attorney General determines to be essential to ensure compliance with the requirements of this section.

(4) Evaluation

The Assistant Attorney General shall enter into a contract with an academic or non-profit organization that has experience in issues related to sex trafficking of minors and evaluation of grant programs to conduct an annual evaluation of each grant made under this section to determine the impact and effectiveness of programs funded with the grant.

(5) Pilot demonstration program

(A) Establishment

The Assistant Attorney General, in consultation with the Assistant Secretary, shall establish a pilot demonstration program, through which community-based organizations in underserved communities, prioritizing rural communities, in the United States may apply for funding to develop, implement, and build replicable treatment models, based on the type of housing unit that the individual being treated lives in, with supportive services and innovative care, treatment, and services.

(B) Population to be served

The program established pursuant to subparagraph (A) shall primarily serve adolescents and youth who—

(i) are transitioning out of foster care;

(ii) struggle with substance use disorder;

(iii) are pregnant or parenting; or

(iv) have experienced foster care involvement or involvement in the child welfare system, child poverty, child abuse or neglect, human trafficking, juvenile justice involvement, gang involvement, or homelessness.

(C) Authorized activities

Funding provided under subparagraph (A) may be used for—

(i) providing residential care, including temporary or long-term placement as appropriate;

(ii) providing 24-hour emergency social services response;

(iii) providing clothing and other daily necessities needed to keep individuals from returning to living on the street;

(iv) case management services;

(v) mental health counseling, including specialized counseling and substance abuse treatment;

(vi) legal services;

(vii) specialized training for social service providers, public sector personnel, and private sector personnel likely to encounter sex trafficking and labor trafficking victims on issues related to the sex trafficking and labor trafficking of minors; and

(viii) outreach and education programs to provide information about deterrence and prevention of sex trafficking and labor trafficking of minors.

(D) Funding priority

The Assistant Attorney General shall give funding priority to community-based programs that provide crisis stabilization, emergency shelter, and addiction treatment for adolescents and transitional age residential programs that have reputable outcomes.

(c) Mandatory exclusion

An eligible entity that receives a grant under this section that is found to have utilized grant funds for any unauthorized expenditure or otherwise unallowable cost shall not be eligible for any grant funds awarded under the grant for 2 fiscal years following the year in which the unauthorized expenditure or unallowable cost is reported.

(d) Compliance requirement

An eligible entity shall not be eligible to receive a grant under this section if, during the 5 fiscal years before the eligible entity submits an application for the grant, the eligible entity has been found to have violated the terms or conditions of a Government grant program by utilizing grant funds for unauthorized expenditures or otherwise unallowable costs.

(e) Administrative cap

The cost of administering the grants authorized by this section shall not exceed 3 percent of the total amount appropriated to carry out this section.

(f) Audit requirement

For fiscal years 2016 and 2017, the Inspector General of the Department of Justice shall conduct an audit of all 4 eligible entities that receive block grants under this section.

(g) Match requirement

An eligible entity that receives a grant under this section shall provide a non-Federal match in an amount equal to not less than—

(1) 15 percent of the grant during the first year;

(2) 25 percent of the grant during the first renewal period;

(3) 40 percent of the grant during the second renewal period; and

(4) 50 percent of the grant during the third renewal period.

(h) No limitation on section 20705 grants

An entity that applies for a grant under section 20705 of this title is not prohibited from also applying for a grant under this section.

(i) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated $8,000,000 to the Attorney General for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2021 to carry out this section.

(j) GAO evaluation

Not later than 30 months after March 7, 2013, the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit a report to Congress that contains—

(1) an evaluation of the impact of this section in aiding minor victims of sex trafficking in the jurisdiction of the entity receiving the grant; and

(2) recommendations, if any, regarding any legislative or administrative action the Comptroller General determines appropriate.

(Pub. L. 109–164, title II, §202, Jan. 10, 2006, 119 Stat. 3569; Pub. L. 110–457, title III, §302(3), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5087; Pub. L. 113–4, title XII, §1241(a), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 149; Pub. L. 115–393, title III, §301(e)(1)(A), (3), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5272; Pub. L. 117–348, title I, §103, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6215.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

March 7, 2013, referred to in subsec. (j), was in the original "the date of the enactment of this Act", which was translated as meaning the date of enactment of Pub. L. 113–4, which amended this section generally, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 14044a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 117–348 added par. (5).

2018—Pub. L. 115–393, §301(e)(1)(A), amended section to read as it read on Mar 6, 2017. See 2013 Amendment note below. Prior to amendment, section consisted of subsecs. (a) to (d) relating to grant programs to develop, expand, and strengthen assistance programs for certain persons subject to trafficking.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–393, §301(e)(3), substituted "2018 through 2021" for "2014 through 2017".

2013—Pub. L. 113–4 temporarily amended section generally, so as to consist of subsecs. (a) to (j) relating to grant programs to develop, expand, and strengthen assistance programs for certain persons subject to trafficking. See Effective and Termination Dates of 2013 Amendment note below.

2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–457 substituted "$8,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" for "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–393, title III, §301(e)(2), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5272, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section and repealing provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect as though enacted on March 6, 2017."

Effective and Termination Dates of 2013 Amendment

Pub. L. 113–4, title XII, §1241(b), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 153, which provided that the amendment made to this section by section 1241(a) of Pub. L. 113–4 would be effective during the 4-year period beginning on Mar. 7, 2013, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–393, title III, §301(e)(1)(B), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5272.
34 U.S.C. § 60551 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 605 / Subchapter II / Section 60551: Offender reentry research
Offender reentry research
Status: in_force

(a) National Institute of Justice

The National Institute of Justice may conduct research on juvenile and adult offender reentry, including—

(1) a study identifying the number and characteristics of minor children who have had a parent incarcerated, and the likelihood of such minor children becoming adversely involved in the criminal justice system some time in their lifetime;

(2) a study identifying a mechanism to compare rates of recidivism (including rearrest, violations of parole, probation, post-incarceration supervision, and reincarceration) among States; and

(3) a study on the population of offenders released from custody who do not engage in recidivism and the characteristics (housing, employment, treatment, family connection) of that population.

(b) Bureau of Justice Statistics

The Bureau of Justice Statistics may conduct research on offender reentry, including—

(1) an analysis of special populations (including prisoners with mental illness or substance abuse disorders, female offenders, juvenile offenders, offenders with limited English proficiency, and the elderly) that present unique reentry challenges;

(2) studies to determine which offenders are returning to prison, jail, or a juvenile facility and which of those returning offenders represent the greatest risk to victims and community safety;

(3) annual reports on the demographic characteristics of the population reentering society from prisons, jails, and juvenile facilities;

(4) a national recidivism study every 3 years;

(5) a study of parole, probation, or post-incarceration supervision violations and revocations; and

(6) a study concerning the most appropriate measure to be used when reporting recidivism rates (whether rearrest, reincarceration, or any other valid, evidence-based measure).

(Pub. L. 110–199, title II, §241, Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 690.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 17551 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 10231 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter VII / Section 10231: Confidentiality of information
Confidentiality of information
Status: in_force

(a) Research or statistical information; immunity from process; prohibition against admission as evidence or use in any proceedings

No officer or employee of the Federal Government, and no recipient of assistance under the provisions of this chapter shall use or reveal any research or statistical information furnished under this chapter by any person and identifiable to any specific private person for any purpose other than the purpose for which it was obtained in accordance with this chapter. Such information and copies thereof shall be immune from legal process, and shall not, without the consent of the person furnishing such information, be admitted as evidence or used for any purpose in any action, suit, or other judicial, legislative, or administrative proceedings.

(b) Criminal history information; disposition and arrest data; procedures for collection, storage, dissemination, and current status; security and privacy; availability for law enforcement, criminal justice, and other lawful purposes; automated systems: review, challenge, and correction of information

All criminal history information collected, stored, or disseminated through support under this chapter shall contain, to the maximum extent feasible, disposition as well as arrest data where arrest data is included therein. The collection, storage, and dissemination of such information shall take place under procedures reasonably designed to insure that all such information is kept current therein; the Office of Justice Programs shall assure that the security and privacy of all information is adequately provided for and that information shall only be used for law enforcement and criminal justice and other lawful purposes. In addition, an individual who believes that criminal history information concerning him contained in an automated system is inaccurate, incomplete, or maintained in violation of this chapter, shall, upon satisfactory verification of his identity, be entitled to review such information and to obtain a copy of it for the purpose of challenge or correction.

(c) Criminal intelligence systems and information; prohibition against violation of privacy and constitutional rights of individuals

All criminal intelligence systems operating through support under this chapter shall collect, maintain, and disseminate criminal intelligence information in conformance with policy standards which are prescribed by the Office of Justice Programs and which are written to assure that the funding and operation of these systems furthers the purpose of this chapter and to assure that such systems are not utilized in violation of the privacy and constitutional rights of individuals.

(d) Violations; fine as additional penalty

Any person violating the provisions of this section, or of any rule, regulation, or order issued thereunder, shall be fined not to exceed $10,000, in addition to any other penalty imposed by law.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §812, formerly §818, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1213; renumbered §812 and amended Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §609B(f), (k), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2093, 2096; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1115(c), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3104.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3789g of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 812 of Pub. L. 90–351 was classified to section 3789a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to repeal by section 609B(e) of Pub. L. 98–473.

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–162 substituted "No" for "Except as provided by Federal law other than this chapter, no".

1984—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 98–473, 609B(k), substituted "Office of Justice Programs" for "Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by section 609B(k) of Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 609AA(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date note under section 10101 of this title.

Construction

Terms "this chapter" and "this section", as such terms appear in this section, deemed to be references to chapter 501 and section 50105 of this title, respectively, and reference to the Office of Justice Programs in this section deemed to be a reference to the Attorney General, see section 50105 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 60905 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 609 / Section 60905: Subsequent reviews
Subsequent reviews
Status: in_force

(a) Case file review

If a review under subsection (a) case file 1 regarding a cold case murder is conducted and a conclusion is reached not to conduct a full reinvestigation, no additional case file review shall be required to be undertaken under this chapter with respect to that cold case murder for a period of five years, unless there is newly discovered, materially significant evidence. An agency may continue an investigation absent a designated person's application.

(b) Full reinvestigation

If a full reinvestigation of a cold case murder is completed and a suspect is not identified at its conclusion, no additional case file review or full reinvestigation shall be undertaken with regard to that cold case murder for a period of five years beginning on the date of the conclusion of the reinvestigation, unless there is newly discovered, materially significant evidence.

(Pub. L. 117–164, §6, Aug. 3, 2022, 136 Stat. 1359.)

1 So in original.
34 U.S.C. § 20985 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 209 / Subchapter III / Section 20985: Grants for Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network
Grants for Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network
Status: in_force

(a) Findings

Congress finds as follows:

(1) More than 200,000 Americans each year are victims of sexual assault, according to the Department of Justice.

(2) In 2004, 1 American was sexually assaulted every 2.5 minutes.

(3) One of every 6 women, and 1 of every 133 men, in America has been the victim of a completed or attempted rape, according to the Department of Justice.

(4) The Federal Bureau of Investigation ranks rape second in the hierarchy of violent crimes for its Uniform Crime Reports, trailing only murder.

(5) The Federal Government, through the Victims of Crime Act [34 U.S.C. 20101 et seq.], Violence Against Women Act, and other laws, has long played a role in providing services to sexual assault victims and in seeking policies to increase the number of rapists brought to justice.

(6) Research suggests that sexual assault victims who receive counseling support are more likely to report their attack to the police and to participate in the prosecution of the offender.

(7) Due in part to the combined efforts of law enforcement officials at the local, State, and Federal level, as well as the efforts of the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network (RAINN) and its affiliated rape crisis centers across the United States, sexual violence in America has fallen by more than half since 1994.

(8) RAINN, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation headquartered in the District of Columbia, has since 1994 provided help to victims of sexual assault and educated the public about sexual assault prevention, prosecution, and recovery.

