22 U.S.C. § 1978 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 25: PROTECTION OF VESSELS ON THE HIGH SEAS AND IN TERRITORIAL WATERS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES / Section 1978: Restriction on importation of fishery or wildlife products from countries which violate international fishery or endangered or threatened species programs
Restriction on importation of fishery or wildlife products from countries which violate international fishery or endangered or threatened species programs
Status: in_force

(a) Certification to President

(1) When the Secretary of Commerce, in consultation with the Secretary of State, determines that nationals of a foreign country, directly or indirectly, are conducting fishing operations in a manner or under circumstances which diminish the effectiveness of an international fishery conservation program, the Secretary of Commerce shall certify such fact to the President.

(2) When the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior, in consultation with the Secretary of State, finds that nationals of a foreign country, directly or indirectly, are engaging in trade or taking which diminishes the effectiveness of any international program for endangered or threatened species, the Secretary making such finding shall certify such fact to the President.

(3) In administering this subsection, the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior, as appropriate, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall—

(A) periodically monitor the activities of foreign nationals that may affect the international programs referred to in paragraphs (1) and (2);

(B) promptly investigate any activity by foreign nationals that, in the opinion of the Secretary, may be cause for certification under paragraph (1) or (2); and

(C) promptly conclude; and reach a decision with respect to; any investigation commenced under subparagraph (B).

(4) The Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Interior shall each report to Congress each certification to the President made by such Secretary under this subsection, within 15 days after making such certification.

(5) Upon receipt of any certification made under paragraph (1) or (2), the President may direct the Secretary of the Treasury to prohibit the bringing or the importation into the United States of any products from the offending country for any duration as the President determines appropriate and to the extent that such prohibition is sanctioned by the World Trade Organization (as defined in section 3501(8) of title 19) or the multilateral trade agreements (as defined in section 3501(4) of title 19).

(b) Notification to Congress

Within sixty days following certification by the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior, the President shall notify the Congress of any action taken by him pursuant to such certification. In the event the President fails to direct the Secretary of the Treasury to prohibit the importation of fish products or wildlife products of the offending country, or if such prohibition does not cover all fish products or wildlife products of the offending country, the President shall inform the Congress of the reasons therefor.

(c) Importation of fish products from offending country prohibited

It shall be unlawful for any person subject to the jurisdiction of the United States knowingly to bring or import into, or cause to be imported into, the United States any products prohibited by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to this section.

(d) Periodic review by Secretary of Commerce or Secretary of the Interior; termination of certification; notice

After making a certification to the President under subsection (a), the Secretary of Commerce or the Secretary of the Interior, as the case may be, in consultation with the Secretary of State, shall periodically review the activities of the nationals of the offending country to determine if the reasons for which the certification was made no longer prevail. Upon determining that such reasons no longer prevail, the Secretary concerned shall terminate the certification and publish notice thereof, together with a statement of the facts on which such determination is based, in the Federal Register.

(e) Penalties; forfeiture; customs laws

(1) Any person violating the provisions of this section shall be fined not more than $10,000 for the first violation, and not more than $25,000 for each subsequent violation.

(2) All products brought or imported into the United States in violation of this section, or the monetary value thereof, may be forfeited.

(3) All provisions of law relating to the seizure, judicial forfeiture, and condemnation of a cargo for violation of the customs laws, the disposition of such cargo or the proceeds from the sale thereof, and the remission or mitigation of such forfeitures shall apply to seizures and forfeitures incurred, or alleged to have been incurred, under the provisions of this section, insofar as such provisions of law are applicable and not inconsistent with this section.

(f) Enforcement

(1) Enforcement of the provisions of this section prohibiting the bringing or importation of products into the United States shall be the responsibility of the Secretary of the Treasury.

(2) The judges of the United States district courts, and United States magistrate judges may, within their respective jurisdictions, upon proper oath or affirmation showing probable cause, issue such warrants or other process as may be required for enforcement of this chapter and regulations issued thereunder.

(3) Any person authorized to carry out enforcement activities hereunder shall have the power to execute any warrant or process issued by any officer or court of competent jurisdiction for the enforcement of this section.

(4) Such person so authorized shall have the power—

(A) with or without a warrant or other process, to arrest any persons subject to the jurisdiction of the United States committing in his presence or view a violation of this section or the regulations issued thereunder;

(B) with or without a warrant or other process, to search any vessel or other conveyance subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, and, if as a result of such search he has reasonable cause to believe that such vessel or other conveyance or any person on board is engaging in operations in violation of this section or the regulations issued thereunder, then to arrest such person.

(5) Such person so authorized, may seize, whenever and wherever lawfully found, all products brought or imported into the United States in violation of this section or the regulations issued thereunder. Products so seized may be disposed of pursuant to the order of a court of competent jurisdiction, or, if perishable, in a manner prescribed by regulations promulgated by the Secretary of the Treasury after consultation with the Secretary of Health and Human Services.

(g) Regulations

The Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Commerce, and the Secretary of the Interior are each authorized to prescribe such regulations as he determines necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.

(h) Definitions

As used in this section—

(1) The term "person" means any individual, partnership, corporation, or association.

(2) The term "United States" means the several States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, American Samoa, Guam, the Virgin Islands, and every other territory and possession of the United States.

(3) The term "international fishery conservation program" means any ban, restriction, regulation, or other measure in effect pursuant to a bilateral or multilateral agreement which is in force with respect to the United States, the purpose of which is to conserve or protect the living resources of the sea, including marine mammals.

(4) The term "international program for endangered or threatened species" means any ban, restriction, regulation, or other measure in effect pursuant to a multilateral agreement which is in force with respect to the United States, the purpose of which is to protect endangered or threatened species of animals.

(5) The term "taking", as used with respect to animals to which an international program for endangered or threatened species applies, means to—

(A) harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect; or

(B) attempt to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect.

(Aug. 27, 1954, ch. 1018, §8, as added Pub. L. 92–219, Dec. 23, 1971, 85 Stat. 786; amended Pub. L. 90–578, title IV, §402(b)(2), Oct. 17, 1968, 82 Stat. 1118; Pub. L. 95–376, §2, Sept. 18, 1978, 92 Stat. 714; Pub. L. 96–61, §3(b), Aug. 15, 1979, 93 Stat. 408; Pub. L. 96–88, title V, §509(b), Oct. 17, 1979, 93 Stat. 695; Pub. L. 100–711, §8, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4772; Pub. L. 101–650, title III, §321, Dec. 1, 1990, 104 Stat. 5117; Pub. L. 102–582, title II, §201, Nov. 2, 1992, 106 Stat. 4904; Pub. L. 106–36, title I, §1002(d), June 25, 1999, 113 Stat. 133; Pub. L. 114–231, title V, §501, Oct. 7, 2016, 130 Stat. 956.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2016—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 114–231, §501(1)(A), which directed the insertion of ", in consultation with the Secretary of State," after "Secretary of Commerce", was executed by making the insertion after "Secretary of Commerce" the first time appearing to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 114–231, §501(1)(B), inserted ", in consultation with the Secretary of State," after "Secretary of the Interior".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 114–231, §501(1)(C), inserted "in consultation with the Secretary of State," after ", as appropriate," in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(4), (5). Pub. L. 114–231, §501(1)(D), (E), added par. (4) and redesignated former par. (4) as (5).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 114–231, §501(2), inserted "in consultation with the Secretary of State," after "as the case may be,".

1999—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 106–36 substituted "World Trade Organization (as defined in section 3501(8) of title 19) or the multilateral trade agreements (as defined in section 3501(4) of title 19)" for "General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade".

1992—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(a)(1), substituted "any products from the offending country for any duration" for "fish products (if the certification is made under paragraph (1)) or wildlife products (if the certification is made under paragraph (2)) from the offending country for such duration".

Subsecs. (c), (e)(2). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(a)(2), (3), substituted "products" for "fish products or wildlife products".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(a)(4), substituted "products" for "fish products and wildlife products" in pars. (1) and (5) and "Products" for "Fish products and wildlife products" in par. (5).

Subsec. (h)(2). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(1), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "The term 'United States', when used in a geographical sense, means the continental United States, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the United States Virgin Islands."

Subsec. (h)(3). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(2), inserted "bilateral or" before "multilateral" and ", including marine mammals" before period at end.

Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(3), (4), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and struck out former par. (4) which read as follows: "The term 'fish products' means any aquatic species (including marine mammals and plants) and all products thereof exported from an offending country, whether or not taken by fishing vessels of such country, or packed, processed, or otherwise prepared for export in such country or within the jurisdiction thereof."

Subsec. (h)(5). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(5), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "The term 'taking' means—

"(A) for purposes of subsection (a)(2) of this section—

"(i) to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or

"(ii) to attempt to engage in any such conduct with respect to,

animals to which an international program for endangered or threatened species applies; and

"(B) for purposes of paragraph (6), any conduct described in subparagraph (A)(i), whether or not such conduct is legal under the laws of the offending country, undertaken with respect to any wild animal."

Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(4), redesignated par. (7) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (h)(6). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(3), struck out par. (6) which read as follows: "The term 'wildlife products' means fish (other than those to which paragraph (4) applies) and wild animals, and parts (including eggs) thereof, taken within an offending country and all products of any such fish and wild animals, or parts thereof, whether or not such products are packed, processed, or otherwise prepared for export in such country or within the jurisdiction thereof. Such term does not include any wild animal or fish if brought or imported into the United States for scientific research."

Subsec. (h)(7). Pub. L. 102–582, §201(b)(4), redesignated par. (7) as (5).

1988—Subsec. (h)(4). Pub. L. 100–711 amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "The term 'fish products' means fish and marine mammals and all products thereof taken by fishing vessels of an offending country whether or not packed, processed, or otherwise prepared for export in such country or within the jurisdiction thereof."

1979—Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 96–61, §3(b)(1), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

Subsecs. (d) to (h). Pub. L. 96–61, §3(b)(2), (3), added subsec. (d) and redesignated subsecs. (d) to (g) as (e) to (h), respectively.

1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(1), designated existing provisions as par. (1), struck out a provision enabling the President, upon receipt of certification, to direct the Secretary of the Treasury to prohibit importation of fish products of the offending country for as long as he determines appropriate and to the extent such prohibition is sanctioned by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, and added pars. (2) and (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(2), inserted "or the Secretary of the Interior" after "Secretary of Commerce" and inserted "or wildlife products" after "fish products" in two places.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(3), inserted "or wildlife products" after "fish products".

Subsecs. (d)(2), (e)(1). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(4), (5)(A), inserted "and wildlife products" after "fish products".

Subsec. (e)(4)(B). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(5)(B), inserted "or other conveyance" after "vessel" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(5)(A), (C), inserted "and wildlife products" after "all fish products", and substituted "Fish products and wildlife products" for "Any fish products".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(6), inserted references to the Secretary of Commerce and the Secretary of the Interior.

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(7)(A), (B), substituted "in effect" for "in force", and "which is in force with respect to the United States" for "to which the United States is a signatory party".

Subsec. (g)(5) to (7). Pub. L. 95–376, §2(7)(C), added pars. (5) to (7).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

"United States magistrate judges" substituted for "United States magistrates" in subsec. (f)(2) pursuant to section 321 of Pub. L. 101–650, set out as a note under section 631 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. Previously "United States magistrates" substituted for "United States commissioners" pursuant to Pub. L. 90–578. See chapter 43 (§631 et seq.) of Title 28.

"Secretary of Health and Human Services" substituted for "Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare" in subsec. (f)(5) pursuant to section 509(b) of Pub. L. 96–88, which is classified to section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.
22 U.S.C. § 2421d (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2421d: Funding for capital projects
Funding for capital projects
Status: in_force

(a) Funding level

The Congress strongly urges the President to use at least $650,000,000 for fiscal year 1993 and at least $700,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 of the total amounts made available for assistance under chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2346 et seq.] (relating to the economic support fund), assistance under the Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989 [22 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.], assistance under the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992, and assistance under the Multilateral Assistance Initiative for the Philippines, for grants for developmentally sound capital projects. Such grants may be combined with financing offered by private financial entities or other entities.

(b) Development assistance capital projects

Funds appropriated to carry out chapter 1 or chapter 10 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq., 2293 et seq.] (relating to development assistance and the Development Fund for Africa) may not be used for capital projects that do not meet the criteria contained in section 2421b of this title. This subsection does not apply with respect to capital projects for which funds have been obligated or expended before October 28, 1992.

(Pub. L. 102–549, title III, §306, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3660.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 10 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part X (§2293 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. Chapter 4 of part II of the Act is classified generally to part IV (§2346 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

The Support for East European Democracy (SEED) Act of 1989, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 101–179, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1298, which is classified principally to chapter 63 (§5401 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5401 of this title and Tables.

The Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 102–511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3320. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5801 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Aid, Trade, and Competitiveness Act of 1992 and also as part of the Jobs Through Exports Act of 1992, and not as part of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.
22 U.S.C. § 302 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 8: FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDINGS / Section 302: Award of contracts
Award of contracts
Status: in_force

(a) Eligibility limitation for construction, etc., abroad

Eligibility for award of contracts under this chapter or of any other contract by the Secretary of State, including lease-back or other agreements, the purpose of which is to obtain the construction, alteration, or repair of buildings and grounds abroad, when estimated to exceed $5,000,000, including any contract alternatives or options, shall be limited, after a determination that adequate competition will be obtained thereby, to (1) American-owned bidders and (2) bidders from countries which permit or agree to permit substantially equal access to American bidders for comparable diplomatic and consular building projects, except that participation may be permitted by or limited to host-country bidders where required by international agreement or by the law of the host country or where determined by the Secretary of State to be necessary in the interest of bilateral relations or necessary to carry out the construction project.

(b) Foreign laws and regulations; competitive status and adequacy; bidder qualifications

(1) Generally applicable laws and regulations pertaining to licensing and other qualifications to do business in the country in which the contract is to be performed shall not be deemed a limitation of access for purposes of this section.

(2) For purposes of determining competitive status, bids qualifying under subsection (a)(1) shall be reduced by 10 per centum.

(3) A determination of adequacy of competition for purposes of subsection (a) shall be made after advance publication by the Secretary of State of the proposed project, and receipt from not less than two prospective responsible bidders of intent to submit a bid or proposal. If competition is not determined to be adequate, contracts may be awarded without regard to subsection (a) and this subsection.

(4) Bidder qualification under subsection (a) shall be determined on the basis of nationality of ownership, the burden of which shall be on the prospective bidder. Qualification under subsection (a)(1) shall require evidence of (A) performance of similar construction work in the United States or at a United States diplomatic or consular establishment abroad, and (B) either (i) ownership in excess of fifty percent by United States citizens or permanent residents, or (ii) incorporation in the United States for more than three years and employment of United States citizens or permanent residents in more than half of the corporation's permanent full-time professional and managerial positions in the United States.

(5) Qualification under this section shall be established on the basis of determinations at the time bids are requested.

(c) Contracts for construction, etc., in United States

Contracts for construction, alteration, or repair in the United States for or on behalf of any foreign mission (as defined in section 202(a)(4) 1 of title II of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 4302(a)(4)) may, pursuant to the authority of that title [22 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.], only be awarded to or performed by bidders qualifying under subsection (a) (1) or (2) or by nationals of the country for which the contract is being performed who are granted the right of entry into the United States for that purpose.

(d) Discretionary determinations by Secretary of State

Determinations under this section shall be committed to the discretion of the Secretary of State.

(e) Termination of requirements

This section shall cease to be effective when the Secretary of State determines that there are internationally-agree-upon 2 rules in effect on bidding for construction contracts.

(May 7, 1926, ch. 250, §11, as added Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §136, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1029; amended Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §206(a), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1364.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Title II of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956, referred to in subsec. (c), is title II of act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, as added Aug. 24, 1982, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(b), 96 Stat. 283, known as the Foreign Missions Act, which is classified principally to chapter 53 (§4301 et seq.) of this title. Section 202(a)(4) of title II was redesignated section 202(a)(3), and former section 202(a)(5) was redesignated section 202(a)(4), by Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(o)(1), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 409. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4301 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (b)(4)(A). Pub. L. 107–228 inserted "or at a United States diplomatic or consular establishment abroad" after "United States".

