12 U.S.C. § 1703 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 13: NATIONAL HOUSING / Subchapter I: HOUSING RENOVATION AND MODERNIZATION / Section 1703: Insurance of financial institutions
Insurance of financial institutions
Status: in_force

(a) Authority to insure financial institutions

The Secretary is authorized and empowered upon such terms and conditions as he may prescribe, to insure banks, trust companies, personal finance companies, mortgage companies, building and loan associations, installment lending companies and other such financial institutions, which the Secretary finds to be qualified by experience or facilities and approves as eligible for credit insurance, against losses which they may sustain as a result of loans and advances of credit, and purchases of obligations representing loans and advances of credit, made by them for the purpose of (i) financing alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with existing structures or manufactured homes, and the building of new structures, upon urban, suburban, or rural real property (including the restoration, rehabilitation, rebuilding, and replacement of such improvements which have been damaged or destroyed by earthquake, conflagration, tornado, hurricane, cyclone, flood, or other catastrophe), by the owners thereof or by lessees of such real property under a lease expiring not less than six months after the maturity of the loan or advance of credit; and for the purpose of (ii) financing the purchase of a manufactured home to be used by the owner as his principal residence or financing the purchase of a lot on which to place such home and paying expenses reasonably necessary for the appropriate preparation of such lot, including the installation of utility connections, sanitary facilities, and paving, and the construction of a suitable pad, or financing only the acquisition of such a lot either with or without such preparation by an owner of a manufactured home; and for the purpose of financing the preservation of historic structures, and, as used in this section, the term "historic structures" means residential structures which are registered in the National Register of Historic Places or which are certified by the Secretary of the Interior to conform to National Register criteria; and the term "preservation" means restoration or rehabilitation undertaken for such purposes as are approved by the Secretary in regulations issued by him, after consulting with the Secretary of the Interior. Other than in connection with a manufactured home or a lot on which to place such a home (or both), in no case shall the insurance granted by the Secretary under this section to any such financial institution on loans, advances of credit, and purchases made by such financial institution for such purposes exceed 10 per centum of the total amount of such loans, advances of credit, and purchases. With respect to any loan, advance of credit, or purchase, the amount of any claim for loss on any such individual loan, advance of credit or purchase paid by the Secretary under the provisions of this section to a lending institution shall not exceed 90 per centum of such loss.

After August 2, 1954, (i) the Secretary shall not enter into contracts for insurance pursuant to this section except with lending institutions which are subject to the inspection and supervision of a governmental agency required by law to make periodic examinations of their books and accounts, and which the Secretary finds to be qualified by experience or facilities to make and service such loans, advances or purchases, and with such other lending institutions which the Secretary approves as eligible for insurance pursuant to this section on the basis of their credit and their experience or facilities to make and service such loans, advances or purchases; (ii) only such items as substantially protect or improve the basic livability or utility of properties shall be eligible for financing under this section, and therefore the Secretary shall from time to time declare ineligible for financing under this section any item, product, alteration, repair, improvement, or class thereof which he determines would not substantially protect or improve the basic livability or utility of such properties, and he may also declare ineligible for financing under this section any item which he determines is especially subject to selling abuses; and (iii) the Secretary is authorized and directed, by such regulations or procedures as he shall deem advisable, to prevent the use of any financial assistance under this section (1) with respect to new residential structures (other than manufactured homes) that have not been completed and occupied for at least six months, or (2) which would, through multiple loans, result in an outstanding aggregate loan balance with respect to the same structure exceeding the dollar amount limitation prescribed in this subsection for the type of loan involved: Provided, That this clause (iii) may in the discretion of the Secretary be waived with respect to the period of occupancy or completion of any such new residential structures. The Secretary is hereby authorized and directed, with respect to manufactured homes to be financed under this section, to (i) prescribe minimum property standards to assure the livability and durability of the manufactured home and the suitability of the site on which the manufactured home is to be located; and (ii) obtain assurances from the borrower that the manufactured home will be placed on a site which complies with the standards prescribed by the Secretary and with local zoning and other applicable local requirements.

The insurance authority provided under this section may be made available with respect to any existing manufactured home that has not been insured under this section if such home was constructed in accordance with the standards issued under the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974 [42 U.S.C. 5401 et seq.] and it meets standards similar to the minimum property standards applicable to existing homes insured under subchapter II.

Alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with existing structures may include the provision of fire safety equipment, energy conserving improvements, or the installation of solar energy systems. Alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with existing structures may also include the evaluation and reduction of lead-based paint hazards. As used in this section—

(1) the term "fire safety equipment" means any device or facility which is designed to reduce the risk of personal injury or property damage resulting from fire and is in conformity with such criteria and standards as shall be prescribed by the Secretary;

(2) the term "energy conserving improvements" means the purchase and installation of weatherization materials as defined in section 6862(9) of title 42; and 1

(3) the term "solar energy system" means any addition, alteration, or improvement to an existing or new structure which is designed to utilize wind energy or solar energy either of the active type based on mechanically forced energy transfer or of the passive type based on convective, conductive, or radiant energy transfer or some combination of these types to reduce the energy requirements of that structure from other energy sources, and which is in conformity with such criteria and standards as shall be prescribed by the Secretary in consultation with the Secretary of Energy.2

(4) the terms "evaluation", "reduction", and "lead-based paint hazard" have the same meanings given those terms in section 4851b of title 42.

(b) Conditions for denial of insurance

(1) Except as provided in the last sentence of this paragraph, no insurance shall be granted under this section to any such financial institution with respect to any obligation representing any such loan, advance of credit, or purchase by it if the amount of such loan, advance of credit, or purchase exceeds—

(A)(i) $25,000 if made for the purpose of financing alterations, repairs and improvements upon or in connection with existing single-family structures; and

(ii) $25,090 if made for the purpose of financing alterations, repairs and improvements upon or in connection with existing manufactured homes;

(B) $60,000 or an average amount of $12,000 per family unit if made for the purpose of financing the alteration, repair, improvement, or conversion of an existing structure used or to be used as an apartment house or a dwelling for two or more families;

(C) $69,678 if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home;

(D) $92,904 if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home and a suitably developed lot on which to place the home; and 1

(E) $23,226 if made for the purpose of financing the purchase, by an owner of a manufactured home which is the principal residence of that owner, of a suitably developed lot on which to place that manufactured home, and if the owner certifies that he or she will place the manufactured home on the lot acquired with such loan within 6 months after the date of such loan.3

(F) $15,000 per family unit if made for the purpose of financing the preservation of an historic structure; and

(G) such principal amount as the Secretary may prescribe if made for the purpose of financing fire safety equipment for a nursing home, extended health care facility, intermediate health care facility, or other comparable health care facility.

The Secretary shall, by regulation, annually increase the dollar amount limitations in subparagraphs (A)(ii), (C), (D), and (E) (as such limitations may have been previously adjusted under this sentence) in accordance with the index established pursuant to paragraph (9).

(2) Because of prevailing higher costs, the Secretary may, by regulation, in Alaska, Guam, or Hawaii, increase any dollar amount limitation on manufactured homes or manufactured home lot loans contained in this subsection by not to exceed 40 per centum. In other areas, the maximum dollar amounts specified in subsections (b)(1)(D) and (b)(1)(E) may be increased on an area-by-area basis to the extent the Secretary deems necessary, but in no case may such limits, as so increased, exceed the lesser of (A) 185 percent of the dollar amount specified, or (B) the dollar amount specified as increased by the same percentage by which 95 percent of the median one-family house price in the area (as determined by the Secretary) exceeds $67,500.

(3) No insurance shall be granted under this section to any such financial institution with respect to any obligation representing any such loan, advance of credit, or purchase by it if the term to maturity of such loan, advance of credit or purchase exceeds—

(A)(i) twenty years and thirty-two days if made for the purpose of financing alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with an existing single-family structure; and

(ii) fifteen years and thirty-two days if made for the purpose of financing alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with an existing manufactured home;

(B) twenty years and thirty-two days if made for the purpose of financing the alteration, repair, improvement or conversion of an existing structure used or to be used as an apartment house or a dwelling for two or more families;

(C) twenty years and thirty-two days (twenty-three years and thirty-two days in the case of a manufactured home composed of two or more modules) if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home;

(D) twenty years and thirty-two days (twenty-five years and thirty-two days in the case of a manufactured home composed of two or more modules) if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home and a suitably developed lot on which to place the home;

(E) twenty years and thirty-two days if made for the purpose of financing the purchase, by the owner of a manufactured home which is the principal residence of that owner, of a suitably developed lot on which to place that manufactured home;

(F) fifteen years and thirty-two days if made for the purpose of financing the preservation of an historic structure;

(G) such term to maturity as the Secretary may prescribe if made for the purpose of financing the construction of a new structure for use in whole or in part for agricultural purposes; and

(H) such term to maturity as the Secretary may prescribe if made for the purpose of financing fire safety equipment for a nursing home, extended health care facility, intermediate health care facility, or other comparable health care facility.

(4) For the purpose of this subsection—

(A) the term "developed lot" includes an interest in a condominium project (including any interest in the common areas) or a share in a cooperative association;

(B) a loan to finance the purchase of a manufactured home or a manufactured home and lot may also finance the purchase of a garage, patio, carport, or other comparable appurtenance; and

(C) a loan to finance the purchase of a manufactured home or a manufactured home and lot shall be secured by a first lien upon such home or home and lot, its furnishings, equipment, accessories, and appurtenances.

(5) No insurance shall be granted under this section to any such financial institution with respect to any obligation representing any such loan, advance of credit, or purchase by it unless the obligation has such maturity, bears such insurance premium charges, and contains such other terms, conditions, and restrictions as the Secretary shall prescribe, in order to make credit available for the purpose of this subchapter. Any such obligation with respect to which insurance is granted under this section shall bear interest at such rate as may be agreed upon by the borrower and the financial institution.

(6)(A) Any obligation with respect to which insurance is granted under this section may be refinanced and extended in accordance with such terms and conditions as the Secretary may prescribe, but in no event for an additional amount or term in excess of any applicable maximum provided for in this subsection.

(B) The owner of a manufactured home lot purchased without assistance under this section but otherwise meeting the requirements of this section may refinance such lot under this section in connection with the purchase of a manufactured home if the borrower certifies that the home and lot is or will be his or her principal residence within six months after the date of the loan.

(C) The owner-occupant of a manufactured home or a home and lot which was purchased without assistance under this section but which otherwise meets the requirements of this section may refinance such home or home and lot under this section if the home was constructed in accordance with standards established under section 604 of the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974 [42 U.S.C. 5403].

(7) With respect to the financing of alterations, repairs, and improvements to existing structures or the building of new structures as authorized under clause (i) of the first sentence of subsection (a), any loan broker (as defined by the Secretary) or any other party having a financial interest in the making of such a loan or advance of credit or in providing assistance to the borrower in preparing the loan application or otherwise assisting the borrower in obtaining the loan or advance of credit who knowingly (as defined in section 1735f–14(g) of this title) submits to any such financial institution or to the Secretary false information shall be subject to a civil money penalty in the amount and manner provided under section 1735f–14 of this title with respect to mortgagees and lenders under this chapter.

(8) Insurance benefits for manufactured housing loans.—Any contract of insurance with respect to loans, advances of credit, or purchases in connection with a manufactured home or a lot on which to place a manufactured home (or both) for a financial institution that is executed under this subchapter after July 30, 2008, by the Secretary shall be conclusive evidence of the eligibility of such financial institution for insurance, and the validity of any contract of insurance so executed shall be incontestable in the hands of the bearer from the date of the execution of such contract, except for fraud or misrepresentation on the part of such institution.

(9) Annual indexing of manufactured housing loans.—The Secretary shall develop a method of indexing in order to annually adjust the loan limits established in subparagraphs (A)(ii), (C), (D), and (E) of this subsection. Such index shall be based on the manufactured housing price data collected by the United States Census Bureau. The Secretary shall establish such index no later than 1 year after July 30, 2008.

(10) Financial soundness of manufactured housing program.—The Secretary shall establish such underwriting criteria for loans and advances of credit in connection with a manufactured home or a lot on which to place a manufactured home (or both), including such loans and advances represented by obligations purchased by financial institutions, as may be necessary to ensure that the program under this subchapter for insurance for financial institutions against losses from such loans, advances of credit, and purchases is financially sound.

(11) Leasehold requirements.—No insurance shall be granted under this section to any such financial institution with respect to any obligation representing any such loan, advance of credit, or purchase by it, made for the purposes of financing a manufactured home which is intended to be situated in a manufactured home community pursuant to a lease, unless such lease—

(A) expires not less than 3 years after the origination date of the obligation;

(B) is renewable upon the expiration of the original 3 year term by successive 1 year terms; and

(C) requires the lessor to provide the lessee written notice of termination of the lease not less than 180 days prior to the expiration of the current lease term in the event the lessee is required to move due to the closing of the manufactured home community, and further provides that failure to provide such notice to the mortgagor in a timely manner will cause the lease term, at its expiration, to automatically renew for an additional 1 year term.

(c) Handling and disposal of property

(1) Authority of Secretary

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Secretary may—

(A) deal with, complete, rent, renovate, modernize, insure, or assign or sell at public or private sale, or otherwise dispose of, for cash or credit in the Secretary's discretion, and upon such terms and conditions and for such consideration as the Secretary shall determine to be reasonable, any real or personal property conveyed to or otherwise acquired by the Secretary, in connection with the payment of insurance heretofore or hereafter granted under this subchapter, including any evidence of debt, contract, claim, personal property, or security assigned to or held by him in connection with the payment of insurance heretofore or hereafter granted under this section; and

(B) pursue to final collection, by way of compromise or otherwise, all claims assigned to or held by the Secretary and all legal or equitable rights accruing to the Secretary in connection with the payment of such insurance, including unpaid insurance premiums owed in connection with insurance made available by this subchapter.

(2) Advertisements for proposals

Section 6101 of title 41 shall not be construed to apply to any contract of hazard insurance or to any purchase or contract for services or supplies on account of such property if the amount thereof does not exceed $25,000.

(3) Delegation of authority

The power to convey and to execute in the name of the Secretary, deeds of conveyance, deeds of release, assignments and satisfactions of mortgages, and any other written instrument relating to real or personal property or any interest therein heretofore or hereafter acquired by the Secretary pursuant to the provisions of this subchapter may be exercised by an officer appointed by the Secretary without the execution of any express delegation of power or power of attorney. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to prevent the Secretary from delegating such power by order or by power of attorney, in the Secretary's discretion, to any officer or agent the Secretary may appoint.

(d) Authority to transfer insurance

The Secretary is authorized and empowered, under such regulations as he may prescribe, to transfer to any such approved financial institution any insurance in connection with any loans and advances of credit which may be sold to it by another approved financial institution.

(e) Authority to waive compliance with regulations

The Secretary is authorized to waive compliance with regulations heretofore or hereafter prescribed by him with respect to the interest and maturity of and the terms, conditions, and restrictions under which loans, advances of credit, and purchases may be insured under this section and section 1706a 4 of this title, if in his judgment the enforcement of such regulations would impose an injustice upon an insured institution which has substantially complied with such regulations in good faith and refunded or credited any excess charge made, and where such waiver does not involve an increase of the obligation of the Secretary beyond the obligation which would have been involved if the regulations had been fully complied with.