(9) RAINN established and continues to operate the National Sexual Assault Hotline, a free, confidential telephone hotline that provides help, 24 hours a day, to victims nationally.

(10) More than 1,100 local rape crisis centers in the 50 States and the District of Columbia partner with RAINN and are members of the National Sexual Assault Hotline network (which has helped more than 970,000 people since its inception in 1994).

(11) To better serve victims of sexual assault, 80 percent of whom are under age 30 and 44 percent of whom are under age 18, RAINN will soon launch the National Sexual Assault Online Hotline, the web's first secure hotline service offering live help 24 hours a day.

(12) Congress and the Department of Justice have given RAINN funding to conduct its crucial work.

(13) RAINN is a national model of public/private partnership, raising private sector funds to match congressional appropriations and receiving extensive private in-kind support, including advanced technology provided by the communications and technology industries to launch the National Sexual Assault Hotline and the National Sexual Assault Online Hotline.

(14) Worth magazine selected RAINN as one of "America's 100 Best Charities", in recognition of the organization's "efficiency and effectiveness.".1

(15) In fiscal year 2005, RAINN spent more than 91 cents of every dollar received directly on program services.

(16) The demand for RAINN's services is growing dramatically, as evidenced by the fact that, in 2005, the National Sexual Assault Hotline helped 137,039 people, an all-time record.

(17) The programs sponsored by RAINN and its local affiliates have contributed to the increase in the percentage of victims who report their rape to law enforcement.

(18) According to a recent poll, 92 percent of American women said that fighting sexual and domestic violence should be a top public policy priority (a higher percentage than chose health care, child care, or any other issue).

(19) Authorizing Federal funds for RAINN's national programs would promote continued progress with this interstate problem and would make a significant difference in the prosecution of rapists and the overall incidence of sexual violence.

(b) Duties and functions of the Administrator

(1) Description of activities

The Administrator shall—

(A) issue such rules as the Administrator considers necessary or appropriate to carry out this section;

(B) make such arrangements as may be necessary and appropriate to facilitate effective coordination among all Federally funded programs relating to victims of sexual assault; and

(C) provide adequate staff and agency resources which are necessary to properly carry out the responsibilities pursuant to this section.

(2) Annual grant to Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network

The Administrator shall annually make a grant to RAINN, which shall be used for the performance of the organization's national programs, which may include—

(A) operation of the National Sexual Assault Hotline, a 24-hour toll-free telephone line by which individuals may receive help and information from trained volunteers;

(B) operation of the National Sexual Assault Online Hotline, a 24-hour free online service by which individuals may receive help and information from trained volunteers;

(C) education of the media, the general public, and populations at risk of sexual assault about the incidence of sexual violence and sexual violence prevention, prosecution, and recovery;

(D) dissemination, on a national basis, of information relating to innovative and model programs, services, laws, legislation, and policies that benefit victims of sexual assault; and

(E) provision of technical assistance to law enforcement agencies, State and local governments, the criminal justice system, public and private nonprofit agencies, and individuals in the investigation and prosecution of cases involving victims of sexual assault.

(c) Definitions

For the purposes of this section:

(1) Administrator

The term "Administrator" means the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

(2) RAINN

The term "RAINN" means the Rape, Abuse & Incest National Network, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation headquartered in the District of Columbia.

(d) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Administrator to carry out this section, $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2027.

(Pub. L. 109–248, title VI, §628, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 638; Pub. L. 117–347, title I, §105(e), Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6204.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Victims of Crime Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), probably means the Victims of Crime Act of 1984, which is chapter XIV of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2170, and which is classified principally to chapter 201 (§20101 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1984 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Violence Against Women Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), probably means the Violence Against Women Act of 1994, which is title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1902. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1994 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16985 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–347 substituted "fiscal years 2022 through 2027" for "fiscal years 2007 through 2010".

1 So in original. The second period probably should not appear.
34 U.S.C. § 41502 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 415 / Section 41502: Morgan P. Hardiman Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center
Morgan P. Hardiman Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

Not later than 90 days after the October 30, 1998, the Attorney General shall establish within the Federal Bureau of Investigation a Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center to be known as the "Morgan P. Hardiman Child Abduction and Serial Murder Investigative Resources Center" (in this section referred to as the "CASMIRC").

(b) Purpose

The CASMIRC shall be managed by the National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime of the Critical Incident Response Group of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (in this section referred to as the "NCAVC"), and by multidisciplinary resource teams in Federal Bureau of Investigation field offices, in order to provide investigative support through the coordination and provision of Federal law enforcement resources, training, and application of other multidisciplinary expertise, to assist Federal, State, and local authorities in matters involving child abductions, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicide, and serial murder across the country. The CASMIRC shall be co-located with the NCAVC.

(c) Duties of the CASMIRC

The CASMIRC shall perform such duties as the Attorney General determines appropriate to carry out the purposes of the CASMIRC, including—

(1) identifying, developing, researching, acquiring, and refining multidisciplinary information and specialities to provide for the most current expertise available to advance investigative knowledge and practices used in child abduction, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicide, and serial murder investigations;

(2) providing advice and coordinating the application of current and emerging technical, forensic, and other Federal assistance to Federal, State, and local authorities in child abduction, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicide, and serial murder investigations;

(3) providing investigative support, research findings, and violent crime analysis to Federal, State, and local authorities in child abduction, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicide, and serial murder investigations;

(4) providing, if requested by a Federal, State, or local law enforcement agency, on site consultation and advice in child abduction, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicide and serial murder investigations;

(5) coordinating the application of resources of pertinent Federal law enforcement agencies, and other Federal entities including, but not limited to, the United States Customs Service, the Secret Service, the Postal Inspection Service, and the United States Marshals Service, as appropriate, and with the concurrence of the agency head to support Federal, State, and local law enforcement involved in child abduction, mysterious disappearance of a child, child homicide, and serial murder investigations;

(6) conducting ongoing research related to child abductions, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicides, and serial murder, including identification and investigative application of current and emerging technologies, identification of investigative searching technologies and methods for physically locating abducted children, investigative use of offender behavioral assessment and analysis concepts, gathering statistics and information necessary for case identification, trend analysis, and case linkages to advance the investigative effectiveness of outstanding abducted children cases, develop investigative systems to identify and track serious serial offenders that repeatedly victimize children for comparison to unsolved cases, and other investigative research pertinent to child abduction, mysterious disappearance of a child, child homicide, and serial murder covered in this section;

(7) working under the NCAVC in coordination with the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the Department of Justice to provide appropriate training to Federal, State, and local law enforcement in matters regarding child abductions, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicides; and

(8) establishing a centralized repository based upon case data reflecting child abductions, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicides and serial murder submitted by State and local agencies, and an automated system for the efficient collection, retrieval, analysis, and reporting of information regarding CASMIRC investigative resources, research, and requests for and provision of investigative support services.

(d) Appointment of personnel to the CASMIRC

(1) Selection of members of the CASMIRC and participating State and local law enforcement personnel

The Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall appoint the members of the CASMIRC. The CASMIRC shall be staffed with Federal Bureau of Investigation personnel and other necessary personnel selected for their expertise that would enable them to assist in the research, data collection, and analysis, and provision of investigative support in child abduction, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicide and serial murder investigations. The Director may, with concurrence of the appropriate State or local agency, also appoint State and local law enforcement personnel to work with the CASMIRC.

(2) Status

Each member of the CASMIRC (and each individual from any State or local law enforcement agency appointed to work with the CASMIRC) shall remain as an employee of that member's or individual's respective agency for all purposes (including the purpose of performance review), and service with the CASMIRC shall be without interruption or loss of civil service privilege or status and shall be on a nonreimbursable basis, except if appropriate to reimburse State and local law enforcement for overtime costs for an individual appointed to work with the resource team. Additionally, reimbursement of travel and per diem expenses will occur for State and local law enforcement participation in resident fellowship programs at the NCAVC when offered.

(3) Training

CASMIRC personnel, under the guidance of the Federal Bureau of Investigation's National Center for the Analysis of Violent Crime and in consultation with the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children, shall develop a specialized course of instruction devoted to training members of the CASMIRC consistent with the purpose of this section. The CASMIRC shall also work with the National Center For Missing and Exploited Children and the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention of the Department of Justice to develop a course of instruction for State and local law enforcement personnel to facilitate the dissemination of the most current multidisciplinary expertise in the investigation of child abductions, mysterious disappearances of children, child homicides, and serial murder of children.

(e) Report to Congress

One year after the establishment of the CASMIRC, the Attorney General shall submit to Congress a report, which shall include—

(1) a description of the goals and activities of the CASMIRC; and

(2) information regarding—

(A) the number and qualifications of the members appointed to the CASMIRC;

(B) the provision of equipment, administrative support, and office space for the CASMIRC; and

(C) the projected resource needs for the CASMIRC.

(f) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section such sums as may be necessary for each of fiscal years 1999, 2000, and 2001.

(Pub. L. 105–314, title VII, §703(a)–(f), Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 2987–2989.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified as a note under section 531 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Section is comprised of subsecs. (a) to (f) of section 703 of Pub. L. 105–314. Subsec. (g) of section 703 repealed section 5776a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and provisions set out as notes under sections 5601 and 5776a of Title 42.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the United States Customs Service of the Department of the Treasury, including functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 203(1), 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6. For establishment of U.S. Customs and Border Protection in the Department of Homeland Security, treated as if included in Pub. L. 107–296 as of Nov. 25, 2002, see section 211 of Title 6, as amended generally by Pub. L. 114–125, and section 802(b) of Pub. L. 114–125, set out as a note under section 211 of Title 6.

For transfer of the functions, personnel, assets, and obligations of the United States Secret Service, including the functions of the Secretary of the Treasury relating thereto, to the Secretary of Homeland Security, and for treatment of related references, see sections 381, 551(d), 552(d), and 557 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and the Department of Homeland Security Reorganization Plan of November 25, 2002, as modified, set out as a note under section 542 of Title 6.
34 U.S.C. § 20713 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 207 / Section 20713: Encouraging a victim-centered approach to training of Federal law enforcement personnel
Encouraging a victim-centered approach to training of Federal law enforcement personnel
Status: in_force

(a) Training curriculum improvements

The Attorney General, Secretary of Homeland Security, and Secretary of Labor shall periodically, but not less frequently than once every 2 years, implement improvements to the training programs on human trafficking for employees of the Department of Justice, Department of Homeland Security, and Department of Labor, respectively, after consultation with survivors of human trafficking, or trafficking victims service providers, and Federal law enforcement agencies responsible for the prevention, deterrence, and prosecution of offenses involving human trafficking (such as individuals serving as, or who have served as, investigators in a Federal agency and who have expertise in identifying human trafficking victims and investigating human trafficking cases).

(b) Advanced training curriculum

(1) In general

Not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall develop an advanced training curriculum, to supplement the basic curriculum for investigative personnel of the Department of Justice and the Department of Homeland Security, respectively, that—

(A) emphasizes a multidisciplinary, collaborative effort by law enforcement officers who provide a broad range of investigation and prosecution options in response to perpetrators, and victim service providers, who offer services and resources for victims;

(B) provides guidance about the recruitment techniques employed by human traffickers to clarify that an individual who knowingly solicits or patronizes a commercial sex act from a person who was a minor (consistent with section 1591(c) of title 18) or was subject to force, fraud, or coercion is guilty of an offense under chapter 77 of title 18 and is a party to a human trafficking offense; and

(C) explains that—

(i) victims of sex or labor trafficking often engage in criminal acts as a direct result of severe trafficking in persons and such individuals are victims of a crime and affirmative measures should be taken to avoid arresting, charging, or prosecuting such individuals for any offense that is the direct result of their victimization; and

(ii) a comprehensive approach to eliminating human trafficking should include demand reduction as a component.

(2) Use of curriculum

The Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall provide training using the curriculum developed under paragraph (1) to—

(A) all law enforcement officers employed by the Department of Justice and the Department of Homeland Security, respectively, who may be involved in the investigation of human trafficking offenses; and

(B) members of task forces that participate in the investigation of human trafficking offenses.