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be "internationally-agreed-upon".
22 U.S.C. § 2595 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 35: ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT / Subchapter V: ON-SITE INSPECTION ACTIVITIES / Section 2595: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

The Congress finds that—

(1) under this chapter, the Department of State is charged with the "formulation and implementation of United States arms control and disarmament policy in a manner which will promote the national security";

(2) the On-Site Inspection Agency was established in 1988 pursuant to the INF Treaty to implement, on behalf of the United States, the inspection provisions of the INF Treaty;

(3) on-site inspection activities under the INF Treaty include—

(A) inspections in Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Czech Republic, and Germany,

(B) escort duties for teams visiting the United States and the Basing Countries,

(C) establishment and operation of the Portal Monitoring Facility in Russia, and

(D) support for the inspectors at the Portal Monitoring Facility in Utah;

(4) the On-Site Inspection Agency has additional responsibilities to those specified in paragraph (3), including the monitoring of nuclear tests pursuant to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty and the Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty and the monitoring of the inspection provisions of such additional arms control agreements as the President may direct;

(5) the personnel of the On-Site Inspection Agency include civilian technical experts, civilian support personnel, and members of the Armed Forces; and

(6) the senior officials of the On-Site Inspection Agency include representatives from the Department of State.

(Pub. L. 87–297, title V, §501, formerly §61, as added Pub. L. 101–216, title II, §201, Dec. 11, 1989, 103 Stat. 1855; amended Pub. L. 102–228, title IV, §402(a)(1), Dec. 12, 1991, 105 Stat. 1699; Pub. L. 103–199, title IV, §401(d), Dec. 17, 1993, 107 Stat. 2324; renumbered and amended Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, §1223(17), (21), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–772.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1998—Par. (1). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(17)(A), substituted "Department of State" for "United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency".

Par. (2). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(17)(B), (C), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "as defined in this chapter, the terms 'arms control' and 'disarmament' mean 'the identification, verification, inspection, limitation, control, reduction, or elimination, of armed forces and armaments of all kinds under international agreement to establish an effective system of international control';".

Par. (3). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(17)(C), redesignated par. (4) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (2).

Par. (4). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(17)(C), (D), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and substituted "paragraph (3)" for "paragraph (4)". Former par. (4) redesignated (3).

Par. (5). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(17)(C), redesignated par. (6) as (5). Former par. (5) redesignated (4).

Pars. (6), (7). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(17)(C), (E), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and struck out "United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and the" before "Department of State". Former par. (6) redesignated (5).

1993—Par. (4)(A). Pub. L. 103–199, §401(d)(1), substituted "Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Czech Republic, and Germany" for "the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, and the German Democratic Republic".

Par. (4)(B). Pub. L. 103–199, §401(d)(2), struck out "Soviet" before "teams".

Par. (4)(C). Pub. L. 103–199, §401(d)(3), substituted "Russia" for "the Soviet Union".

Par. (4)(D). Pub. L. 103–199, §401(d)(4), struck out "Soviet" before "inspectors".

1991—Pars. (5) to (7). Pub. L. 102–228 added par. (5) and redesignated former pars. (5) and (6) as (6) and (7), respectively.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Apr. 1, 1999, see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6511 of this title.

Accounting for Reimbursable Expenses Incurred by Department of Defense on Behalf of Soviet Union or Successor Entities in Monitoring INF Treaty

Pub. L. 103–139, title VIII, §8033, Nov. 11, 1993, 107 Stat. 1447, provided that: "During the current fiscal year and thereafter, of the funds appropriated, reimbursable expenses incurred by the Department of Defense on behalf of the Soviet Union or its successor entities in monitoring United States implementation of the Treaty Between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range or Shorter-Range Missiles ('INF Treaty'), concluded December 8, 1987, may be treated as orders received and obligation authority for the applicable appropriation, account, or fund increased accordingly. Likewise, any reimbursements received for such costs may be credited to the same appropriation, account, or fund to which the expenses were charged: Provided, That reimbursements which are not received within one hundred and eighty days after submission of an appropriate request for payment shall be subject to interest at the current rate established pursuant to section 2(b)(1)(B) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (59 Stat. 526) [12 U.S.C. 635(b)(1)(B)]. Interest shall begin to accrue on the one hundred and eighty-first day following submission of an appropriate request for payment: Provided further, That funds appropriated in this Act [see Tables for classification] may be used to reimburse United States military personnel for reasonable costs of subsistence, at rates to be determined by the Secretary of Defense, incurred while accompanying Soviet Inspection Team members or inspection team members of the successor entities of the Soviet Union engaged in activities related to the INF Treaty: Provided further, That this provision includes only the in-country period (referred to in the INF Treaty) and is effective whether such duty is performed at, near, or away from an individual's permanent duty station."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 102–396, title IX, §9045, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1912.

Pub. L. 102–172, title VIII, §8045, Nov. 26, 1991, 105 Stat. 1182.

Pub. L. 101–511, title VIII, §8049, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1885.

Pub. L. 101–165, title IX, §9062, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1142.

Pub. L. 100–463, title VIII, §8138, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2270–46.

United States Program for On-Site Inspections Under Arms Control Agreements

Pub. L. 101–189, div. A, title X, §1014, Nov. 29, 1989, 103 Stat. 1547, provided that:

"(a) Findings Concerning On-Site Inspection Personnel.—Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) The United States is currently engaged in multilateral and bilateral negotiations seeking to achieve treaties or agreements to reduce or eliminate various types of military weapons and to make certain reductions in military personnel levels. These negotiations include negotiations for (A) reductions in strategic forces, conventional armaments, and military personnel levels, (B) regimes for monitoring nuclear testing, and (C) the complete elimination of chemical weapons.

"(2) Requirements for monitoring these possible treaties or agreements will be extensive and will place severe stress on the monitoring capabilities of United States national technical means.

"(3) In the case of the INF Treaty, the United States and the Soviet Union negotiated, and are currently using, on-site inspection procedures to complement and support monitoring by national technical means. Similar on-site inspection procedures are being negotiated for inclusion in possible future treaties and agreements referred to in paragraph (1).

"(4) During initial implementation of the provisions of the INF Treaty, the United States was not fully prepared for the personnel requirements for the conduct of on-site inspections. The Director of Central Intelligence has stated that on-site inspection requirements for any strategic arms reduction treaty or agreement will be far more extensive than those for the INF Treaty. The number of locations within the Soviet Union that would possibly be subject to on-site inspections under a START agreement have been estimated to be approximately 2,500 (compared to 120 for the INF Treaty).

"(5) On-site inspection procedures are likely to be an integral part of any future arms control treaty or agreement.

"(6) Personnel requirements will be extensive for such on-site inspection procedures, both in terms of numbers of personnel and technical and linguistic skills. Since verification requirements for the INF Treaty are already placing severe stress on current personnel resources, the requirements for verification under START and other possible future treaties and agreements may quickly exceed the current number of verification personnel having necessary technical and language skills.

"(7) There is a clear need for a database of the names of individuals who are members of the Armed Forces or civilian employees of the United States Government, or of other citizens and nationals of the United States, who are qualified (by reason of technical or language skills) to participate in on-site inspections under an arms control treaty or agreement.

"(8) The organization best suited to establish such a database is the On-Site Inspection Agency (OSIA) of the Department of Defense, which was created by the President to implement (for the United States) the on-site inspection provisions of the INF Treaty.

"(b) Status of the OSIA.—(1) Congress finds that—

"(A) the Director of the OSIA (currently a brigadier general of the Army) is appointed by the Secretary of Defense with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and the approval of the President;

"(B) the Secretary of Defense provides to the Director appropriate policy guidance formulated by the interagency arms control mechanism established by the President;

"(C) most of the personnel of the OSIA are members of the Armed Forces (who are trained and paid by the military departments within the Department of Defense) and include linguists, weapons specialists, and foreign area specialists;

"(D) the Department of Defense provides the OSIA with substantially all of its administrative and logistic support (including military air transportation for inspections in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe); and

"(E) the facilities in Europe and the United States at which OSIA personnel escort personnel of the Soviet Union conducting inspections under the on-site inspection terms of the INF Treaty are under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense (or under the jurisdiction of entities that are contractors with the Department of Defense).

"(2) In light of the findings in paragraph (1) and the report submitted pursuant to section 909 of Public Law 100–456 [div. A, title IX, Sept. 29, 1988, 102 Stat. 2036] entitled 'Report to the Congress on U.S. Monitoring and Verification Activities Related to the INF Treaty' (submitted on July 27, 1989), Congress hereby determines that by locating the On-Site Inspection Agency within the Department of Defense for the purposes of administrative and logistic support and operational guidance, and integrating on-site inspection responsibilities under the INF Treaty with existing organizational activities of that Department, the President has been able to ensure that sensitive national security assets are protected and that obligations of the United States under that treaty are fulfilled in an efficient and cost-effective manner.

"(c) Establishment of Personnel Database.—(1) In light of the findings in subsection (a), the Director of the On-Site Inspection Agency shall establish a database consisting of the names of individuals who could be assigned or detailed (in the case of Government personnel) or employed (in the case of non-Government personnel) to participate in the conduct of on-site inspections under any future arms control treaty or agreement that includes provisions for such inspections.

"(2) The database should be composed of the names of individuals with skills (including linguistic and technical skills) necessary for the conduct of on-site inspections.

"(d) INF Treaty Defined.—For purposes of this section, the term 'INF Treaty' means the Treaty Between the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of Their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, signed in Washington, DC, on December 8, 1987."
22 U.S.C. § 2764 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter II: FOREIGN MILITARY SALES AUTHORIZATIONS / Section 2764: Guaranties
Guaranties
Status: in_force

(a) Guaranty against political and credit risks of nonpayment

The President may guarantee any individual, corporation, partnership, or other juridical entity doing business in the United States (excluding United States Government agencies other than the Federal Financing Bank) against political and credit risks of nonpayment arising out of their financing of credit sales of defense articles, defense services, and design and construction services to friendly countries and international organizations. Fees shall be charged for such guaranties.

(b) Sale of promissory notes of friendly countries and international organizations; guaranty of payment

The President may sell to any individual, corporation, partnership, or other juridical entity (excluding United States Government agencies other than the Federal Financing Bank) promissory notes issued by friendly countries and international organizations as evidence of their obligations to make repayments to the United States on account of credit sales financed under section 2763 of this title, and may guarantee payment thereof.

(c) Guaranty Reserve Fund; payment of guaranties; guaranty reserve below prescribed amount

Funds obligated under this section before December 16, 1980, which constitute a single reserve for the payment of claims under guaranties issued under this section shall remain available for expenditure for the purposes of this section on and after that date. That single reserve may, on and after August 8, 1985, be referred to as the "Guaranty Reserve Fund". Funds provided for necessary expenses to carry out the provisions of section 2763 of this title and of section 2311 of this title may be used to pay claims on the Guaranty Reserve Fund to the extent that funds in the Guaranty Reserve Fund are inadequate for that purpose. For purposes of any provision in this chapter or any other Act relating to a prohibition or limitation on the availability of funds under this chapter, whenever a guaranty is issued under this section, the principal amount of the loan so guaranteed shall be deemed to be funds made available for use under this chapter. Any guaranties issued hereunder shall be backed by the full faith and credit of the United States.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 2, §24, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1324; Pub. L. 93–189, §25(4), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(3), (4), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1814; Pub. L. 96–533, title I, §§104(a), 105(b)(3), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3132, 3134; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, §106(b), (c), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 196; Pub. L. 100–71, title I, July 11, 1987, 101 Stat. 409.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1987—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–71, which directed that the second par. be struck out and a new one-sentence par. be inserted, was executed to reflect the probable intent of Congress by substituting the new sentence for the third sentence which read as follows: "Funds authorized to be appropriated by section 2771(a) of this title to carry out this chapter which are allocated for credits at market rates of interest may be used to pay claims under such guarantees to the extent funds in the Guaranty Reserve Fund are inadequate for that purpose."

1985—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–83 inserted provisions authorizing the single reserve to be termed the "Guaranty Reserve Fund", and substituted provisions relating to payment of claims under guarantees, for provisions relating to report to Congress respecting any payment of claims reducing the single reserve.

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–533, §105(b)(3), substituted "defense articles, defense services, and design and construction services" for "defense articles and defense services".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–533, §104(a), substituted provisions making funds obligated before Dec. 16, 1980 available for expenditure after such date for payment of guaranteed claims, requiring the President to report to Congress the reduction of the single reserve below $750,000,000 with recommendation for an appropriations authorization of additional funds and deeming the principal amount of a guaranteed loan to be funds made available for use under this chapter for purposes of any limitation on availability of funds for prior provisions for obligation of available funds in an amount equal to 10 per centum of principal amount of contractual liability related to a guaranty under this section, making such funds a single reserve for payment of guaranteed claims, and providing for transfer of any funds deobligated during any current fiscal year to the general fund of the Treasury.

1974—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(3), inserted "other than the Federal Financing Bank" in parenthetical text.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–559, §45(a)(4), substituted "10" for "25" in two places.

1973—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 93–189 substituted "to carry out this chapter" for "pursuant to section 2771 of this title" and inserted "principal amount of" before "contractual liability" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1974 Amendment; Adjustment of Obligations Charged Against Appropriations; Credit for Fiscal Year 1975 Appropriations

Pub. L. 93–559, §45(b), Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1815, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (4) of subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on July 1, 1974. Obligations initially charged against appropriations made available for purposes authorized by section 31(a) of the Foreign Military Sales Act [section 2771(a) of this title] after June 30, 1974, and prior to the enactment of this section [Dec. 30, 1974] in an amount equal to 25 per centum of the principal amount of contractual liability related to guaranties issued pursuant to section 24(a) of that Act [subsec. (a) of this section] shall be adjusted to reflect such amendment with proper credit to the appropriations made available in the fiscal year 1975 to carry out that Act [this chapter]."

Effective Date

Section effective July 1, 1968, see section 41 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title.

Foreign Military Sales Debt Reform

Pub. L. 102–145, §118, as added by Pub. L. 102–266, §102, Apr. 1, 1992, 106 Stat. 93, provided that the authority and conditions provided under the heading "Foreign Military Sales Debt Reform" in H.R. 2621, One Hundred Second Congress, 1st session, as passed by the House of Representatives on June 19, 1991, shall be applicable to funds appropriated by Pub. L. 102–145 (and are hereby enacted) in lieu of the authority and conditions provided under the heading "Foreign Military Sales Debt Reform" in Pub. L. 101–513 [set out below]. Provisions under the heading "Foreign Military Sales Debt Reform" in H.R. 2621, as referred to above, provided that: "Subsection (b) under the heading 'Foreign Military Sales Debt Reform' in the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1988 [Pub. L. 100–202, §101(e) [title III, §301], set out below], is hereby repealed."

Pub. L. 101–513, title III, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1999, provided that: "Funds made available by the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1988 [Pub. L. 100–202, §101(e) [title III], set out below], for obligation and expenditure after October 1, 1988, subject to a Presidential budget request, under the heading 'Foreign Military Sales Debt Reform', subsection (b) 'Interest Rate Reduction' shall be available, subject to the same conditions and provisos, only after October 1, 1991." Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 101–167, title III, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1214.

Pub. L. 100–461, title III, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–18.

Pub. L. 100–202, §101(e) [title III], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–148, as amended by Pub. L. 101–167, title III, Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1214; Pub. L. 102–145, §118, as added by Pub. L. 102–266, §102, Apr. 1, 1992, 106 Stat. 93, provided in part that:

"(a) Refinancing.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized during fiscal years 1988 through 1991 to transfer existing United States guaranties of outstanding Foreign Military Sales (FMS) credit debt, or to issue new guaranties, either of which would be applied to loans, bonds, notes or other obligations made or issued (as the case may be) by private United States financial institutions (the private lender) to finance the prepayment at par of the principal amounts maturing after September 30, 1989 of existing FMS loans bearing interest rates of eight percent or higher, and arrearages thereon. The loans, bonds, notes or other obligations are hereinafter referred to as the 'private loan': Provided, That such guaranties which are transferred or are made pursuant to paragraph (a) shall cover no more and no less than ninety percent of the private loan or any portion or derivative thereof plus unpaid accrued interest and arrearages, if any, outstanding at the time of guaranty transfer or extension: Provided further, That the total amount of the guaranty of the private loan cannot exceed ninety percent of the outstanding principal, unpaid accrued interest and arrearages, if any, at any time: Provided further, That of the total amount of the private loan, the ninety percent guaranteed portion of the private loan cannot be separated from the private loan at any time: Provided further, That no sums in addition to the payment of the outstanding principal amounts maturing after September 30, 1989 of the loan (or advance), plus unpaid accrued interest thereon, and arrearages, if any, shall be charged by the private lender or the Federal Financing Bank as a result of such prepayment against the borrower, the guarantor, or the Guaranty Reserve Fund (GRF), except that the private lender may include, in the interest rate charged, a standard fee to cover costs, such fee which will be set at prevailing market rates, and no guaranty fee shall be charged on guarantees transferred or issued pursuant to this provision: Provided further, That the terms of guaranties transferred or issued under this paragraph shall be exactly the same as the existing loans or guarantees, except as modified by this paragraph and including but not limited to the final maturity and principal and interest payment structure of the existing loans which shall not be altered, except that the repayments of the private loan issued debt may be consolidated into two payments per year: Provided further, That the private loan or guarantees transferred or issued pursuant to this paragraph shall be fully and freely transferable, except that any guaranty transferred or extended shall cease to be effective if the private loan or any derivative thereof is to be used to provide significant support for any non-registered obligation: Provided further, That for purposes of sections 23 and 24 of the Arms Export Control Act (AECA) [22 U.S.C. 2763, 2764], the term 'defense services' shall be deemed to include the refinancing of FMS debt outstanding at the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 1987]: Provided further, That not later than ninety days after the enactment of this Act, the Secretary of the Treasury (Secretary) shall issue regulations to carry out the purposes of this heading and that in issuing such regulations, the Secretary shall (1) facilitate the prepayment of loans and loan advances hereunder, (2) provide for full processing of each application within thirty days of its submission to the Secretary, and (3) except as provided in section 24(a) of the AECA, impose no restriction that increases the cost to borrowers of obtaining private financing for prepayment hereunder or that inhibits the ability of the borrower to enter into prepayment arrangements hereunder: Provided further, That the Secretary of State shall transmit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and Senate, a copy of the text of any agreement entered into pursuant to this section not more than thirty days after its entry into force, together with a description of the transaction.