(f) Premium charges; manufactured home loans

(1) Premium charges

The Secretary shall fix a premium charge for the insurance hereafter granted under this section, but in the case of any obligation representing any loan, advance of credit, or purchase, such premium charge shall not exceed an amount equivalent to 1 per centum per annum of the net proceeds of such loan, advance of credit, or purchase, for the term of such obligation, and such premium charge shall be payable in advance by the financial institution and shall be paid at such time and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Secretary.

(2) Manufactured home loans

Notwithstanding paragraph (1), in the case of a loan, advance of credit, or purchase in connection with a manufactured home or a lot on which to place such a home (or both), the premium charge for the insurance granted under this section shall be paid by the borrower under the loan or advance of credit, as follows:

(A) At the time of the making of the loan, advance of credit, or purchase, a single premium payment in an amount not to exceed 2.25 percent of the amount of the original insured principal obligation.

(B) In addition to the premium under subparagraph (A), annual premium payments during the term of the loan, advance, or obligation purchased in an amount not exceeding 1.0 percent of the remaining insured principal balance (excluding the portion of the remaining balance attributable to the premium collected under subparagraph (A) and without taking into account delinquent payments or prepayments).

(C) Premium charges under this paragraph shall be established in amounts that are sufficient, but do not exceed the minimum amounts necessary, to maintain a negative credit subsidy for the program under this section for insurance of loans, advances of credit, or purchases in connection with a manufactured home or a lot on which to place such a home (or both), as determined based upon risk to the Federal Government under existing underwriting requirements.

(D) The Secretary may increase the limitations on premium payments to percentages above those set forth in subparagraphs (A) and (B), but only if necessary, and not in excess of the minimum increase necessary, to maintain a negative credit subsidy as described in subparagraph (C).

(g) Finality of payment for loss

Any payment for loss made to an approved financial institution under this section shall be final and incontestable after two years from the date the claim was certified for payment by the Secretary, in the absence of fraud or misrepresentation on the part of such institution, unless a demand for repurchase of the obligation shall have been made on behalf of the United States prior to the expiration of such two-year period.

(h) Authority to regulate

The Secretary is authorized and directed to make such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.

(i) "Manufactured home" defined

For purposes of this section, the term "manufactured home" includes any elder cottage housing opportunity unit that is small, freestanding, barrier-free, energy efficient, removable, and designed to be installed adjacent to an existing 1- to 4-family dwelling.

(June 27, 1934, ch. 847, title I, §2, 48 Stat. 1246; May 28, 1935, ch. 150, §28, 49 Stat. 299; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title III, §344(b), 49 Stat. 722; Apr. 3, 1936, ch. 165, §1, 49 Stat. 1187; Apr. 17, 1936, ch. 234, §4, 49 Stat. 1234; Apr. 22, 1937, ch. 121, §2, 50 Stat. 71; Feb. 3, 1938, ch. 13, §2, 52 Stat. 9; June 3, 1939, ch. 175, §§1, 2, 53 Stat. 804, 805; June 28, 1941, ch. 261, §§1–5, 55 Stat. 364, 365; May 26, 1942, ch. 319, §13, 56 Stat. 305; Mar. 23, 1943, ch. 21, §2, 57 Stat. 43; Oct. 15, 1943, ch. 259, §§3, 4, 57 Stat. 571; June 26, 1947, ch. 152, 61 Stat. 182; Aug. 10, 1948, ch. 832, title I, §101(s), 62 Stat. 1275; July 15, 1949, ch. 338, title II, §201(1), 63 Stat. 421; Aug. 30, 1949, ch. 524, 63 Stat. 681; Oct. 25, 1949, ch. 729, §1(1), 63 Stat. 905; Apr. 20, 1950, ch. 94, title I, §§101(a), 122, 64 Stat. 48, 59; Mar. 10, 1953, ch. 5, §1, 67 Stat. 4; Aug. 2, 1954, ch. 649, title I, §§101(a), 102, 68 Stat. 590; June 30, 1955, ch. 251, §1(1), 69 Stat. 225; Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 783, title I, §101, 69 Stat. 635; Feb. 10, 1956, ch. 33, 70 Stat. 11; Aug. 7, 1956, ch. 1029, title I, §101, 70 Stat. 1091; Pub. L. 85–104, title I, §105, July 12, 1957, 71 Stat. 297; Pub. L. 86–372, title I, §101, Sept. 23, 1959, 73 Stat. 654; Pub. L. 86–788, §2(a), Sept. 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 1028; Pub. L. 87–70, title VI, §604(a), June 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 177; Pub. L. 88–560, title I, §101, Sept. 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 769; Pub. L. 89–117, title II, §202(a), title XI, §1108(a), Aug. 10, 1965, 79 Stat. 465, 504; Pub. L. 90–19, §1(a)(3), (d), May 25, 1967, 81 Stat. 17, 18; Pub. L. 90–448, title III, §308, Aug. 1, 1968, 82 Stat. 509; Pub. L. 91–78, §2(a), Sept. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 125; Pub. L. 91–152, title I, §§101(a), 103(c), Dec. 24, 1969, 83 Stat. 379, 380; Pub. L. 91–432, §1(a), Oct. 2, 1970, 84 Stat. 886; Pub. L. 91–473, §1(a), Oct. 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 1064; Pub. L. 91–525, §1(a), Dec. 1, 1970, 84 Stat. 1384; Pub. L. 91–609, title I, §§101(a), 113, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1770, 1773; Pub. L. 92–503, §1(a), Oct. 18, 1972, 86 Stat. 906; Pub. L. 93–85, §1(a), Aug. 10, 1973, 87 Stat. 220; Pub. L. 93–117, §1(a), Oct. 2, 1973, 87 Stat. 421; Pub. L. 93–383, title III, §§309(a)–(d), 316(a), Aug. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 680, 681, 685; Pub. L. 93–449, §4(a), Oct. 18, 1974, 88 Stat. 1366; Pub. L. 94–173, §1, Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 1027; Pub. L. 95–60, §1(a), June 30, 1977, 91 Stat. 257; Pub. L. 95–80, §1(a), July 31, 1977, 91 Stat. 339; Pub. L. 95–128, title II, §§301(a), 306, Oct. 12, 1977, 91 Stat. 1131, 1134; Pub. L. 95–406, §1(a), Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 879; Pub. L. 95–557, title III, §§301(a), 320, Oct. 31, 1978, 92 Stat. 2095, 2101; Pub. L. 95–619, title II, §241, Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3228; Pub. L. 96–71, §1(a), Sept. 28, 1979, 93 Stat. 501; Pub. L. 96–105, §1(a), Nov. 8, 1979, 93 Stat. 794; Pub. L. 96–153, title III, §§301(a), 313(a), Dec. 21, 1979, 93 Stat. 1111, 1116; Pub. L. 96–372, §1(a), Oct. 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 1363; Pub. L. 96–399, title III, §§301(a), 308(a)–(c)(1), Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1638, 1640; Pub. L. 97–35, title III, §§331(a), 338(a), 339B(c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 412, 414, 417; Pub. L. 97–289, §1(a), Oct. 6, 1982, 96 Stat. 1230; Pub. L. 98–35, §1(a), May 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 197; Pub. L. 98–109, §1(a), Oct. 1, 1983, 97 Stat. 745; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §§401(a), 404(b)(1), 415–417], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1207, 1208, 1212; Pub. L. 99–120, §1(a), Oct. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 502; Pub. L. 99–156, §1(a), Nov. 15, 1985, 99 Stat. 815; Pub. L. 99–219, §1(a), Dec. 26, 1985, 99 Stat. 1730; Pub. L. 99–267, §1(a), Mar. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 73; Pub. L. 99–272, title III, §3007(a), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 104; Pub. L. 99–289, §1(b), May 2, 1986, 100 Stat. 412; Pub. L. 99–345, §1, June 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 673; Pub. L. 99–430, Sept. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 986; Pub. L. 100–122, §1, Sept. 30, 1987, 101 Stat. 793; Pub. L. 100–154, Nov. 5, 1987, 101 Stat. 890; Pub. L. 100–170, Nov. 17, 1987, 101 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 100–179, Dec. 3, 1987, 101 Stat. 1018; Pub. L. 100–200, Dec. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 1327; Pub. L. 100–242, title IV, §401(b), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1898; Pub. L. 101–235, title I, §134(a), Dec. 15, 1989, 103 Stat. 2027; Pub. L. 101–625, title III, §340(b)(1), (c), title VIII, §806(a), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4147, 4323; Pub. L. 102–389, title II, Oct. 6, 1992, 106 Stat. 1592, 1593; Pub. L. 102–550, title V, §503(c)(1), title X, §1012(k)(1), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3779, 3906; Pub. L. 106–569, title IX, §901, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3026; Pub. L. 110–289, div. B, title I, §§2143, 2144(a), 2145–2148(a), 2150, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2844–2848.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (a), is title VI of Pub. L. 93–383, Aug. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 700, which is classified generally to chapter 70 (§5401 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5401 of Title 42 and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b)(7), was in the original "this Act", meaning act June 27, 1934, ch. 847, 48 Stat. 1246, which is classified principally to this chapter (§1701 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Section 1706a of this title, referred to in subsec. (e), was repealed by act June 3, 1939, ch. 175, §3, 53 Stat. 805, eff. July 1, 1939.

Codification

In subsec. (c)(2), "Section 6101 of title 41" substituted for "Section 3709 of the Revised Statutes" on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, §6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–289, §2147(a), in first undesignated par., struck out "on and after July 1, 1939," after "made by them" and after "institution for such purposes" and struck out "made after August 2, 1954" after "credit, or purchase".

Pub. L. 110–289, §2143, in first undesignated par., substituted "Other than in connection with a manufactured home or a lot on which to place such a home (or both), in no case" for "In no case" and ". With" for ": Provided, That with".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 110–289, §2145(c), substituted "Except as provided in the last sentence of this paragraph, no" for "No" in introductory provisions and inserted concluding provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 110–289, §2145(a)(1), substituted "$25,090" for "$17,500".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 110–289, §2145(a)(2)–(5), realigned margins and substituted "$69,678" for "$48,600" in subpar. (C), "$92,904" for "$64,800" in subpar. (D), and "$23,226" for "$16,200" in subpar. (E).

Subsec. (b)(8). Pub. L. 110–289, §2144(a), added par. (8).

Subsec. (b)(9). Pub. L. 110–289, §2145(b), added par. (9).

Subsec. (b)(10). Pub. L. 110–289, §2148(a), added par. (10).

Subsec. (b)(11). Pub. L. 110–289, §2150, added par. (11).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–289, §2147(b), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) related to the Secretary's powers with respect to any debt, contract, claim, personal property, or security assigned or held in connection with the payment of insurance.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–289, §2146, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

2000—Subsec. (b)(3)(E). Pub. L. 106–569 substituted "twenty years" for "fifteen years".

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–550, §1012(k)(1), which directed amendment of fifth undesignated par. by inserting "Alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with existing structures may also include the evaluation and reduction of lead-based paint hazards.", and by adding par. (4), was executed to fourth undesignated par. to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (b)(1)(C) to (E). Pub. L. 102–550, §503(c)(1), added subpars. (C) to (E) and struck out former subpars. (C) to (E) which read as follows:

"(C) 70 percent of the median 1-family house price in the area, as determined by the Secretary under section 1709(b)(2) of this title, if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home;

"(D) 80 percent of the median 1-family house price in the area, as determined by the Secretary under section 1709(b)(2) of this title, if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home and a suitably developed lot on which to place the home;

"(E) the greater of (i) 20 percent of the median 1-family house price in the area, as determined by the Secretary under section 1709(b)(2) of this title, or (ii) $13,500, if made for the purpose of financing the purchase, by an owner of a manufactured home which is the principal residence of the owner, of a suitably developed lot on which to place that manufactured home, and if the owner certifies that the owner will place the manufactured home on the lot acquired with such loan within 6 months after the date of such loan;".

Pub. L. 102–389 added subpars. (C) to (E) and struck out former subpars. (C) to (E) which read as follows:

"(C) $40,500 if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home;

"(D) $54,000 if made for the purpose of financing the purchase of a manufactured home and a suitably developed lot on which to place the home;

"(E) $13,500, if made for the purpose of financing the purchase, by an owner of a manufactured home which is the principal residence of that owner, of a suitably developed lot on which to place that manufactured home, and if the owner certifies that he or she will place the manufactured home on the lot acquired with such loan within six months after the date of such loan;".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 102–389 substituted "but in no case may such limits, as so increased, exceed the lesser of (A) 185 percent of the dollar amount specified, or (B) the dollar amount specified as increased by the same percentage by which 95 percent of the median one-family house price in the area (as determined by the Secretary) exceeds $67,500" for "but not to exceed the percentage by which the maximum mortgage amount of a one-family residence in the area is increased by the Secretary under section 1709(b)(2) of this title".

1990—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 101–625, §340(b)(1)(A), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "$17,500 ($20,000 where financing the installation of a solar energy system is involved) if made for the purpose of financing alterations, repairs and improvements upon or in connection with existing single-family structures or manufactured homes;".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 101–625, §340(b)(1)(B), substituted "$60,000 or an average amount of $12,000 per family unit" for "$43,750 or an average amount of $8,750 per family unit ($50,000 and $10,000, respectively, where financing the installation of a solar energy system is involved)".

Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 101–625, §340(c)(1), added subpar. (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "fifteen years and thirty-two days if made for the purpose of financing alterations, repairs, and improvements upon or in connection with an existing single-family structure or manufactured home;".

Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 101–625, §340(c)(2), substituted "twenty years" for "fifteen years".

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 101–625, §806(a), added subsec. (i).

1989—Subsec. (b)(7). Pub. L. 101–235 added par. (7).

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–242 struck out "and not later than March 15, 1988," after "made by them on or after July 1, 1939,".

1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–200 substituted "March 15, 1988" for "December 16, 1987".

Pub. L. 100–179 substituted "December 16, 1987" for "December 2, 1987".

Pub. L. 100–170 substituted "December 2, 1987" for "November 15, 1987".

Pub. L. 100–154 substituted "November 15, 1987" for "October 31, 1987".

Pub. L. 100–122 substituted "October 31, 1987" for "September 30, 1987".

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–430 substituted "September 30, 1987" for "September 30, 1986".

Pub. L. 99–345 substituted "September 30, 1986" for "June 6, 1986".

Pub. L. 99–289 substituted "June 6, 1986" for "April 30, 1986".

Pub. L. 99–272 made amendment identical to Pub. L. 99–219. See 1985 Amendment note below.

Pub. L. 99–267 substituted "April 30, 1986" for "March 17, 1986".

1985—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–219 substituted "not later than March 17, 1986" for "prior to December 16, 1985".

Pub. L. 99–156 substituted "December 16, 1985" for "November 15, 1985".

Pub. L. 99–120 substituted "November 15, 1985" for "October 1, 1985".

1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–181, §415, inserted new undesignated par. authorizing insurance be made available to existing manufactured homes not insured under this section if such homes were constructed in accordance with the standards issued under the National Manufactured Housing Construction and Safety Standards Act of 1974 and meet standards similar to the minimum property standards applicable to existing homes issued under subchapter II of this chapter.

Pub. L. 98–181, §401(a), substituted "October 1, 1985" for "December 1, 1983".