(Pub. L. 109–164, title II, §213, formerly Pub. L. 115–393, title V, §501, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5275; renumbered §213 of Pub. L. 109–164, Pub. L. 117–347, title I, §106(b)(3), Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6204.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is comprised of section 213 of Pub. L. 109–164. Subsec. (c) of section 213 of Pub. L. 109–164 amended section 7105 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.

Section was formerly classified to section 20907b of this title prior to renumbering by Pub. L. 117–347.
34 U.S.C. § 10565 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XXVII / Section 10565: Administrative provisions
Administrative provisions
Status: in_force

(a) Regulations

The Attorney General may promulgate such guidelines, regulations, and procedures as may be necessary to carry out this subchapter, including guidelines, regulations, and procedures relating to the submission and review of applications for grants under section 10562 of this title.

(b) Expenditure records

(1) Records

Each State, or unit of local government within the State, that receives a grant under this subchapter shall maintain such records as the Attorney General may require to facilitate an effective audit relating to the receipt of the grant, or the use of the grant amount.

(2) Access

The Attorney General and the Comptroller General of the United States, or a designee thereof, shall have access, for the purpose of audit and examination, to any book, document, or record of a State, or unit of local government within the State, that receives a grant under this subchapter, if, in the determination of the Attorney General, Comptroller General, or designee thereof, the book, document, or record is related to the receipt of the grant, or the use of the grant amount.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §2805, as added Pub. L. 106–561, §2(c)(1), Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2790.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3797n of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 10531 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XXIV / Section 10531: Program authorized
Program authorized
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance is authorized to make grants to States, units of local government, and Indian tribes to purchase armor vests for use by State, local, and tribal law enforcement officers and State and local court officers.

(b) Uses of funds

Grants awarded under this section shall be—

(1) distributed directly to the State, unit of local government, State or local court, or Indian tribe; and

(2) used for the purchase of armor vests for law enforcement officers in the jurisdiction of the grantee.

(c) Preferential consideration

In awarding grants under this subchapter, the Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance may give preferential consideration, if feasible, to an application from a jurisdiction that—

(1) has the greatest need for armor vests based on the percentage of law enforcement officers in the department who do not have access to a vest;

(2) has, or will institute, a mandatory wear policy that requires on-duty law enforcement officers to wear armor vests whenever feasible;

(3) has a violent crime rate at or above the national average as determined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and

(4) provides armor vests to law enforcement officers that are uniquely fitted for such officers, including vests uniquely fitted to individual female law enforcement officers; or

(5) has not received a block grant under the Local Law Enforcement Block Grant program described under the heading "Violent Crime Reduction Programs, State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance" of the Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998 (Public Law 105–119).

(d) Minimum amount

Unless all eligible applications submitted by any State or unit of local government within such State for a grant under this section have been funded, such State, together with grantees within the State (other than Indian tribes), shall be allocated in each fiscal year under this section not less than 0.50 percent of the total amount appropriated in the fiscal year for grants pursuant to this section, except that the United States Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands shall each be allocated .25 percent.

(e) Maximum amount

A qualifying State, unit of local government, or Indian tribe may not receive more than 5 percent of the total amount appropriated in each fiscal year for grants under this section, except that a State, together with the grantees within the State may not receive more than 20 percent of the total amount appropriated in each fiscal year for grants under this section.

(f) Matching funds

(1) In general

The portion of the costs of a program provided by a grant under subsection (a)—

(A) may not exceed 50 percent; and

(B) shall equal 50 percent, if—

(i) such grant is to a unit of local government with fewer than 100,000 residents;

(ii) the Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance determines that the quantity of vests to be purchased with such grant is reasonable; and

(iii) such portion does not cause such grant to violate the requirements of subsection (e).

(2) Indian assistance

Any funds appropriated by Congress for the activities of any agency of an Indian tribal government or the Bureau of Indian Affairs performing law enforcement functions on any Indian lands may be used to provide the non-Federal share of a matching requirement funded under this subsection.

(3) Limitation on matching funds

A State, unit of local government, or Indian tribe may not use funding received under any other Federal grant program to pay or defer the cost, in whole or in part, of the matching requirement under paragraph (1).

(4) Waiver

The Director may waive in whole or in part, the match requirement of paragraph (1) in the case of fiscal hardship, as determined by the Director.

(g) Allocation of funds

Funds available under this subchapter shall be awarded, without regard to subsection (c), to each qualifying unit of local government with fewer than 100,000 residents. Any remaining funds available under this subchapter shall be awarded to other qualifying applicants.

(h) Expiration of appropriated funds

(1) Definition

In this subsection, the term "appropriated funds" means any amounts that are appropriated for any of fiscal years 2016 through 2020 to carry out this subchapter.

(2) Expiration

All appropriated funds that are not obligated on or before December 31, 2022 shall be transferred to the General Fund of the Treasury not later than January 31, 2023.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §2501, as added Pub. L. 105–181, §3(a)(3), June 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 513; amended Pub. L. 106–517, §3(a), (b), Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2407, 2408; Pub. L. 110–177, title III, §302(d), Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2539; Pub. L. 111–8, div. B, title II, Mar. 11, 2009, 123 Stat. 583; Pub. L. 114–155, §§3, 5, 7, May 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 389, 390.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Departments of Commerce, Justice, and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1998, referred to in subsec. (c)(5), is Pub. L. 105–119, Nov. 26, 1997, 111 Stat. 2440. Provisions under the heading "Violent Crime Reduction Programs, State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance", 111 Stat. 2452, are not classified to the Code.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796ll of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2501 of Pub. L. 90–351 was renumbered section 2601 and is classified to section 10541 of this title.

Amendments

2016—Subsec. (c)(2) to (5). Pub. L. 114–155, §7, substituted "; and" for "; or" at end of par. (3), added par. (4), and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

Subsec. (f)(3), (4). Pub. L. 114–155, §5, added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 114–155, §3, added subsec. (h).

2009—Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 111–8 added par. (3).

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–177, §302(d)(1), inserted "and State and local court officers" after "tribal law enforcement officers".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–177, §302(d)(2), inserted "State or local court," after "government,".

2000—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–517, §3(a), designated first sentence as par. (1), inserted par. heading, substituted "subsection (a)—" and subpars. (A) and (B) for "subsection (a) may not exceed 50 percent.", and designated second sentence as par. (2) and inserted par. heading.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 106–517, §3(b), amended heading and text of subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "At least half of the funds available under this subchapter shall be awarded to units of local government with fewer than 100,000 residents."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

Effective Aug. 1, 2000, all functions of Director of Bureau of Justice Assistance, other than those enumerated in section 10142(3) through (6) of this title, transferred to Assistant Attorney General for Office of Justice Programs, see section 1000(a)(1) [title I, §108(b)] of Pub. L. 106–113, set out as a note under section 10141 of this title.

Findings of 2000 Amendments

Pub. L. 106–517, §2, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2407, provided that: "Congress finds that—

"(1) the number of law enforcement officers who are killed in the line of duty would significantly decrease if every law enforcement officer in the United States had the protection of an armor vest;

"(2) according to studies, between 1985 and 1994, 709 law enforcement officers in the United States were killed in the line of duty;

"(3) the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimates that the risk of fatality to law enforcement officers while not wearing an armor vest is 14 times higher than for officers wearing an armor vest;

"(4) according to studies, between 1985 and 1994, bullet-resistant materials helped save the lives of more than 2,000 law enforcement officers in the United States; and

"(5) the Executive Committee for Indian Country Law Enforcement Improvements reports that violent crime in Indian country has risen sharply, despite a decrease in the national crime rate, and has concluded that there is a 'public safety crisis in Indian country'."

Findings and Purpose of 1998 Amendments

Pub. L. 105–181, §2, June 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 512, provided that:

"(a) Findings.—Congress finds that—

"(1) the number of law enforcement officers who are killed in the line of duty would significantly decrease if every law enforcement officer in the United States had the protection of an armor vest;

"(2) according to studies, between 1985 and 1994, 709 law enforcement officers in the United States were feloniously killed in the line of duty;

"(3) the Federal Bureau of Investigation estimates that the risk of fatality to law enforcement officers while not wearing an armor vest is 14 times higher than for officers wearing an armor vest;

"(4) the Department of Justice estimates that approximately 150,000 State, local, and tribal law enforcement officers, nearly 25 percent, are not issued body armor;

"(5) according to studies, between 1985 and 1994, bullet-resistant materials helped save the lives of more than 2,000 law enforcement officers in the United States; and

"(6) the Executive Committee for Indian Country Law Enforcement Improvements reports that violent crime in Indian country has risen sharply, despite a decrease in the national crime rate, and has concluded that there is a 'public safety crisis in Indian country'.

"(b) Purpose.—The purpose of this Act [see Short Title of 1998 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title] is to save lives of law enforcement officers by helping State, local, and tribal law enforcement agencies provide officers with armor vests."
34 U.S.C. § 10389 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XVI / Section 10389: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this subchapter—

(1) "career law enforcement officer" means a person hired on a permanent basis who is authorized by law or by a State or local public agency to engage in or supervise the prevention, detection, or investigation of violations of criminal laws.

(2) "citizens' police academy" means a program by local law enforcement agencies or private nonprofit organizations in which citizens, especially those who participate in neighborhood watch programs, are trained in ways of facilitating communication between the community and local law enforcement in the prevention of crime.

(3) "Indian tribe" means a tribe, band, pueblo, nation, or other organized group or community of Indians, including an Alaska Native village (as defined in or established under the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (43 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.)), that is recognized as eligible for the special programs and services provided by the United States to Indians because of their status as Indians.

(4) "school resource officer" means a career law enforcement officer, with sworn authority, deployed in community-oriented policing, and assigned by the employing police department or agency to work in collaboration with schools and community-based organizations—

(A) to address crime and disorder problems, gangs, and drug activities affecting or occurring in or around an elementary or secondary school;

(B) to develop or expand crime prevention efforts for students;

(C) to educate likely school-age victims in crime prevention and safety;

(D) to develop or expand community justice initiatives for students;

(E) to train students in conflict resolution, restorative justice, and crime awareness;

(F) to assist in the identification of physical changes in the environment that may reduce crime in or around the school; and

(G) to assist in developing school policy that addresses crime and to recommend procedural changes.

(5) "commercial sex act" has the meaning given the term in section 7102 of title 22.

(6) "minor" means an individual who has not attained the age of 18 years.

(7) "severe form of trafficking in persons" has the meaning given the term in section 7102 of title 22.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §1709, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title I, §10003(a)(3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1813; amended Pub. L. 105–302, §1(2), Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2841; Pub. L. 114–22, title VI, §601(2), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 259.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act, referred to in par. (3), is Pub. L. 92–203, §2, Dec. 18, 1971, 85 Stat. 688, which is classified generally to chapter 33 (§1601 et seq.) of Title 43, Public Lands. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1601 of Title 43 and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796dd–8 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2015—Pub. L. 114–22 added pars. (5) to (7).

1998—Pub. L. 105–302 designated first three undesignated paragraphs as pars. (1) to (3), respectively, and added par. (4).
34 U.S.C. § 20706 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 207 / Section 20706: Senior Policy Operating Group
Senior Policy Operating Group
Status: in_force

Each Federal department or agency involved in grant activities related to combatting trafficking or providing services to persons subjected to trafficking inside the United States shall apprise the Senior Policy Operating Group established by section 105(f) 1 of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7103(f)), under the procedures established by the Senior Policy Operating Group, of such activities of the department or agency to ensure that the activities are consistent with the purposes of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.).

(Pub. L. 109–164, title II, §206, Jan. 10, 2006, 119 Stat. 3571; Pub. L. 110–457, title II, §233, Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5074.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 105(f) of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, referred to in text, was redesignated 105(g) of the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 by Pub. L. 113–4, title XII, §1201(3), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 136.