"[(b) Repealed. Pub. L. 102–145, §118, as added by Pub. L. 102–266, §102, Apr. 1, 1992, 106 Stat. 93.]

"(c) Arrearages.—(1) None of the funds provided pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act (relating to Foreign Military Sales credits) [22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] or pursuant to chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act (relating to the Military Assistance program) [22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.] shall be made available to any country for which one or more loans is refinanced pursuant to paragraph (a) of this heading and which is in default for a period in excess of ninety days in payment of principal or interest on (A) any loan made to such country guaranteed by the United States pursuant to paragraph (a) of this heading, and (B) any other loan issued pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act outstanding on the date of enactment of this provision [Dec. 22, 1987].

"(2) In conjunction with any interest rate reduction pursuant to the authority provided in paragraph (b) of this heading, the President shall require the country to commit in writing that within two years of the effective date of the interest rate reduction it will be no more than ninety days in arrears on the repayment of principal and interest on all loans for which the interest rate is thus reduced and will remain no more than ninety days in arrears for the remaining life of all such loans. None of the funds provided pursuant to the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.] or chapter 2 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act [22 U.S.C. 2311 et seq.] shall be made available to any country during any period in which it fails to comply with such commitment.

"(d) Purposes and Reports.—The authorities of paragraphs (a) and (b) of this heading may be utilized by the President in efforts to negotiate base rights and base access agreements, and for other bilateral foreign policy matters: Provided further, That the Secretaries of Defense, State, and Treasury shall transmit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate, and the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and Senate a joint report detailing the United States financial and foreign policy purposes served by implementation of this authority on a country by country basis not later than March 1, 1989, and a second joint report not later than August 1, 1989."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of the President under this section, with certain conditions, see section 1(f) of Ex. Ord. No. 13637, Mar. 8, 2013, 78 F.R. 16129, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title. Functions were previously delegated by Ex. Ord. No. 11958, which was formerly set out as a note under section 2751 of this title and was revoked, subject to a savings provision, by section 4 of Ex. Ord. No. 13637.
22 U.S.C. § 9671 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 103: BETTER UTILIZATION OF INVESTMENTS LEADING TO DEVELOPMENT / Subchapter V: CONDITIONS, RESTRICTIONS, AND PROHIBITIONS / Section 9671: Limitations and preferences
Limitations and preferences
Status: in_force

(a) Limitation on support for single entity

No entity receiving support from the Corporation under subchapter II of this chapter may receive more than an amount equal to 5 percent of the Corporation's maximum contingent liability authorized under section 9633 of this title.

(b) Preference for support for projects sponsored by United States persons

(1) In general

The Corporation should give preferential consideration to projects sponsored by or involving private sector entities that are United States persons.

(2) United States person defined

In this subsection, the term "United States person" means—

(A) a United States citizen; or

(B) an entity owned or controlled by an individual or individuals described in subparagraph (A).

(c) Preference for support in countries in compliance with international trade obligations

(1) Consultations with United States Trade Representative

Not less frequently than annually, the Corporation shall consult with the United States Trade Representative with respect to the status of countries eligible to receive support from the Corporation under subchapter II of this chapter and the compliance of those countries with their international trade obligations.

(2) Preferential consideration

The Corporation shall give preferential consideration to providing support under subchapter II of this chapter for projects in countries in compliance with or making substantial progress coming into compliance with their international trade obligations.

(d) Worker rights

(1) In general

The Corporation shall only support projects under subchapter II of this chapter in countries that are taking steps to adopt and implement laws that extend internationally recognized worker rights (as defined in section 2467 of title 19) to workers in that country, including any designated zone in that country.

(2) Required contract language

The Corporation shall also include the following language, in substantially the following form, in all contracts which the Corporation enters into with persons receiving support under subchapter II of this chapter: "The person receiving support agrees not to take actions to prevent employees of the foreign enterprise from lawfully exercising their right of association and their right to organize and bargain collectively. The person further agrees to observe applicable laws relating to a minimum age for employment of children, acceptable conditions of work with respect to minimum wages, hours of work, and occupational health and safety, and not to use forced labor or the worst forms of child labor (as defined in section 507 of the Trade Act of 1974 (19 U.S.C. 2467)). The person is not responsible under this paragraph for the actions of a foreign government.".

(e) Impact notification

The Board shall not vote in favor of any project proposed to be supported by the Corporation under subchapter II of this chapter that is likely to have significant adverse environmental or social impacts that are sensitive, diverse, or unprecedented, unless—

(1) at least 60 days before the date of the vote, an environmental and social impact assessment or initial environmental and social audit, analyzing the environmental and social impacts of the proposed project and of alternatives to the proposed project, including mitigation measures, is completed;

(2) such assessment or audit has been made available to the public of the United States, locally affected groups in the country in which the project will be carried out, and nongovernmental organizations in that country; and

(3) the Corporation, applying best practices with respect to environmental and social safeguards, includes in any contract relating to the project provisions to ensure the mitigation of any such adverse environmental or social impacts.

(f) Women's economic empowerment

In utilizing its authorities under subchapter II of this chapter, the Corporation shall consider the impacts of its support on women's economic opportunities and outcomes and shall prioritize the reduction of gender gaps and maximize development impact by working to improve women's economic opportunities.

(g) Preference for provision of support in countries embracing private enterprise

(1) In general

The Corporation should give preferential consideration to projects for which support under subchapter II of this chapter may be provided in countries the governments of which have demonstrated consistent support for economic policies that promote the development of private enterprise, both domestic and foreign, and maintaining the conditions that enable private enterprise to make a full contribution to the development of such countries, including—

(A) market-based economic policies;

(B) protection of private property rights;

(C) respect for the rule of law; and

(D) systems to combat corruption and bribery.

(2) Sources of information

The Corporation should rely on both third-party indicators and United States Government information, such as the Department of State's Investment Climate Statements, the Department of Commerce's Country Commercial Guides, or the Millennium Challenge Corporation's Constraints Analysis, to assess whether countries meet the conditions described in paragraph (1).

(h) Consideration of foreign boycott participation

In providing support for projects under subchapter II of this chapter, the Corporation shall consider, using information readily available, whether the project is sponsored by or substantially affiliated with any person taking or knowingly agreeing to take actions, or having taken or knowingly agreed to take actions within the past 3 years, which demonstrate or otherwise evidence intent to comply with, further, or support any boycott described in section 4842(a) of title 50.

(i) Ensuring opportunities for small businesses in foreign development

The Corporation shall, using broad criteria, make, to the maximum extent possible consistent with this chapter, efforts—

(1) to give preferential consideration in providing support under subchapter II of this chapter to projects sponsored by or involving small businesses; and

(2) to ensure that the proportion of projects sponsored by or involving United States small businesses, including women-, minority-, and veteran-owned small businesses, is not less than 50 percent of all projects for which the Corporation provides support and that involve United States persons.

(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title V, §1451, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3507.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (i), was in the original "this division", meaning division F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division F to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9601 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 2452 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 33: MUTUAL EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL EXCHANGE PROGRAM / Section 2452: Authorization of activities
Authorization of activities
Status: in_force

(a) Grants or contracts for educational or cultural exchanges; participation in international fairs and expositions abroad

The Director of the United States Information Agency is authorized, when he considers that it would strengthen international cooperative relations, to provide, by grant, contract, or otherwise, for—

(1) educational exchanges, (i) by financing studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities—

(A) of or for American citizens and nationals in foreign countries, and

(B) of or for citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools and institutions of learning located in or outside the United States;

and (ii) by financing visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of students, trainees, teachers, instructors, and professors;

(2) cultural exchanges, by financing—

(i) visits and interchanges between the United States and other countries of leaders, experts in fields of specialized knowledge or skill, and other influential or distinguished persons;

(ii) tours in countries abroad by creative and performing artists and athletes from the United States, individually and in groups, representing any field of the arts, sports, or any other form of cultural attainment;

(iii) United States representation in international artistic, dramatic, musical, sports, and other cultural festivals, competitions, meetings, and like exhibitions and assemblies; and

(iv) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in nonprofit activities in the United States, including in coordination and consultation with the private sector, similar to those described in subparagraphs (ii) and (iii) of this paragraph, when the Director of the United States Information Agency determines that such participation is in the national interest; and

(3) United States participation in international fairs and expositions abroad, including trade and industrial fairs and other public or private demonstrations of United States economic accomplishments and cultural attainments.

(b) Other exchanges

In furtherance of the purposes of this chapter, the President is further authorized to provide for—

(1) interchanges between the United States and other countries of handicrafts, scientific, technical, and scholarly books, books of literature, periodicals, and Government publications, and the reproduction and translation of such writings, and the preparation, distribution, and interchange of other educational and research materials, including laboratory and technical equipment for education and research;

(2) establishing and operating in the United States and abroad centers for cultural and technical interchanges to promote better relations and understanding between the United States and other nations through cooperative study, training, and research;

(3) assistance in the establishment, expansion, maintenance, and operation of schools and institutions of learning abroad, founded, operated, or sponsored by citizens or nonprofit institutions of the United States, including such schools and institutions serving as demonstration centers for methods and practices employed in the United States;

(4) fostering and supporting American studies in foreign countries through professorships, lectureships, institutes, seminars, and courses in such subjects as American history, government, economics, language and literature, and other subjects related to American civilization and culture, including financing the attendance at such studies by persons from other countries;

(5) promoting and supporting medical, scientific, cultural, and educational research and development;

(6) promoting modern foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities by supporting visits and study in foreign countries by teachers and prospective teachers in such schools, colleges, and universities for the purpose of improving their skill in languages and their knowledge of the culture of the people of those countries, and by financing visits by teachers from those countries to the United States for the purpose of participating in foreign language training and area studies in United States schools, colleges, and universities;

(7) United States representation at international nongovernmental educational, scientific, and technical meetings;

(8) participation by groups and individuals from other countries in educational, scientific, and technical meetings held under American auspices in or outside the United States;

(9) encouraging independent research into the problems of educational and cultural exchange;

(10) promoting studies, research, instruction, and other educational activities of citizens and nationals of foreign countries in American schools, colleges, and universities located in the United States by making available to citizens and nationals of less developed friendly foreign countries for exchange for currencies of their respective countries (other than excess foreign currencies), at United States embassies, United States dollars in such amounts as may be necessary to enable such foreign citizens or nationals who are coming temporarily to the United States as students, trainees, teachers, instructors, or professors to meet expenses of the kind described in section 2454(e)(1) of this title;

(11) interchanges and visits between the United States and other countries of scientists, scholars, leaders, and other experts in the fields of environmental science and environmental management; and

(12) promoting respect for and guarantees of religious freedom abroad by interchanges and visits between the United States and other nations of religious leaders, scholars, and religious and legal experts in the field of religious freedom.

(Pub. L. 87–256, §102, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. IV, §403, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263; Pub. L. 89–698, title II, §203(a), Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1071; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, §7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 97–241, title III, §303(b), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291; Pub. L. 98–164, title VII, §703(a), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1045; Pub. L. 105–292, title V, §503, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2811; Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVI, §9604(b)(1), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3912.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–256, Sept. 21, 1961, 75 Stat. 527, known as the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2451 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(2)(iii). Pub. L. 117–263, §9604(b)(1)(A), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(2)(iv). Pub. L. 117–263, §9604(b)(1)(B), inserted ", including in coordination and consultation with the private sector," before "similar" and substituted "; and" for period at end.

1998—Subsec. (b)(12). Pub. L. 105–292 added par. (12).

1983—Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 98–164 added par. (11).

1966—Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 89–698 added par. (10).

1962—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 87–565 inserted "abroad" after "expositions".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1962 Amendment

Pub. L. 87–565, pt. IV, §403, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263, provided in part that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall not be applicable with respect to any fair or exposition within the United States for which an appropriation has been provided."

Transfer of Functions

United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title. "Director of the United States Information Agency" substituted for "Director of the International Communication Agency" in subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to section 303(b) of Pub. L. 97–241, title III, Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 291, set out as a note under section 1461 of this title. Previously, "Director of the International Communication Agency" substituted for "President" in subsec. (a), opening par. and par. (2)(iv), pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, §7(a)(2), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1637, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by President, which transferred functions vested in President, Secretary of State, Department of State, United States Information Agency, or Director thereof, under this chapter, to Director of International Communication Agency, except (A) for such functions as are vested by subsec. (b)(6), (10) of this section, and sections 2454(a), (e)(1), (2), (f), (g), 2455(a), (b), (c), 2456(a) and 2458 of this title, (B) for such functions as are vested by sections 2454(b), 2455(d)(2), (f), and 2456(d), (f) of this title, to the extent that such functions were assigned to Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare [now Secretary of Education] immediately prior to effective date of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, and (C) for such functions as are vested by section 2456(b), (c) of this title to the extent that any such function therein is vested in President or Secretary of State.

Pilot Program To Provide Grants to American-Sponsored Schools in Predominantly Muslim Countries To Provide Scholarships

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7113, Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3797, as amended, formerly set out as a note under this section, was transferred and is classified to section 2452c of this title.

Conduct of Certain Educational and Cultural Exchange Programs

Pub. L. 104–319, title I, §102, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, §402], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–445, provided that:

"(a) In General.—In carrying out programs of educational and cultural exchange in countries whose people do not fully enjoy freedom and democracy, the Secretary of State, with the assistance of the Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy, shall provide, where appropriate, opportunities for significant participation in such programs to nationals of such countries who are—

"(1) human rights or democracy leaders of such countries; or

"(2) committed to advancing human rights and democratic values in such countries.

"(b) Grantee Organizations.—To the extent practicable, grantee organizations selected to operate programs described in subsection (a) shall be selected through an open competitive process. Among the factors that should be considered in the selection of such a grantee are the willingness and ability of the organization to—

"(1) recruit a broad range of participants, including those described in paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a); and

"(2) ensure that the governments of the countries described in subsection (a) do not have inappropriate influence in the selection process."

Limitation on Participation in International Expositions or Fairs

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §230, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424, which provided that United States Information Agency could not obligate or expend funds for a United States Government funded pavilion or major exhibit at any international exposition or world's fair in excess of amounts expressly authorized and appropriated for such purpose, was repealed by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, §204(e)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–421. See section 2452b of this title.

International Exchange, Scholarship, and Training Programs

Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXIV, §7403, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2543, authorized expansion of partnerships and educational exchange opportunities with students, scholars, and experts from Sub-Saharan Africa.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title III, subtitle D (§§331–335, 337), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3114–3118, as amended by Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVII, §9716(b), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3921, known as the Gandhi-King Scholarly Exchange Initiative Act, authorized establishment of professional exchange program, professional development training initiative, and development foundation between the United States and India.

Pub. L. 110–83, Sept. 20, 2007, 121 Stat. 781, authorized establishment of a United States-Poland parliamentary youth exchange program.

Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(4) [div. B, title II], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–254, as amended by Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §227, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1369; Pub. L. 113–235, div. J, title VII, §7085, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2685, known as the Vietnam Education Foundation Act of 2000, established the Vietnam Education Foundation to provide fellowships to Vietnamese nationals to study the sciences, mathematics, medicine, and technology in the United States and to United States citizens to teach those subjects in Vietnam.