Pub. L. 98–109 substituted "December 1, 1983" for "October 1, 1983".

Pub. L. 98–35 substituted "October 1, 1983" for "May 21, 1983".

Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 98–181, §416(a)(1), substituted "$40,500" for "$22,500 ($35,000 in the case of a manufactured home composed of two or more modules)".

Subsec. (b)(1)(D). Pub. L. 98–181, §416(a)(2), substituted "$54,000" for "$35,000 ($47,500 in the case of a manufactured home composed of two or more modules)".

Subsec. (b)(1)(E). Pub. L. 98–181, §416(a)(3), substituted "$13,500" for "such an amount as may be necessary, but not exceeding $12,500,".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–181, §416(b), substituted provision authorizing the Secretary, in other areas, to increase the maximum dollar amounts specified in subsec. (b)(1)(D) and (E) on an area-by-area basis as deemed necessary, but not to exceed the percentage by which the maximum mortgage amount of a one-family residence in the area is increased by the Secretary under section 1709(b)(2) of this title for provision which authorized the Secretary, by regulation, in other areas where needed to meet the higher costs of land acquisition, etc., in connection with the purchase of a manufactured home or lot, to increase any dollar amount limitation otherwise applicable by an additional $7,500.

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 98–181, §404(b)(1), amended par. (5) generally, substituting provision that any obligation with respect to which insurance is granted under this section bear interest at such rate as agreed upon by the borrower and the financial institution for provision that any such obligation bear interest and insurance premium charges as do not exceed an amount determined by a specified formula.

Subsec. (b)(6)(C). Pub. L. 98–181, §417, added subpar. (C).

1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–289 substituted "May 21, 1983" for "October 1, 1982".

1981—Pub. L. 97–35, §339B(c), provided that for purposes of section 308(c)(1) of Pub. L. 96–399, the terms "mobile home" and "manufactured home" shall be deemed to include the terms "mobile homes" and "manufactured homes", respectively. See 1980 Amendment notes below.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–35, §331(a), substituted "1982" for "1981".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–35, §338(a), completely revised and reorganized provisions respecting computations, adjustments, applicability, etc., for granting of insurance to financial institutions for obligations representing loans, advances of credit, or purchases.

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–399, §308(c)(1), which directed substitution of "manufactured home" for "mobile home" wherever appearing, was executed by substituting "manufactured home" for "mobile home" and "manufactured homes" for "mobile homes" wherever appearing pursuant to Pub. L. 97–35, §339B(c). See 1981 Amendment note above.

Pub. L. 96–399, §301(a), substituted "October 1, 1981" for "October 16, 1980".

Pub. L. 96–372 substituted "October 16, 1980" for "October 1, 1980".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–399, §308(c)(1), which directed substitution of "manufactured home" for "mobile home" wherever appearing, was executed by substituting "manufactured home" for "mobile home" and "manufactured homes" for "mobile homes" wherever appearing pursuant to Pub. L. 97–35, §339B(c). See 1981 Amendment note above.

Pub. L. 96–399, §308(a), (b), inserted provisions respecting areas of high land costs or high set-up costs and increased amounts with respect to financing purchases of such homes from $18,000 to $20,000 (from $27,000 to $30,000 where there are two or more modules), where an undeveloped lot is concerned from $24,000 to $26,675 (from $33,000 to $36,675 where there are two or more modules), where a suitably developed lot is concerned from $27,500 to $30,550 (from $36,500 to $40,550 where there are two or more modules), and where a principal place of residence of the owner is concerned from $6,250 to $6,950 and $9,375 to $10,425, respectively, for undeveloped and developed lots.

1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–153, §301(a), substituted "October 1, 1980" for "December 1, 1979".

Pub. L. 96–105 substituted "December 1, 1979" for "November 1, 1979".

Pub. L. 96–71 substituted "November 1, 1979" for "October 1, 1979".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–153, §313(a), substituted: in cl. (1) of first sentence of first unlettered paragraph "$18,000 ($27,000 in the case of a mobile home containing" for "$16,000 ($24,000 in the case of a mobile home composing", in subpar. (A) of second unlettered paragraph "such an amount not exceeding $24,000 ($33,000 in the case of a mobile home composed of two or more modules)" for "an amount not exceeding (i) the maximum amount under clause (1) of the first paragraph of this subsection, and (ii) such amount not to exceed $5,000 as may be necessary to cover the cost of purchasing the lot", in subpar. (B) of second unlettered paragraph "twenty years and thirty-two days (twenty-five" for "fifteen years and thirty-two days (twenty-three", in subpar. (A) of third unlettered paragraph "such an amount not exceeding $27,500 ($36,500 in the case of a mobile home composed of two or more modules)" for "an amount not exceeding (i) the maximum amount under clause (1) of the first paragraph of this subsection, and (ii) such amount not to exceed $7,500 as may be necessary to cover the cost of purchasing the lot", in subpar. (B) of such unlettered paragraph "twenty years and thirty-two days (twenty-five" for "fifteen years and thirty-two days (twenty-three", in subpar. (A) of the fourth unlettered paragraph "$6,250 in the case of an undeveloped lot, or (ii) $9,375" for "$5,000 in the case of an undeveloped lot, or (ii) $7,500", and in subpar. (B) of such paragraph "fifteen years and thirty-two days" for "ten years and thirty-two days".

1978—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–557, §301(a), substituted "October 1, 1979" for "November 1, 1978".

Pub. L. 95–406 substituted "November 1, 1978" for "October 1, 1978".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 95–619 defined "energy conserving improvements" in terms of purchase and installation of weatherization materials as defined in section 6862(9) of title 42 rather than additions, alterations, or improvements of an existing or new structure, designed to reduce the total energy requirements of a structure in conformity with standards prescribed by the Secretary.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–619 expanded definition of "solar energy system" to include the utilization of wind energy and added the distinction between active and passive types of energy systems.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–557, §320, substituted "not in excess of $37,500 nor an average amount of $7,500 per family unit and having a maturity not in excess of fifteen years" for "not in excess of $25,000 nor an average amount of $5,000 per family unit and having a maturity not in excess of twelve years".

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–128, §301(a), substituted "October 1, 1978" for "October 1, 1977".

Pub. L. 95–80 substituted "October 1, 1977" for "August 1, 1977".

Pub. L. 95–60 substituted "August 1, 1977" for "June 30, 1977".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–128, §306, substituted: in cl. (1) of first sentence "$15,000" for "$10,000" and "$16,000 ($24,000" for "$12,500 ($20,000", and in cl. (2) "fifteen years" for "twelve years"; inserted at end of proviso in cl. (2) "(twenty-three years and thirty-two days in the case of a mobile home composed of two or more modules)"; substituted in subpar. (B) of the second and third paragraphs "twenty-three years" for "twenty years"; and inserted paragraph at end of subsec. (b) which authorized the Secretary to increase by regulation any dollar amount limitation on mobile homes or mobile home lot loans contained in this subsection by not to exceed 40 per centum.

1975—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–173 substituted "$12,500 ($20,000" for "$10,000 ($15,000" in cl. 1.

1974—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–449, §4(a)(1), inserted provisions relating to financing preservation of historic structures and defining "historic structures" and "preservation".

Pub. L. 93–383, §§309(b)(1), (2), (c), 316(a), substituted "June 30, 1977" for "October 1, 1974" in provisions preceding initially designated cl. (i), inserted "or mobile homes" after "in connection with existing structures" in initial cl. (i), provisions relating to the financing of the purchase of a lot on which a mobile home is to be placed and payment of reasonable expenses for the appropriate preparation of such lot, and paragraph relating to alteration, repair, and improvement upon or in connection with existing structures with respect to inclusion of fire safety equipment, etc.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–449, §4(a)(2), added par. relating to loans financing preservation of historic structures.

Pub. L. 93–383, §309(a), (b)(3), (d), in cl. (1) substituted "exceeds $10,000" for "exceeds $5,000", in cl. (2) substituted provisions relating to maturity of obligation in excess of twelve years and thirty-two days for provisions relating to maturity of obligation in excess of three years and thirty-two days and authorization of increase to seven years and thirty-two days under conditions determined by the Secretary and substituted "fifteen years and thirty-two days" for "twelve years and thirty-two days (fifteen years and thirty-two days in the case of a mobile home composed of two or more modules)", in cl. (3) substituted "$25,000" for "$15,000", "$5,000" for "$2,500", and "twelve years" for "seven years", inserted provision relating to loans to finance fire safety equipment for a nursing home, etc., and inserted paragraphs relating to financing the purchase of a mobile home and an undeveloped lot on which the mobile home is to be placed, financing the purchase of a mobile home and a suitably developed lot on which the mobile home is to be placed, and financing the purchase by the owner of a mobile home of a lot on which the mobile home is to be placed.

1973—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 93–117 substituted "October 1, 1974" for "October 1, 1973".

Pub. L. 93–85 substituted "October 1, 1973" for "June 30, 1973".

1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–503 substituted "June 30, 1973" for "October 1, 1972".

1970—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–609, §101(a), substituted "October 1, 1972" for "January 1, 1971".

Pub. L. 91–525 substituted "January 1, 1971" for "December 1, 1970".

Pub. L. 91–473 substituted "December 1, 1970" for "November 1, 1970".

Pub. L. 91–432 substituted "November 1, 1970" for "October 1, 1970".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–609, §113(1), (2), in cl. (1) prohibited insurance with respect to obligations representing a loan where loan exceeds "($15,000 in the case of a mobile home composed of two or more modules)", and in cl. (2) prescribed maturity date for obligation financing purchase of a mobile home of "(fifteen years and thirty-two days in the case of a mobile home composed of two or more modules)".

1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–152, §§101(a), 103(c)(1)(4), substituted "October 1, 1970" for "January 1, 1970", designated as "(i)" provisions authorizing and empowering the Secretary to insure institutions financing alterations, repairs, and improvements, etc., inserted provisions designated as "(ii)" dealing with institutions which finance the purchase of mobile homes used by the owner as his principal residence, inserted "(other than mobile homes)" after "(1) with respect to new residential structures", and inserted provisions authorizing and directing the Secretary to prescribe minimum property standards and conformance to local zoning requirements with respect to mobile homes financed by insured institutions.

Pub. L. 91–78 substituted "January 1, 1970" for "October 1, 1969".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–152, §103(c)(5), (6), in cl. (1) inserted provision excepting obligations financing the purchase of mobile homes in an amount not exceeding $10,000, and in cl. (2) inserted proviso limiting obligations financing the purchase of mobile homes to a maturity date not in excess of twelve years and thirty-two days.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 91–152, §103(c)(7), substituted "real or personal property" for "real property" wherever appearing.

1968—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 90–448 substituted "$5,000" for "$3,500", "seven years" for "five years", "$5.50 discount" for "$5 discount", and "$4.50 discount" for "$4 discount".

1967—Pub. L. 90–19, §1(a)(3), substituted "Secretary" for "Commissioner" wherever appearing in subsecs. (a), (b), (c)(1), (2), and (d) to (h).

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 90–19, §1(d), substituted "an officer" for "the Commissioner or by any Assistant Commissioner".

1965—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–117, §202(a), substituted "October 1, 1969" for "October 1, 1965".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 89–117, §1108(a), struck out provisions directing the deposit of premium charges and fees and property held with respect to insurance into a United States Treasury account to be used to defray Federal Housing Administration expenses and to pay insurance claims and making allowance for transfer and merger of funds and disposition of surplus funds.

1964—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 88–560 struck out "after December 31, 1957," after "Any payment for loss made".

1961—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 87–70 substituted "October 1, 1965" for "October 1, 1961".

1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–788 substituted "October 1, 1961" for "October 1, 1960", and struck out provisions limiting the aggregate amount of all loans, advances of credit, and obligations purchased, with respect to which insurance could be granted under the section, at $1,750,000,000.

1959—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–372 substituted "October 1, 1960" for "September 30, 1959".

1957—Subsecs. (g), (h). Pub. L. 85–104 added subsec. (g) and redesignated former subsec. (g) as (h).

1956—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 7, 1956, §101(a), substituted "September 30, 1959" for "September 30, 1956" and proviso of second par. authorizing waiver of clause (iii) in discretion of Commissioner with respect to occupancy of completion of new residential structures, for former proviso providing that the clause (iii) occupancy requirement should not be mandatory with respect to new residences damaged by a major disaster.

Act Feb. 10, 1956, removed the six months' occupancy requirement with respect to new residences damaged by a major disaster.

Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 7, 1956, §101(b), (c), increased amount of loans which can be insured to $3,500 in lieu of former provisions providing $2,500 for improvement of existing structures and $3,000 for construction of new structures, increased maximum term of loans which can be insured from 3 years and thirty-two days to 5 years and thirty-two days, inserted proviso limiting interest and premium charges equivalent to $5 discount per $100 for proceeds of loan up to $2,500 and $4 discount per $100 for proceeds in excess of $2,500, and substituted "$15,000 nor an average amount of $2,500 per family unit" for "$10,000".

1955—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 11, 1955, substituted "September 30, 1956" for "August 1, 1955".

Act June 30, 1955, substituted "August 1, 1955" for "July 1, 1955".

1954—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 2, 1954, §101(a), in second sentence, inserted proviso restricting claims for losses on individual loans, advances of credit, and purchases to 90 per centum of loss in each such case, and added second par.

Subsec. (f). Act Aug. 2, 1954, §102, inserted last two sentences with respect to termination of the Title I Claims Account as of August 1, 1954.

1953—Subsec. (a). Act Mar. 10, 1953, increased the Subchapter I loan insurance authorization from $1,250,000,000 to $1,750,000,000.

1950—Act Apr. 20, 1950, §122, substituted "Commissioner" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Act Apr. 20, 1950, §101(a)(1), (2), substituted "July 1, 1955" for "Mar. 1, 1950", and limited the total amount of outstanding loans with respect to which insurance is granted under this section to $1,250,000,000 outstanding at any one time.

Subsec. (b)(1). Act Apr. 20, 1950, §101(a)(3), substituted "$3,000" for "$4,500".

Subsec. (b)(2). Act Apr. 20, 1950, §101(a)(4), struck out "residential or" before "agricultural purposes".

Subsec. (f). Act Apr. 20, 1950, §101(a)(5), substituted "section" for "subchapter" wherever appearing.

1949—Subsec. (a). Joint Res. Oct. 25, 1949, substituted "March 1, 1950" for "November 1, 1949" in first sentence and "$225,000,000" for "$200,000,000" in last sentence.

Act Aug. 30, 1949, substituted "November 1, 1949" for "September 1, 1949".

Act July 15, 1949, substituted "September 1, 1949" for "July 1, 1949".

1948—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 10, 1948, §101(s)(1), substituted "$200,000,000" for "$165,000,000".

Subsec. (b). Act Aug. 10, 1948, §101(s)(2)–(4), substituted "$4,500" for "$3,000", struck out first proviso and inserted in lieu a new proviso, and struck out last sentence.

1947—Subsec. (a). Act June 26, 1947, extended provisions of section for two years from 1947 to 1949.

1943—Subsec. (a). Act Oct. 15, 1943, substituted "1947" for "1944" in first sentence.

Act Mar. 23, 1943, substituted "1944" for "1943" in first sentence.