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, referred to in text, is div. A of Pub. L. 106–386, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1466, which is classified principally to chapter 78 (§7101 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7101 of Title 22 and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 14044d of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2008—Pub. L. 110–457 struck out ", as the department or agency determines appropriate," before "apprise the Senior Policy Operating Group".

1 See References in Text note below.
34 U.S.C. § 10473 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XXI / Section 10473: Administration
Administration
Status: in_force

(a) Consultation

The Attorney General shall consult with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and any other appropriate officials in carrying out this subchapter.

(b) Use of components

The Attorney General may utilize any component or components of the Department of Justice in carrying out this subchapter.

(c) Regulatory authority

The Attorney General shall issue regulations and guidelines necessary to carry out this subchapter which include, but are not limited to, the methodologies and outcome measures proposed for evaluating each applicant program.

(d) Applications

In addition to any other requirements that may be specified by the Attorney General, an application for a grant under this subchapter shall—

(1) include a long-term strategy and detailed implementation plan;

(2) explain the applicant's inability to fund the program adequately without Federal assistance;

(3) certify that the Federal support provided will be used to supplement, and not supplant, State, Indian tribal, and local sources of funding that would otherwise be available;

(4) identify related governmental or community initiatives which complement or will be coordinated with the proposal;

(5) certify that there has been appropriate consultation with all affected agencies and that there will be appropriate coordination with all affected agencies in the implementation of the program, including the State mental health authority;

(6) certify that participating offenders will be supervised by one or more designated judges with responsibility for the mental health court program;

(7) specify plans for obtaining necessary support and continuing the proposed program following the conclusion of Federal support;

(8) describe the methodology and outcome measures that will be used in evaluating the program; and

(9) certify that participating first time offenders without a history of a mental illness will receive a mental health evaluation.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §2203, as added Pub. L. 106–515, §3(a), Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2400.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796ii–2 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2203 of title I of Pub. L. 90–351, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title V, §50001(a)(3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1956, defined "violent offender", prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–134, title I, §101[(a)] [title I, §114(b)(1)(A)], Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321, 1321–21; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 104–140, §1(a), May 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1327.
34 U.S.C. § 30104 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 301 / Section 30104: Improved investigative and forensic resources for enforcement of laws related to intellectual property crimes
Improved investigative and forensic resources for enforcement of laws related to intellectual property crimes
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Subject to the availability of appropriations to carry out this subsection, the Attorney General, in consultation with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, shall, with respect to crimes related to the theft of intellectual property—

(1) ensure that there are at least 10 additional operational agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation designated to support the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property Section of the Criminal Division of the Department of Justice in the investigation and coordination of intellectual property crimes;

(2) ensure that any Computer Hacking and Intellectual Property Crime Unit in the Department of Justice is supported by at least 1 agent of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (in addition to any agent supporting such unit as of October 13, 2008) to support such unit for the purpose of investigating or prosecuting intellectual property crimes;

(3) ensure that all Computer Hacking and Intellectual Property Crime Units located at an office of a United States Attorney are assigned at least 2 Assistant United States Attorneys responsible for investigating and prosecuting computer hacking or intellectual property crimes; and

(4) ensure the implementation of a regular and comprehensive training program—

(A) the purpose of which is to train agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation in the investigation and prosecution of such crimes and the enforcement of laws related to intellectual property crimes; and

(B) that includes relevant forensic training related to investigating and prosecuting intellectual property crimes.

(b) Organized crime plan

Subject to the availability of appropriations to carry out this subsection, and not later than 180 days after October 13, 2008, the Attorney General, through the United States Attorneys' Offices, the Computer Crime and Intellectual Property section, and the Organized Crime and Racketeering section of the Department of Justice, and in consultation with the Federal Bureau of Investigation and other Federal law enforcement agencies, such as the Department of Homeland Security, shall create and implement a comprehensive, long-range plan to investigate and prosecute international organized crime syndicates engaging in or supporting crimes relating to the theft of intellectual property.

(c) Authorization

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 through 2013.

(Pub. L. 110–403, title IV, §402, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4272.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3713b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 60101 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 601 / Section 60101: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

Congress finds the following:

(1) Increasingly, States are turning to private prisoner transport companies as an alternative to their own personnel or the United States Marshals Service when transporting violent prisoners.

(2) The transport process can last for days if not weeks, as violent prisoners are dropped off and picked up at a network of hubs across the country.

(3) Escapes by violent prisoners during transport by private prisoner transport companies have occurred.

(4) Oversight by the Attorney General is required to address these problems.

(5) While most governmental entities may prefer to use, and will continue to use, fully trained and sworn law enforcement officers when transporting violent prisoners, fiscal or logistical concerns may make the use of highly specialized private prisoner transport companies an option. Nothing in sections 60101 to 60104 of this title should be construed to mean that governmental entities should contract with private prisoner transport companies to move violent prisoners; however when a government entity opts to use a private prisoner transport company to move violent prisoners, then the company should be subject to regulation in order to enhance public safety.

(Pub. L. 106–560, §2, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2784.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 13726 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

For short title of Pub. L. 106–560, which is classified to sections 60101 to 60104 of this title, as the "Interstate Transportation of Dangerous Criminals Act of 2000" and also as "Jeanna's Act", see section 1 of Pub. L. 106–560, set out as a Short Title of 2000 Act note under section 10101 of this title.

Guidelines for States Regarding Infectious Diseases in Correctional Institutions

Pub. L. 105–370, §2(c), Nov. 12, 1998, 112 Stat. 3375, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 12, 1998], the Attorney General, in consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services, shall provide to the several States proposed guidelines for the prevention, detection, and treatment of incarcerated persons and correctional employees who have, or may be exposed to, infectious diseases in correctional institutions."
34 U.S.C. § 41503 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 415 / Section 41503: Fugitive Apprehension Task Forces
Fugitive Apprehension Task Forces
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The Attorney General shall, upon consultation with appropriate Department of Justice and Department of the Treasury law enforcement components, establish permanent Fugitive Apprehension Task Forces consisting of Federal, State, and local law enforcement authorities in designated regions of the United States, to be directed and coordinated by the United States Marshals Service, for the purpose of locating and apprehending fugitives.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General for the United States Marshals Service to carry out the provisions of this section $30,000,000 for the fiscal year 2001, $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2003, and $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012.

(c) Other existing applicable law

Nothing in this section shall be construed to limit any existing authority under any other provision of Federal or State law for law enforcement agencies to locate or apprehend fugitives through task forces or any other means.

(Pub. L. 106–544, §6, Dec. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 2718; Pub. L. 110–177, title V, §507, Jan. 7, 2008, 121 Stat. 2543.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified as a note under section 566 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–177 struck out "and" after "fiscal year 2002," and inserted before period at end ", and $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2012".
34 U.S.C. § 41505 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 415 / Section 41505: Organized retail theft database
Organized retail theft database
Status: in_force

(a) National data

(1) The Attorney General and the Federal Bureau of Investigation, in consultation with the retail community, shall establish a task force to combat organized retail theft and provide expertise to the retail community for the establishment of a national database or clearinghouse housed and maintained in the private sector to track and identify where organized retail theft type crimes are being committed in the United Sates.1 The national database shall allow Federal, State, and local law enforcement officials as well as authorized retail companies (and authorized associated retail databases) to transmit information into the database electronically and to review information that has been submitted electronically.

(2) The Attorney General shall make available funds to provide for the ongoing administrative and technological costs to federal law enforcement agencies participating in the database project.

(3) The Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance of the Office of Justice Programs may make grants to help provide for the administrative and technological costs to State and local law enforcement agencies participating in the data base 2 project.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated for each of fiscal years 2006 through 2009, $5,000,000 for educating and training federal law enforcement regarding organized retail theft, for investigating, apprehending and prosecuting individuals engaged in organized retail theft, and for working with the private sector to establish and utilize the database described in subsection (a).

(c) Definition of organized retail theft

For purposes of this section, "organized retail theft" means—

(1) the violation of a State prohibition on retail merchandise theft or shoplifting, if the violation consists of the theft of quantities of items that would not normally be purchased for personal use or consumption and for the purpose of reselling the items or for reentering the items into commerce;

(2) the receipt, possession, concealment, bartering, sale, transport, or disposal of any property that is know 3 or should be known to have been taken in violation of paragraph (1); or

(3) the coordination, organization, or recruitment of persons to undertake the conduct described in paragraph (1) or (2).

(Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1105, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3092; Pub. L. 109–271, §8(a), Aug. 12, 2006, 120 Stat. 766.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified as a note under section 509 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–271 substituted "The Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance of the Office of Justice Programs may" for "The Attorney General through the Bureau of Justice Assistance in the Office of Justice may".

1 So in original. Probably should be "States".

2 So in original. Probably should be "database".

3 So in original. Probably should be "known".
34 U.S.C. § 11101 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter I / Section 11101: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

(a) The Congress finds the following:

(1) Although the juvenile violent crime arrest rate in 1999 was the lowest in the decade, there remains a consensus that the number of crimes and the rate of offending by juveniles nationwide is still too high.

(2) According to the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, allowing 1 youth to leave school for a life of crime and of drug abuse costs society $1,700,000 to $2,300,000 annually.

(3) One in every 6 individuals (16.2 percent) arrested for committing violent crime in 1999 was less than 18 years of age. In 1999, juveniles accounted for 9 percent of murder arrests, 17 percent of forcible rape arrests, 25 percent of robbery arrest, 14 percent of aggravated assault arrests, and 24 percent of weapons arrests.

(4) More than ½ of juvenile murder victims are killed with firearms. Of the nearly 1,800 murder victims less than 18 years of age, 17 percent of the victims less than 13 years of age were murdered with a firearm, and 81 percent of the victims 13 years of age or older were killed with a firearm.

(5) Juveniles accounted for 13 percent of all drug abuse violation arrests in 1999. Between 1990 and 1999, juvenile arrests for drug abuse violations rose 132 percent.

(6) Over the last 3 decades, youth gang problems have increased nationwide. In the 1970's, 19 States reported youth gang problems. By the late 1990's, all 50 States and the District of Columbia reported gang problems. For the same period, the number of cities reporting youth gang problems grew 843 percent, and the number of counties reporting gang problems increased more than 1,000 percent.

(7) According to a national crime survey of individuals 12 years of age or older during 1999, those 12 to 19 years old are victims of violent crime at higher rates than individuals in all other age groups. Only 30.8 percent of these violent victimizations were reported by youth to police in 1999.

(8) One-fifth of juveniles 16 years of age who had been arrested were first arrested before attaining 12 years of age. Juveniles who are known to the juvenile justice system before attaining 13 years of age are responsible for a disproportionate share of serious crimes and violence.

(9) The increase in the arrest rates for girls and young juvenile offenders has changed the composition of violent offenders entering the juvenile justice system.

(10) These problems should be addressed through a 2-track common sense approach that addresses the needs of individual juveniles and society at large by promoting—

(A) quality prevention programs that—

(i) work with juveniles, their families, local public agencies, and community-based organizations, and take into consideration such factors as whether or not juveniles have been the victims of family violence (including child abuse and neglect); and

(ii) are designed to reduce risks and develop competencies in at-risk juveniles that will prevent, and reduce the rate of, violent delinquent behavior; and

(B) programs that assist in holding juveniles accountable for their actions and in developing the competencies necessary to become responsible and productive members of their communities, including a system of graduated sanctions to respond to each delinquent act, requiring juveniles to make restitution, or perform community service, for the damage caused by their delinquent acts, and methods for increasing victim satisfaction with respect to the penalties imposed on juveniles for their acts.

(11) Coordinated juvenile justice and delinquency prevention projects that meet the needs of juveniles through the collaboration of the many local service systems juveniles encounter can help prevent juveniles from becoming delinquent and help delinquent youth return to a productive life.