Pub. L. 104–319, title I, §103, Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3865, as amended by Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, §2415, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–834; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title IV, §401], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–445; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §222, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1367, authorized establishment of educational and cultural exchange programs between United States and people of Tibet and authorized scholarships for Tibetans and Burmese.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §235, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425, authorized establishment and maintenance of American studies collections at appropriate foreign university libraries to further the study of the United States.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §236, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 425, authorized establishment of educational and cultural exchange programs between United States and Tibet.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §237, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, established a scholarship program for East Timorese students qualified to study in United States.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §238, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, related to establishment and expansion of Cambodian scholarship and exchange programs.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §239, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, related to expansion of exchange program allocations to Africa.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §240, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 426, as amended by Pub. L. 105–244, title I, §102(a)(7)(A), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1619, established a program to promote academic exchanges in disciplines relevant to environment and sustainable development.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §241, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427, authorized scholarships to qualified students from South Pacific nations.

Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §242, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 427, provided for international exchange programs involving disability related matters.

Pub. L. 102–511, title VIII, §807, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3353, authorized exchange and training programs between United States and independent states of former Soviet Union.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §210, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 694, authorized grants to Claude and Mildred Pepper Scholarship Program of the Washington Workshops Foundation to enable foreign visiting students to observe workings and operations of democratic form of government of United States.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §214, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 696, established Israeli Arab Scholarship Fund within United States Information Agency to finance attendance of Israeli Arabs at United States institutions of higher education.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §225, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699, authorized establishment of an endowment fund to support an exchange program among secondary school students from United States and former Warsaw Pact countries, prior to repeal, eff. 6 months after Oct. 24, 1992, by Pub. L. 102–511, title VIII, §807(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3354.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §226, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 699, authorized scholarships for foreign and United States students and scholars awarded by Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of United States Information Agency to facilitate study, research, and teaching within United States.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §227, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 700, as amended by Pub. L. 102–511, title VIII, §801, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3352; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXIV, §2413, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–832, established Muskie Fellowship Program to award scholarships to graduate students from independent states of the former Soviet Union, Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia for study within United States.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §228, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702, as amended by Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §233, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 424; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, §2219(a)(7), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–817, authorized assistance to United States graduate and postdoctoral students researching Near and Middle East.

Pub. L. 102–138, title II, §229, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 702, authorized scholarships for Vietnamese residents qualified to study in United States.

Study and Report on Ways To Reduce the Drain From Developing Countries of Professional Persons and Skilled Specialists

Pub. L. 89–698, title III, §301, Oct. 29, 1966, 80 Stat. 1072, authorized Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare to conduct an investigation to determine number of individuals from developing countries who enter United States annually to further their education and fail to return to their homeland and to report to President and to Congress findings and conclusions together with recommendations for any legislation deemed necessary to encourage these individuals to return and use their education and training in service of their homeland.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, Director of United States Information Agency, Secretary of Commerce, and Secretary of Education, see Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, as amended, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.

Performance of Functions

Authorization of performance of functions under subsec. (a)(2) and (3) of this section by departments or other executive agencies, see Ex. Ord. No. 11380, §2, Nov. 8, 1967, 32 F.R. 15627, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.

Executive Order No. 10716

Ex. Ord. No. 10716, June 18, 1957, 22 F.R. 4345, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 10912, Jan. 19, 1961, 26 F.R. 509, which related to administration of programs under this chapter, was superseded by Ex. Ord. No. 11034, June 25, 1962, 27 F.R. 6071, set out as a note under section 2454 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6004 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69: CUBAN DEMOCRACY / Section 6004: Support for Cuban people
Support for Cuban people
Status: in_force

(a) Provisions of law affected

The provisions of this section apply notwithstanding any other provision of law, including section 2370(a) of this title, and notwithstanding the exercise of authorities, before October 23, 1992, under section 5(b) of the Trading With the Enemy Act [50 U.S.C. 4305(b)], the International Emergency Economic Powers Act [50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.], or the Export Administration Act of 1979.

(b) Donations of food

Nothing in this or any other Act shall prohibit donations of food to nongovernmental organizations or individuals in Cuba.

(c) Exports of medicines and medical supplies

Exports of medicines or medical supplies, instruments, or equipment to Cuba shall not be restricted—

(1) except to the extent such restrictions would be permitted under section 5(m) 1 of the Export Administration Act of 1979 or section 203(b)(2) of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act [50 U.S.C. 1702(b)(2)];

(2) except in a case in which there is a reasonable likelihood that the item to be exported will be used for purposes of torture or other human rights abuses;

(3) except in a case in which there is a reasonable likelihood that the item to be exported will be reexported; and

(4) except in a case in which the item to be exported could be used in the production of any biotechnological product.

(d) Requirements for certain exports

(1) Onsite verifications

(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), an export may be made under subsection (c) only if the President determines that the United States Government is able to verify, by onsite inspections and other appropriate means, that the exported item is to be used for the purposes for which it was intended and only for the use and benefit of the Cuban people.

(B) Subparagraph (A) does not apply to donations to nongovernmental organizations in Cuba of medicines for humanitarian purposes.

(2) Licenses

Exports permitted under subsection (c) shall be made pursuant to specific licenses issued by the United States Government.

(e) Telecommunications services and facilities

(1) Telecommunications services

Telecommunications services between the United States and Cuba shall be permitted.

(2) Telecommunications facilities

Telecommunications facilities are authorized in such quantity and of such quality as may be necessary to provide efficient and adequate telecommunications services between the United States and Cuba.

(3) Licensing of payments to Cuba

(A) The President may provide for the issuance of licenses for the full or partial payment to Cuba of amounts due Cuba as a result of the provision of telecommunications services authorized by this subsection, in a manner that is consistent with the public interest and the purposes of this chapter, except that this paragraph shall not require any withdrawal from any account blocked pursuant to regulations issued under section 5(b) of the Trading With the Enemy Act [50 U.S.C. 4305(b)].

(B) If only partial payments are made to Cuba under subparagraph (A), the amounts withheld from Cuba shall be deposited in an account in a banking institution in the United States. Such account shall be blocked in the same manner as any other account containing funds in which Cuba has any interest, pursuant to regulations issued under section 5(b) of the Trading With the Enemy Act.

(4) Authority of Federal Communications Commission

Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to supersede the authority of the Federal Communications Commission.

(5) Prohibition on investment in domestic telecommunications services

Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to authorize the investment by any United States person in the domestic telecommunications network within Cuba. For purposes of this paragraph, an "investment" in the domestic telecommunications network within Cuba includes the contribution (including by donation) of funds or anything of value to or for, and the making of loans to or for, such network.

(6) Reports to Congress

The President shall submit to the Congress on a semiannual basis a report detailing payments made to Cuba by any United States person as a result of the provision of telecommunications services authorized by this subsection.

(f) Direct mail delivery to Cuba

The United States Postal Service shall take such actions as are necessary to provide direct mail service to and from Cuba, including, in the absence of common carrier service between the 2 countries, the use of charter service providers.

(g) Assistance to support democracy in Cuba

The United States Government may provide assistance, through appropriate nongovernmental organizations, for the support of individuals and organizations to promote nonviolent democratic change in Cuba.

(Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XVII, §1705, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2577; Pub. L. 104–114, title I, §102(g), Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 793.)

Amendment of Section

Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §204(d)(3), Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 810, provided that on date on which President submits determination under section 6063(c) of this title that democratically elected government in Cuba is in power, this section is amended by repealing subsection (d).

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.

The Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(1), is Pub. L. 96–72, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 503, which was classified principally to chapter 56 (§4601 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232, except for sections 11A, 11B, and 11C thereof (50 U.S.C. 4611, 4612, 4613). Section 5 of the Act was classified to section 4604 of Title 50 prior to repeal.

Amendments

1996—Subsec. (e)(5), (6). Pub. L. 104–114, §102(g), added pars. (5) and (6).

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of congressional reporting functions of President under subsec. (e) of this section, see section 1 of Ex. Ord. No. 13313, July 31, 2003, 68 F.R. 46075, set out as a note under section 301 of Title 3, The President.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 3925 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter II: MANAGEMENT OF SERVICE / Section 3925: Compatibility between Foreign Service and other Government personnel systems
Compatibility between Foreign Service and other Government personnel systems
Status: in_force

The Service shall be administered to the extent practicable in conformity with general policies and regulations of the Government. The Secretary shall consult with the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the heads of such other agencies as the President shall determine, in order to assure compatibility of the Foreign Service personnel system with other Government personnel systems to the extent practicable.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §205, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2079.)

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, see section 1 of Ex. Ord. No. 12293, Feb. 23, 1981, 46 F.R. 13969, set out as a note under section 3901 of this title.

Consultation With Other Federal Departments and Agencies

For authority for the Secretary of State to consult with the Secretary of Agriculture, the Secretary of Commerce, the Director of the United States Information Agency, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget to ensure compatibility between the Foreign Service personnel system and other government personnel systems, see section 2 of Ex. Ord. No. 12293, Feb. 23, 1981, 46 F.R. 13969, as amended, set out as note under section 3901 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4412 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 54: PRIVATE ORGANIZATION ASSISTANCE / Subchapter II: NATIONAL ENDOWMENT FOR DEMOCRACY / Section 4412: Grants to the Endowment
Grants to the Endowment
Status: in_force

(a) Authorization; funding; grant agreement

The Director of the United States Information Agency shall make an annual grant to the Endowment to enable the Endowment to carry out its purposes as specified in section 4411(b) of this title. Such grants shall be made with funds specifically appropriated for grants to the Endowment or with funds appropriated to the Agency for the "Salaries and Expenses" account. Such grants shall be made pursuant to a grant agreement between the Director and the Endowment which requires that grant funds will only be used for activities which the Board of Directors of the Endowment determines are consistent with the purposes described in section 4411(b) of this title, that the Endowment will allocate funds in accordance with subsection (e) of this section, and that the Endowment will otherwise comply with the requirements of this subchapter. The grant agreement may not require the Endowment to comply with requirements other than those specified in this subchapter.

(b) Implementation of purposes

Funds so granted may be used by the Endowment to carry out the purposes described in section 4411(b) of this title, and otherwise applicable limitations on the purposes for which funds appropriated to the United States Information Agency may be used shall not apply to funds granted to the Endowment.

(c) Status of Endowment

Nothing in this subchapter shall be construed to make the Endowment an agency or establishment of the United States Government or to make the members of the Board of Directors of the Endowment, or the officers or employees of the Endowment, officers or employees of the United States.

(d) Oversight procedures applicable

The Endowment and its grantees shall be subject to the appropriate oversight procedures of the Congress.

(e) Amounts to Free Trade Union Institute and National Chamber Foundation

Of the amounts made available to the Endowment for each of the fiscal years 1984 and 1985 to carry out programs in furtherance of the purposes of this Act—

(1) not less than $13,800,000 shall be for the Free Trade Union Institute; and

(2) not less than $2,500,000 shall be to support private enterprise development programs of the National Chamber Foundation.

(f) Independent labor unions

Nothing in this subchapter shall preclude the Endowment from making grants to independent labor unions.

(Pub. L. 98–164, title V, §503, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1040; Pub. L. 100–204, title II, §212, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1376.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsec. (e), is Pub. L. 98–164, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1017. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Amendments

1987—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 100–204 added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2603 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 36: MIGRATION AND REFUGEE ASSISTANCE / Section 2603: Delegation of powers
Delegation of powers
Status: in_force

The President is authorized to designate the head of any department or agency of the United States Government, or any official thereof who is required to be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to perform any functions conferred upon the President by this chapter. If the President shall so specify, any individual so designated under this section is authorized to redelegate to any of his subordinates any functions authorized to be performed by him under this section, except the function of exercising the waiver authority specified in section 2602(b) of this title.

(Pub. L. 87–510, §4(a)(1), June 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 123.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–510, June 28, 1962, 76 Stat. 121, known as the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962, which enacted this chapter, amended section 1104 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, repealed sections 1925(a), (c), (d), and 1951(c) of this title, enacted a provision set out as a note under section 2601 of this title, and amended a provision set out as a note under section 1182 of Title 8. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2601 of this title and Tables.

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 11077. Administration of Chapter

Ex. Ord. No. 11077. Jan. 22, 1963, 28 F.R. 629, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 11922, June 16, 1976, 41 F.R. 24573; Ex. Ord. No. 12608, Sept. 9, 1987, 52 F.R. 34617, provided:

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act of 1962 (76 Stat. 121–124; hereinafter referred to as the Act) [this chapter], and as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows:

Section 1. Department of State. (a) The Secretary of State is hereby designated to perform the following:

(1) The functions provided for in Sections 2(a) and 2(b)(1) of the Act [section 2601(a), (b)(1) of this title].

(2) The functions provided for in Section 2(b)(2) of the Act [section 2601(b)(2) of this title], exclusive of so much thereof as is assigned or reserved by the provisions of Section 2(1) of this order.

(3) In connection with functions under the Act assigned to the Secretary of State, the functions provided for in Sections 3(a), 4(b), and 5(a) of the Act [sections 2602(a), 2604, and 2605(a) of this title].

(b) The Secretary of State shall from time to time furnish the President documents appropriate for the discharge by the President of his responsibilities under Section 2(d) of the Act [section 2601(d) of this title].

(c) With due regard for other relevant considerations (including the interests of any other executive agencies which may be concerned), the Secretary of State shall assume the leadership and provide the guidance for assuring that programs authorized under the Act best serve the foreign policy objectives of the United States.

(d) Funds appropriated or otherwise made available to the President for the United States Emergency Refugee and Migration Assistance Fund established by Section 2(c) of the act (22 U.S.C. 2601) shall be deemed to be allocated without further action of the President to the Secretary of State, and the Secretary may allocate or transfer, as appropriate, such funds to any agency, or part thereof, for obligation or expenditure consistent with the provisions of this order, the act, and other applicable law: Provided, That such funds may not be transferred, obligated, or expended until the President shall have made the determinations provided for in Section 2(c)(1) of the act [section 2601(c)(1) of this title], which determinations are reserved to the President, and the designations and determinations provided for in Section 2(b)(2) of the act [section 2601(b)(2) of this title].

Sec. 2. Redelegation. (a) The Secretary of State may redelegate any of his functions under this order to any of his subordinates.

(b) The Secretary of State may assign to the head of any executive department or to the head of any other agency of the executive branch of the Government, with the consent of the head of the department or agency concerned, the performance of any function of the Secretary under this order whenever he deems that such action would be advantageous to the Government.

Sec. 3. Waivers. (a) In accordance with Section 3(b) of the Act [section 2602(b) of this title], it is hereby determined that it is in furtherance of the purposes of the Act that the functions authorized under the Act may be performed (by any department or agency of the Government authorized to perform those functions) without regard to the following-specified provisions of law:

(1) The Act of March 26, 1934, c. 90, 47 Stat. 500, as amended (15 U.S.C. 616a) (shipment of certain exports in United States vessels.)

(2) Section 3648 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (31 U.S.C. 529) (advance of funds).

(3) Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (41 U.S.C. 5) (competitive bids).

(4) Section 3710 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 8) (opening of bids).

(5) Section 2 of the Act of March 3, 1933, c. 212, 47 Stat. 1520 (41 U.S.C. 10a) (Buy American Act).

(6) Section 3735 of the Revised Statutes (41 U.S.C. 13) (contracts limited to one year).

(7) Sections 302–305 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 (June 30, 1949, c. 288, 63 Stat. 393 et seq.), as amended (41 U.S.C. 252–255) (competitive bids; negotiated contracts; advances).

(8) Section 901(a) of the Merchant Marine Act, 1936 (June 29, 1936, c. 858, 49 Stat. 2015, as amended; 46 U.S.C. [App.] 1241(a)[)] [now 46 U.S.C. 55302] (official travel overseas of United States officers and employees, and transportation of their personal effects, on ships registered under the laws of the United States[)].

(b) It is directed (1) that all waivers of statutes and limitations of authority effected by the foregoing provisions of this section shall be utilized in a prudent manner and as sparingly as may be practical, and (2) that suitable steps shall be taken by the administrative agencies concerned to insure that result, including, as may be appropriate, the imposition of administrative limitations in lieu of waived statutory requirements and limitations of authority.

Sec. 4. Definition. As used in this order, the word "function" or "functions" includes any executive duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, discretion, or activity.

Sec. 5. Saving provisions. Except to the extent that they may be inconsistent with law or with this order, all determinations, authorizations, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements and other actions issued, undertaken, or entered into with respect to any function affected by this order and not revoked, superseded, or otherwise made inapplicable before the date of this order, shall continue in full force and effect until amended, modified, or terminated by appropriate authority.