Subsec. (f). Act Oct. 15, 1943, §4, struck out "three-fourths of" before "1 per centum" in first sentence.

1942—Subsec. (b). Act May 26, 1942, amended provisions generally.

1941—Subsec. (a). Act June 28, 1941, §§1, 2, substituted "July 1, 1943" for "July 1, 1941" in first sentence; inserted "and other sources" after "premiums"; and substituted "$165,000,000" for "$100,000,000".

Subsec. (b). Act June 28, 1941, §3, substituted "made for the purpose of financing the alteration, repair, or improvement of existing structures exceeds $2,500 (or in the case of the alteration, repair, or improvement of an existing dwelling designed or to be designed for more than one family, exceeds $5,000), or for the purpose of financing the construction of new structures exceeds $3,000" for "exceeds $2,500"; substituted in cl. (2) "where the loan, advance of credit, or purchase does not exceed $2,500, or has a maturity in excess of five years and thirty-two days, where the loan, advance of credit, or purchase exceeds $2,500 but does not exceed $5,000; except that such maturity limitations shall not apply if" for "unless"; and inserted proviso at end.

Subsec. (c). Act June 28, 1941, §4, designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted "personal" before "property", and added par. (2).

Subsec. (f). Act June 28, 1941, §5, inserted "and all moneys collected by the Administrator as fees of any kind in connection with the granting of insurance as provided in this section, and all moneys derived from the sale, collection, disposition, or compromise of any evidence of debt, contract, claim, property, or security assigned to or held by the Administrator as provided in subsection (c) of this section with respect to insurance collected on and after July 1, 1939" in last sentence.

1939—Subsecs. (a), (b). Act June 3, 1939, §1, amended provisions generally.

Subsecs. (f), (g). Act June 3, 1939, §2, added subsecs. (f) and (g).

1938—Subsecs. (a), (b). Act Feb. 3, 1938, amended provisions generally.

1937—Subsec. (a). Act Apr. 22, 1937, in third sentence, limited the total liability for all insurance under this section and former section 1026a of this title, not to exceed in the aggregate $100,000,000.

1936—Subsecs. (a) to (d). Act Apr. 3, 1936, amended provisions generally.

Subsec. (e). Act Apr. 17, 1936, added subsec. (e).

1935—Subsec. (a). Act Aug. 23, 1935, substituted "and the purchase and installation of equipment and machinery on real property" for "including the installation of equipment and machinery" in first sentence.

Act May 28, 1935, substituted "April" for "January" in first sentence and inserted "including the installation of equipment and machinery", and amended generally the last sentence.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–289, div. B, title I, §2144(b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2844, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall only apply to loans that are registered or endorsed for insurance after the date of the enactment of this title [July 30, 2008]."

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–625, title III, §340(b)(2), Nov. 28, 1990, 104 Stat. 4147, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to loans executed on or after June 1, 1991."

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–235, title I, §134(b), Dec. 15, 1989, 103 Stat. 2028, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply only with respect to—

"(1) violations referred to in the amendment that occur on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 15, 1989]; and

"(2) in the case of a continuing violation (as determined by the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development), any portion of a violation referred to in the amendment that occurs on or after such date."

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–35 effective Oct. 1, 1981, see section 371 of Pub. L. 97–35, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3701 of this title.

Effective Date of 1954 Amendment

Act Aug. 2, 1954, ch. 649, title I, §101(b), 68 Stat. 590, provided that, as used in the amendments made by such act (see 1954 Amendments note above), the words "effective date of the Housing Act of 1954 [Act Aug. 2, 1954]" mean the first day after the first full calendar month following the date of approval of such act (Aug. 2, 1954).

Effective Date of 1950 Amendment

Act Apr. 20, 1950, ch. 94, title I, §101(b), 64 Stat. 48, provided that "This section [amending this section] shall take effect as of March 1, 1950."

Effective Date of 1949 Amendment

Act July 15, 1949, ch. 338, title II, §202, 63 Stat. 421, provided that: "This title [amending this section and sections 1709 and 1738 of this title] shall take effect as of June 30, 1949."

Effective Date of 1939 Amendment

Act June 3, 1939, ch. 175, §4, 53 Stat. 805, provided that: "The provisions of sections 1, 2, and 3 of this Act [amending this section and repealing section 1706a of this title] shall take effect on July 1, 1939."

Effective Date of 1936 Amendment

Act Apr. 3, 1936, ch. 165, §1, 49 Stat. 1187, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective Apr. 1, 1936.

Inconsistent Laws

Act Aug. 2, 1954, ch. 649, title VIII, §818, 68 Stat. 648, provided that: "Insofar as the provisions of any other law are inconsistent with the provisions of this Act [see 1954 Short Title note set out under section 1701 of this title], the provisions of this Act shall be controlling."

Powers and Authorities of Act August 2, 1954 as Cumulative; Separability

Act Aug. 2, 1954, ch. 649, title VIII, §819, 68 Stat. 648, provided that: "Except as may be otherwise expressly provided in this Act [see Short Title of 1954 Amendments note set out under section 1701 of this title], all powers and authorities conferred by this Act shall be cumulative and additional to and not in derogation of any powers and authorities otherwise existing. Notwithstanding any other evidences of the intention of Congress, it is hereby declared to be the controlling intent of Congress that if any provisions of this Act, or the application thereof to any persons or circumstances, shall be adjudged by any court of competent jurisdiction to be invalid, such judgment shall not affect, impair, or invalidate the remainder of this Act or its application to other persons and circumstances."

Purposes

Pub. L. 110–289, div. B, title I, §2142, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2844, provided that: "The purposes of this subtitle [subtitle B (§§2141–2150) of title I of div. B of Pub. L. 110–289, see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 1701 of this title] are—

"(1) to provide adequate funding for FHA-insured manufactured housing loans for low- and moderate-income homebuyers during all economic cycles in the manufactured housing industry;

"(2) to modernize the FHA title I insurance program for manufactured housing loans to enhance participation by Ginnie Mae and the private lending markets; and

"(3) to adjust the low loan limits for title I manufactured home loan insurance to reflect the increase in costs since such limits were last increased in 1992 and to index the limits to inflation."

Timing

Pub. L. 110–289, div. B, title I, §2148(b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2847, provided that: "Not later than the expiration of the 6-month period beginning on the date of the enactment of this title [July 30, 2008], the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall revise the existing underwriting criteria for the program referred to in paragraph (10) of section 2(b) of the National Housing Act [12 U.S.C. 1703(b)(10)] (as added by subsection (a) of this section) in accordance with the requirements of such paragraph."

"Mobile Home" and "Manufactured Home" To Include "Mobile Homes" and "Manufactured Homes"

Pub. L. 97–35, title III, §339B(c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 417, provided that: "For purposes of paragraphs (1) and (4) of section 308(c) of the Housing and Community Development Act of 1980 [amending sections 1703 and 1713 of this title, and section 5401 et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare], the term 'mobile home' and the term 'manufactured home' shall be deemed to include the term 'mobile homes' and the term 'manufactured homes', respectively."

Data Collection and Reporting Procedures Respecting Mean and Median Sales Prices on Manufactured Homes and Lots; Development, Contents, etc.

Pub. L. 96–399, title III, §308(e), Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1641, provided that: "Not later than January 1, 1982, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development shall develop a procedure for collecting and regularly reporting data on the mean and median sales price for new manufactured homes, and, where available, data on the mean and median sales price for manufactured home lots and combination new manufactured home and lot packages. Such reports shall contain, to the maximum extent feasible, sales price information for the Nation, each census region, each State on an annual basis, and selected standard metropolitan statistical areas having sufficient activity on an annual basis."

Report Respecting Ownership of Mobile Home Sites

Pub. L. 96–153, title III, §321, Dec. 21, 1979, 93 Stat. 1119, required the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development to submit a report to Congress by Mar. 31, 1980, containing recommendations for programs and policies which encourage individual ownership of mobile home lots through several methods.

Repayment to Treasury on Capital Account of Subchapter I Insurance Fund

Act Mar. 10, 1953, ch. 5, §2, 67 Stat. 5, directed the Federal Housing Commissioner to pay out of the capital account of the Title I Insurance Fund to the Secretary of the Treasury, prior to June 30, 1954, the sum of $8,333,313.65 either in one lump sum or in installments, except that the first payment was to be made on July 1, 1953.

1 So in original. The word "and" probably should not appear.

2 So in original. The period probably should be "; and".

3 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.

4 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 1823 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 16: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION / Section 1823: Corporation monies
Corporation monies
Status: in_force

(a) Investment of Corporation's funds

(1) Authority

Funds held in the Deposit Insurance Fund or the FSLIC Resolution Fund, that are not otherwise employed shall be invested in obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States.

(2) Limitation

The Corporation shall not sell or purchase any obligations described in paragraph (1) for its own account, at any one time aggregating in excess of $100,000, without the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury. The Secretary may approve a transaction or class of transactions subject to the provisions of this paragraph under such conditions as the Secretary may determine.

(b) Depository accounts

The depository accounts of the Corporation shall be kept with the Treasurer of the United States, or, with the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury, with a Federal Reserve bank, or with a depository institution designated as a depository or fiscal agent of the United States: Provided, That the Secretary of the Treasury may waive the requirements of this subsection under such conditions as he may determine: And provided further, That this subsection shall not apply to the establishment and maintenance in any depository institution for temporary purposes of depository accounts not in excess of $50,000 in any one depository institution, or to the establishment and maintenance in any depository institution of any depository accounts to facilitate the payment of insured deposits, or the making of loans to, or the purchase of assets of, insured depository institutions. When designated for that purpose by the Secretary of the Treasury, the Corporation shall be a depositary of public moneys, except receipts from customs, under such regulations as may be prescribed by the said Secretary, and may also be employed as a financial agent of the Government. It shall perform all such reasonable duties as depositary of public moneys and financial agent of the Government as may be required of it.

(c) Assistance to insured depository institutions

(1) The Corporation is authorized, in its sole discretion and upon such terms and conditions as the Board of Directors may prescribe, to make loans to, to make deposits in, to purchase the assets or securities of, to assume the liabilities of, or to make contributions to, any insured depository institution—

(A) if such action is taken to prevent the default of such insured depository institution;

(B) if, with respect to an insured bank in default, such action is taken to restore such insured bank to normal operation; or

(C) if, when severe financial conditions exist which threaten the stability of a significant number of insured depository institutions or of insured depository institutions possessing significant financial resources, such action is taken in order to lessen the risk to the Corporation posed by such insured depository institution under such threat of instability.

(2)(A) In order to facilitate a merger or consolidation of another 1 insured depository institution described in subparagraph (B) with another insured depository institution or the sale of any or all of the assets of such insured depository institution or the assumption of any or all of such insured depository institution's liabilities by another insured depository institution, or the acquisition of the stock of such insured depository institution, the Corporation is authorized, in its sole discretion and upon such terms and conditions as the Board of Directors may prescribe—

(i) to purchase any such assets or assume any such liabilities;

(ii) to make loans or contributions to, or deposits in, or purchase the securities of, such other insured depository institution or the company which controls or will acquire control of such other insured depository institution;

(iii) to guarantee such other insured depository institution or the company which controls or will acquire control of such other insured depository institution against loss by reason of such insured institution's merging or consolidating with or assuming the liabilities and purchasing the assets of such insured depository institution or by reason of such company acquiring control of such insured depository institution; or

(iv) to take any combination of the actions referred to in subparagraphs (i) through (iii).

(B) For the purpose of subparagraph (A), the insured depository institution must be an insured depository institution—

(i) which is in default;

(ii) which, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, is in danger of default; or

(iii) which, when severe financial conditions exist which threaten the stability of a significant number of insured depository institutions or of insured depository institutions possessing significant financial resources, is determined by the Corporation, in its sole discretion, to require assistance under subparagraph (A) in order to lessen the risk to the Corporation posed by such insured depository institution under such threat of instability.

(C) Any action to which the Corporation is or becomes a party by acquiring any asset or exercising any other authority set forth in this section shall be stayed for a period of 60 days at the request of the Corporation.

(3) The Corporation may provide any person acquiring control of, merging with, consolidating with or acquiring the assets of an insured depository institution under subsection (f) or (k) of this section with such financial assistance as it could provide an insured institution under this subsection.

(4) Least-cost resolution required.—

(A) In general.—Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the Corporation may not exercise any authority under this subsection or subsection (d), (f), (h), (i), or (k) with respect to any insured depository institution unless—

(i) the Corporation determines that the exercise of such authority is necessary to meet the obligation of the Corporation to provide insurance coverage for the insured deposits in such institution; and

(ii) the total amount of the expenditures by the Corporation and obligations incurred by the Corporation (including any immediate and long-term obligation of the Corporation and any direct or contingent liability for future payment by the Corporation) in connection with the exercise of any such authority with respect to such institution is the least costly to the Deposit Insurance Fund of all possible methods for meeting the Corporation's obligation under this section.

(B) Determining least costly approach.—In determining how to satisfy the Corporation's obligations to an institution's insured depositors at the least possible cost to the Deposit Insurance Fund, the Corporation shall comply with the following provisions:

(i) Present-value analysis; documentation required.—The Corporation shall—

(I) evaluate alternatives on a present-value basis, using a realistic discount rate;

(II) document that evaluation and the assumptions on which the evaluation is based, including any assumptions with regard to interest rates, asset recovery rates, asset holding costs, and payment of contingent liabilities; and

(III) retain the documentation for not less than 5 years.

(ii) Foregone tax revenues.—Federal tax revenues that the Government would forego as the result of a proposed transaction, to the extent reasonably ascertainable, shall be treated as if they were revenues foregone by the Deposit Insurance Fund.

(C) Time of determination.—

(i) General rule.—For purposes of this subsection, the determination of the costs of providing any assistance under paragraph (1) or (2) or any other provision of this section with respect to any depository institution shall be made as of the date on which the Corporation makes the determination to provide such assistance to the institution under this section.

(ii) Rule for liquidations.—For purposes of this subsection, the determination of the costs of liquidation of any depository institution shall be made as of the earliest of—

(I) the date on which a conservator is appointed for such institution;

(II) the date on which a receiver is appointed for such institution; or

(III) the date on which the Corporation makes any determination to provide any assistance under this section with respect to such institution.

(D) Liquidation costs.—In determining the cost of liquidating any depository institution for the purpose of comparing the costs under subparagraph (A) (with respect to such institution), the amount of such cost may not exceed the amount which is equal to the sum of the insured deposits of such institution as of the earliest of the dates described in subparagraph (C), minus the present value of the total net amount the Corporation reasonably expects to receive from the disposition of the assets of such institution in connection with such liquidation.

(E) Deposit insurance fund available for intended purpose only.—

(i) In general.—After December 31, 1994, or at such earlier time as the Corporation determines to be appropriate, the Corporation may not take any action, directly or indirectly, with respect to any insured depository institution that would have the effect of increasing losses to the Deposit Insurance Fund by protecting—

(I) depositors for more than the insured portion of deposits (determined without regard to whether such institution is liquidated); or

(II) creditors other than depositors.

(ii) Deadline for regulations.—The Corporation shall prescribe regulations to implement clause (i) not later than January 1, 1994, and the regulations shall take effect not later than January 1, 1995.