(b) Congress must act now to reform this program by focusing on juvenile delinquency prevention programs, as well as programs that hold juveniles accountable for their acts and which provide opportunities for competency development. Without true reform, the juvenile justice system will not be able to overcome the challenges it will face in the coming years when the number of juveniles is expected to increase by 18 percent between 2000 and 2030.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title I, §101, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109; Pub. L. 96–509, §3, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2750; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §611, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107; Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4982; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12202, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1869.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2002—Pub. L. 107–273 amended heading and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows:

"(a) The Congress hereby finds that—

"(1) juveniles accounted for almost half the arrests for serious crimes in the United States in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983;

"(2) recent trends show an upsurge in arrests of adolescents for murder, assault, and weapon use;

"(3) the small number of youth who commit the most serious and violent offenses are becoming more violent;

"(4) understaffed, overcrowded juvenile courts, prosecutorial and public defender offices, probation services, and correctional facilities and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities are not able to provide individualized justice or effective help;

"(5) present juvenile courts, foster and protective care programs, and shelter facilities are inadequate to meet the needs of children, who, because of this failure to provide effective services, may become delinquents;

"(6) existing programs have not adequately responded to the particular problems of the increasing numbers of young people who are addicted to or who abuse alcohol and other drugs, particularly nonopiate or polydrug abusers;

"(7) juvenile delinquency can be reduced through programs designed to keep students in elementary and secondary schools through the prevention of unwarranted and arbitrary suspensions and expulsions;

"(8) States and local communities which experience directly the devastating failures of the juvenile justice system do not presently have sufficient technical expertise or adequate resources to deal comprehensively with the problems of juvenile delinquency;

"(9) existing Federal programs have not provided the direction, coordination, resources, and leadership required to meet the crisis of delinquency;

"(10) the juvenile justice system should give additional attention to the problem of juveniles who commit serious crimes, with particular attention given to the areas of sentencing, providing resources necessary for informed dispositions, and rehabilitation;

"(11) emphasis should be placed on preventing youth from entering the juvenile justice system to begin with; and

"(12) the incidence of juvenile delinquency can be reduced through public recreation programs and activities designed to provide youth with social skills, enhance self esteem, and encourage the constructive use of discretionary time.

"(b) Congress finds further that the high incidence of delinquency in the United States today results in enormous annual cost and immeasurable loss of human life, personal security, and wasted human resources and that juvenile delinquency constitutes a growing threat to the national welfare requiring immediate and comprehensive action by the Federal Government to reduce and prevent delinquency."

1992—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(2), added pars. (2) and (3). Former pars. (2) and (3) redesignated (4) and (5), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(1), (3), redesignated par. (2) as (4) and inserted "prosecutorial and public defender offices,". Former par. (4) redesignated (6).

Subsec. (a)(5) to (10). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(1), redesignated pars. (3) to (8) as (5) to (10), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(11), (12). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(a)(4)–(6), added pars. (11) and (12).

1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(1), substituted "accounted" for "account" and "in 1974 and for less than one-third of such arrests in 1983" for "today".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(2), inserted "and inadequately trained staff in such courts, services, and facilities".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(3), struck out "the countless, abandoned, and dependent" before "children, who".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 98–473, §611(4), substituted "reduced" for "prevented".

1980—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 96–509, §3(1), inserted reference to alcohol abuse.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, §3(2)–(4), added par. (8).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12223, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1896, as amended by Pub. L. 108–7, div. B, title I, §110(2), (3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 67, provided that:

"(a) Effective Date.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle B (§§12201–12223) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this subtitle shall take effect on the effective date provided in section 12102(b) [set out as a note under section 10401 of this title].

"(b) Application of Amendments.—The amendments made by this subtitle shall apply only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the effective date provided in subsection (a)."

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7296, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4463, as amended by Pub. L. 101–204, title X, §1001(d), Dec. 7, 1989, 103 Stat. 1827, provided that:

"(a) Effective Date.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this subtitle [subtitle F (§§7250–7296) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act [probably should be subtitle] shall take effect on October 1, 1988.

"(b) Application of Amendments.—(1) The amendments made by section 7258(a) [amending section 11133 of this title] shall not apply to a State with respect to a fiscal year beginning before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 18, 1988] if the State plan is approved before such date by the Administrator for such fiscal year.

"(2) The amendments made by section 7253(b)(1) [amending section 11114 of this title] and section 7278 [enacting section 11277 of this title] shall not apply with respect to fiscal year 1989.

"(3) Notwithstanding the 180-day period provided in—

"(A) section 207 of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5611 et seq.) [now 34 U.S.C. 11117], as added by section 7255;

"(B) section 361 of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act (42 U.S.C. 5701 et seq.) [now 34 U.S.C. 11273], as redesignated by section 7273(e)(2) and amended by section 7274; and

"(C) section 404(a)(5) [now 404(a)(6)] of the Missing Children's Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5773(a)(5) [now 34 U.S.C. 11293(a)(6)]), as amended by section 7285(a)(3);

the reports required by such sections to be submitted with respect to fiscal year 1988 shall be submitted not later than August 1, 1989."

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §670, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2129, provided that:

"(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this division [division II (§§610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this division shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984] or October 1, 1984, whichever occurs later.

"(b) Paragraph (2) of section 331(c) of the Runaway and Homeless Youth Act [34 U.S.C. 11280], as added by section 657(d) of this division, shall not apply with respect to any grant or payment made before the effective date of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984]."

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §263(c), as added by Pub. L. 95–115, §6(d)(2), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that except as otherwise provided by the Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977 (see Short Title of 1977 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables), the amendments made by the Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977 were to take effect on Oct. 1, 1977, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §263(a), (b), Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1129, as amended by Pub. L. 94–273, §32(a), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 380; Pub. L. 95–115, §6(d)(1), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1058, which provided that (a) except as provided by subsections (b) and (c) (formerly set out as an Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note above), the foregoing provisions of such Act (enacting subchapters I and II of this chapter and amending section 5108 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees) were to take effect on Sept. 7, 1974, and that (b) section 5614(b)(5) and 5614(b)(6) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirty-first day of the twelfth calendar month of 1974 and section 5614(l) of this title was to become effective at the close of the thirtieth day of the eleventh month of 1976, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449.
34 U.S.C. § 60104 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 601 / Section 60104: Enforcement
Enforcement
Status: in_force

Any person who is found in violation of the regulations established by sections 60101 to 60104 of this title shall—

(1) be liable to the United States for a civil penalty in an amount not to exceed $10,000 for each violation and, in addition, to the United States for the costs of prosecution; and

(2) make restitution to any entity of the United States, of a State, or of an inferior political subdivision of a State, which expends funds for the purpose of apprehending any violent prisoner who escapes from a prisoner transport company as the result, in whole or in part, of a violation of regulations promulgated pursuant to section 60103(a) of this title.

(Pub. L. 106–560, §5, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2786.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 13726c of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 12111 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 121 / Subchapter I / Section 12111: Support of Federal prisoners in non-Federal institutions
Support of Federal prisoners in non-Federal institutions
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The Attorney General may make payments to States and units of local government for the purposes authorized in section 4013 of title 18.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

Notwithstanding any other provision of this part other than section 12108(a)(2) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated from amounts authorized under section 12108 of this title for each of fiscal years 1996 through 2000 such sums as may be necessary to carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title II, §20111, as added Pub. L. 104–134, title I, §101[(a)] [title I, §114(a)], Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321, 1321–21; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 104–140, §1(a), May 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1327.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 13711 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 12451 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 121 / Subchapter III / Section 12451: Creating hope through outreach, options, services, and education for children and youth ("CHOOSE Children & Youth")
Creating hope through outreach, options, services, and education for children and youth ("CHOOSE Children & Youth")
Status: in_force

(a) Grants authorized

The Attorney General, working in collaboration with the Secretary of Health and Human Services and the Secretary of Education, shall award grants to enhance the safety of youth and children who are victims of, or exposed to, domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking and prevent future violence.

(b) Program purposes

Funds provided under this section may be used for the following program purpose areas:

(1) Services to advocate for and respond to youth

To develop, expand, and strengthen victim-centered interventions and services that target youth, including youth in underserved populations, who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking. Services may include victim services, counseling, advocacy, mentoring, educational support, transportation, legal assistance in civil, criminal and administrative matters, such as family law cases, housing cases, child welfare proceedings, campus administrative proceedings, and civil protection order proceedings, population-specific services, and other activities that support youth in finding safety, stability, and justice and in addressing the emotional, cognitive, and physical effects of trauma. Funds may be used to—

(A) assess and analyze currently available services for youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking, determining relevant barriers to such services in a particular locality, and developing a community protocol to address such problems collaboratively;

(B) develop and implement policies, practices, and procedures to effectively respond to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking against youth;

(C) provide technical assistance and training to enhance the ability of school personnel, victim service providers, child protective service workers, staff of law enforcement agencies, prosecutors, court personnel, individuals who work in after school programs, medical personnel, social workers, mental health personnel, and workers in other programs that serve children and youth to improve their ability to appropriately respond to the needs of children and youth who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking, and to properly refer such children, youth, and their families to appropriate services;

(D) clarify State or local mandatory reporting policies and practices regarding peer-on-peer dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking; or

(E) develop, enlarge, or strengthen culturally specific victim services and responses related to, and prevention of, female genital mutilation or cutting.

(2) Supporting youth through education and protection

To enable middle schools, high schools, and institutions of higher education to—

(A) provide training to school personnel, including healthcare providers and security personnel, on the needs of students who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, sex trafficking, or female genital mutilation or cutting;

(B) develop and implement prevention and intervention policies in middle and high schools, including appropriate responses to, and identification and referral procedures for, students who are experiencing or perpetrating domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking, and procedures for handling the requirements of court protective orders issued to or against students;

(C) provide confidential support services for student victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking, such as a resource person who is either on-site or on-call;

(D) implement developmentally appropriate educational programming for students regarding domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking and the impact of such violence on youth; or

(E) develop strategies to increase identification, support, referrals, and prevention programming for youth, including youth in underserved populations, who are at high risk of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking.

(3) Children exposed to violence and abuse

To develop, maintain, or enhance programs designed to prevent future incidents of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking by preventing, reducing and responding to children's exposure to violence in the home, including by—

(A) providing services for children exposed to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault or stalking, including—

(i) direct counseling or advocacy; and

(ii) support for the non-abusing parent; and

(B) training and coordination for educational, after-school, and childcare programs on how to—

(i) safely and confidentially identity children and families experiencing domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or stalking; and

(ii) properly refer children exposed and their families to services and violence prevention programs.

(4) Teen dating violence awareness and prevention

To develop, maintain, or enhance programs that change attitudes and behaviors around the acceptability of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking and provide education and skills training to young individuals and individuals who influence young individuals, which—

(A) may include the use evidenced-based, evidence-informed, or innovative strategies and practices focused on youth; and

(B) shall include—

(i) age and developmentally-appropriate education on—

(I) domestic violence;

(II) dating violence;

(III) sexual assault;

(IV) stalking;

(V) sexual coercion; and

(VI) healthy relationship skills, in school, in the community, or in health care settings;

(ii) community-based collaboration and training for individuals with influence on youth, such as parents, teachers, coaches, healthcare providers, faith leaders, older teens, and mentors;

(iii) education and outreach to change environmental factors contributing to domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking; and

(iv) policy development targeted to prevention, including school-based policies and protocols.

(c) Eligible applicants

(1) In general

To be eligible to receive a grant under this section, an entity shall be—

(A) a victim service provider, tribal nonprofit organization, Native Hawaiian organization, urban Indian organization, or population-specific or community-based organization with a demonstrated history of effective work addressing the needs of youth who are, including runaway or homeless youth affected by, victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, or sex trafficking;

(B) a victim service provider that is partnered with an entity that has a demonstrated history of effective work addressing the needs of youth; or

(C) a public, charter, tribal, or nationally accredited private middle or high school, a school administered by the Department of Defense under section 2164 of title 10 or section 921 of title 20, a group of schools, a school district, or an institution of higher education.

(2) Partnerships

(A) Education

To be eligible to receive a grant for the purposes described in subsection (b)(2), an entity described in subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) shall be partnered with a public, charter, tribal, or nationally accredited private middle or high school, a school administered by the Department of Defense under section 2164 of title 10 or section 921 of title 20, a group of schools, a school district, or an institution of higher education.