Sec. 6. Effective date. The provisions of this order shall be effective as of July 1, 1962.
22 U.S.C. § 946 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 14: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter V: APPOINTMENTS AND ASSIGNMENTS / Section 946: Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, §2205(1), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2159
Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, §2205(1), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2159
Status: repealed

Section 946, act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title V, §541, 60 Stat. 1011, related to appointment of alien clerks and employees.

Section 947, act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title V, §542, 60 Stat. 1011, related to assignments and transfers of alien clerks and employees.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96–465, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3901 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 9632 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 103: BETTER UTILIZATION OF INVESTMENTS LEADING TO DEVELOPMENT / Subchapter III: ADMINISTRATIVE AND GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 9632: Corporate powers
Corporate powers
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The Corporation—

(1) may adopt, alter, and use a seal, to include an identifiable symbol of the United States;

(2) may make and perform such contracts, including no-cost contracts (as defined by the Corporation), grants, and other agreements notwithstanding division C of subtitle I of title 41, with any person or government however designated and wherever situated, as may be necessary for carrying out the functions of the Corporation;

(3) may lease, purchase, or otherwise acquire, improve, and use such real property wherever situated, as may be necessary for carrying out the functions of the Corporation, except that, if the real property is for the Corporation's own occupancy, the lease, purchase, acquisition, improvement, or use of the real property shall be entered into or conducted in consultation with the Administrator of General Services;

(4) may accept cash gifts or donations of services or of property (real, personal, or mixed), tangible or intangible, for the purpose of carrying out the functions of the Corporation;

(5) may use the United States mails in the same manner and on the same conditions as the Executive departments (as defined in section 101 of title 5);

(6) may contract with individuals for personal services, who shall not be considered Federal employees for any provision of law administered by the Director of the Office of Personnel Management;

(7) may hire or obtain passenger motor vehicles;

(8) may sue and be sued in its corporate name;

(9) may acquire, hold, or dispose of, upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine, any property, real, personal, or mixed, tangible or intangible, or any interest in such property, except that, in the case of real property that is for the Corporation's own occupancy, the acquisition, holding, or disposition of the real property shall be conducted in consultation with the Administrator of General Services;

(10) may lease office space for the Corporation's own use, with the obligation of amounts for such lease limited to the current fiscal year for which payments are due until the expiration of the current lease under predecessor authority, as of the day before October 5, 2018;

(11) may indemnify directors, officers, employees, and agents of the Corporation for liabilities and expenses incurred in connection with their activities on behalf of the Corporation;

(12) notwithstanding any other provision of law, may represent itself or contract for representation in any legal or arbitral proceeding;

(13) may exercise any priority of the Government of the United States in collecting debts from bankrupt, insolvent, or decedents' estates;

(14) may collect, notwithstanding section 3711(g)(1) of title 31, or compromise any obligations assigned to or held by the Corporation, including any legal or equitable rights accruing to the Corporation;

(15) may make arrangements with foreign governments (including agencies, instrumentalities, or political subdivisions of such governments) or with multilateral organizations or institutions for sharing liabilities;

(16) may sell direct investments of the Corporation to private investors upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine; and

(17) shall have such other powers as may be necessary and incident to carrying out the functions of the Corporation.

(b) Treatment of property

Notwithstanding any other provision of law relating to the acquisition, handling, or disposal of property by the United States, the Corporation shall have the right in its discretion to complete, recondition, reconstruct, renovate, repair, maintain, operate, or sell any property acquired by the Corporation pursuant to the provisions of this chapter, except that, in the case of real property that is for the Corporation's own occupancy, the completion, reconditioning, reconstruction, renovation, repair, maintenance, operation, or sale of the real property shall be conducted in consultation with the Administrator of General Services.

(Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title III, §1432, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3500.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this division", meaning division F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division F to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9601 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 1393 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 15: THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES / Subchapter VI: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS / Section 1393: Supplementary sinking fund for bond payments; purchase of bonds by United States; creation of special trust account
Supplementary sinking fund for bond payments; purchase of bonds by United States; creation of special trust account
Status: in_force

(a) to (f). Repealed. Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title V, §511(2), 60 Stat. 158.

(g)(1) The Philippine Government shall pay to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, at the end of each calendar quarter, all of the moneys received during such quarter from export taxes (less refunds), imposed and collected in accordance with the provisions of this section, and said moneys shall be deposited in an account with the Treasurer of the United States and shall constitute a supplementary sinking fund for the payment of bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, and municipalities, issued prior to May 1, 1934, under authority of Acts of Congress: Provided, however, That moneys received from any export tax imposed on any article which is shipped from the Philippines to the United States prior to July 4, 1946, and which is entered, or withdrawn from warehouse for consumption, on or after July 4, 1946, shall be refunded by the independent Government of the Philippines.

(2) The said Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to accept the deposits of the proceeds of the export taxes referred to in subdivision (1) of this subsection in accordance with section 1333 1 of this title.

(3) The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, with the approval of the Philippine Government, is authorized to purchase with such supplementary sinking-fund bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, and municipalities, issued prior to May 1, 1934, under authority of Acts of Congress and to invest such fund in interest-bearing obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States. Whenever the Secretary of the Treasurer 2 finds that such fund is in excess of an amount adequate to meet future interest and principal payments on all such bonds, he may, with the approval of the Philippine Government, purchase with such excess any other bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, municipalities, and instrumentalities. For the purpose of this subsection obligations may be acquired on original issue at par, or by purchase of outstanding obligations at the market price. Any obligations acquired by the fund may, with the approval of the Philippine Government, be sold by the Secretary of the Treasury at the market price and the proceeds of such sale and the proceeds of the payment upon maturity or redemption of any obligations held in the supplementary sinking fund, as well as all moneys in any manner earned by such fund or on any obligations acquired by said fund, shall be paid into the said fund.

(4) During the three months preceding July 4, 1946, the Philippine Government and the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall confer to ascertain that portion of the bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, and municipalities, issued prior to May 1, 1934, under authority of Acts of Congress, which will remain outstanding on July 4, 1946; and the Philippine Government shall turn over to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States for destruction all such bonds that are then held, canceled, or uncanceled, in any of the sinking funds maintained for the payment of such bonds. After such outstanding portion of this indebtedness is thus determined, and before July 4, 1946, (i) there shall be set up with the Treasurer of the United States a special trust account in the name of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to pay future interest and principal payments on such bonds; (ii) the Philippine Government shall pay to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States for deposit in this special trust account all of the sinking funds maintained for the payment of such bonds; and (iii) the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States shall transfer into this special trust account all of the proceeds of the supplementary sinking fund referred to in subdivision (1) of this subsection. Any portion of such special trust account found by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States on July 4, 1946, to be in excess of an amount adequate to meet future interest and principal payments on all such outstanding bonds shall be turned over to the Treasury of the independent Government of the Philippines to be set up as an additional sinking fund to be used for the purpose of liquidating and paying all other obligations of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, municipalities, and instrumentalities. To the extent that such special trust account is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to be insufficient to pay interest and principal on the outstanding bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, and municipalities, issued prior to May 1, 1934, under authority of Acts of Congress, the Philippine Government shall, on or before July 3, 1946, pay to the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States for deposit in such special trust account an amount which said Secretary of the Treasury determines is required to assure payment of principal and interest on such bonds: Provided, however, That if the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States finds that this requirement would impose an undue hardship upon the Philippines, then the Philippine Government shall continue to provide annually the necessary funds for the payment of interest and principal on such bonds until such time as the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States determines that the amount in the special trust account is adequate to meet interest and principal payments on such bonds.

(5) On and after July 4, 1946, the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is authorized, with the approval of the independent Government of the Philippines, to purchase at the market price for the special trust account bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, and municipalities, issued prior to May 1, 1934, under authority of Acts of Congress. The Secretary of the Treasury of the United States is also authorized, with the approval of the independent Government of the Philippines, to invest all or any part of such special trust account in any interest-bearing obligations of the United States or in any obligations guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States. Such obligations may be acquired on original issue at the issue price or by purchase of outstanding obligations at the market price, and any obligations acquired by the special trust account may, with the approval of the independent Government of the Philippines, be sold by the Secretary of the Treasury at the market price, and the proceeds of the payment upon maturity or redemption of such obligations shall be held as a part of such special trust account. Whenever the special trust account is determined by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to be adequate to meet interest and principal payments on all outstanding bonds of the Philippines, its Provinces, cities, and municipalities, issued prior to May 1, 1934, under authority of Acts of Congress, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to pay from such trust account the principal of such outstanding bonds and to pay all interest due and owing on such bonds. All such bonds and interest coupons paid or purchased by the special trust account shall be canceled and destroyed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States. From time to time after July 4, 1946, any moneys in such special trust account found by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States to be in excess of an amount adequate to meet interest and principal payments on all such bonds shall be turned over to the treasurer of the independent Government of the Philippines.

(Mar. 24, 1934, ch. 84, §6, 48 Stat. 459; Aug. 7, 1939, ch. 502, §1, 53 Stat. 1226; Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title V, §511(2), 60 Stat. 158; Pub. L. 86–346, title I, §104(1), Sept. 22, 1959, 73 Stat. 622.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 1333 of this title, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), was omitted from the Code.

Prior Provisions

Similar provisions were contained in act Jan. 17, 1933, ch. 11, §6, 47 Stat. 764.

Amendments

1959—Subsec. (g)(5). Pub. L. 86–346 substituted "on original issue at the issue price" for "on original issue at par".

1946—Act Apr. 30, 1946, repealed opening par. and subsecs. (a) to (f), (h) relating to relations with the United States pending complete independence, and trade relations.

1939—Act Aug. 7, 1939, amended section generally.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1946 Amendment

Amendment by act Apr. 30, 1946 effective May 1, 1946, see section 512 of act Apr. 30, 1946, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1354 of this title.

Termination of Acceptance of Deposits of Export Taxes

Authority of Secretary of the Treasury to accept deposits of proceeds of export taxes in accordance with section 1333 of this title terminated on July 1, 1951, under the provisions of act Aug. 7, 1946, ch. 809, §2, 60 Stat. 901.

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be "Treasury".
22 U.S.C. § 7110 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 78: TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION / Section 7110: Authorizations of appropriations
Authorizations of appropriations
Status: in_force

(a) Authorization of appropriations in support of the task force

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Department of State, for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2021, $13,822,000 for Diplomatic and Consular Programs of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons, which shall be used to carry out sections 7103(e), 7103(f),1 and 7107 of this title, including for additional personnel.

(b) Authorization of appropriations to the Secretary of Health and Human Services

(1) Eligibility for benefits and assistance

To carry out the purposes of sections 7104(b) and 7105(b) of this title and section 628c of title 42, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Health and Human Services $19,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2021, of which $3,500,000 is authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year for the National Human Trafficking Hotline.

(2) Additional benefits for trafficking victims

To carry out the purposes of section 7105(f) 1 of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated $8,000,000 to the Secretary of Health and Human Services for each of the fiscal years 2023 through 2028.

(3) Grants for State improvements

To carry out the purposes of section 20705a of title 34, there are authorized to be appropriated $4,000,000 to the Secretary of Health and Human Services for each of fiscal years 2022 through 2027.

(c) Authorization of appropriations to the Secretary of State

(1) Assistance to combat trafficking

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Department of State, for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2021, $65,000,000, which shall be used—

(A) to carry out sections 7104 and 7105(a) of this title;

(B) to carry out section 2152d of this title;

(C) to assist countries in meeting the minimum standards described in section 7106 of this title; and

(D) for programs and activities on prevention, protection, and prosecution to combat all forms of trafficking in persons internationally, including training activities for law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and members of the judiciary with respect to trafficking in persons at the International Law Enforcement Academies.

(2) Preparation of annual country reports on human rights

To carry out the purposes of sections 2151n(f) and 2304(h) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State such sums as may be necessary to include the additional information required by that section in the annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.

(d) Authorization of appropriations to Attorney General

(1) Eligibility for benefits and assistance

To carry out the purposes of section 7105(b) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Attorney General $77,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2021.

(2) Assistance to foreign countries

To carry out the purposes of section 2152d of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President, acting through the Attorney General and the Secretary of State, $250,000 for each of fiscal years 2008 through 2011 to carry out training activities for law enforcement officers, prosecutors, and members of the judiciary with respect to trafficking in persons at the International Law Enforcement Academies.

(3) Additional benefits for trafficking victims

To carry out the purposes of section 7105(f) 1 of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated $11,000,000 to the Attorney General for each of the fiscal years 2023 through 2028.

(e) Authorization of appropriations to President

(1) Foreign victim assistance

To carry out the purposes of section 7104 of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $7,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017.

(2) Assistance to foreign countries to meet minimum standards

To carry out the purposes of section 2152d of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $7,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017.

(3) Research

To carry out the purposes of section 7109a of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President $2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2022 through 2027.

(f) Authorization of appropriations to the Secretary of Labor

To carry out the purposes of section 7105(b) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Labor $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2023 through 2028.

(g) Limitation on use of funds

(1) Restriction on programs

No funds made available to carry out this chapter, or any amendment made by this chapter, may be used to promote, support, or advocate the legalization or practice of prostitution. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be construed to preclude assistance designed to promote the purposes of this Act by ameliorating the suffering of, or health risks to, victims while they are being trafficked or after they are out of the situation that resulted from such victims being trafficked.

(2) Restriction on organizations

No funds made available to carry out this chapter, or any amendment made by this chapter, may be used to implement any program that targets victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons described in section 7102(9)(A) 1 of this title through any organization that has not stated in either a grant application, a grant agreement, or both, that it does not promote, support, or advocate the legalization or practice of prostitution. The preceding sentence shall not apply to organizations that provide services to individuals solely after they are no longer engaged in activities that resulted from such victims being trafficked.

(h) Authorization of appropriations to Director of the FBI

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011, to remain available until expended, to investigate severe forms of trafficking in persons.

(i) Authorization of appropriations to the Secretary of Homeland Security

There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of Homeland Security,2 $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2023 through 2028, to remain available until expended, of which $2,000,000 shall be made available each fiscal year for the establishment of a labor trafficking investigation team within the Department of Homeland Security Center for Countering Human Trafficking, and the remaining funds shall be used for investigations by the Bureau of Immigration and Customs Enforcement of severe forms of trafficking in persons.

(Pub. L. 106–386, div. A, §113, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1490; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, §682(b), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1410; Pub. L. 108–193, §7, Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2884; Pub. L. 109–164, title III, §301, Jan. 10, 2006, 119 Stat. 3572; Pub. L. 110–457, title II, §213(a)(2), title III, §301, Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5065, 5085; Pub. L. 113–4, title XII, §§1212(b)(2)(A)(ii), 1251(2), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 143, 155; Pub. L. 115–392, §21, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5259; Pub. L. 115–393, title III, §301(a)(2), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5271; Pub. L. 115–425, title I, §101(b), title III, §301, Jan. 8, 2019, 132 Stat. 5474, 5487; Pub. L. 117–347, title I, §§104(b), 105(d)(3), Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6203, 6204; Pub. L. 117–348, title II, §201, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6223.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 7103(f) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a), was redesignated section 7103(g) of this title by Pub. L. 113–4, title XII, §1201(3), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 136.

Section 7105(f) of this title, referred to in subsecs. (b)(2) and (d)(3), probably means the subsec. (f) of section 7105 of this title which relates to assistance for United States citizens and lawful permanent residents and was added by Pub. L. 110–457, title II, §213(a)(1), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5064.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (g), was in the original "this division", meaning division A of Pub. L. 106–386, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1466, known as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division A to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7101 of this title and Tables.

This Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(1), is the Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106–386, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1464. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7101 of this title and Tables.

Section 7102(9)(A) of this title, referred to in subsec. (g)(2), was redesignated section 7102(11)(A) of this title by Pub. L. 115–427, §2(1), Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5503.

Codification

Pub. L. 115–392, §21, and Pub. L. 115–425, §301, which directed amendment of section 113 of the "Trafficking Victims Prevention Act of 2000", were executed to this section, which is section 113 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 2018 and 2019 Amendment notes below.

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–348, §201(1)(A), substituted "To carry out the purposes of sections 7104(b) and 7105(b) of this title and section 628c of title 42," for "To carry out the purposes of sections 7104(b) and 7105(b) of this title,".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 117–348, §201(1)(B), which directed substitution of "2023 through 2028" for "2018 through 2021", was executed by making the substitution for "2022 through 2027", to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 117–347, §105(d)(3)(A). See below.

Pub. L. 117–347, §105(d)(3)(A), substituted "2022 through 2027" for "2018 through 2021".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 117–347, §104(b), added par. (3).