(iii) Purchase and assumption transactions.—No provision of this subparagraph shall be construed as prohibiting the Corporation from allowing any person who acquires any assets or assumes any liabilities of any insured depository institution for which the Corporation has been appointed conservator or receiver to acquire uninsured deposit liabilities of such institution so long as the insurance fund does not incur any loss with respect to such deposit liabilities in an amount greater than the loss which would have been incurred with respect to such liabilities if the institution had been liquidated.

(F) Discretionary determinations.—Any determination which the Corporation may make under this paragraph shall be made in the sole discretion of the Corporation.

(G) Systemic risk.—

(i) Emergency determination by secretary of the treasury.—Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and (E), if, upon the written recommendation of the Board of Directors (upon a vote of not less than two-thirds of the members of the Board of Directors) and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (upon a vote of not less than two-thirds of the members of such Board), the Secretary of the Treasury (in consultation with the President) determines that—

(I) the Corporation's compliance with subparagraphs (A) and (E) with respect to an insured depository institution for which the Corporation has been appointed receiver would have serious adverse effects on economic conditions or financial stability; and

(II) any action or assistance under this subparagraph would avoid or mitigate such adverse effects,

the Corporation may take other action or provide assistance under this section for the purpose of winding up the insured depository institution for which the Corporation has been appointed receiver as necessary to avoid or mitigate such effects.

(ii) Repayment of loss.—

(I) In general.—The Corporation shall recover the loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund arising from any action taken or assistance provided with respect to an insured depository institution under clause (i) from 1 or more special assessments on insured depository institutions, depository institution holding companies (with the concurrence of the Secretary of the Treasury with respect to holding companies), or both, as the Corporation determines to be appropriate.

(II) Treatment of depository institution holding companies.—For purposes of this clause, sections 1817(c)(2) and 1828(h) of this title shall apply to depository institution holding companies as if they were insured depository institutions.

(III) Regulations.—The Corporation shall prescribe such regulations as it deems necessary to implement this clause. In prescribing such regulations, defining terms, and setting the appropriate assessment rate or rates, the Corporation shall establish rates sufficient to cover the losses incurred as a result of the actions of the Corporation under clause (i) and shall consider: the types of entities that benefit from any action taken or assistance provided under this subparagraph; economic conditions, the effects on the industry, and such other factors as the Corporation deems appropriate and relevant to the action taken or the assistance provided. Any funds so collected that exceed actual losses shall be placed in the Deposit Insurance Fund.

(iii) Documentation required.—The Secretary of the Treasury shall—

(I) document any determination under clause (i); and

(II) retain the documentation for review under clause (iv).

(iv) GAO review.—The Comptroller General of the United States shall review and report to the Congress on any determination under clause (i), including—

(I) the basis for the determination;

(II) the purpose for which any action was taken pursuant to such clause; and

(III) the likely effect of the determination and such action on the incentives and conduct of insured depository institutions and uninsured depositors.

(v) Notice.—

(I) In general.—Not later than 3 days after making a determination under clause (i), the Secretary of the Treasury shall provide written notice of any determination under clause (i) to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the House of Representatives.

(II) Description of basis of determination.—The notice under subclause (I) shall include a description of the basis for any determination under clause (i).

(H) Rule of construction.—No provision of law shall be construed as permitting the Corporation to take any action prohibited by paragraph (4) unless such provision expressly provides, by direct reference to this paragraph, that this paragraph shall not apply with respect to such action.

(5) The Corporation may not use its authority under this subsection to purchase the voting or common stock of an insured depository institution. Nothing in the preceding sentence shall be construed to limit the ability of the Corporation to enter into and enforce covenants and agreements that it determines to be necessary to protect its financial interest.

(6)(A) During any period in which an insured depository institution has received assistance under this subsection and such assistance is still outstanding, such insured depository institution may defer the payment of any State or local tax which is determined on the basis of the deposits held by such insured depository institution or of the interest or dividends paid on such deposits.

(B) When such insured depository institution no longer has any outstanding assistance, such insured depository institution shall pay all taxes which were deferred under subparagraph (A). Such payments shall be made in accordance with a payment plan established by the Corporation, after consultation with the applicable State and local taxing authorities.

(7) The transfer of any assets or liabilities associated with any trust business of an insured depository institution in default under subparagraph (2)(A) shall be effective without any State or Federal approval, assignment, or consent with respect thereto.

(8) Assistance before appointment of conservator or receiver.—

(A) In general.—Subject to the least-cost provisions of paragraph (4), the Corporation shall consider providing direct financial assistance under this section for depository institutions before the appointment of a conservator or receiver for such institution only under the following circumstances:

(i) Troubled condition criteria.—The Corporation determines—

(I) grounds for the appointment of a conservator or receiver exist or likely will exist in the future unless the depository institution's capital levels are increased; and

(II) it is unlikely that the institution can meet all currently applicable capital standards without assistance.

(ii) Other criteria.—The depository institution meets the following criteria:

(I) The appropriate Federal banking agency and the Corporation have determined that, during such period of time preceding the date of such determination as the agency or the Corporation considers to be relevant, the institution's management has been competent and has complied with applicable laws, rules, and supervisory directives and orders.

(II) The institution's management did not engage in any insider dealing, speculative practice, or other abusive activity.

(B) Public disclosure.—Any determination under this paragraph to provide assistance under this section shall be made in writing and published in the Federal Register.

(9) Any assistance provided under this subsection may be in subordination to the rights of depositors and other creditors.

(10) In its annual report to the Congress, the Corporation shall report the total amount it has saved, or estimates it has saved, by exercising the authority provided in this subsection.

(11) Unenforceability of certain agreements.—No provision contained in any existing or future standstill, confidentiality, or other agreement that, directly or indirectly—

(A) affects, restricts, or limits the ability of any person to offer to acquire or acquire,

(B) prohibits any person from offering to acquire or acquiring, or

(C) prohibits any person from using any previously disclosed information in connection with any such offer to acquire or acquisition of,

all or part of any insured depository institution, including any liabilities, assets, or interest therein, in connection with any transaction in which the Corporation exercises its authority under section 1821 of this title or this section, shall be enforceable against or impose any liability on such person, as such enforcement or liability shall be contrary to public policy.

(d) Sale of assets to Corporation

(1) In general

Any conservator, receiver, or liquidator appointed for any insured depository institution in default, including the Corporation acting in such capacity, shall be entitled to offer the assets of such depository institutions for sale to the Corporation or as security for loans from the Corporation.

(2) Proceeds

The proceeds of every sale or loan of assets to the Corporation shall be utilized for the same purposes and in the same manner as other funds realized from the liquidation of the assets of such depository institutions.

(3) Rights and powers of Corporation

(A) In general

With respect to any asset acquired or liability assumed pursuant to this section, the Corporation shall have all of the rights, powers, privileges, and authorities of the Corporation as receiver under sections 1821 and 1825(b) of this title.

(B) Rule of construction

Such rights, powers, privileges, and authorities shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any rights, powers, privileges, and authorities otherwise applicable to the Corporation.

(C) Fiduciary responsibility

In exercising any right, power, privilege, or authority described in subparagraph (A), the Corporation shall continue to be subject to the fiduciary duties and obligations of the Corporation as receiver to claimants against the insured depository institution in receivership.

(D) Disposition of assets

In exercising any right, power, privilege, or authority described in subparagraph (A) regarding the sale or disposition of assets sold to the Corporation pursuant to paragraph (1), the Corporation shall conduct its operations in a manner which—

(i) maximizes the net present value return from the sale or disposition of such assets;

(ii) minimizes the amount of any loss realized in the resolution of cases;

(iii) ensures adequate competition and fair and consistent treatment of offerors;

(iv) prohibits discrimination on the basis of race, sex, or ethnic groups in the solicitation and consideration of offers; and

(v) maximizes the preservation of the availability and affordability of residential real property for low- and moderate-income individuals.

(4) Loans

The Corporation, in its discretion, may make loans on the security of or may purchase and liquidate or sell any part of the assets of an insured depository institution which is now or may hereafter be in default.

(e) Agreements against interests of Corporation

(1) In general

No agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the interest of the Corporation in any asset acquired by it under this section or section 1821 of this title, either as security for a loan or by purchase or as receiver of any insured depository institution, shall be valid against the Corporation unless such agreement—

(A) is in writing,

(B) was executed by the depository institution and any person claiming an adverse interest thereunder, including the obligor, contemporaneously with the acquisition of the asset by the depository institution,

(C) was approved by the board of directors of the depository institution or its loan committee, which approval shall be reflected in the minutes of said board or committee, and

(D) has been, continuously, from the time of its execution, an official record of the depository institution.

(2) Exemptions from contemporaneous execution requirement

An agreement to provide for the lawful collateralization of—

(A) deposits of, or other credit extension by, a Federal, State, or local governmental entity, or of any depositor referred to in section 1821(a)(2) of this title, including an agreement to provide collateral in lieu of a surety bond;

(B) bankruptcy estate funds pursuant to section 345(b)(2) of title 11;

(C) extensions of credit, including any overdraft, from a Federal reserve bank or Federal home loan bank; or

(D) one or more qualified financial contracts, as defined in section 1821(e)(8)(D) of this title,

shall not be deemed invalid pursuant to paragraph (1)(B) solely because such agreement was not executed contemporaneously with the acquisition of the collateral or because of pledges, delivery, or substitution of the collateral made in accordance with such agreement.

(f) Assisted emergency interstate acquisitions

(1) This subsection shall apply only to an acquisition of an insured bank or a holding company by an out-of-State bank 2 savings association or out-of-State holding company for which the Corporation provides assistance under subsection (c).

(2)(A) Whenever an insured bank with total assets of $500,000,000 or more (as determined from its most recent report of condition) is in default, the Corporation, as receiver, may, in its discretion and upon such terms and conditions as the Corporation may determine, arrange the sale of assets of the bank in default and the assumption of the liabilities of the bank in default, including the sale of such assets to and the assumption of such liabilities by an insured depository institution located in the State where the bank in default was chartered but established by an out-of-State bank or holding company. Where otherwise lawfully required, a transaction under this subsection must be approved by the primary Federal or State supervisor of all parties thereto.

(B)(i) Before making a determination to take any action under subparagraph (A), the Corporation shall consult the State bank supervisor of the State in which the insured bank in default was chartered.

(ii) The State bank supervisor shall be given a reasonable opportunity, and in no event less than forty-eight hours, to object to the use of the provisions of this paragraph. Such notice may be provided by the Corporation prior to its appointment as receiver, but in anticipation of an impending appointment.

(iii) If the State supervisor objects during such period, the Corporation may use the authority of this paragraph only by a vote of 75 percent of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors shall provide to the State supervisor, as soon as practicable, a written certification of its determination.

(3) Emergency Interstate Acquisitions of Insured Banks in Danger of Default.—

(A) Acquisition of insured banks in danger of default.—One or more out-of-State banks or out-of-State holding companies may acquire and retain all or part of the shares or assets of, or otherwise acquire and retain—

(i) an insured bank in danger of default which has total assets of $500,000,000 or more; or

(ii) 2 or more affiliated insured banks in danger of default which have aggregate total assets of $500,000,000 or more, if the aggregate total assets of such banks is equal to or greater than 33 percent of the aggregate total assets of all affiliated insured banks.

(B) Acquisition of a holding company or other bank affiliate.—If one or more out-of-State banks or out-of-State holding companies acquire 1 or more affiliated insured banks under subparagraph (A) the aggregate total assets of which is equal to or greater than 33 percent of the aggregate total assets of all affiliated insured banks, any such out-of-State bank or out-of-State holding company may also, as part of the same transaction, acquire and retain the shares or assets of, or otherwise acquire and retain—

(i) the holding company which controls the affiliated insured banks so acquired; or

(ii) any other affiliated insured bank.

(C) Request for assistance by corporate board of directors.—The Corporation may assist an acquisition or merger authorized under subparagraph (A) only if the board of directors or trustees of each insured bank in danger of default which is being acquired has requested in writing that the Corporation assist the acquisition or merger.

(D) Certain acquisitions authorized after assistance is provided.—Notwithstanding paragraph (1), if—

(i) at any time after August 10, 1987, the Corporation provides any assistance under subsection (c) to an insured bank; and

(ii) at the time such assistance is granted, the insured bank, the holding company which controls the insured bank (if any), or any affiliated insured bank is eligible to be acquired by an out-of-State bank or out-of-State holding company under this paragraph,

the insured bank, the holding company, and such other affiliated insured bank shall remain eligible, subject to such terms and conditions as the Corporation (in the Corporation's discretion) may impose, to be acquired by an out-of-State bank or out-of-State holding company under this paragraph as long as any portion of such assistance remains outstanding.

(E) State bank supervisor approval.—The Corporation may take no final action in connection with any acquisition under this paragraph unless the State bank supervisor of the State in which the bank in danger of default is located approves the acquisition.

(F) Other requirements not affected.—This paragraph does not affect any other requirement under Federal or State law for regulatory approval of an acquisition under this paragraph.

(G) Acquisition may be conditioned on receipt of consideration for corporation's assistance.—Any acquisition described in subparagraph (D) may be conditioned on the receipt of such consideration for the Corporation's assistance as the Board of Directors deems appropriate.

(4)(A) Acquisitions Not Subject to Certain Other Laws.—Section 1842(d) of this title, any provision of State law, and section 1730a(e)(3) 3 of this title shall not apply to prohibit any acquisition under paragraph (2) or (3), except that an out-of-State bank may make such an acquisition only if such ownership is otherwise specifically authorized.

(B) Any subsidiary created by operation of this subsection may retain and operate any existing branch or branches of the institution merged with or acquired under paragraph (2) or (3), but otherwise shall be subject to the conditions upon which a national bank may establish and operate branches in the State in which such insured institution is located.

(C) No insured institution acquired under this subsection shall after it is acquired move its principal office or any branch office which it would be prohibited from moving if the institution were a national bank.

(D) Subsequent Nonemergency Interstate Acquisitions Subject to State Law.—

(i) In general.—Any out-of-State bank holding company which acquires control of an insured bank in any State under paragraph (2) or (3) may acquire any other insured bank and establish branches in such State to the same extent as a bank holding company whose insured bank subsidiaries' operations are principally conducted in such State may acquire any other insured bank or establish branches.

(ii) Delayed date of applicability.—Clause (i) shall not apply with respect to any out-of-State bank holding company referred to in such clause before the earlier of—

(I) the end of the 2-year period beginning on the date the acquisition referred to in such clause with respect to such company is consummated; or

(II) the end of any period established under State law during which such out-of-State bank holding company may not be treated as a bank holding company whose insured bank subsidiaries' operations are principally conducted in such State for purposes of acquiring other insured banks or establishing bank branches.

(iii) Determination of principally conducted.—For purposes of this subparagraph, the State in which the operations of a holding company's insured bank subsidiaries are principally conducted is the State determined under section 1842(d) of this title with respect to such holding company.

(E) Certain State Interstate Banking Laws Inapplicable.—Any holding company which acquires control of any insured bank or holding company under paragraph (2) or (3) or subparagraph (D) of this paragraph shall not, by reason of such acquisition, be required under the law of any State to divest any other insured bank or be prevented from acquiring any other bank or holding company.