(B) Other partnerships

All applicants under this section are encouraged to work in partnership with organizations and agencies that work with the relevant population. Such entities may include—

(i) a State, tribe, unit of local government, or territory;

(ii) a population specific or community-based organization;

(iii) batterer intervention programs or sex offender treatment programs with specialized knowledge and experience working with youth offenders; or

(iv) any other agencies or nonprofit, nongovernmental organizations with the capacity to provide effective assistance to the adult, youth, and child victims served by the partnership.

(d) Grantee requirements

Applicants for grants under this section shall establish and implement policies, practices, and procedures that—

(1) require and include appropriate referral systems for child and youth victims;

(2) protect the confidentiality and privacy of child and youth victim information, particularly in the context of parental or third party involvement and consent, mandatory reporting duties, and working with other service providers all with priority on victim safety and autonomy; and

(3) ensure that all individuals providing intervention or prevention programming to children or youth through a program funded under this section have completed, or will complete, sufficient training in connection with domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking, including training on working with youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or sex trafficking in underserved populations, if such youth are among those being served.

(e) Definitions and grant conditions

In this section, the definitions and grant conditions provided for in section 12291 of this title shall apply.

(f) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, $30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

(g) Allotment

(1) In general

Not less than 50 percent of the total amount appropriated under this section for each fiscal year shall be used for the purposes described in subsection (b)(1).

(2) Indian tribes

Not less than 10 percent of the total amount appropriated under this section for each fiscal year shall be made available for grants under the program authorized by section 10452 of this title. The requirements of this section shall not apply to funds allocated under this paragraph.

(h) Priority

The Attorney General shall prioritize grant applications under this section that coordinate with prevention programs in the community.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §41201, as added Pub. L. 113–4, title III, §302, Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 84; amended Pub. L. 115–393, title I, §102, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5266; Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title III, §302, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 865.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 14043c of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 41201 of title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, as added Pub. L. 109–162, title III, §303, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3004, related to services to advocate for and respond to youth, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 113–4, title III, §302, Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 84.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(1)(A)(i), substituted "target youth, including youth in underserved populations, who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking" for "target youth who are victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, stalking, and sex trafficking" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(D), (E). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(1)(A)(ii)–(iv), added subpars. (D) and (E).

Subsec. (b)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(1)(B)(i), substituted "stalking, sex trafficking, or female genital mutilation or cutting" for "stalking, or sex trafficking".

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(1)(B)(ii), inserted "confidential" before "support services".

Subsec. (b)(2)(E). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(1)(B)(iii), inserted ", including youth in underserved populations," after "programming for youth".

Subsec. (b)(3), (4). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(1)(C), added pars. (3) and (4).

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(2)(A)(ii), which directed insertion of "Native Hawaiian organization, urban Indian organization," before "or population-specific community-based organization", was executed by making the insertion before "or population-specific or community-based organization", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 117–103, §302(2)(A)(i), inserted "organization" after "tribal nonprofit".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(2)(B), substituted "subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1)" for "paragraph (1)".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(3), substituted ", including training on working with youth victims of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, or sex trafficking in underserved populations, if such youth are among those being served." for period at end.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–103, §302(4), which directed substitution of "$30,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027" for "$15,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2014 through 2018", was executed by making the substitution for "$15,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019 through 2022", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

2018—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–393 substituted "2019 through 2022" for "2014 through 2018".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–103 not effective until Oct. 1 of the first fiscal year beginning after Mar. 15, 2022, see section 4(a) of div. W of Pub. L. 117–103, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6851 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.

Effective Date

Section not effective until the beginning of the fiscal year following Mar. 7, 2013, see section 4 of Pub. L. 113–4, set out as an Effective Date of 2013 Amendment note under section 2261 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.
34 U.S.C. § 20944 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 209 / Subchapter I / Section 20944: Expansion of training and technology efforts
Expansion of training and technology efforts
Status: in_force

(a) Training

The Attorney General shall—

(1) expand training efforts with Federal, State, and local law enforcement officers and prosecutors to effectively respond to the threat to children and the public posed by sex offenders who use the Internet and technology to solicit or otherwise exploit children;

(2) facilitate meetings involving corporations that sell computer hardware and software or provide services to the general public related to use of the Internet, to identify problems associated with the use of technology for the purpose of exploiting children;

(3) host national conferences to train Federal, State, and local law enforcement officers, probation and parole officers, and prosecutors regarding pro-active approaches to monitoring sex offender activity on the Internet;

(4) develop and distribute, for personnel listed in paragraph (3), information regarding multidisciplinary approaches to holding offenders accountable to the terms of their probation, parole, and sex offender registration laws; and

(5) partner with other agencies to improve the coordination of joint investigations among agencies to effectively combat online solicitation of children by sex offenders.

(b) Technology

The Attorney General shall—

(1) deploy, to all Internet Crimes Against Children Task Forces and their partner agencies, technology modeled after the Canadian Child Exploitation Tracking System; and

(2) conduct training in the use of that technology.

(c) Report

Not later than July 1, 2007, the Attorney General,1 shall submit to Congress a report on the activities carried out under this section. The report shall include any recommendations that the Attorney General considers appropriate.

(d) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General, for fiscal year 2007—

(1) $1,000,000 to carry out subsection (a); and

(2) $2,000,000 to carry out subsection (b).

(Pub. L. 109–248, title I, §145, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 606.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16944 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.
34 U.S.C. § 11173 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter II / Section 11173: Eligibility
Eligibility
Status: in_force

To be eligible to receive a grant made under this part, a public or private agency, Indian tribal government, organization, institution, individual, or combination thereof shall submit an application to the Administrator at such time, in such form, and containing such information as the Administrator may reasonably require by rule.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §263, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12212, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1891.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5667 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 263 of Pub. L. 93–415 was set out as notes under section 5601 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to repeal and editorial reclassification of section 5601 of Title 42 as section 11101 of this title. See Effective Date of 1977 Amendment note and Effective Date note under section 11101 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 11132 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter II / Section 11132: Allocation of funds
Allocation of funds
Status: in_force

(a) Time; basis; amounts

(1) Subject to paragraph (2) and in accordance with regulations promulgated under this part, funds shall be allocated annually among the States on the basis of relative population of people under 18 years of age, based on the most recent data available from the Bureau of the Census.

(2)(A) If the aggregate amount appropriated for a fiscal year to carry out this subchapter is less than $75,000,000, then—

(i) the amount allocated to each State other than a State described in clause (ii) for that fiscal year shall be not less than $400,000; and

(ii) the amount allocated to the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for that fiscal year shall be not less than $75,000.

(B) If the aggregate amount appropriated for a fiscal year to carry out this subchapter is not less than $75,000,000, then—

(i) the amount allocated to each State other than a State described in clause (ii) for that fiscal year shall be not less than $600,000; and

(ii) the amount allocated to the United States Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for that fiscal year shall be not less than $100,000.

(b) Reallocation of unobligated funds

If any amount so allocated remains unobligated at the end of the fiscal year, such funds shall be reallocated in a manner equitable and consistent with the purpose of this part. Any amount so reallocated shall be in addition to the amounts already allocated and available to the State, the Virgin Islands, American Samoa, Guam, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands for the same period.

(c) Use of allocated funds for development, etc., of State plans; limitations; matching requirements

In accordance with regulations promulgated under this part, a portion of any allocation to any State under this part shall be available to develop a State plan or for other pre-award activities associated with such State plan, and to pay that portion of the expenditures which are necessary for effective and efficient administration of funds, including the designation of not less than one individual who shall coordinate efforts to achieve and sustain compliance with the core requirements and certify whether the State is in compliance with such requirements. Not more than 10 percent of the total annual allocation of such State shall be available for such purposes except that any amount expended or obligated by such State, or by units of local government or any combination thereof, from amounts made available under this subsection shall be matched (in an amount equal to any such amount so expended or obligated) by such State, or by such units or combinations, from State or local funds, as the case may be. The State shall make available needed funds for planning and administration to units of local government or combinations thereof within the State on an equitable basis.

(d) Minimum annual allocation for assistance of advisory group

In accordance with regulations promulgated under this part, not more than 5 percent of the annual allocation to any State under this part shall be available to assist the advisory group established under section 11133(a)(3) of this title.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §222, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(1), (2)(A)–(C), (3), (4), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1051; Pub. L. 96–509, §10, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2755; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §625(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7257, Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4438; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4987; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(B)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681–75; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12208, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §204(b), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5130.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5632 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(1)(A), substituted "18 years of age, based on the most recent data available from the Bureau of the Census" for "age eighteen".

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(1)(B), added par. (2) and struck out former pars. (2) and (3) which set out allocated amounts to States depending on whether aggregate appropriations were less than, equal to, or more than $75,000,000 and stipulated a condition if the amount allocated would be less than the amount allocated to the State for fiscal year 2000.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(2), substituted "effective and efficient administration of funds, including the designation of not less than one individual who shall coordinate efforts to achieve and sustain compliance with the core requirements and certify whether the State is in compliance with such requirements" for "efficient administration, including monitoring, evaluation, and one full-time staff position".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–385, §204(b)(3), substituted "not more than 5 percent of the" for "5 per centum of the minimum".

2002—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(1)(A)(i), struck out "(other than parts D and E)" after "carry out this subchapter", substituted "amount up to $400,000" for "amount, up to $400,000,", "fiscal year 2000, except" for "fiscal year 1992 except", "amount up to $100,000" for "amount, up to $100,000,", and "fiscal year 2000, each" for "fiscal year 1992, each", and struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "American Samoa,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(1)(A)(ii), struck out "(other than part D)" after "carry out this subchapter", substituted "less than $600,000" for "less than $400,000", "amount up to $100,000" for "amount, up to $100,000,", and "fiscal year 2000," for "fiscal year 1992", and struck out "or such greater amount, up to $600,000, as is available to be allocated if appropriations have been enacted and made available to carry out parts D and E of this subchapter in the full amounts authorized by section 5671(a)(1) and (3) of this title" before "except that" and "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "American Samoa,".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(1)(B), substituted "fiscal year 2000" for "fiscal year 1992" in two places and "allocate" for "allot".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–273, §12208(2), struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "Guam,".

1998—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–277 substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government" in two places.

1992—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (B)(i), substituted "parts D and E" for "part D", substituted "allocated" for "allotted" in two places, and inserted "or such greater amount, up to $400,000, as is available to be allocated without reducing the amount of any State or territory's allocation below the amount allocated for fiscal year 1992" and ", or such greater amount, up to $100,000, as is available to be allocated without reducing the amount of any State or territory's allocation below the amount allocated for fiscal year 1992,".

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (B)(ii), substituted "allocated" for "allotted" in two places and inserted "or such greater amount, up to $600,000, as is available to be allocated if appropriations have been enacted and made available to carry out parts D and E of this subchapter in the full amounts authorized by section 5671(a)(1) and (3) of this title" and ", or such greater amount, up to $100,000, as is available to be allocated without reducing the amount of any State or territory's allocation below the amount allocated for fiscal year 1992".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (B)(iii), substituted "allocated" for "allotted" wherever appearing and "1992" for "1988" in two places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), substituted "allocated" for "allotted" in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), (C), substituted "allocation" for "allotment" in two places, ", evaluation, and one full-time staff position" for "and evaluation", and "10 percent" for "7½ per centum".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(2)(A), substituted "allocation" for "allotment".

1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §7257(a)(1), (2), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "Subject to paragraph (2) and in" for "In", and struck out at end "No such allotment to any State shall be less than $225,000, except that for the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands no allotment shall be less than $56,250."

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 100–690, §7257(a)(3), added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–690, §7257(b), substituted "If" for "Except for funds appropriated for fiscal year 1975, if" and struck out after first sentence "Funds appropriated for fiscal year 1975 may be obligated in accordance with subsection (a) until June 30, 1976, after which time they may be reallocated."