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 117–348, §201(2), which directed substitution of "$11,000,000 to the Attorney General for each of the fiscal years 2023 through 2028" for "$11,000,000 to the Attorney General for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2021", was executed by making the substitution for "$11,000,000 to the Attorney General for each of the fiscal years 2022 through 2027", to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the intervening amendment by Pub. L. 117–347, §105(d)(3)(B). See below.

Pub. L. 117–347, §105(d)(3)(B), substituted "2022 through 2027" for "2018 through 2021".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 117–347, §105(d)(3)(C), substituted "2022 through 2027" for "2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–348, §201(3), substituted "2023 through 2028" for "2018 through 2021."

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 117–348, §201(4), substituted "2023 through 2028" for "2018 through 2021" and inserted "of which $2,000,000 shall be made available each fiscal year for the establishment of a labor trafficking investigation team within the Department of Homeland Security Center for Countering Human Trafficking, and the remaining funds shall be used" after "expended,".

2019—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–425, §301(1), amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "To carry out the purposes of sections 7103(e), 7103(f) and 7107 of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State $2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017. In addition, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking $1,500,000 for additional personnel, including regional trafficking in persons officers, for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011."

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 115–425, §301(2), substituted "$19,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2018 through 2021, of which $3,500,000 is authorized to be appropriated for each fiscal year for the National Human Trafficking Hotline." for "$14,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017".

Pub. L. 115–425, §101(b), substituted "sections 7104(b) and 7105(b) of this title" for "section 7105(b) of this title".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 115–425, §301(3), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) related to bilateral assistance to combat trafficking.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–425, §301(4), substituted "2018 through 2021." for "2014 through 2017".

2018—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–392, §21(1), substituted "2018 through 2021" for "2014 through 2017".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 115–393, §301(a)(2)(A), which directed substitution of "$77,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2018 through 2021" for "$11,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2014 through 2017", was executed by making the substitution for "$11,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 115–393, §301(a)(2)(B), substituted "2018 through 2021" for "2014 through 2017".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 115–392, §21(2), substituted "2018 through 2021" for "2014 through 2017".

2013—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(A)(ii), which directed the insertion of ", including regional trafficking in persons officers," after "for additional personnel," was executed by making the insertion after "for additional personnel", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(A)(i), (iii), substituted "$2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$5,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" and struck out ", and $3,000 for official reception and representation expenses" before "for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" the second time appearing.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(B)(i), substituted "$14,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$12,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(B)(ii), substituted "$8,000,000 to the Secretary of Health and Human Services for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017." for "to the Secretary of Health and Human Services—

"(A) $2,500,000 for fiscal year 2008;

"(B) $5,000,0000 for fiscal year 2009;

"(C) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and

"(D) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2011."

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(C)(i), substituted "2014 through 2017" for "2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(C)(ii), substituted "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$15,000,000 for fiscal year 2003 and $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" and "2014 through 2017" for "2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(C)(iii), substituted "2014 through 2017" for "2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(D), redesignated subpars. (A) to (C) as pars. (1) to (3), respectively, realigned margins, in par. (1) substituted "$11,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011", and in par. (3) substituted "$11,000,000 to the Attorney General for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017." for "to the Attorney General—

"(i) $2,500,000 for fiscal year 2008;

"(ii) $5,000,0000 for fiscal year 2009;

"(iii) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2010; and

"(iv) $7,000,000 for fiscal year 2011."

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(E)(i), substituted "$7,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(E)(ii), substituted "$7,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(F), substituted "$5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011".

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 113–4, §1212(b)(2)(A)(ii), substituted "section 7102(9)(A)" for "7102(8)(A)".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 113–4, §1251(2)(G), substituted "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2014 through 2017" for "$18,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011".

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(1)(A)(ii), (B), in first sentence, substituted "$5,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" for "$1,500,000 for fiscal year 2001, $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2002 and 2003, $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005, and $5,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007" and, in second sentence, substituted "$1,500,000 for additional personnel for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011, and $3,000 for official reception and representation expenses" for "for official reception and representation expenses $3,000" and "2008 through 2011" for "2006 and 2007".

Pub. L. 110–457, §301(1)(A)(i), which directed striking out "section 104, and", was executed by striking out "section 104 and" after "the purposes of", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–457, §213(a)(2)(A), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted par. (1) heading, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(2), substituted "$12,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" for "$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001 and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002 and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007."

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(3)(A)(i), substituted "2008 through 2011" for "2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(3)(A)(ii), inserted at end "To carry out the purposes of section 7105(a)(1)(F) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State $1,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011."

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(3)(D), substituted "sections 2151n(f) and 2304(h) of this title" for "section 104" and struck out ", including the preparation and publication of the list described in subsection (a)(1) of that section" before period at end.

Pub. L. 110–457, §301(3)(B), (C), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2). Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "To carry out the purposes of section 2152d of this title, there is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State for each of the fiscal years 2001 through 2005 $300,000 for voluntary contributions to advance projects aimed at preventing trafficking, promoting respect for human rights of trafficking victims, and assisting the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe participating states in related legal reform for such fiscal year."

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(3)(C), redesignated par. (3) as (2).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–457, §213(a)(2)(B), designated first and second sentences as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, inserted subpar. headings, and added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (d)(A). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(4)(A), substituted "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" for "$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001 and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002 and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007".

Subsec. (d)(B). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(4)(B), substituted "2008 through 2011" for "2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(5)(A), substituted "$15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011." for "$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2007."

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(5)(B), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 2152d of this title and substituted "$15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011." for "$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2007."

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(5)(C), substituted "$2,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011." for "$300,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 through 2007."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(6), substituted "$10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011." for "$5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001 and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002 and $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007."

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(7), substituted "each of the fiscal years 2008 through 2011" for "fiscal year 2006".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 110–457, §301(8), substituted "2008 through 2011" for "2006 and 2007".

2006—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(1), substituted "$5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005, and $5,500,000 for each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007. In addition, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking for official reception and representation expenses $3,000 for each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007." for "and $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(2), substituted "2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007" for "2004 and 2005".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(3), substituted "2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007" for "2004 and 2005" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(4), substituted "2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007" for "2004 and 2005" in two places.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(5), substituted "2003 through 2007" for "2003 through 2005" in pars. (1) and (2) and "$300,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 through 2007" for "$300,000 for fiscal year 2004 and $300,000 for fiscal year 2005" in par. (3).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(6), substituted "2004, 2005, 2006, and 2007" for "2004 and 2005".

Subsecs. (h), (i). Pub. L. 109–164, §301(7), added subsecs. (h) and (i).

2003—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(1), substituted "7103(e), 7103(f)" for "7103" and ", $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2002 and 2003, and $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005" for "and $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2002 and 2003".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(2), inserted before period at end "and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(3)(A), amended heading and text of par. (1) generally. Text read as follows: "To carry out the purposes of section 7105(a) of this title, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State $5,000,000 for fiscal year 2001, $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2003."

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(3)(B), substituted "for each of the fiscal years 2001 through 2005" for "for each of the fiscal years 2001, 2002, and 2003".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(4), inserted "and $15,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005" after "fiscal year 2002" and inserted at end sentence relating to authorization of appropriations to carry out training activities at the International Law Enforcement Academies.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(5), substituted "for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2005" for "for fiscal year 2003" in pars. (1) and (2) and added par. (3).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(6), inserted "and $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2004 and 2005" before period at end.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 108–193, §7(7), added subsec. (g).

2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–228, §682(b)(1), substituted "for each of the fiscal years 2002 and 2003" for "for fiscal year 2002".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107–228, §682(b)(2)(A), substituted ", $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2003" for "and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–228, §682(b)(2)(B), substituted "there is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State for each of the fiscal years 2001, 2002, and 2003" for "there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State" and "for such fiscal year" for "for fiscal year 2001".

Subsec. (e)(1), (2). Pub. L. 107–228, §682(b)(3), substituted ", $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002, and $15,000,000 for fiscal year 2003" for "and $10,000,000 for fiscal year 2002".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to Diplomatic and Consular Programs Account

References to the Diplomatic and Consular Programs account to be construed to include the Diplomatic Programs account in fiscal year 2020 and each fiscal year thereafter, see par. (7) of title I of div. G of Pub. L. 116–94, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.

Rule of Construction

Pub. L. 110–457, title III, §303, Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5087, provided that: "The amendments made by sections 301 and 302 [amending this section, sections 20701 to 20703 and 20705 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, and provisions set out as a note under section 7105 of this title] may not be construed to affect the availability of funds appropriated pursuant to the authorizations of appropriations under the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (division A of Public Law 106–386; 22 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.) and the Trafficking Victims Protection Reauthorization Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–164) [see Tables for classification] before the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2008]."

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.
22 U.S.C. § 2412 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2412: Limitation on foreign assistance appropriations
Limitation on foreign assistance appropriations
Status: in_force

(a) Restrictions on appropriations in absence of or in excess of prior authorizations

Notwithstanding any provision of law enacted before January 12, 1971, no money appropriated for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) shall be available for obligation or expenditure—

(1) unless the appropriation thereof has been previously authorized by law; or

(2) in excess of an amount previously prescribed by law.

(b) Exception

To the extent that legislation enacted after the making of an appropriation for foreign assistance (including foreign military sales) authorizes the obligation or expenditure thereof, the limitation contained in subsection (a) shall have no effect.

(c) Specific repeal or modification of section

The provisions of this section shall not be superseded except by a provision of law enacted after January 12, 1971, which specifically repeals or modifies the provisions of this section.

(Pub. L. 91–672, §10, Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2055.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was not enacted as part of Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, which comprises this chapter.
22 U.S.C. § 7843 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 85: NORTH KOREAN HUMAN RIGHTS / Subchapter III: PROTECTING NORTH KOREAN REFUGEES / Section 7843: Facilitating submission of applications for admission as a refugee
Facilitating submission of applications for admission as a refugee
Status: in_force

The Secretary of State shall undertake to facilitate the submission of applications under section 1157 of title 8 by citizens of North Korea seeking protection as refugees (as defined in section 1101(a)(42) of title 8).

(Pub. L. 108–333, title III, §303, Oct. 18, 2004, 118 Stat. 1296.)
22 U.S.C. § 3612a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3612a: General powers of Commission
General powers of Commission
Status: in_force

(a) Corporate seal

The Commission may adopt, alter, and use a corporate seal, which shall be judicially noticed.

(b) Bylaws

The Commission may by action of the Board of Directors adopt, amend, and repeal bylaws governing the conduct of its general business and the performance of the powers and duties granted to or imposed upon it by law.

(c) Suits by and against Commission

The Commission may sue and be sued in its corporate name, except that—

(1) the amenability of the Commission to suit is limited by Article VIII of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977, section 3761 of this title, and otherwise by law;

(2) an attachment, garnishment, or similar process may not be issued against salaries or other moneys owed by the Commission to its employees except as provided by section 5520a of title 5 and sections 659, 661, and 662 1 of title 42, or as otherwise specifically authorized by the laws of the United States; and

(3) the Commission is exempt from the payment of interest on claims and judgments.

(d) Contracts, leases, agreements, or other transactions

The Commission may enter into contracts, leases, agreements, or other transactions.

(e) Obligations and expenditures

The Commission—

(1) may determine the character of, and necessity for, its obligations and expenditures and the manner in which they shall be incurred, allowed, and paid; and

(2) may incur, allow, and pay its obligations and expenditures, subject to pertinent provisions of law generally applicable to Government corporations.

(f) Priority in payment of debts out of bankrupt estates

The Commission shall have the priority of the Government of the United States in the payment of debts out of bankrupt estates.

(g) Appointment of notaries public

(1) The Commission may appoint any United States citizen to have the general powers of a notary public to perform, on behalf of Commission employees and their dependents outside the United States, any notarial act that a notary public is required or authorized to perform within the United States. Unless an earlier expiration is provided by the terms of the appointment, any such appointment shall expire three months after the Canal Transfer Date.

(2) Every notarial act performed by a person acting as a notary under paragraph (1) shall be as valid, and of like force and effect within the United States, as if executed by or before a duly authorized and competent notary public in the United States.

(3) The signature of any person acting as a notary under paragraph (1), when it appears with the title of that person's office, is prima facie evidence that the signature is genuine, that the person holds the designated title, and that the person is authorized to perform a notarial act.

(h) Limitations on authority

The authority of the Commission under this section and section 3612b of this title is subject to the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and related agreements, and to chapter 91 of title 31.

(Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1102a, as added Pub. L. 104–106, div. C, title XXXV, §3524(a), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 639; amended Pub. L. 105–85, div. C, title XXXV, §§3546, 3550(d)(3), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2073, 2074.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Sections 661 and 662 of title 42, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), were repealed by Pub. L. 104–193, title III, §362(b)(1), Aug. 22, 1994, 110 Stat. 2246.

Amendments

1997—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 105–85, §3546(2), added subsec. (g). Former subsec. (g) redesignated (h).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–85, §3550(d)(3), made technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 3612b of this title.

Pub. L. 105–85, §3546(1), redesignated subsec. (g) as (h).

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 2719 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2719: Grants for training and education in international affairs
Grants for training and education in international affairs
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The Secretary of State may make grants to postsecondary educational institutions or students for the purpose of increasing the level of knowledge and awareness of and interest in employment with the Foreign Service or the Civil Service, consistent with section 3905 of this title. To the extent possible, the Secretary shall give special emphasis to promoting such knowledge and awareness of, and interest in employment with, the Foreign Service or the Civil Service among minority students. Any grants awarded shall be made pursuant to regulations to be established by the Secretary of State, which shall provide for a limit on the size of any specific grant and, regarding any grants to individuals, shall ensure that no grant recipient receives an amount of grants from one or more Federal programs which in the aggregate would exceed the cost of his or her education, and shall require satisfactory educational progress by grantees as a condition of eligibility for continued receipt of grant funds.

(b) Diplomatic Security fellowship programs

(1) Establishment

The Secretary of State, working through the Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security, is authorized to establish Diplomatic Security fellowship programs to provide grants to United States nationals pursuing post-secondary studies who commit to pursuing a career as a special agent, security engineering officer, or in the civil service in the Bureau of Diplomatic Security.

(2) Rulemaking

The Secretary is authorized to promulgate regulations for the administration of Diplomatic Security fellowship programs that set forth—

(A) the eligibility requirements for receiving a grant under this subsection;

(B) the process by which eligible applicants may request such a grant;

(C) the maximum amount of such a grant; and

(D) the educational progress to which all grant recipients are obligated.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §47, as added Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §150(2), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 42; amended Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCII, §9220(a), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3879; Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXI, §6117(a), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 970.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 47 of act Aug. 1, 1956, was renumbered section 48 by section 150(1) of Pub. L. 101–246, and set out as a Short Title of 1956 Amendment note under section 2651 of this title, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §111(1), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 654.

Amendments

2023—Pub. L. 118–31 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

2022—Pub. L. 117–263 inserted "or the Civil Service" after "with the Foreign Service" in first sentence and "or the Civil Service" after "Foreign Service" in second sentence. Technical amendment to reference in original act which appears in text as reference to section 3905 of this title could not be executed.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Nancy Pelosi Fellowship Program

Pub. L. 117–328, div. K, title I, par. (6)(H), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 4975, provided that: "Of the funds appropriated under this heading ["diplomatic programs" under "Department of State" and "Administration of Foreign Affairs"], not less than $2,000,000 shall be made available for a grant to a postsecondary educational institution for the purpose of establishing a program to increase the participation of undergraduate students in the Foreign Service, as authorized by section 150 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991 (22 U.S.C. 2719): Provided, That such grant program shall hereafter be named the 'Nancy Pelosi Fellowship Program'."
22 U.S.C. § 2661 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2661: Procurement of information for corporations, firms and individuals; expense of cablegrams and telephone service involved; appropriation
Procurement of information for corporations, firms and individuals; expense of cablegrams and telephone service involved; appropriation
Status: in_force

On and after May 15, 1936, whenever the Secretary of State, in his discretion, procures information on behalf of corporations, firms, and individuals, the expense of cablegrams and telephone service involved may be charged against the respective appropriations for the service utilized; and reimbursement therefor shall be required from those for whom the information was procured and, when made, be credited to the appropriation under which the expenditure was charged.

The Secretary of State is authorized to accept reimbursement from corporations, firms, and individuals for the expenses of travel, translation, printing, special experts, and other extraordinary expenses (including such expenses as salaries and other personnel expenses) incurred in pursuing a claim on their behalf against a foreign government or other foreign entity. Such reimbursements shall be credited to the appropriation account against which the expense was initially charged.

(May 15, 1936, ch. 405, 49 Stat. 1321; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §142(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1350; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, §2212(a), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–812.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 169 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Section is from the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1937, act May 15, 1936.

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to those in this section were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Mar. 22, 1935, ch. 39, 49 Stat. 76.