(5) In determining whether to arrange a sale of assets and assumption of liabilities or an acquisition or a merger under the authority of paragraph (2) or (3), the Corporation may solicit such offers or proposals as are practicable from any prospective purchasers or merger partners it determines, in its sole discretion, are both qualified and capable of acquiring the assets and liabilities of the bank in default or the bank in danger of default.

(6)(A) If, after receiving offers, the offer presenting the lowest expense to the Corporation, that is in a form and with conditions acceptable to the Corporation (hereinafter referred to as the "lowest acceptable offer"), is from an offeror that is not an existing in-State bank of the same type as the bank that is in default or is in danger of default (or, where the bank is an insured bank other than a mutual savings bank, the lowest acceptable offer is not from an in-State holding company), the Corporation shall permit the offeror which made the initial lowest acceptable offer and each offeror who made an offer the estimated cost of which to the Corporation was within 15 per centum or $15,000,000, whichever is less, of the initial lowest acceptable offer to submit a new offer.

(B) In considering authorizations under this subsection, the Corporation shall give consideration to the need to minimize the cost of financial assistance and to the maintenance of specialized depository institutions. The Corporation shall authorize transactions under this subsection considering the following priorities:

(i) First, between depository institutions of the same type within the same State.

(ii) Second, between depository institutions of the same type—

(I) in different States which by statute specifically authorize such acquisitions; or

(II) in the absence of such statutes, in different States which are contiguous.

(iii) Third, between depository institutions of the same type in different States other than the States described in clause (ii).

(iv) Fourth, between depository institutions of different types in the same State.

(v) Fifth, between depository institutions of different types—

(I) in different States which by statute specifically authorize such acquisitions; or

(II) in the absence of such statutes, in different States which are contiguous.

(vi) Sixth, between depository institutions of different types in different States other than the States described in clause (v).

(C) Minority Bank Priority.—In the case of a minority-controlled bank, the Corporation shall seek an offer from other minority-controlled banks before proceeding with the bidding priorities set forth in subparagraph (B).

(D) In determining the cost of offers and reoffers, the Corporation's calculations and estimations shall be determinative. The Corporation may set reasonable time limits on offers and reoffers.

(7) No sale may be made under the provisions of paragraph (2) or (3)—

(A) which would result in a monopoly, or which would be in furtherance of any combination or conspiracy to monopolize or to attempt to monopolize the business of banking in any part of the United States;

(B) whose effect in any section of the country may be substantially to lessen competition, or to tend to create a monopoly, or which in any other manner would be in restraint of trade, unless the Corporation finds that the anticompetitive effects of the proposed transactions are clearly outweighed in the public interest by the probable effect of the transaction in meeting the convenience and needs of the community to be served; or

(C) if in the opinion of the Corporation the acquisition threatens the safety and soundness of the acquirer or does not result in the future viability of the resulting depository institution.

(8) As used in this subsection—

(A) the term "in-State depository institution or in-State holding company" means an existing insured depository institution currently operating in the State in which the bank in default or the bank in danger of default is chartered or a company that is operating an insured depository institution subsidiary in the State in which the bank in default or the bank in danger of default is chartered;

(B) the term "acquire" means to acquire, directly or indirectly, ownership or control through—

(i) an acquisition of shares;

(ii) an acquisition of assets or assumption of liabilities;

(iii) a merger or consolidation; or

(iv) any similar transaction;

(C) the term "affiliated insured bank" means—

(i) when used in connection with a reference to a holding company, an insured bank which is a subsidiary of such holding company; and

(ii) when used in connection with a reference to 2 or more insured banks, insured banks which are subsidiaries of the same holding company; and

(D) the term "subsidiary" has the meaning given to such term in section 1841(d) of this title.

(9) No Assistance Authorized for Certain Subsidiaries of Holding Companies.—

(A) In general.—The Corporation shall not provide any assistance to a subsidiary, other than a subsidiary that is an insured depository institution, of a holding company in connection with any acquisition under this subsection.

(B) Intermediate holding company permitted.—This paragraph does not prohibit an intermediate holding company or an affiliate of an insured depository institution from being a conduit for assistance ultimately intended for an insured bank.

(10) Annual Report.—

(A) Required.—In its annual report to Congress the Corporation shall include a report on the acquisitions under this subsection during the preceding year.

(B) Contents.—The report required under subparagraph (A) shall contain the following information:

(i) The number of acquisitions under this subsection.

(ii) A brief description of each such acquisition and the circumstances under which such acquisition occurred.

(11) Determination of Total Assets.—For purposes of this subsection, the total assets of any insured bank shall be determined on the basis of the most recent report of condition of such bank which is available at the time of such determination.

(12) Acquisition of minority bank by minority bank holding company without regard to asset size.—

(A) In general.—For the purpose of ensuring continued minority control of a minority-controlled bank, paragraphs (2) and (3) shall apply with respect to the acquisition of a minority-controlled bank by an out-of-State minority-controlled depository institution or depository institution holding company without regard to the fact that the total assets of such minority-controlled bank are less than $500,000,000.

(B) Definitions.—For purposes of this paragraph:

(i) Minority bank.—The term "minority bank" means any depository institution described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of section 461(b)(1)(A) of this title—

(I) more than 50 percent of the ownership or control of which is held by one or more minority individuals; and

(II) more than 50 percent of the net profit or loss of which accrues to minority individuals.

(ii) Minority.—The term "minority" means any Black American, Native American, Hispanic American, or Asian American.

(g) Payment of interest on stock subscriptions

Prior to July 1, 1951, the Corporation shall pay out of its capital account to the Secretary of the Treasury an amount equal to 2 per centum simple interest per annum on amounts advanced to the Corporation on stock subscriptions by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Federal Reserve banks, from the time of such advances until the amounts thereof were repaid. The amount payable hereunder shall be paid in two equal installments, the first installment to be paid prior to December 31, 1950.

(h) Reopening or aversion of closing of insured branch of foreign bank

The powers conferred on the Board of Directors and the Corporation by this section to take action to reopen an insured depository institution in default or to avert the default of an insured depository institution may be used with respect to an insured branch of a foreign bank if, in the judgment of the Board of Directors, the public interest in avoiding the default of such branch substantially outweighs any additional risk of loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund which the exercise of such powers would entail.

(i) Repealed. Pub. L. 97–320, title II, §206, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1496

(j) Loan loss amortization for certain banks

(1) Eligibility

The appropriate Federal banking agency shall permit an agricultural bank to take the actions referred to in paragraph (2) if it finds that—

(A) there is no evidence that fraud or criminal abuse on the part of the bank led to the losses referred to in paragraph (2); and

(B) the agricultural bank has a plan to restore its capital, not later than the close of the amortization period established under paragraph (2), to a level prescribed by the appropriate Federal banking agency.

(2) Seven-year loss amortization

(A) Any loss on any qualified agricultural loan that an agricultural bank would otherwise be required to show on its annual financial statement for any year between December 31, 1983, and January 1, 1992, may be amortized on its financial statements over a period of not to exceed 7 years, as provided in regulations issued by the appropriate Federal banking agency.

(B) An agricultural bank may reappraise any real estate or other property, real or personal, that it acquired coincident to the making of a qualified agricultural loan and that it owned on January 1, 1983, and any such additional property that it acquires prior to January 1, 1992. Any loss that such bank would otherwise be required to show on its annual financial statements as the result of any such reappraisal may be amortized on its financial statements over a period of not to exceed 7 years, as provided in regulations issued by the appropriate Federal banking agency.

(3) Regulations

Not later than 90 days after August 10, 1987, the appropriate Federal banking agency shall issue regulations implementing this subsection with respect to banks that it supervises, including regulations implementing the capital restoration requirement of paragraph (1)(B).

(4) Definitions

As used in this subsection—

(A) the term "agricultural bank" means a bank—

(i) the deposits of which are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation;

(ii) which is located in an area the economy of which is dependent on agriculture;

(iii) which has assets of $100,000,000 or less; and

(iv) which has—

(I) at least 25 percent of its total loans in qualified agricultural loans; or

(II) fewer than 25 percent of its total loans in qualified agricultural loans but which the appropriate Federal banking agency or State bank commissioner recommends to the Corporation for eligibility under this section, or which the Corporation, on its motion, deems eligible; and

(B) the term "qualified agricultural loan" means a loan made to finance the production of agricultural products or livestock in the United States, a loan secured by farmland or farm machinery, or such other category of loans as the appropriate Federal banking agency may deem eligible.

(5) Maintenance of portfolio

As a condition of eligibility under this subsection, the agricultural bank must agree to maintain in its loan portfolio a percentage of agricultural loans which is not lower than the percentage of such loans in its loan portfolio on January 1, 1986.

(k) Emergency acquisitions

(1) In general

(A) Acquisitions authorized

(i) Transactions described

Notwithstanding any provision of State law, upon determining that severe financial conditions threaten the stability of a significant number of savings associations, or of savings associations possessing significant financial resources, the Corporation, in its discretion and if it determines such authorization would lessen the risk to the Corporation, may authorize—

(I) a savings association that is eligible for assistance pursuant to subsection (c) to merge or consolidate with, or to transfer its assets and liabilities to, any other savings association or any insured bank,

(II) any other savings association to acquire control of such savings association, or

(III) any company to acquire control of such savings association or to acquire the assets or assume the liabilities thereof.

 The Corporation may not authorize any transaction under this subsection unless the Corporation determines that the authorization will not present a substantial risk to the safety or soundness of the savings association to be acquired or any acquiring entity.

(ii) Terms of transactions

Mergers, consolidations, transfers, and acquisitions under this subsection shall be on such terms as the Corporation shall provide.

(iii) Approval by appropriate agency

Where otherwise required by law, transactions under this subsection must be approved by the appropriate Federal banking agency of every party thereto.

(iv) Acquisitions by savings associations

Any Federal savings association that acquires another savings association pursuant to clause (i) may, with the concurrence of the Comptroller of the Currency, hold that savings association as a subsidiary notwithstanding the percentage limitations of section 1464(c)(4)(B) of this title.

(v) Dual service

Dual service by a management official that would otherwise be prohibited under the Depository Institution Management Interlocks Act [12 U.S.C. 3201 et seq.] may, with the approval of the Corporation, continue for up to 10 years.

(vi) Continued applicability of certain State restrictions

Nothing in this subsection overrides or supersedes State laws restricting or limiting the activities of a savings association on behalf of another entity.

(B) Consultation with State official

(i) Consultation required

Before making a determination to take any action under subparagraph (A), the Corporation shall consult the State official having jurisdiction of the acquired institution.

(ii) Period for State response

The official shall be given a reasonable opportunity, and in no event less than 48 hours, to object to the use of the provisions of this paragraph. Such notice may be provided by the Corporation prior to its appointment as receiver, but in anticipation of an impending appointment.

(iii) Approval over objection of State official

If the official objects during such period, the Corporation may use the authority of this paragraph only by a vote of 75 percent or more of the voting members of the Board of Directors. The Corporation shall provide to the official, as soon as practicable, a written certification of its determination.

(2) Solicitation of offers

(A) In general

In considering authorizations under this subsection, the Corporation may solicit such offers or proposals as are practicable from any prospective purchasers or merger partners it determines, in its sole discretion, are both qualified and capable of acquiring the assets and liabilities of the savings association.

(B) Minority-controlled institutions

In the case of a minority-controlled depository institution, the Corporation shall seek an offer from other minority-controlled depository institutions before seeking an offer from other persons or entities.

(3) Determination of costs

In determining the cost of offers under this subsection, the Corporation's calculations and estimations shall be determinative. The Corporation may set reasonable time limits on offers.

(4) Branching provisions

(A) In general

If a merger, consolidation, transfer, or acquisition under this subsection involves a savings association eligible for assistance and a bank or bank holding company, a savings association may retain and operate any existing branch or branches or any other existing facilities. If the savings association continues to exist as a separate entity, it may establish and operate new branches to the same extent as any savings association that is not affiliated with a bank holding company and the home office of which is located in the same State.

(B) Restrictions

(i) In general

Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), if—

(I) a savings association described in such subparagraph does not have its home office in the State of the bank holding company bank subsidiary, and

(II) such association does not qualify as a domestic building and loan association under section 7701(a)(19) of title 26, or does not meet the asset composition test imposed by subparagraph (C) of that section on institutions seeking so to qualify,

 such savings association shall be subject to the conditions upon which a bank may retain, operate, and establish branches in the State in which the savings association is located.

(ii) Transition period

The Corporation, for good cause shown, may allow a savings association up to 2 years to comply with the requirements of clause (i).

(5) Assistance before appointment of conservator or receiver

(A) Assistance proposals

The Corporation shall consider proposals by savings associations for assistance pursuant to subsection (c) before grounds exist for appointment of a conservator or receiver for such member under the following circumstances:

(i) Troubled condition criteria

The Corporation determines—

(I) that grounds for appointment of a conservator or receiver exist or likely will exist in the future unless the member's tangible capital is increased;

(II) that it is unlikely that the member can achieve positive tangible capital without assistance; and

(III) that providing assistance pursuant to the member's proposal would be likely to lessen the risk to the Corporation.

(ii) Other criteria

The member meets the following criteria:

(I) Before August 9, 1989, the member was solvent under applicable regulatory accounting principles but had negative tangible capital.

(II) The member's negative tangible capital position is substantially attributable to its participation in acquisition and merger transactions that were instituted by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation for supervisory reasons.

(III) The member is a qualified thrift lender (as defined in section 1467a(m) of this title) or would be a qualified thrift lender if commercial real estate owned and nonperforming commercial loans acquired in acquisition and merger transactions that were instituted by the Federal Home Loan Bank Board or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation for supervisory reasons were excluded from the member's total assets.

(IV) The appropriate Federal banking agency has determined that the member's management is competent and has complied with applicable laws, rules, and supervisory directives and orders.

(V) The member's management did not engage in insider dealing or speculative practices or other activities that jeopardized the member's safety and soundness or contributed to its impaired capital position.

(VI) The member's offices are located in an economically depressed region.

(B) Corporation consideration of assistance proposal

If a member meets the requirements of clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (A), the Corporation shall consider providing direct financial assistance.

(C) "Economically depressed region" defined

For purposes of this paragraph, the term "economically depressed region" means any geographical region which the Corporation determines by regulation to be a region within which real estate values have suffered serious decline due to severe economic conditions, such as a decline in energy or agricultural values or prices.

(Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2[13], 64 Stat. 888; Pub. L. 95–369, §6(c)(24), Sept. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 619; Pub. L. 97–320, title I, §§111, 113(m), 116, 141(a)(1), (3), title II, §§203, 206, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1469, 1474, 1476, 1488, 1489, 1492, 1496; Pub. L. 97–457, §§1(a), 4, 10(a), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2507, 2508; Pub. L. 98–29, §1(a), May 16, 1983, 97 Stat. 189; Pub. L. 100–86, title V, §§502(a)–(g), (i), 509(a), title VIII, §801, Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 623–627, 629, 635, 656; Pub. L. 101–73, title II, §§201(a), 217, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 187, 254; Pub. L. 102–242, title I, §§123(b), 141(a)(1), (e), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2252, 2273, 2278; Pub. L. 103–325, title III, §317, title VI, §602(a)(34)–(42), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2223, 2289, 2290; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2704(d)(14)(M), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–492; Pub. L. 109–8, title IX, §909, Apr. 20, 2005, 119 Stat. 183; Pub. L. 109–171, title II, §2102(b), Feb. 8, 2006, 120 Stat. 9; Pub. L. 109–173, §§3(a)(8), 8(a)(19), Feb. 15, 2006, 119 Stat. 3606, 3613; Pub. L. 110–343, div. A, title I, §126(c), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3795; Pub. L. 111–22, div. A, title II, §204(d), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1650; Pub. L. 111–203, title III, §363(6), title XI, §1106(b), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1553, 2125.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 1730a of this title, referred to in subsec. (f)(4)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 101–73, title IV, §407, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 363.