1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473 substituted "the Trust Territory" for "and the Trust Territory" and inserted ", and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" after "Pacific Islands".

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–509 inserted reference to the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands.

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(1), substituted "$225,000" for "$200,000" and "$56,250" for "$50,000".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(2)(A), (B), (3), inserted provisions relating to pre-award activities, monitoring and evaluation payments, and matching requirements for expended or obligated amounts, and substituted "7½" for "15" and "units of general local government or combinations thereof" for "local governments".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(2)(C), (4)(B), redesignated subsec. (e) as (d). Former subsec. (d), relating to limitations on financial assistance under this section, was struck out.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(4)(A), (B), added subsec. (e) and redesignated former subsec. (e) as (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by section 4(b)(1), (3) of Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(2)(D), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1051, provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1978."

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(b)(4)(B), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1051, provided that the amendment made by such section 4(b)(4)(B) is effective Oct. 1, 1978.
34 U.S.C. § 10384 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XVI / Section 10384: Limitation on use of funds
Limitation on use of funds
Status: in_force

(a) Nonsupplanting requirement

Funds made available under this subchapter to States or units of local government shall not be used to supplant State or local funds, or, in the case of Indian tribal governments, funds supplied by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, but shall be used to increase the amount of funds that would, in the absence of Federal funds received under this subchapter, be made available from State or local sources, or in the case of Indian tribal governments, from funds supplied by the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

(b) Non-Federal costs

(1) In general

States and units of local government may use assets received through the Assets Forfeiture equitable sharing program to provide the non-Federal share of the cost of programs, projects, and activities funded under this subchapter.

(2) Indian tribal governments

Funds appropriated by the Congress for the activities of any agency of an Indian tribal government or the Bureau of Indian Affairs performing law enforcement functions on any Indian lands may be used to provide the non-Federal share of the cost of programs or projects funded under this subchapter.

(c) Hiring costs

Funding provided under this subchapter for hiring or rehiring a career law enforcement officer may not exceed $75,000, unless the Attorney General grants a waiver from this limitation.

(d) Guidance for understaffed law enforcement agencies

(1) Definitions

In this subsection:

(A) Covered applicant

The term "covered applicant" means an applicant for a hiring grant under this subchapter seeking funding for a law enforcement agency operating below the budgeted strength of the law enforcement agency.

(B) Budgeted strength

The term "budgeted strength" means the employment of the maximum number of sworn law enforcement officers the budget of a law enforcement agency allows the agency to employ.

(2) Procedures

Not later than 180 days after May 24, 2024, the Attorney General shall establish consistent procedures for covered applicants, including guidance that—

(A) clarifies that covered applicants remain eligible for funding under this subchapter; and

(B) enables covered applicants to attest that the funding from a grant awarded under this subchapter is not being used by the law enforcement agency to supplant State or local funds, as described in subsection (a).

(3) Paperwork reduction

In developing the procedures and guidance under paragraph (2), the Attorney General shall take measures to reduce paperwork requirements for grants to covered applicants.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §1704, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title I, §10003(a)(3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1812; amended Pub. L. 118–64, §5, May 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 1436.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796dd–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2024—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 118–64 added subsec. (d).
34 U.S.C. § 60555 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 605 / Subchapter II / Section 60555: Authorization of appropriations for research
Authorization of appropriations for research
Status: in_force

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General to carry out sections 60551, 60552, and 60553 of this title, $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023.

(Pub. L. 110–199, title II, §245, Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 692; Pub. L. 115–391, title V, §504(e), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5233.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 17555 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–391 substituted "and 60553 of this title, $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023" for "60553, and 60554 of this title, $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2009 and 2010".
34 U.S.C. § 11185 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter II / Section 11185: Payments
Payments
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Payments under this subchapter, pursuant to a grant or contract, may be made (after necessary adjustment, in the case of grants, on account of previously made overpayments or underpayments) in advance or by way of reimbursement, in such installments and on such conditions as the Administrator may determine.

(b) Percentage of approved costs

Except as provided in the second sentence of section 11132(c) of this title, financial assistance extended under this subchapter shall be 100 per centum of the approved costs of the program or activity involved.

(c) Increase of grants to Indian tribes; waiver of liability

(1) In the case of a grant under this subchapter to an Indian tribe, if the Administrator determines that the tribe does not have sufficient funds available to meet the local share of the cost of any program or activity to be funded under the grant, the Administrator may increase the Federal share of the cost thereof to the extent the Administrator deems necessary.

(2) If a State does not have an adequate forum to enforce grant provisions imposing any liability on Indian tribes, the Administrator may waive State liability attributable to the liability of such tribes and may pursue such legal remedies as are necessary.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §299D, formerly §295, as added Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(4), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4450; renumbered §299D, Pub. L. 102–586, §2(i)(1)(B), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5006; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12221(a)(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1894.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5675 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–273 struck out subsec. (d) which read as follows: "If the Administrator determines, on the basis of information available to the Administrator during any fiscal year, that a portion of the funds granted to an applicant under part C of this subchapter for such fiscal year will not be required by the applicant or will become available by virtue of the application of the provisions of section 3783 of this title, as amended from time to time, that portion shall be available for reallocation in an equitable manner to States which comply with the requirements in paragraphs (12)(A) and (13) of section 5633(a) of this title, under section 5665(b)(6) of this title."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as an Effective Date of 1988 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 60511 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 605 / Subchapter I / Section 60511: Careers training demonstration grants
Careers training demonstration grants
Status: in_force

(a) Authority to make grants

From amounts made available to carry out this section, the Attorney General shall make grants to States, units of local government, territories, nonprofit organizations, and Indian Tribes to provide career training, including subsidized employment, when part of a training program, to prisoners and reentering youth and adults.

(b) Use of funds

Grants awarded under subsection (a) may be used for establishing a program to train prisoners for jobs and careers during the 3-year period before release from prison, jail, or a juvenile facility, as well as upon transition and reentry into the community.

(c) Priority consideration

Priority consideration shall be given to any application under this section that—

(1) provides assessment of local demand for employees in the geographic areas to which offenders are likely to return;

(2) conducts individualized reentry career planning upon the start of incarceration or post-release employment planning for each offender served under the grant;

(3) demonstrates connections to employers within the local community; or

(4) tracks and monitors employment outcomes.

(d) Control of Internet access

An entity that receives a grant under subsection (a) shall restrict access to the Internet by prisoners, as appropriate, to ensure public safety.

(e) Reports

Not later than the last day of each fiscal year, an entity that receives a grant under subsection (a) during the preceding fiscal year shall submit to the Attorney General a report that describes and assesses the uses of such grant during the preceding fiscal year.

(f) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023.

(Pub. L. 110–199, title I, §115, Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 677; Pub. L. 115–391, title V, §502(d), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5229.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 17511 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(1), substituted "Careers" for "Technology careers" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(2), substituted "nonprofit organizations, and Indian Tribes to provide career training, including subsidized employment, when part of a training program, to prisoners and reentering youth and adults" for "and Indian Tribes to provide technology career training to prisoners".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(3), struck out "technology careers training" before "program" and "technology-based" before "jobs" and inserted ", as well as upon transition and reentry into the community" after "facility".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(6), added subsec. (c). Former subsec. (c) redesignated (d).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(5), redesignated subsec. (c) as (d). Former subsec. (d) redesignated (e).

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(4), (5), redesignated subsec. (d) as (e) and struck out former subsec. (e). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (e) read as follows: "There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section $10,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2009 and 2010."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–391, §502(d)(7), added subsec. (f).
34 U.S.C. § 10472 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XXI / Section 10472: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this subchapter—

(1) the term "mental illness" means a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder—

(A) of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria within the most recent edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders published by the American Psychiatric Association; and

(B) that has resulted in functional impairment that substantially interferes with or limits 1 or more major life activities;

(2) the term "preliminarily qualified offender with mental illness, mental retardation, or co-occurring mental and substance abuse disorders" means a person who—

(A)(i) previously or currently has been diagnosed by a qualified mental health professional as having a mental illness, mental retardation, or co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse disorders; or

(ii) manifests obvious signs of mental illness, mental retardation, or co-occurring mental illness and substance abuse disorders during arrest or confinement or before any court; and

(B) is deemed eligible by designated judges;

(3) the term "court-ordered assisted outpatient treatment" means a program through which a court may order a treatment plan for an eligible patient that—

(A) requires such patient to obtain outpatient mental health treatment while the patient is not currently residing in a correctional facility or inpatient treatment facility; and

(B) is designed to improve access and adherence by such patient to intensive behavioral health services in order to—

(i) avert relapse, repeated hospitalizations, arrest, incarceration, suicide, property destruction, and violent behavior; and

(ii) provide such patient with the opportunity to live in a less restrictive alternative to incarceration or involuntary hospitalization; and

(4) the term "eligible patient" means an adult, mentally ill person who, as determined by a court—

(A) has a history of violence, incarceration, or medically unnecessary hospitalizations;

(B) without supervision and treatment, may be a danger to self or others in the community;

(C) is substantially unlikely to voluntarily participate in treatment;

(D) may be unable, for reasons other than indigence, to provide for any of his or her basic needs, such as food, clothing, shelter, health, or safety;

(E) has a history of mental illness or a condition that is likely to substantially deteriorate if the person is not provided with timely treatment; or

(F) due to mental illness, lacks capacity to fully understand or lacks judgment to make informed decisions regarding his or her need for treatment, care, or supervision.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §2202, as added Pub. L. 106–515, §3(a), Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2400; amended Pub. L. 114–255, div. B, title XIV, §14002(b), Dec. 13, 2016, 130 Stat. 1288.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796ii–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2202 of title I of Pub. L. 90–351, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title V, §50001(a)(3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1956, related to prohibition of participation by violent offenders, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 104–134, title I, §101[(a)] [title I, §114(b)(1)(A)], Apr. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 1321, 1321–21; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 104–140, §1(a), May 2, 1996, 110 Stat. 1327.

Amendments

2016—Pars. (3), (4). Pub. L. 114–255 added pars. (3) and (4).
34 U.S.C. § 11291 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter IV / Section 11291: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

The Congress finds that—

(1) each year tens of thousands of children run away, or are abducted or removed, from the control of a parent having legal custody without the consent of that parent, under circumstances which immediately place the child in grave danger;

(2) many missing children are at great risk of both physical harm and sexual exploitation;

(3) many missing children are runaways;

(4) growing numbers of children are the victims of child sexual exploitation, including child sex trafficking and sextortion, increasingly involving the use of new technology to access the Internet;

(5) children may be separated from their parents or legal guardians as a result of national disasters such as hurricanes and floods;

(6) sex offenders pose a threat to children; and

(7) the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention administers programs under this subchapter, including programs that prevent and address offenses committed against vulnerable children and support missing children's organizations, including the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children that—

(A) serves as a nonprofit, national resource center and clearinghouse to provide assistance to victims, families, child-serving professionals, and the general public;

(B) works with the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the United States Marshals Service, the Department of the Treasury, the Department of State, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the United States Secret Service, the United States Postal Inspection Service, other agencies, and nongovernmental organizations in the effort to find missing children and to prevent child victimization; and

(C) coordinates with each of the missing children clearinghouses operated by the 50 States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and international organizations to transmit images and information regarding missing and exploited children to law enforcement agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and corporate partners across the United States and around the world instantly.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title IV, §402, as added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §660, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2125; amended Pub. L. 106–71, §2(a), Oct. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1032; Pub. L. 108–96, title II, §201, Oct. 10, 2003, 117 Stat. 1171; Pub. L. 110–240, §2, June 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 1560; Pub. L. 113–38, §2(a), Sept. 30, 2013, 127 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a), Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3756; Pub. L. 115–393, title II, §202(a), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5267.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5771 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 402 of Pub. L. 93–415 amended section 3888 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and repealed section 3889 of Title 42, and was repealed by Pub. L. 95–115, §10, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1061, and Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12221(a)(4), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1894.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–393 made amendments to this section substantially identical to those made by Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a). See Amendment notes below. Text of section is based on amendments by Pub. L. 115–267.