Apr. 7, 1934, ch. 104, title I, 48 Stat. 536.

Mar. 1, 1933, ch. 144, title I, 47 Stat. 1379.

July 1, 1932, ch. 361, title I, 47 Stat. 487.

Feb. 23, 1931, ch. 280, title I, 46 Stat. 1321.

Apr. 18, 1930, ch. 184, title I, 46 Stat. 174.

Amendments

1998—Pub. L. 105–277, in second par., inserted "(including such expenses as salaries and other personnel expenses)" after "extraordinary expenses".

1987—Pub. L. 100–204 inserted second par.
22 U.S.C. § 2684 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2684: Capital fund for Department of State to centralize reproduction, editorial, data processing, audiovisual and other services; maximum amount; operation of fund
Capital fund for Department of State to centralize reproduction, editorial, data processing, audiovisual and other services; maximum amount; operation of fund
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment of fund

There is hereby established a working capital fund for the Department of State, which shall be available without fiscal year limitation, for expenses (including those authorized by the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [22 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.]) and equipment, necessary for maintenance and operation in the city of Washington and elsewhere of (1) central reproduction, editorial, data processing, audiovisual, library and administrative support services; (2) central services for supplies and equipment (including repairs); (3) such other administrative services as the Secretary, with the approval of the Office of Management and Budget, determines may be performed more advantageously and more economically as central services; and (4) medical and health care services. Such fund shall also be available without fiscal year limitation to carry out the purposes of title II of this Act [22 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.] 1 The capital of the fund shall consist of the amount of the fair and reasonable value of such supply inventories, equipment, and other assets and inventories on order, pertaining to the services to be carried on by the fund, as the Secretary may transfer to the fund, less the related liabilities and unpaid obligations, together with any appropriations made for the purpose of providing capital. The fund shall be reimbursed, or credited with advance payments, from applicable appropriations and funds of the Department of State, other Federal agencies, and other sources authorized by law, for supplies and services at rates which will approximate the expense of operations, including accrual of annual leave and depreciation of plant and equipment of the fund. The fund shall also be credited with other receipts from sale or exchange of property or in payment for loss or damage to property held by the fund. There shall be transferred into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts, as of the close of each fiscal year, earnings which the Secretary determines to be excess to the needs of the fund.

(b) Charges to fund; credit to appropriations

The current value of supplies returned to the working capital fund by a post, activity, or agency may be charged to the fund. The proceeds thereof shall, if otherwise authorized, be credited to current applicable appropriations and shall remain available for expenditures for the same purposes for which those appropriations are available. Credits may not be made to appropriations under this subsection as the result of capitalization of inventories.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §13, as added Pub. L. 88–205, pt. IV, §405, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 391; amended 1970 Reorg. Plan No. 2, §102, eff. July 1, 1970 35 F.R. 7959, 84 Stat. 2085; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. IV, §407(c), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 35; Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §109(a), Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 966; Pub. L. 96–465, title II, §2201(b), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2157; renumbered title I and amended Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §§202(a), 203(a), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282, 290; Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §112, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 21.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Service Act of 1980, referred to in subsec. (a), is Pub. L. 96–465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, which is classified principally to chapter 52 (§3901 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of this title and Tables.

Title II of this Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is title II of act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, as added Aug. 24, 1982, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(b), 96 Stat. 283, known as the Foreign Missions Act, which is classified principally to chapter 53 (§4301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4301 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 170u of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–246 inserted "and" before "(4)", struck out "; and (5) services and supplies to carry out title II of this Act", and inserted provision that the fund also be available without fiscal year limitation to carry out the purposes of title II of this Act.

1982—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 97–241, §203(a), added cl. (5).

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–465 substituted "Foreign Service Act of 1980" for "Foreign Service Act of 1946, as amended".

1978—Pub. L. 95–426 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), substituted "central services" for "central supply services" in cl. (2), struck out "and" at end of cl. (2), inserted "; and (4) medical and health care services", struck out "Not to exceed $750,000 in net assets shall be transferred to the fund for purposes of providing capital" after "for the purpose of providing capital", and added subsec. (b).

1972—Pub. L. 92–226 struck out last sentence authorizing appropriation of amounts necessary to provide capital for the fund. See section 2680 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–241 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 204 of Pub. L. 97–241, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4301 of this title.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–465 effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96–465, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3901 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §109(b), Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 967, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1978."

Executive Documents

Transfer of Functions

Functions vested by law (including reorganization plan) in Bureau of the Budget or Director of Bureau of the Budget transferred to President by section 101 of Reorg. Plan No. 2, of 1970, eff. July 1, 1970, 35 F.R. 7959, 84 Stat. 2085. Section 102 of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1970 redesignated Bureau of the Budget as Office of Management and Budget and offices of Director, Deputy Director, and Assistant Directors of Bureau of the Budget as Director, Deputy Director, and Assistant Directors, respectively, of Office of Management and Budget. Section 103 of Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1970 transferred all records, property, personnel, and funds of Bureau to Office of Management and Budget. See Part I of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1970, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a period.
22 U.S.C. § 283a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XII: INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK / Section 283a: Appointment of officers; term of office; salary
Appointment of officers; term of office; salary
Status: in_force

(a) Governor and alternate governor

The President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint a governor of the Bank and an alternate for the governor. The term of office for the governor and the alternate governor shall be five years, but each shall remain in office until a successor has been appointed.

(b) Executive director and alternate executive director

The President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint an executive director of the Bank and an alternate Executive Director. Except as provided for in article XV, section 3, of the agreement, the term of office for the executive director shall be three years, but he shall remain in office until a successor has been appointed.

(c) Compensation

No person shall be entitled to receive any salary or other compensation from the United States for services as a governor, alternate governor, or executive director.

(Pub. L. 86–147, §3, Aug. 7, 1959, 73 Stat. 299; Pub. L. 91–599, ch. 2, §21(b), Dec. 30, 1970, 84 Stat. 1658.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1970—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–599 authorized appointment of an alternate Executive Director.
22 U.S.C. § 283p (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XII: INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK / Section 283p: Authorization for payment of United States contribution to increase Fund for Special Operations; authorization of appropriations
Authorization for payment of United States contribution to increase Fund for Special Operations; authorization of appropriations
Status: in_force

(a) The United States Governor of the Bank is authorized to pay to the Fund for Special Operations two annual installments of $450,000,000 each in accordance with and subject to the terms and conditions of the resolution adopted by the Board of Governors on December 31, 1970, concerning an increase in the resources of the Fund for Special Operations and contributions thereto.

(b) There are hereby authorized to be appropriated, without fiscal year limitation, the amounts necessary for payment by the Secretary of the Treasury of the two annual installments of $450,000,000 each for the United States share of the increase in the resources of the Fund for Special Operations of the Bank.

(Pub. L. 86–147, §19, as added Pub. L. 92–246, §1, Mar. 10, 1972, 86 Stat. 59.)
22 U.S.C. § 9304 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 100: GLOBAL FOOD SECURITY / Section 9304: Comprehensive Global Food Security Strategy
Comprehensive Global Food Security Strategy
Status: in_force

(a) Strategy

The President shall coordinate the development and implementation of a United States whole-of-government strategy to accomplish the policy objectives set forth in section 9302(a) of this title, which shall—

(1) set specific and measurable goals, benchmarks, timetables, performance metrics, and monitoring and evaluation plans that reflect international best practices relating to transparency, accountability, food and nutrition security, and agriculture-led economic growth, consistent with the policy objectives described in section 9302(a) of this title;

(2) establish clear and transparent selection criteria for target countries, communities, regions, and intended beneficiaries of assistance;

(3) describe the methodology and criteria for the selection of target countries;

(4) support and be aligned with partner country-led agriculture, nutrition, regulatory, food security, and water resources management policy and investment plans and governance systems developed with input from key stakeholders, as appropriate;

(5) support the locally-led and inclusive development of agriculture and food systems, including by enhancing the extent to which small-scale food producers, especially women, have access to and control over the inputs, skills, resource management capacity, networking, bargaining power, financing, market linkages, technology, and information needed to sustainably increase productivity and incomes, reduce poverty and malnutrition, and promote long-term economic prosperity;

(6) support improvement of the nutritional status of women, adolescent girls, and children, particularly during the critical first 1,000-day window until a child reaches 2 years of age and with a focus on reducing child stunting and preventing incidence of wasting, through nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive programs, including related water, sanitation, and hygiene programs;

(7) facilitate communication and collaboration, as appropriate, among local stakeholders in support of a multi-sectoral approach to food and nutrition security, to include analysis of the multiple underlying causes of malnutrition, including poor water resource management and lack of access to safe drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene;

(8) support long-term impact by building the capacity of local organizations and institutions, including agricultural research capacity, in target countries and communities;

(9) coordinate with and complement relevant strategies to ensure that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to adapt, build safety nets, secure livelihoods, access markets, and access opportunities for longer-term economic growth;

(10) develop community and producer resilience and adaptation strategies to disasters, emergencies, and other shocks and stresses to food and nutrition security, including conflicts, droughts, flooding, pests, and diseases, that adversely impact agricultural yield and livelihoods;

(11) harness science, technology, and innovation, including the research and extension activities supported by the private sector, relevant Federal departments and agencies, Feed the Future Innovation Labs or any successor entities, and international and local researchers and innovators, recognizing that significant investments in research and technological advances will be necessary to reduce global poverty, hunger, and malnutrition;

(12) use evidenced-based best practices, including scientific and forecasting data, and improved planning and coordination by, with, and among key partners and relevant Federal departments and agencies to identify, analyze, measure, and mitigate risks, and strengthen resilience capacities;

(13) ensure scientific and forecasting data is accessible and usable by affected communities and facilitate communication and collaboration among local stakeholders in support of adaptation planning and implementation, including scenario planning and preparedness using seasonal forecasting and scientific and local knowledge;

(14) integrate agricultural development activities among food insecure populations living in proximity to designated national parks or wildlife areas into wildlife conservation efforts, as necessary and appropriate;

(15) leverage resources and expertise through partnerships with the private sector, farm organizations, cooperatives, civil society, nongovernmental organizations, including faith-based organizations, and agricultural research and academic institutions;

(16) strengthen and expand collaboration and coordination, as appropriate, between United States universities, including public, private, and land-grant universities, with higher education institutions in target countries to increase their effectiveness and relevance to promote agricultural development and innovation through the creation of human capital, innovation, and cutting edge science in the agricultural sector;

(17) seek to ensure that target countries and communities respect and promote land tenure rights of local communities, particularly those of women and small-scale producers;

(18) include criteria and methodologies for graduating target countries and communities from assistance provided to implement the Global Food Security Strategy as such countries and communities meet the progress benchmarks identified pursuant to section 9307(a)(4) of this title;

(19) improve the efficiency and resilience of agricultural production, including management of crops, rangelands, pastures, livestock, fisheries, and aquacultures;

(20) ensure investments in food and nutrition security consider and integrate best practices in the management and governance of natural resources and conservation, especially among food insecure populations living in or near biodiverse ecosystems;

(21) be periodically updated in a manner that reflects learning and best practices; and

(22) demonstrably support the United States national security and economic interest in the countries where assistance is being provided.

(b) Coordination

The President shall coordinate, through a whole-of-government approach, the efforts of relevant Federal departments and agencies in the implementation of the Global Food Security Strategy by—

(1) establishing monitoring and evaluation systems, coherence, and coordination across relevant Federal departments and agencies;

(2) establishing linkages with other initiatives and strategies of relevant Federal departments and agencies; and

(3) establishing platforms for regular consultation and collaboration with key stakeholders and the appropriate congressional committees.

(c) Strategy submission

(1) In general

Not later than October 1, 2016, the President, in consultation with the head of each relevant Federal department and agency, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees the Global Food Security Strategy required under this section, including a detailed description of how the United States intends to advance the objectives set forth in section 9302(a) of this title and the agency-specific plans described in paragraph (2).

(2) Agency-specific plans

The Global Food Security Strategy shall include specific implementation plans from each relevant Federal department and agency that describes—

(A) the anticipated contributions of the department or agency, including technical, financial, and in-kind contributions, to implement the Global Food Security Strategy; and

(B) the efforts of the department or agency to ensure that the activities and programs carried out pursuant to the strategy are designed to achieve maximum impact and long-term sustainability.

(d) Periodic updates

Not less frequently than quinquennially through fiscal year 2030, the President, in consultation with the head of each relevant Federal department and agency, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees updates to the Global Food Security Strategy required under subsection (a) and the agency-specific plans described in subsection (c)(2).

(Pub. L. 114–195, §5, July 20, 2016, 130 Stat. 678; Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5588(d), (e), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3377, 3378.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(1), substituted "partner country-led agriculture, nutrition, regulatory, food security, and water resources management policy and investment plans and governance systems" for "country-owned agriculture, nutrition, and food security policy and investment plans".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(2), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (5) read as follows: "support inclusive agricultural value chain development, with small-scale producers, especially women, gaining greater access to the inputs, skills, resource management capacity, networking, bargaining power, financing, and market linkages needed to sustain their long-term economic prosperity;".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(3), inserted ", adolescent girls," after "women" and "and preventing incidence of wasting" after "reducing child stunting".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(4), inserted "poor water resource management and" after "including".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(5), substituted "long-term impact" for "the long-term success of programs" and inserted ", including agricultural research capacity," after "institutions".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(6), substituted "coordinate with and complement relevant strategies to ensure that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to adapt," for "integrate resilience and nutrition strategies into food security programs, such that chronically vulnerable populations are better able to".

Subsec. (a)(10), (11). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(9), added pars. (10) and (11) and struck out former pars. (10) and (11) which read as follows:

"(10) develop community and producer resilience to natural disasters, emergencies, and natural occurrences that adversely impact agricultural yield;

"(11) harness science, technology, and innovation, including the research and extension activities supported by relevant Federal Departments and agencies and Feed the Future Innovation Labs, or any successor entities;".

Subsec. (a)(12), (13). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(9), added pars. (12) and (13). Former pars. (12) and (13) redesignated (14) and (15), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), redesignated par. (12) as (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), (10), redesignated par. (13) as (15) and inserted "nongovernmental organizations, including" after "civil society,". Former par. (15) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), (11), redesignated par. (14) as (16) and inserted "and coordination, as appropriate," after "collaboration". Former par. (16) redesignated (18).

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), redesignated par. (15) as (17). Former par. (17) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(8), (12), redesignated par. (16) as (18) and substituted "section 9307(a)(4) of this title;" for "section 9307(b)(4) of this title; and".

Subsec. (a)(19) to (21). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(13), added pars. (19) to (21).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(d)(7), redesignated par. (17) as (22).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 117–263, §5588(e), added subsec. (d).

Executive Documents

Delegation of Authority Pursuant to Sections 5, 6(a) and 6(c), and 8(a) of the Global Food Security Act of 2016

Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 30, 2016, 81 F.R. 76483, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State [and] the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby order as follows:

I hereby delegate to the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 5, 6(c), and 8(a) of the Global Food Security Act of 2016 (the "Act").

I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State and the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 6(a) of the Act.

These functions shall be exercised consistent with the Secretary of State's responsibility for the continuous supervision and general direction of assistance programs under section 2382 of title 22, United States Code, and lead role in coordinating U.S. assistance under section 6593 of title 22, United States Code.

Any reference in this memorandum to the Act shall be deemed to be a reference to any future act that is the same or substantially the same as such provisions.

The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.
22 U.S.C. § 269 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Section 269: Permanent International Association of Road Congresses; authorization of membership
Permanent International Association of Road Congresses; authorization of membership
Status: in_force

The President is authorized to maintain membership of the United States in the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses.

(Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §164(b), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 676.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 269, act June 18, 1926, ch. 623, 44 Stat. 754, authorized appropriations of $3,000 per annum to enable United States to accept membership in Permanent Association of International Road Congresses, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §164(a), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 676.
22 U.S.C. § 1464 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 18: UNITED STATES INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS / Subchapter V: DISSEMINATION ABROAD OF INFORMATION ABOUT THE UNITED STATES / Section 1464: Voice of America/Europe
Voice of America/Europe
Status: in_force

As part of its duties and programs under this subchapter, Voice of America/Europe shall—

(1) target news and features in accordance with the findings and recommendations of the Young European Survey;

(2) conduct periodic audience evaluations and measurements; and

(3) promote and advertise Voice of America/Europe.