The Depository Institution Management Interlocks Act, referred to in subsec. (k)(1)(A)(v), is title II of Pub. L. 95–630, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3672, which is classified principally to chapter 33 (§3201 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3201 of this title and Tables.

Prior Provisions

Section is derived from subsec. (n) of former section 264 of this title. See Codification note set out under section 1811 of this title.

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(i). Pub. L. 111–203, §1106(b)(1)(B), inserted "for the purpose of winding up the insured depository institution for which the Corporation has been appointed receiver" after "provide assistance under this section" in concluding provisions.

Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(i)(I). Pub. L. 111–203, §1106(b)(1)(A), inserted "for which the Corporation has been appointed receiver" before "would have serious".

Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(v)(I). Pub. L. 111–203, §1106(b)(2), substituted "Not later than 3 days after making a determination under clause (i), the" for "The".

Subsec. (k)(1)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 111–203, §363(6), substituted "Comptroller of the Currency" for "Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision".

2009—Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 111–22 amended cl. (ii) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The Corporation shall recover the loss to the Deposit Insurance Fund arising from any action taken or assistance provided with respect to an insured depository institution under clause (i) expeditiously from 1 or more emergency special assessments on insured depository institutions equal to the product of—

"(I) an assessment rate established by the Corporation; and

"(II) the amount of each insured depository institution's average total assets during the assessment period, minus the sum of the amount of the institution's average total tangible equity and the amount of the institution's average total subordinated debt."

2008—Subsec. (c)(11). Pub. L. 110–343 added par. (11).

2006—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(B), substituted "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "Bank Insurance Fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund,".

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(i). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A)(ii), (B). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(A), substituted "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "deposit insurance fund" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(4)(E). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(C)(i), substituted "fund" for "funds" in heading.

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(ii). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c)(4)(E)(i). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(C)(ii), substituted "the Deposit Insurance Fund" for "any insurance fund" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(D)(i), (ii), in introductory provisions, substituted "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "appropriate insurance fund" and "insured depository institutions" for "the members of the insurance fund (of which such institution is a member)".

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(iii). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(ii)(II). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(D)(iii), (iv), substituted "the institution's" for "the member's" in two places and substituted "each insured depository institution's" for "each member's".

Pub. L. 109–173, §3(a)(8), substituted "assessment period" for "semiannual period".

Subsec. (c)(11). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(E), struck out par. (11) which read as follows: "Payments made under this subsection shall be made—

"(A) from the Bank Insurance Fund in the case of payments to or on behalf of a member of such Fund; or

"(B) from the Savings Association Insurance Fund or from funds made available by the Resolution Trust Corporation in the case of payments to or on behalf of any Savings Association Insurance Fund member."

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(iv). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(F), substituted "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "Bank Insurance Fund".

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(v). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (k)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(G), substituted "savings association is" for "Savings Association Insurance Fund member is" in concluding provisions.

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(vi). See 1996 Amendment note below.

Subsec. (k)(5)(A). Pub. L. 109–173, §8(a)(19)(H), substituted "savings associations" for "Savings Association Insurance Fund members" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(vii). See 1996 Amendment note below.

2005—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 109–8 amended heading and text of par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An agreement to provide for the lawful collateralization of deposits of a Federal, State, or local governmental entity or of any depositor referred to in section 1821(a)(2) of this title shall not be deemed to be invalid pursuant to paragraph (1)(B) solely because such agreement was not executed contemporaneously with the acquisition of the collateral or with any changes in the collateral made in accordance with such agreement."

1996—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(i), which directed substitution of "Deposit Insurance Fund, the Special Reserve of the Deposit Insurance Fund," for "Bank Insurance Fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund,", was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (c)(4)(E). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(ii), which directed substitution of "fund" for "funds" in heading and "the Deposit Insurance Fund" for "any insurance fund" in cl. (i), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (c)(4)(G)(ii). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(iii), which directed substitution of "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "appropriate insurance fund", "insured depository institutions" for "the members of the insurance fund (of which such institution is a member)", "each insured depository institution's" for "each member's", and "the institution's" for "the member's" in two places, was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (c)(11). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(iv), which directed striking out par. (11), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(v), which directed substitution of "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "Bank Insurance Fund", was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (k)(4)(B)(i). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(vi), which directed substitution of "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "Savings Association Insurance Fund", was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

Subsec. (k)(5)(A). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(14)(M)(vii), which directed substitution of "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "Savings Association Insurance Fund", was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

1994—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(34), substituted "an insured bank in default" for "a in default insured bank" and "such insured bank" for "such in default insured bank".

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(35), substituted "with another insured depository institution" for "with an insured institution" and "by another depository institution" for "by an insured institution".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 103–325, §317, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted heading, redesignated former pars. (1) to (4) as subpars. (A) to (D) of par. (1), respectively, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(i). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(36), substituted "the insured bank in default" for "the in default insured bank".

Subsec. (f)(2)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(37), substituted "of" for "of of" after "percent".

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(38), substituted "default" for "closing" in heading.

Subsec. (f)(6)(A). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(39), substituted "bank that is in default" for "bank that has in default".

Subsec. (f)(6)(B)(i). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(40), inserted period for semicolon at end.

Subsec. (f)(7)(A), (B). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(41), struck out "or" at end of subpar. (A) and substituted "; or" for period at end of subpar. (B).

Subsec. (f)(12)(A). Pub. L. 103–325, §602(a)(42), substituted "are" for "is".

1991—Subsec. (c)(4) to (10). Pub. L. 102–242, §141(a)(1), (e), redesignated former pars. (5) to (9) as (6) to (10), respectively, redesignated subpar. (B) of par. (4) as par. (5), amended par. (4)(A) generally and redesignated it as par. (4), further redesignated pars. (8) to (10) as (9) to (11), respectively, and added par. (8). Prior to amendment, par. (4)(A) read as follows: "No assistance shall be provided under this subsection in an amount in excess of that amount which the Corporation determines to be reasonably necessary to save the cost of liquidating, including paying the insured accounts of, such insured depository institution, except that such restriction shall not apply in any case in which the Corporation determines that the continued operation of such insured depository institution is essential to provide adequate depository services in its community. In calculating the cost of assistance, the Corporation shall include (i) the immediate and long-term obligations of the Corporation with respect to such assistance, including contingent liabilities, and (ii) the Federal tax revenues foregone by the Government, to the extent reasonably ascertainable."

Subsec. (d)(3)(D). Pub. L. 102–242, §123(b), added subpar. (D).

1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(1), added heading and text of subsec. (a) and struck out former subsec. (a) which read as follows: "Money of the Corporation not otherwise employed shall be invested in obligations of the United States or in obligations guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States: Provided, That the Corporation shall not sell or purchase any such obligations for its own account and in its own right and interest, at any one time aggregating in excess of $100,000, without the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury: And provided further, That the Secretary of the Treasury may waive the requirement of his approval with respect to any transaction or classes of transactions subject to the provisions of this subsection for such period of time and under such conditions as he may determine."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(2), substituted "depository accounts of the Corporation", "temporary purposes of depository accounts", and "depository accounts to facilitate" for "banking or checking accounts of the Corporation", "temporary purposes of banking and checking accounts", and "banking and checking accounts to facilitate", respectively, and substituted "depository institution" for "bank" in four places.

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted "insured depository institutions" for "insured banks".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted reference to insured depository institution for reference to insured bank in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(A), substituted "default" for "closing".

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted reference to insured depository institution for reference to insured bank.

Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(C), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by substituting "insured depository institution in default" for "in default insured depository institution" wherever appearing, could not be executed because phrase "in default insured depository institution" did not appear in text.

Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(B), which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by substituting "a" for "an" wherever appearing before "closed insured bank", could not be executed because "an" did not appear before "closed insured bank" in text.

Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(A), substituted "in default" for "closed" in two places.

Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted references to insured depository institutions for references to insured banks wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(D)(i), substituted "such other insured depository institution" for "such insured institution" wherever appearing in cls. (ii) and (iii) and "another insured depository institution" for "an insured depository institution" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(D)(ii), (iii), in introductory provisions, substituted "the sale of any or all of the assets" for "the sale of assets" and "or the assumption of any or all" for "and the assumption".

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted "insured depository institution" and "insured depository institution's" for "insured bank" and "insured bank's" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(A), substituted "in default" for "closed" in cl. (i) and "default" for "closing" in cl. (ii).

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted references to insured depository institutions for references to insured banks wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(2)(C). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(E), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(F), substituted "subsection (f) or (k) of this section" for "subsection (f) of this section".

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted reference to insured depository institution for reference to insured bank.

Subsec. (c)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(G), substituted "depository services" for "banking services" and inserted sentence at end relating to calculation of the cost of assistance.

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted references to insured depository institutions for references to insured banks wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted reference to insured depository institution for reference to insured bank.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted references to insured depository institutions for references to insured banks wherever appearing.

Subsec. (c)(6). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(J), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (c)(7). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(I), redesignated par. (6) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Subsec. (c)(8). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(H), (I), redesignated par. (7) as (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "For purposes of this subsection, the term 'insured institution' means an insured bank as defined in section 1813 of this title or an insured institution as defined in section 1724 of this title."

Subsec. (c)(9). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(3)(K), added par. (9).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(4), added subsec. (d) and struck out former subsec. (d), changing the structure of the subsection from a single unnumbered paragraph to one consisting of four numbered paragraphs.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(4), added subsec. (e) and struck out former subsec. (e) which read as follows: "No agreement which tends to diminish or defeat the right, title or interest of the Corporation in any asset acquired by it under this section, either as security for a loan or by purchase, shall be valid against the Corporation unless such agreement (1) shall be in writing, (2) shall have been executed by the bank and the person or persons claiming an adverse interest thereunder, including the obligor, contemporaneously with the acquisition of the asset by the bank, (3) shall have been approved by the board of directors of the bank or its loan committee, which approval shall be reflected in the minutes of said board or committee, and (4) shall have been, continuously, from the time of its execution, an official record of the bank."

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(C), inserted "savings association" after "out-of-State bank".

Subsec. (f)(2)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(A), (B), substituted "is in default" for "is closed", and "bank in default" for "closed bank" in three places.

Subsec. (f)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(A), (D), substituted "in default insured bank" for "closed insured bank" in cl. (i), and "a vote of 75 percent of" for "a unanimous vote" in cl. (iii).

Subsec. (f)(3)(A)(i), (ii), (C), (E). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(A), substituted "danger of default" for "danger of closing".

Subsec. (f)(4)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(E), struck out "the constitution of any State," after "State law,".

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(A), (B), substituted "danger of default" for "danger of closing" and "bank in default" for "closed bank".

Subsec. (f)(6)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(A), (F), substituted "the bank that has in default or is in danger of default" for "the bank that has closed or is in danger of closing" and "the Corporation shall permit the offeror which made the initial lowest acceptable offer and" for "the Corporation shall permit".

Subsec. (f)(7)(C). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(G), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (f)(8)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(H), redesignated subpar. (C) as (A) and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "the term 'receiver' means the Corporation when it has been appointed the receiver of a closed insured bank;".

Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(A), (B), substituted "danger of default" for "danger of closing" in two places and "bank in default" for "closed bank" in two places.

Subsec. (f)(8)(B). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(H), redesignated subpar. (E) as (B) and struck out former subpar. (B) which read as follows: "the term 'insured depository institution' means an insured bank or an association or savings bank insured by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation;".

Subsec. (f)(8)(C). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(H), redesignated subpar. (F) as (C). Former subpar. (C) redesignated (A).

Subsec. (f)(8)(D). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(H), redesignated subpar. (G) as (D) and struck out former subpar. (D) which read as follows: "the term 'bank in danger of closing' means an insured bank with respect to which the appropriate Federal or State chartering authority certifies in writing that—

"(i)(I) the bank is not likely to be able to meet the demands of such bank's depositors or pay the obligations of the bank in the normal course of business, and

"(II) there is no reasonable prospect that the bank will be able to meet such demands or pay such obligations without Federal assistance; or

"(ii)(I) the bank has incurred or is likely to incur losses that will deplete all or substantially all of the capital of the bank, and

"(II) there is no reasonable prospect for the replenishment of the bank's capital without Federal assistance;".

Subsec. (f)(8)(E) to (G). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(H), redesignated subpars. (E) to (G) as (B) to (D), respectively.

Subsec. (f)(9). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(I), substituted "certain subsidiaries" for "nonbank subsidiaries" in heading, "subsidiary, other than a subsidiary that is an insured depository institution," for "subsidiary" and "holding company" for "holding company which is not an insured bank" in subpar. (A), and "intermediate holding company or an affiliate of an insured depository institution" for "intermediate holding company" in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (f)(12). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(5)(J), added par. (12).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(6), substituted "an insured depository institution in default" for "a closed insured depository institution", "default" for "closing", and "Bank Insurance Fund" for "insurance fund".

Pub. L. 101–73, §201(a), substituted "insured depository institution" for "insured bank" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (i)(1)(A). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(A), inserted "depository" before "institution" in three places.

Subsec. (i)(1)(C). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(B), substituted "Corporation" for "corporation" where first appearing, "chartered depository institution" for "chartered bank", "State member bank, a savings association," for "State member bank", and "Federal Reserve System or the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision" for "Federal Reserve System".

Subsec. (i)(1)(D). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(A), inserted "depository" before "institution" in two places.

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(A), (C), inserted "depository" before "institution" in two places, and struck out "or insured or guaranteed under State law" after "insured under this chapter".

Subsec. (i)(3) to (9). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(A), inserted "depository" before "institution" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (i)(10). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(D), struck out par. (10) which read as follows: "Notwithstanding any other Federal or State law, net worth certificates purchased by the Corporation under this subsection shall be deemed to be net worth for statutory and regulatory purposes."

Subsec. (i)(11). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(A), inserted "depository" before "institution".

Subsec. (i)(12). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(D), struck out par. (12) which read as follows: "The Corporation may provide assistance to a qualified institution which is not an insured institution only if the State fund which insures or guarantees the deposits of such qualified institution enters into an agreement with the Corporation which provides that—

"(A) the State fund will indemnify the Corporation for any losses which the Corporation may incur as a result of providing assistance under this subsection to such qualified institution; and

"(B) during any period when such qualified institution has outstanding capital instruments issued in accordance with this subsection, the State insurance fund maintains a level of assessments on its members which results in costs to its members which are at least equivalent to the premium assessments paid to the Corporation by insured institutions during such period."

Subsec. (i)(13). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(7)(A), inserted "depository" before "institution" in two places.

Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 101–73, §217(8), added subsec. (k).

1987—Pub. L. 100–86, §509(a), repealed Pub. L. 97–320, §141. See 1982 Amendment notes below.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(a), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "Nothing contained in paragraph (2) or (3) shall be construed to limit the Corporation's powers in subsection (c) of this section to assist a transaction under paragraph (2) or (3)."

Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(b), amended par. (3) generally, substituting subpars. (A) to (G) relating to emergency interstate acquisitions of insured banks in danger of closing for former subpars. (A) to (C) which authorized merger, purchase of assets, or assumption of liabilities of insured bank organized in mutual form with total assets of $500,000,000 or more upon Corporation's determination it was in danger of closing.

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(c)(1), redesignated cls. (i) to (iii) as subpars. (A) to (C), amended subpar. (A) generally, and added subpars. (D) and (E). Prior to amendment, subpar. (A), as so redesignated, read as follows: "Notwithstanding section 1842(d) of this title or any other provision of law, State or Federal, or the constitution of any State, an institution that merges with or acquires an insured bank under paragraph (2) or (3) is authorized to be and shall be operated as a subsidiary of an out-of-State bank or bank holding company, except that an out-of-State bank may operate the resulting institution as a subsidiary only if such ownership is otherwise specifically authorized."

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(i)(1), struck out "to permit" before "an acquisition".

Subsec. (f)(6)(A). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(i)(2), substituted "where the bank" for "where the closed bank" and "in-State holding company" for "in-State bank holding company".

Subsec. (f)(6)(B). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(c)(2)(A), added cls. (ii) to (vi) and struck out former cls. (ii) to (iv) which read as follows:

"(ii) Second, between depository institutions of the same type in different States;

"(iii) Third, between depository institutions of different types in the same State; and

"(iv) Fourth, between depository institutions of different types in different States."

Subsec. (f)(6)(C). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(c)(2)(B), amended subpar. (C) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (C) read as follows: "In considering offers from different States, the Corporation shall give a priority to offers from adjoining States."

Subsec. (f)(8)(D) to (G). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(d)–(g), added subpars. (D) to (G).

Subsec. (f)(9) to (11). Pub. L. 100–86, §502(c)(3)–(5), added pars. (9) to (11).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 100–86, §801, added subsec. (j).

1983—Subsec. (i)(1)(D). Pub. L. 98–29 inserted provision that issuance of net worth certificates in accordance with this subsection shall not constitute a default under the terms of any debt obligations subordinated to the claims of general creditors which were outstanding when such net worth certificates were issued.

1983—Subsec. (c)(5)(A). Pub. L. 97–457, §1(a), inserted "or dividends" after "interest".

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 97–457, §4, substituted "paragraph" for "paragraphs" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (i)(9). Pub. L. 97–457, §10, inserted "or dividends" after "interest".

1982—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–320, §111, substituted provisions contained in numbered pars. (1) through (8) relating to the Corporation's authority to assist insured banks for prior provisions contained in a single undesignated paragraph authorizing the Corporation, in order to reopen a closed insured bank or, when the Corporation had determined that an insured bank was in danger of closing, in order to prevent such closing, in the discretion of its Board of Directors, to make loans to, or purchase the assets of, or make deposits in, such insured bank, upon such terms and conditions as the Board of Directors might prescribe, when in the opinion of the Board of Directors the continued operation of such bank was essential to provide adequate banking service in the community, with such loans and deposits to be in subordination to the rights of depositors and other creditors.

Pub. L. 97–320, §141(a)(1), which directed the repeal of par. (5) effective Oct. 13, 1986, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–86, §509(a). See Effective and Termination Dates of 1982 Amendment note and Extension of Emergency Acquisition and Net Worth Guarantee Provisions of Pub. L. 97–320 note set out under section 1464 of this title.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–320, §113(m)(2), inserted "(e)" before "No agreement" and struck out provision authorizing the Board of Directors, for the purpose of averting loss to the Corporation and facilitating a merger of an insured bank or facilitating the sale of an insured bank's assets and assumption of its liabilities by another insured bank, to make secured loans or to purchase the insured bank's assets or to guarantee another insured bank against loss by reason of its assuming the liabilities and purchasing the assets of an insured bank, and authorizing national or District banks or the Corporation as receiver thereof to contract for such sales or loans and to pledge assets to secure such loans.

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 97–320, §§113(m)(1), 116, added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsecs. (f) and (g) as (g) and (h), respectively.

Pub. L. 97–320, §141(a)(3), which directed that, effective Oct. 13, 1986, the provisions of law amended by section 116 of Pub. L. 97–320 shall be amended to read as they would without such amendment, was repealed by Pub. L. 100–86, §509(a). See Effective and Termination Dates of 1982 Amendment note and Extension of Emergency Acquisition and Net Worth Guarantee Provisions of Pub. L. 97–320 note set out under section 1464 of this title.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 97–320, §§203, 206, added subsec. (i), relating to net worth certificates, and provided for its prospective repeal. See Effective Date of 1982 Amendment note below.

1978—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–369 added subsec. (g).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives abolished and replaced by Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred from Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001.

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by section 363(6) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 351 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 906 of Title 2, The Congress.

Amendment by section 1106(b) of Pub. L. 111–203 effective 1 day after July 21, 2010, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as an Effective Date note under section 5301 of this title.

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Amendment by section 3(a)(8) of Pub. L. 109–173 effective Jan. 1, 2007, see section 3(b) of Pub. L. 109–173, set out as a note under section 1817 of this title.

Amendment by section 8(a)(19) of Pub. L. 109–173 effective Mar. 31, 2006, see section 8(b) of Pub. L. 109–173, set out as a note under section 1813 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–171 effective no later than the first day of the first calendar quarter that begins after the end of the 90-day period beginning Feb. 8, 2006, see section 2102(c) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a Merger of BIF and SAIF note under section 1821 of this title.

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–8 effective 180 days after Apr. 20, 2005, and not applicable with respect to cases commenced under Title 11, Bankruptcy, before such effective date, except as otherwise provided, see section 1501 of Pub. L. 109–8, set out as a note under section 101 of Title 11.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective Jan. 1, 1999, if no insured depository institution is a savings association on that date, see section 2704(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, formerly set out as a note under section 1821 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendments

Pub. L. 98–29, §1(b), May 16, 1983, 97 Stat. 189, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be deemed to have taken effect on the date of enactment of the Garn-St Germain Depository Institutions Act of 1982 [Oct. 15, 1982]."

Pub. L. 97–457, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2507, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be deemed to have taken effect upon the enactment of Public Law 97–320 [Oct. 15, 1982]."

Pub. L. 97–457, §10(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2508, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall be deemed to have taken effect upon the enactment of Public Law 97–320 [Oct. 15, 1982]."

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–320, title II, §206, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1496, as amended by Pub. L. 97–457, §11, Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2508; Pub. L. 99–120, §6(b), Oct. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 504; Pub. L. 99–278, §1(b), Apr. 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 397; Pub. L. 99–400, §1(b), Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 99–452, §1(b), Oct. 8, 1986, 100 Stat. 1140; Pub. L. 100–86, title V, §509(b), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 635, provided that:

"(a) On October 13, 1991, section 406(f)(5) of the National Housing Act [12 U.S.C. 1729(f)(5)] and section 13(i) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1823(i)] are repealed.

"(b) The repeal by subsection (a) shall have no effect on any action taken or authorized pursuant to the amendments made by this title [see Short Title of 1982 Amendments note set out under section 1811 of this title] by or for a qualified institution while such amendments were in effect and while net worth certificates issued pursuant to these amendments are outstanding."

GAO Compliance Audit

Pub. L. 102–242, title I, §141(a)(2), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2276, as amended by Pub. L. 104–316, title I, §106(b), Oct. 19, 1996, 110 Stat. 3830, provided that: "The Comptroller General of the United States shall audit, under such conditions as the Comptroller General determines to be appropriate, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Resolution Trust Corporation to determine the extent to which such corporations are complying with section 13(c)(4) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1823(c)(4)]."

Early Resolution of Troubled Insured Depository Institutions

Pub. L. 102–242, title I, §143, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2281, provided that:

"(a) In General.—It is the sense of the Congress that the Federal banking agencies should facilitate early resolution of troubled insured depository institutions whenever feasible if early resolution would have the least possible long-term cost to the deposit insurance fund, consistent with the least-cost and prompt corrective action provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.].

"(b) General Principles.—In encouraging the Federal banking agencies to pursue early resolution strategies, the Congress contemplates that any resolution transaction under section 13(c) of that Act [12 U.S.C. 1823(c)] would observe the following general principles:

"(1) Competitive negotiation.—The transaction should be negotiated competitively, taking into account the value of expediting the process.

"(2) Resulting institution adequately capitalized.—Any insured depository institution created or assisted in the transaction (hereafter the 'resulting institution') and any institution acquiring the troubled institution should meet all applicable minimum capital standards.

"(3) Substantial private investment.—The transaction should involve substantial private investment.

"(4) Concessions.—Preexisting owners and debtholders of any troubled institution or its holding company should make substantial concessions.

"(5) Qualified management.—Directors and senior management of the resulting institution should be qualified to perform their duties, and should not include individuals substantially responsible for the troubled institution's problems.

"(6) FDIC's participation.—The transaction should give the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation an opportunity to participate in the success of the resulting institution.

"(7) Structure of transaction.—The transaction should, insofar as practical, be structured so that—

"(A) the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation—

"(i) does not acquire a significant proportion of the troubled institution's problem assets;

"(ii) succeeds to the interests of the troubled institution's preexisting owners and debtholders in proportion to the assistance the Corporation provides; and

"(iii) limits the Corporation's assistance in term and amount; and

"(B) new investors share risk with the Corporation.

"(c) Report.—Two years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 1991], the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation shall submit a report to Congress analyzing the effect of early resolution on the deposit insurance funds."

Extension of Emergency Acquisition and Net Worth Guarantee Provisions of Pub. L. 97–320

No amendment made by section 141(a) of Pub. L. 97–320, set out as a note under section 1464 of this title, or section 206(a) of Pub. L. 97–320, set out as a note above, as in effect before Aug. 10, 1987, to any other provision of law to be deemed to have taken effect before such date and any such provision of law to be in effect as if no such amendment had been made before such date, see section 509(c) of Pub. L. 100–86, set out as a note under section 1464 of this title.

No amendment made by section 141(a) or section 206(a) of Pub. L. 97–320, set out as notes under sections 1464 and 1729 of this title, respectively, as in effect on the day before Oct. 8, 1986, to any other provision of law to be deemed to have taken effect before such date and any such provision of law to be in effect as if no such amendment had taken effect before such date, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 99–452, set out as a note under section 1464 of this title.

Sections 141(a) and 206(a) of Pub. L. 97–320, which are set out as notes under sections 1464 and 1729 of this title, as such sections were in effect on the day after Aug. 27, 1986, applicable as if such sections had been included in Pub. L. 97–320 on Oct. 15, 1982, with no amendment made by any such section to any other provision of law to be deemed to have taken effect before Aug. 27, 1986, and any such provision of law to be in effect as if no such amendment had taken effect before Aug. 27, 1986, see section 1(c) of Pub. L. 99–400, set out as a note under section 1464 of this title.

Annual Reports to Congress by Federal Home Loan Bank Board and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation on Purchases of Net Worth Certificates

Pub. L. 97–320, title II, §204, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1495, provided that: "The Federal Home Loan Bank Board and the Board of Directors of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation shall each transmit an annual report to each House of the Congress specifying the types and amounts of net worth certificates purchased from each depository institution and the conditions imposed on each such depository institution."

[For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of reporting provisions relating to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in section 204 of Pub. L. 97–320, set out above, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and page 167 of House Document No. 103–7.]

Semiannual Audit by Comptroller General of Net Worth Certificate Programs of Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and Federal Home Loan Bank Board

Pub. L. 97–320, title II, §205, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1495, provided that: "The Comptroller General of the United States shall conduct on a semiannual basis an audit of the net worth certificate programs of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board. A report on each such audit shall be transmitted to each House of the Congress."

[For termination, effective May 15, 2000, of reporting provisions in section 205 of Pub. L. 97–320, set out above, see section 3003 of Pub. L. 104–66, set out as a note under section 1113 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and page 3 of House Document No. 103–7.]

1 So in original. Probably should be "an".

2 So in original. Probably should be followed by "or".

3 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 92 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 2: NATIONAL BANKS / Subchapter IV: REGULATION OF THE BANKING BUSINESS; POWERS AND DUTIES OF NATIONAL BANKS / Section 92: Acting as insurance agent or broker
Acting as insurance agent or broker
Status: in_force

In addition to the powers now vested by law in national banking associations organized under the laws of the United States any such association located and doing business in any place the population of which does not exceed five thousand inhabitants, as shown by the last preceding decennial census, may, under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller of the Currency, act as the agent for any fire, life, or other insurance company authorized by the authorities of the State in which said bank is located to do business in said State, by soliciting and selling insurance and collecting premiums on policies issued by such company; and may receive for services so rendered such fees or commissions as may be agreed upon between the said association and the insurance company for which it may act as agent: Provided, however, That no such bank shall in any case assume or guarantee the payment of any premium on insurance policies issued through its agency by its principal: And provided further, That the bank shall not guarantee the truth of any statement made by an assured in filing his application for insurance.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §13 (par.), as added Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 461, 39 Stat. 753; amended Pub. L. 97–320, title IV, §403(b), Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1511.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is based on the eleventh par. of section 13 of act Dec. 23, 1913, as amended. The eleventh par. constituted the ninth par. of section 13 in 1916 (39 Stat. 752, 753), became the tenth par. in 1923 (42 Stat. 1478), and became the eleventh par. in 1932 (47 Stat. 715). For further details, see Codification notes under sections 342 to 344 of this title.

For decision by U.S. Supreme Court that, despite faulty placement of quotation marks, act Sept. 7, 1916, placed within section 13 of act Dec. 23, 1913, each of the ten pars. located between the phrases that introduced the amendments to sections 13 and 14 of said act, that only the seventh par. (rather than seventh to tenth pars.) comprised the amended R.S. §5202, and that section 20 of act Apr. 5, 1918 (40 Stat. 512) (which amended R.S. §5202 comprised of a single par.), did not amend section 13 of said act so as to repeal the eighth to tenth pars., see United States National Bank of Oregon v. Independent Insurance Agents of America, Inc., et al., 508 U.S. 439, 113 S.Ct. 2173, 124 L.Ed. 2d 402 (1993). As the result of subsequent amendments, such seventh to tenth pars. of section 13 now constitute the ninth to twelfth pars. The ninth par. amended former section 82 of this title, and the tenth to twelfth pars. are classified to sections 361, 92, and 373, respectively, of this title.

Amendments

1982—Pub. L. 97–320 struck out "; and may also act as the broker or agent for others in making or procuring loans on real estate located within one hundred miles of the place in which said bank may be located, receiving for such services a reasonable fee or commission" after "may act as agent" and "guarantee either the principal or interest of any such loans or" after "shall in any case".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–320 effective upon the expiration of 180 days after Oct. 15, 1982, see section 403(c) of Pub. L. 97–320, set out as a note under section 371 of this title.

Moratorium

Pub. L. 100–86, title II, §201(a), (b)(5), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 581, 583, provided that, during period beginning Mar. 6, 1987, and ending Mar. 1, 1988, national banks and Federal branches or agencies of foreign banks could not expand their insurance agency activities pursuant to this section into places where they were not conducting such activities as of Mar. 5, 1987.