Par. (1). Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "each year thousands of children are abducted or removed from the control of a parent having legal custody without such parent's consent, under circumstances which immediately place the child in grave danger;".

Par. (4). Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a)(2)–(4), redesignated par. (6) as (4), inserted ", including child sex trafficking and sextortion" after "exploitation", and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "in many cases, parents and local law enforcement officials have neither the resources nor the expertise to mount expanded search efforts;".

Par. (5). Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a)(2), (3), redesignated par. (7) as (5) and struck out former par. (5) which read as follows: "abducted children are frequently moved from one locality to another, requiring the cooperation and coordination of local, State, and Federal law enforcement efforts;".

Par. (6). Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a)(3), (5), redesignated par. (8) as (6) and inserted "and" at end. Former par. (6) redesignated (4).

Par. (7). Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a)(3), (6), redesignated par. (10) as (7) and amended it generally. Prior to amendment, text related to the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children. Former par. (7) redesignated (5).

Pars. (8) to (10). Pub. L. 115–267, §2(a)(2), (3), redesignated pars. (8) and (10) as (6) and (7), respectively, and struck out par. (9) which read as follows: "the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention administers programs under this chapter through the Child Protection Division, including programs which prevent or address offenses committed against vulnerable children and which support missing children's organizations; and".

2013—Pub. L. 113–38 added par. (3) and redesignated former pars. (3) to (9) as (4) to (10), respectively.

2008—Pub. L. 110–240 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of pars. (1) to (5) stating findings of Congress concerning missing or abducted children and the role of the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children.

2003—Pub. L. 108–96 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section consisted of pars. (1) to (21) stating findings of Congress.

1999—Pars. (9) to (21). Pub. L. 106–71 added pars. (9) to (21).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–267, §4, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3760, provided that:

"(a) Effective Date.—Except as provided in subsection (b), this Act [see section 1 of Pub. L. 115–267, set out as a Short Title of 2018 Amendment note under section 10101 of this title] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 11, 2018].

"(b) Application of Amendments.—The amendments made by section 2 [enacting section 11295a of this title and amending this section and sections 11292 to 11294, 11296, and 11297 of this title] shall apply with respect to fiscal years that begin after September 30, 2018."

Effective Date

Subchapter effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.

Short Title

For short title of title IV of Pub. L. 93–415, which is classified to this subchapter, as the "Missing Children's Assistance Act", see section 401 of Pub. L. 93–415, set out as a Short Title of 1974 Act note under section 10101 of this title.
34 U.S.C. § 20919 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 209 / Subchapter I / Section 20919: Duty to notify sex offenders of registration requirements and to register
Duty to notify sex offenders of registration requirements and to register
Status: in_force

(a) In general

An appropriate official shall, shortly before release of the sex offender from custody, or, if the sex offender is not in custody, immediately after the sentencing of the sex offender, for the offense giving rise to the duty to register—

(1) inform the sex offender of the duties of a sex offender under this subchapter and explain those duties;

(2) require the sex offender to read and sign a form stating that the duty to register has been explained and that the sex offender understands the registration requirement; and

(3) ensure that the sex offender is registered.

(b) Notification of sex offenders who cannot comply with subsection (a)

The Attorney General shall prescribe rules for the notification of sex offenders who cannot be registered in accordance with subsection (a).

(Pub. L. 109–248, title I, §117, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 595.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 109–248, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 590, known as the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title of 2006 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16917 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 40312 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 403 / Subchapter II / Section 40312: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this subchapter:

(1) Attorney General

The term "Attorney General" means the Attorney General of the United States.

(2) Compact

The term "Compact" means the National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact set forth in section 40316 of this title.

(3) Council

The term "Council" means the Compact Council established under Article VI of the Compact.

(4) FBI

The term "FBI" means the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

(5) Party State

The term "Party State" means a State that has ratified the Compact.

(6) State

The term "State" means any State, territory, or possession of the United States, the District of Columbia, and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.

(Pub. L. 105–251, title II, §213, Oct. 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 1874.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 14612 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.
34 U.S.C. § 11279 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter III / Section 11279: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this subchapter:

(1) Drug abuse education and prevention services

The term "drug abuse education and prevention services"—

(A) means services to runaway and homeless youth to prevent or reduce the illicit use of drugs by such youth; and

(B) may include—

(i) individual, family, group, and peer counseling;

(ii) drop-in services;

(iii) assistance to runaway and homeless youth in rural areas (including the development of community support groups);

(iv) information and training relating to the illicit use of drugs by runaway and homeless youth, to individuals involved in providing services to such youth; and

(v) activities to improve the availability of local drug abuse prevention services to runaway and homeless youth.

(2) Home-based services

The term "home-based services"—

(A) means services provided to youth and their families for the purpose of—

(i) preventing such youth from running away, or otherwise becoming separated, from their families; and

(ii) assisting runaway youth to return to their families; and

(B) includes services that are provided in the residences of families (to the extent practicable), including—

(i) intensive individual and family counseling; and

(ii) training relating to life skills and parenting.

(3) Homeless youth

The term "homeless", used with respect to a youth, means an individual—

(A) who is—

(i) less than 21 years of age, or, in the case of a youth seeking shelter in a center under part A, less than 18 years of age, or is less than a higher maximum age if the State where the center is located has an applicable State or local law (including a regulation) that permits such higher maximum age in compliance with licensure requirements for child-and youth-serving 1 facilities; and

(ii) for the purposes of part B, not less than 16 years of age and either—

(I) less than 22 years of age; or

(II) not less than 22 years of age, as of the expiration of the maximum period of stay permitted under section 11222(a)(2) of this title if such individual commences such stay before reaching 22 years of age;

(B) for whom it is not possible to live in a safe environment with a relative; and

(C) who has no other safe alternative living arrangement.

(4) Runaway youth

The term "runaway", used with respect to a youth, means an individual who is less than 18 years of age and who absents himself or herself from home or a place of legal residence without the permission of a parent or legal guardian.

(5) Street-based services

The term "street-based services"—

(A) means services provided to runaway and homeless youth, and street youth, in areas where they congregate, designed to assist such youth in making healthy personal choices regarding where they live and how they behave; and

(B) may include—

(i) identification of and outreach to runaway and homeless youth, and street youth;

(ii) crisis intervention and counseling;

(iii) information and referral for housing;

(iv) information and referral for transitional living and health care services;

(v) advocacy, education, and prevention services related to—

(I) alcohol and drug abuse;

(II) sexual exploitation;

(III) sexually transmitted diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); and

(IV) physical and sexual assault.

(6) Street youth

The term "street youth" means an individual who—

(A) is—

(i) a runaway youth; or

(ii) indefinitely or intermittently a homeless youth; and

(B) spends a significant amount of time on the street or in other areas that increase the risk to such youth for sexual abuse, sexual exploitation, prostitution, or drug abuse.

(7) Transitional living youth project

The term "transitional living youth project" means a project that provides shelter and services designed to promote a transition to self-sufficient living and to prevent long-term dependency on social services.

(8) Youth at risk of separation from the family

The term "youth at risk of separation from the family" means an individual—

(A) who is less than 18 years of age; and

(B)(i) who has a history of running away from the family of such individual;

(ii) whose parent, guardian, or custodian is not willing to provide for the basic needs of such individual; or

(iii) who is at risk of entering the child welfare system or juvenile justice system as a result of the lack of services available to the family to meet such needs.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title III, §387, as added Pub. L. 106–71, §3(p), Oct. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1041; amended Pub. L. 108–96, title I, §116, Oct. 10, 2003, 117 Stat. 1170; Pub. L. 110–378, §10, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4072.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5732a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2008—Par. (3). Pub. L. 110–378, §10(a)(1), substituted "The term 'homeless', used with respect to a youth, means" for "The term 'homeless youth' means" in introductory provisions.

Par. (3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 110–378, §10(a)(2)(A), substituted "less than" for "not more than" in two places and inserted ", or is less than a higher maximum age if the State where the center is located has an applicable State or local law (including a regulation) that permits such higher maximum age in compliance with licensure requirements for child-and youth-serving facilities" after "18 years of age".

Par. (3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–378, §10(a)(2)(B), substituted "age and either—" for "age;" and added subcls. (I) and (II).

Pars. (4) to (8). Pub. L. 110–378, §10(b), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (7) as (5) to (8), respectively.

2003—Subsec. (3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 108–96 inserted ", or, in the case of a youth seeking shelter in a center under part A, not more than 18 years of age" after "of age".

1 So in original.
34 U.S.C. § 12223 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 121 / Subchapter II / Section 12223: Applications
Applications
Status: in_force

(a) Eligibility

In order to be eligible to receive a grant under this part 1 for any fiscal year, a State, Indian tribal, or local prosecutor, in conjunction with the chief executive officer of the jurisdiction in which the program will be placed, shall submit an application to the Attorney General in such form and containing such information as the Attorney General may reasonably require.

(b) Requirements

Each applicant shall include—

(1) a request for funds for the purposes described in section 12222 of this title;

(2) a description of the communities to be served by the grant, including the nature of the youth crime, youth violence, and child abuse problems within such communities;

(3) assurances that Federal funds received under this part 1 shall be used to supplement, not supplant, non-Federal funds that would otherwise be available for activities funded under this section; and

(4) statistical information in such form and containing such information that the Attorney General may require.

(c) Comprehensive plan

Each applicant shall include a comprehensive plan that shall contain—

(1) a description of the youth violence or child abuse crime problem;

(2) an action plan outlining how the applicant will achieve the purposes as described in section 12222 of this title;

(3) a description of the resources available in the community to implement the plan together with a description of the gaps in the plan that cannot be filled with existing resources; and

(4) a description of how the requested grant will be used to fill gaps.

(Pub. L. 103–322, title III, §31703, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1891.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This part, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b)(3), appearing in the original, is unidentifiable because subtitle Q of title III of Pub. L. 103–322 does not contain parts.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 13863 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

1 See References in Text note below.
34 U.S.C. § 10424 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter XVIII / Section 10424: Allocation and distribution of funds
Allocation and distribution of funds
Status: in_force

(a) Allocation

Of the total amount appropriated under this subchapter in any fiscal year—

(1) 0.4 percent shall be allocated to each of the participating States; and

(2) of the total funds remaining after the allocation under paragraph (1), there shall be allocated to each of the participating States an amount which bears the same ratio to the amount of remaining funds described in this paragraph as the State prison population of such State bears to the total prison population of all the participating States.

(b) Federal share

The Federal share of a grant made under this subchapter may not exceed 75 percent of the total costs of the projects described in the application submitted under section 10422 of this title for the fiscal year for which the projects receive assistance under this subchapter.

(c) Local allocation

At least 10 percent of the total amount made available to a State under subsection (a) for any fiscal year shall be used by the State to make grants to local correctional and detention facilities in the State (provided such facilities exist therein), for the purpose of assisting jail-based substance abuse treatment programs that are effective and science-based established by those local correctional facilities.

(d) Residential substance abuse treatment program defined

In this subchapter, the term "residential substance abuse treatment program" means a course of comprehensive individual and group substance abuse treatment services, lasting a period of at least 6 months, in residential treatment facilities set apart from the general population of a prison or jail (which may include the use of pharmacological treatment, where appropriate, that may extend beyond such period).

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §1904, as added Pub. L. 103–322, title III, §32101(a)(3), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1900; amended Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title II, §2102(3), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1792; Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1144, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3111; Pub. L. 110–199, title I, §102(b), Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 668.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3796ff–3 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–199 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) defined "residential substance abuse treatment program".

2006—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–162 added subsec. (d).

2002—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–273 added subsec. (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–162 effective Oct. 1, 2006, see section 1147 of Pub. L. 109–162, set out as a note under section 10422 of this title.

Construction of 2008 Amendment

For construction of amendments by Pub. L. 110–199 and requirements for grants made under such amendments, see section 60504 of this title.