(Jan. 27, 1948, ch. 36, title V, §504, as added Pub. L. 100–204, title IV, §402, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1381.)
22 U.S.C. § 2735a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2735a: Presidential Envoy for the Abraham Accords, Negev Forum, and Related Integration and Normalization Fora and Agreements
Presidential Envoy for the Abraham Accords, Negev Forum, and Related Integration and Normalization Fora and Agreements
Status: in_force

(a) Office

There is established within the Department of State the Office of the Special Presidential Envoy for the Abraham Accords, Negev Forum, and Related Integration and Normalization Fora and Agreements (referred to in this section as the "Regional Integration Office").

(b) Leadership

(1)1 Special Envoy

The Regional Integration Office shall be headed by the Special Presidential Envoy for the Abraham Accords, Negev Forum, and Related Normalization Agreements, who shall—

(A) be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate; and

(B) report directly to the Secretary of State.

(c) Rank and status of ambassador

The Special Envoy shall have the rank and status of ambassador.

(d) Duties

The Special Envoy shall—

(1) lead diplomatic engagement—

(A) to strengthen and expand the Negev Forum, the Abraham Accords, and related normalization agreements with Israel, including promoting initiatives that benefit the people of key partners in regional integration or other regional actors in order to encourage such expansion; and

(B) to support the work of regional integration;

(2) implement the policy of the United States to expand normalization and support greater regional integration—

(A) within the Middle East and North Africa; and

(B) between the Middle East and North Africa and other key regions, including sub-Saharan Africa, the Indo-Pacific region, and beyond;

(3) work to deliver tangible economic and security benefits for the citizens of Abraham Accords countries, Negev Forum countries, and countries that are members of other related normalization agreements;

(4) serve as the ministerial liaison for the United States to the Negev Forum and other emerging normalization and integration fora, as necessary, and provide senior representation at events, steering committee meetings, and other relevant diplomatic engagements relating to the Negev Forum or other regional integration bodies;

(5) coordinate all cross-agency engagements and strategies in support of normalization efforts with other relevant officials and agencies;

(6) ensure that the appropriate congressional committees are regularly informed about the work of the Regional Integration Office;

(7) initiate and advance negotiations on a framework for an economic and security partnership with the Negev Forum countries, other key partners in regional integration, and other regional actors;

(8) oppose efforts to delegitimize Israel and legal barriers to normalization with Israel;

(9) initiate negotiations with Abraham Accords countries and Negev Forum countries, observers, and key partners in regional integration on an economic framework that includes—

(A) improving supply chain security and resiliency;

(B) aligning common regulatory and financial standards;

(C) attracting foreign investment;

(D) diversification of energy resources, including renewable sources of energy, and the development and deployment of emerging and advanced technologies that promote energy security; and

(E) digital economy, cybersecurity, and cross-border data flow;

(10) lead interagency efforts to reach an international agreement on the comprehensive economic framework described in paragraph (9);

(11) endeavor to embed already established standards on countering money laundering and terrorist financing into the regional economic framework described in paragraph (9); and

(12) promote regional integration and broader interconnectivity among the Abraham Accords countries, Negev Forum countries, observers, key partners in regional integration, and other regional actors by promoting and supporting targeted investment in regional infrastructure and other critical sectors that broaden and deepen interconnectivity, increase economic growth and resilience, create benefits for citizens of Abraham Accords countries and Negev Forum countries, and advance the national security, economic, and development interests of the United States.

(e) Limitation

The Special Envoy shall not be a dual-hatted official with other responsibilities within the Department of State or the executive branch.

(f) Sense of Congress

It is the sense of Congress that whole-of-government resources should be harnessed to ensure the successful performance by the Special Envoy of the duties described in subsection (d).

(g) Report

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after December 22, 2023, and annually thereafter, the Special Envoy shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report on actions taken by all relevant Federal agencies—

(A) to strengthen and expand the Abraham Accords and the work of the Negev Forum and future structures and organizations; and

(B) towards the objectives of regional integration.

(2) Form of report

The report required by paragraph (1) shall be submitted in unclassified form but may contain a separate, classified annex.

(h) Strategy

Not later than 180 days after December 22, 2023, the Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives an interagency strategy to use the economic tools of the Federal Government to promote regional integration through targeted investment as described in subsection (d)(12).

(i) Termination

This section shall terminate on the date that is 6 years after December 22, 2023.

(j) Rule of construction

If, on December 22, 2023, an individual has already been designated, consistent with the requirements and responsibilities described in subsections (b), (c), and (d) and section 2651a of this title, the requirements under subsection (b) shall be considered to be satisfied with respect to such individual until the date on which such individual no longer serves as the Special Envoy.

(k) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Abraham Accords

The term "Abraham Accords" means—

(A) the Abraham Accords Declaration, done at Washington September 15, 2020;

(B) the Abraham Accords Peace Agreement: Treaty of Peace, Diplomatic Relations and Full Normalization Between the United Arab Emirates and Israel, done at Washington September 15, 2020;

(C) the Abraham Accords: Declaration of Peace, Cooperation, and Constructive Diplomatic and Friendly Relations, done at Washington September 15, 2020, between Israel and the Kingdom of Bahrain; and

(D) the Joint Declaration of the Kingdom of Morocco, the United States, and Israel, done at Rabat December 22, 2020.

(2) Expand

The term "expand", with respect to the Abraham Accords, means to increase the number of regional, Arab, or Muslim-majority countries that seek to normalize relations with the State of Israel.

(3) Key partners in regional integration

The term "key partners in regional integration" means—

(A) any Abraham Accords country;

(B) Egypt;

(C) Jordan;

(D) the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia; and

(E) any other active and constructive country that supports cooperation—

(i) to normalize relations between countries in the Middle East and North Africa and Israel; and

(ii) to advance regional integration.

(4) Negev Forum

The term "Negev Forum" means the regional grouping known as the Negev Forum Regional Cooperation Framework that was adopted on November 10, 2022, or any successor group.

(5) Observer

The term "observer"—

(A) means any country, particularly inside the Middle East and North Africa region, or political entity that—

(i) directly supports the objectives and processes of the Negev Forum;

(ii) expresses serious interest in participating in certain projects determined by the Negev Forum that benefit normalization with Israel and greater regional integration; and

(iii) is not an official member of the Negev Forum Steering Committee or any working group of the Negev Forum; and

(B) includes 3+1 format members Cyprus and Greece.

(6) Other regional actors

The term "other regional actors" means the Palestinian Authority or a credible future political entity that serves as the interlocutor for the Palestinian people.

(7) Strengthen

The term "strengthen", with respect to the Abraham Accords and the Negev Forum, means to engage in efforts that improve the diplomatic relations between Abraham Accords countries and broaden the breadth and scope of issues on which Abraham Accords countries cooperate.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §64, as added Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXIV, §6407, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 1000.)

1 So in original. No par. (2) has been enacted.
22 U.S.C. § 2171 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2171: Repealed. Pub. L. 95-424, title I, §102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942
Repealed. Pub. L. 95-424, title I, §102(g)(1)(A), Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942
Status: repealed

Section 2171, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §211, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 427; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, §103(a), Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 256; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, §103(a), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 797; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, §102(a), Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960; Pub. L. 93–189, §4(1), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 717, related to general authority of President to furnish assistance and considerations to be taken into account.

Section 2172, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §212, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 428; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, §103(b), Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 256; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, §103(a), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 381; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, §102(b), Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1009; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, §103(a), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 654; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, §103(b), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 797; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, §103(b), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 449; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, §102(b), Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 960; Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §102, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 805; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, §102(a), Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 22, related to authorization of appropriations.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2151 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 9541 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 102: COUNTERING RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN EUROPE AND EURASIA / Subchapter II: COUNTERING RUSSIAN INFLUENCE IN EUROPE AND EURASIA / Section 9541: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) The Government of the Russian Federation has sought to exert influence throughout Europe and Eurasia, including in the former states of the Soviet Union, by providing resources to political parties, think tanks, and civil society groups that sow distrust in democratic institutions and actors, promote xenophobic and illiberal views, and otherwise undermine European unity. The Government of the Russian Federation has also engaged in well-documented corruption practices as a means toward undermining and buying influence in European and Eurasian countries.

(2) The Government of the Russian Federation has largely eliminated a once-vibrant Russian-language independent media sector and severely curtails free and independent media within the borders of the Russian Federation. Russian-language media organizations that are funded and controlled by the Government of the Russian Federation and disseminate information within and outside of the Russian Federation routinely traffic in anti-Western disinformation, while few independent, fact-based media sources provide objective reporting for Russian-speaking audiences inside or outside of the Russian Federation.

(3) The Government of the Russian Federation continues to violate its commitments under the Memorandum on Security Assurances in connection with Ukraine's Accession to the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done at Budapest December 5, 1994, and the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe Final Act, concluded at Helsinki August 1, 1975 (commonly referred to as the "Helsinki Final Act"), which laid the ground-work for the establishment of the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, of which the Russian Federation is a member, by its illegal annexation of Crimea in 2014, its illegal occupation of South Ossetia and Abkhazia in Georgia in 2008, and its ongoing destabilizing activities in eastern Ukraine.

(4) The Government of the Russian Federation continues to ignore the terms of the August 2008 ceasefire agreement relating to Georgia, which requires the withdrawal of Russian Federation troops, free access by humanitarian groups to the regions of South Ossetia and Abkhazia, and monitoring of the conflict areas by the European Union Monitoring Mission.

(5) The Government of the Russian Federation is failing to comply with the terms of the Minsk Agreement to address the ongoing conflict in eastern Ukraine, signed in Minsk, Belarus, on February 11, 2015, by the leaders of Ukraine, Russia, France, and Germany, as well as the Minsk Protocol, which was agreed to on September 5, 2014.

(6) The Government of the Russian Federation is—

(A) in violation of the Treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics on the Elimination of their Intermediate-Range and Shorter-Range Missiles, signed at Washington December 8, 1987, and entered into force June 1, 1988 (commonly known as the "INF Treaty"); and

(B) failing to meet its obligations under the Treaty on Open Skies, done at Helsinki March 24, 1992, and entered into force January 1, 2002 (commonly known as the "Open Skies Treaty").

(Pub. L. 115–44, title II, §251, Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 925.)
22 U.S.C. § 2731 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2731: Monitoring and combating anti-Semitism
Monitoring and combating anti-Semitism
Status: in_force

(a) Office to Monitor and Combat anti-Semitism

(1) Establishment of Office

The Secretary shall establish within the Department of State an Office to Monitor and Combat anti-Semitism (in this section referred to as the "Office").

(2) Head of Office

(A) Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating anti-Semitism

The head of the Office shall be the Special Envoy for Monitoring and Combating anti-Semitism (in this section referred to as the "Special Envoy"), who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Special Envoy shall report directly to the Secretary.

(B) Nomination of head of Office

If the President determines that such is appropriate, the President may nominate the Special Envoy from among officers and employees of the Department. Such officer or employee may not retain the position (or the responsibilities associated with such position) held by such officer or employee prior to the nomination of such officer or employee to the position of Special Envoy under this paragraph.

(3) Duties

The Special Envoy shall serve as the primary advisor to, and coordinate efforts across, the United States Government relating to monitoring and combating anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement that occur in foreign countries.

(4) Rank and status of ambassador

The Special Envoy shall have the rank of ambassador.

(5) Qualifications

The Special Envoy should be a person of recognized distinction in the field of combating anti-Semitism.

(b) Purpose of Office

Upon establishment, the Office shall assume the primary responsibility for—

(1) monitoring and combating acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement that occur in foreign countries;

(2) coordinating and assisting in the preparation of that portion of the report required by sections 2151n(d)(7) and 2304(b) of this title relating to an assessment and description of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement for inclusion in the annual Country Reports on Human Rights Practices; and

(3) coordinating and assisting in the preparation of that portion of the report required by section 6412(b)(1)(A)(iv) 1 of this title relating to an assessment and description of the nature and extent of acts of anti-Semitism and anti-Semitic incitement for inclusion in the Annual Report on International Religious Freedom.

(c) Consultations

The Special Envoy shall consult with domestic and international nongovernmental organizations and multilateral organizations and institutions, as the Special Envoy considers appropriate to fulfill the purposes of this section.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §59, as added Pub. L. 108–332, §5, Oct. 16, 2004, 118 Stat. 1284; Pub. L. 116–326, §3, Jan. 13, 2021, 134 Stat. 5095.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 6412(b)(1)(A)(iv) of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), was redesignated section 6412(b)(1)(A)(vii) of this title by Pub. L. 114–281, title I, §102(a)(2)(B), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1429.

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 116–326, §3(1)(A), inserted at end ", who shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. The Special Envoy shall report directly to the Secretary."

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 116–326, §3(1)(B), substituted "Nomination" for "Appointment" in heading, "If the President determines that such is appropriate, the President may nominate" for "If the Secretary determines that such is appropriate, the Secretary may appoint" in second sentence, and "Such officer or employee may not retain the position (or the responsibilities associated with such position) held by such officer or employee prior to the nomination" for "The Secretary may allow such officer or employee to retain the position (and the responsibilities associated with such position) held by such officer or employee prior to the appointment" in third sentence, and struck out first sentence which read "The Secretary shall appoint the Special Envoy."

Subsec. (a)(3) to (5). Pub. L. 116–326, §3(2), added pars. (3) to (5).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Findings

Pub. L. 116–326, §2, Jan. 13, 2021, 134 Stat. 5095, provided that: "Congress finds that, since the Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–332) was enacted, in many foreign countries acts of anti-Semitism have been frequent and wide in scope, the perpetrators and variety of threats to Jewish communities and their institutions have proliferated, and in some countries anti-Semitic attacks have increased in frequency, scope, violence, and deadliness."

Pub. L. 108–332, §2, Oct. 16, 2004, 118 Stat. 1282, provided that: "Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) Acts of anti-Semitism in countries throughout the world, including some of the world's strongest democracies, have increased significantly in frequency and scope over the last several years.

"(2) During the last 3 months of 2003 and the first 3 months of 2004, there were numerous instances of anti-Semitic violence around the world, including the following incidents:

"(A) In Putrajaya, Malaysia, on October 16, 2003, former Prime Minister Mahatir Mohammad told the 57 national leaders assembled for the Organization of the Islamic Conference that Jews 'rule the world by proxy', and called for a 'final victory' by the world's 1.3 billion Muslims, who, he said, 'cannot be defeated by a few million Jews.'.

"(B) In Istanbul, Turkey, on November 15, 2003, simultaneous car bombs exploded outside two synagogues filled with worshippers, killing 24 people and wounding more than 250 people.

"(C) In Australia on January 5, 2004, poison was used to ignite, and burn anti-Semitic slogans into, the lawns of the Parliament House in the state of Tasmania.

"(D) In St. Petersburg, Russia, on February 15, 2004, vandals desecrated approximately 50 gravestones in a Jewish cemetery, painting the stones with swastikas and anti-Semitic graffiti.

"(E) In Toronto, Canada, over the weekend of March 19 through March 21, 2004, vandals attacked a Jewish school, a Jewish cemetery, and area synagogues, painting swastikas and anti-Semitic slogans on the walls of a synagogue and on residential property in a nearby, predominantly Jewish, neighborhood.

"(F) In Toulon, France, on March 23, 2004, a Jewish synagogue and community center were set on fire.

"(3) Anti-Semitism in old and new forms is also increasingly emanating from the Arab and Muslim world on a sustained basis, including through books published by government-owned publishing houses in Egypt and other Arab countries.

"(4) In November 2002, state-run television in Egypt broadcast the anti-Semitic series entitled 'Horseman Without a Horse', which is based upon the fictitious conspiracy theory known as the Protocols of the Elders of Zion. The Protocols have been used throughout the last century by despots such as Adolf Hitler to justify violence against Jews.

"(5) In November 2003, Arab television featured an anti-Semitic series, entitled 'Ash-Shatat' (or 'The Diaspora'), which depicts Jewish people hatching a plot for Jewish control of the world.

"(6) The sharp rise in anti-Semitic violence has caused international organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) to elevate, and bring renewed focus to, the issue, including the convening by the OSCE in June 2003 of a conference in Vienna dedicated solely to the issue of anti-Semitism.

"(7) The OSCE convened a conference again on April 28–29, 2004, in Berlin, to address the problem of anti-Semitism with the United States delegation led by former Mayor of New York City, Ed Koch.

"(8) The United States Government has strongly supported efforts to address anti-Semitism through bilateral relationships and interaction with international organizations such as the OSCE, the European Union, and the United Nations.

"(9) Congress has consistently supported efforts to address the rise in anti-Semitic violence. During the 107th Congress, both the Senate and the House of Representatives passed resolutions expressing strong concern with the sharp escalation of anti-Semitic violence in Europe and calling on the Department of State to thoroughly document the phenomenon.

"(10) Anti-Semitism has at times taken the form of vilification of Zionism, the Jewish national movement, and incitement against Israel."

1 See References in Text note below.