26 U.S.C. § 1368 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1368: Distributions
Distributions
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

A distribution of property made by an S corporation with respect to its stock to which (but for this subsection) section 301(c) would apply shall be treated in the manner provided in subsection (b) or (c), whichever applies.

(b) S corporation having no earnings and profits

In the case of a distribution described in subsection (a) by an S corporation which has no accumulated earnings and profits—

(1) Amount applied against basis

The distribution shall not be included in gross income to the extent that it does not exceed the adjusted basis of the stock.

(2) Amount in excess of basis

If the amount of the distribution exceeds the adjusted basis of the stock, such excess shall be treated as gain from the sale or exchange of property.

(c) S corporation having earnings and profits

In the case of a distribution described in subsection (a) by an S corporation which has accumulated earnings and profits—

(1) Accumulated adjustments account

That portion of the distribution which does not exceed the accumulated adjustments account shall be treated in the manner provided by subsection (b).

(2) Dividend

That portion of the distribution which remains after the application of paragraph (1) shall be treated as a dividend to the extent it does not exceed the accumulated earnings and profits of the S corporation.

(3) Treatment of remainder

Any portion of the distribution remaining after the application of paragraph (2) of this subsection shall be treated in the manner provided by subsection (b).

Except to the extent provided in regulations, if the distributions during the taxable year exceed the amount in the accumulated adjustments account at the close of the taxable year, for purposes of this subsection, the balance of such account shall be allocated among such distributions in proportion to their respective sizes.

(d) Certain adjustments taken into account

Subsections (b) and (c) shall be applied by taking into account (to the extent proper)—

(1) the adjustments to the basis of the shareholder's stock described in section 1367, and

(2) the adjustments to the accumulated adjustments account which are required by subsection (e)(1).

In the case of any distribution made during any taxable year, the adjusted basis of the stock shall be determined with regard to the adjustments provided in paragraph (1) of section 1367(a) for the taxable year.

(e) Definitions and special rules

For purposes of this section—

(1) Accumulated adjustments account

(A) In general

Except as otherwise provided in this paragraph, the term "accumulated adjustments account" means an account of the S corporation which is adjusted for the S period in a manner similar to the adjustments under section 1367 (except that no adjustment shall be made for income (and related expenses) which is exempt from tax under this title and the phrase "(but not below zero)" shall be disregarded in section 1367(a)(2)) and no adjustment shall be made for Federal taxes attributable to any taxable year in which the corporation was a C corporation.

(B) Amount of adjustment in the case of redemptions

In the case of any redemption which is treated as an exchange under section 302(a) or 303(a), the adjustment in the accumulated adjustments account shall be an amount which bears the same ratio to the balance in such account as the number of shares redeemed in such redemption bears to the number of shares of stock in the corporation immediately before such redemption.

(C) Net loss for year disregarded

(i) In general

In applying this section to distributions made during any taxable year, the amount in the accumulated adjustments account as of the close of such taxable year shall be determined without regard to any net negative adjustment for such taxable year.

(ii) Net negative adjustment

For purposes of clause (i), the term "net negative adjustment" means, with respect to any taxable year, the excess (if any) of—

(I) the reductions in the account for the taxable year (other than for distributions), over

(II) the increases in such account for such taxable year.

(2) S period

The term "S period" means the most recent continuous period during which the corporation has been an S corporation. Such period shall not include any taxable year beginning before January 1, 1983.

(3) Election to distribute earnings first

(A) In general

An S corporation may, with the consent of all of its affected shareholders, elect to have paragraph (1) of subsection (c) not apply to all distributions made during the taxable year for which the election is made.

(B) Affected shareholder

For purposes of subparagraph (A), the term "affected shareholder" means any shareholder to whom a distribution is made by the S corporation during the taxable year.

(f) Restricted bank director stock

If a director receives a distribution (not in part or full payment in exchange for stock) from an S corporation with respect to any restricted bank director stock (as defined in section 1361(f)), the amount of such distribution—

(1) shall be includible in gross income of the director, and

(2) shall be deductible by the corporation for the taxable year of such corporation in which or with which ends the taxable year in which such amount is included in the gross income of the director.

(Added Pub. L. 97–354, §2, Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1680; amended Pub. L. 97–448, title III, §305(d)(2), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2399; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §721(r), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 970; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1879(m)(1)(B), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2910; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1309(a)(2)–(c), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1783; Pub. L. 110–28, title VIII, §8232(b), May 25, 2007, 121 Stat. 197; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(193), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1193.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "is included" for "in included".

2007—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–28 added subsec. (f).

1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–188, §1309(a)(2), inserted at end "In the case of any distribution made during any taxable year, the adjusted basis of the stock shall be determined with regard to the adjustments provided in paragraph (1) of section 1367(a) for the taxable year."

Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 104–188, §1309(c), substituted "as otherwise provided in this paragraph" for "as provided in subparagraph (B)" and "section 1367(a)(2)" for "section 1367(b)(2)(A)".

Subsec. (e)(1)(C). Pub. L. 104–188, §1309(b), added subpar. (C).

1986—Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 99–514 inserted "and no adjustment shall be made for Federal taxes attributable to any taxable year in which the corporation was a C corporation" before period at end.

1984—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, §721(r)(2), inserted "Except to the extent provided in regulations, if the distributions during the taxable year exceed the amount in the accumulated adjustments account at the close of the taxable year, for purposes of this subsection, the balance of such account shall be allocated among such distributions in proportion to their respective sizes."

Subsec. (e)(1)(A). Pub. L. 98–369, §721(r)(1), substituted "(except that no adjustment shall be made for income (and related expenses) which is exempt from tax under this title and the phrase '(but not below zero)' shall be disregarded in section 1367(b)(2)(A))" for "(except that no adjustment shall be made for income which is exempt from tax under this title and no adjustment shall be made for any expense not deductible in computing the corporation's taxable income and not properly chargeable to capital account)".

1983—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 97–448 added par. (3).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2007 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–28 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2006, with special rule for treatment as second class of stock, see section 8232(c) of Pub. L. 110–28, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1996, see section 1317(a) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 641 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 1879(m)(2) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 effective as if included in the Subchapter S Revision Act of 1982, Pub. L. 97–354, see section 721(y)(1) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–448, title III, §311(c)(4), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2411, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (d) of section 305 [amending this section and sections 221, 1374, and 4975 of this title, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 1361 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1361 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of the Subchapter S Revision Act of 1982 [Oct. 19, 1982]."

Effective Date

Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as a note under section 1361 of this title.

Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1989

For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 3451 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 24 / Section 3451: Repealed. Pub. L. 98-67, title I, §102(a), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369
Repealed. Pub. L. 98-67, title I, §102(a), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369
Status: repealed

[§§3451 to 3456. Repealed. Pub. L. 98–67, title I, §102(a), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369]

Section 3451, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §301, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 576, set forth withholding requirements respecting income tax collected at source on interest, dividends, and patronage dividends.

Section 3452, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §301, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 577, related to exemptions from withholding requirements.

Section 3453, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §301, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 579; Pub. L. 97–354, §3(i)(1), Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1690, defined "payor".

Section 3454, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §301, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 580; Pub. L. 97–354, §3(i)(2), (3), Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1690; Pub. L. 97–424, title V, §547(b)(3), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2200, defined the terms "interest", "dividend", and "patronage dividend".

Section 3455, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §301, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 583, set forth definitions and other special rules.

Section 3456, Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §301, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 585, set forth administrative provisions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Dates; Special Rules

Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §308, Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 591, which provided that the amendments made by sections 301 to 308 [enacting subchapter B (§§3451–3456) of chapter 24 of this title and amending sections 31, 274, 275, 643, 661, 3403, 3502, 3507, 6013, 6015, 6042, 6044, 6049, 6051, 6365, 6401, 6413, 6654, 6682, 7205, 7215, 7654, and 7701 of this title] would apply to payments of interest, dividends, and patronage dividends paid or credited after June 30, 1983, provided for the delay in applications for payors unable to comply with the requirements of such provisions without undue hardship, provided a temporary rule for certain withholding exemptions, and provided for delays in making deposits, was repealed by Pub. L. 98–67, title I, §102(a), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369.

Repeal of Withholding on Interest and Dividends

Pub. L. 98–67, title I, §102(a)–(d), Aug. 5, 1983, 97 Stat. 369, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Subtitle A of title III of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 (relating to withholding of tax from interest and dividends) [subtitle A (§§301–308) of title III of Pub. L. 97–248, which enacted this section and sections 3452 to 3456 of this title, amended sections 31, 274, 275, 643, 661, 3403, 3502, 3507, 6013, 6015, 6042, 6044, 6051, 6365, 6401, 6413, 6654, 6682, 7205, 7215, 7654, and 7701 of this title and enacted provisions set out as a note above] is hereby repealed as of the close of June 30, 1983.

"(b) Conforming Amendment.—Except as provided in this section, the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] shall be applied and administered as if such subtitle A (and the amendments made by such subtitle A) had not been enacted.

"(c) Repeal Not To Apply to Amounts Deducted and Withheld Before September 2, 1983.—

"(1) In general.—If, notwithstanding the repeal made by subsection (a) (and the provisions of subsection (b)), an amount is deducted and withheld before September 2, 1983, under subchapter B of chapter 24 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as in effect before its repeal by subsection (a)), the repeal made by subsection (a) (and the provisions of subsection (b)) shall not apply to the amount so deducted and withheld.

"(2) Election to have paragraph (1) not apply.—Paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to any payor who elects (at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate) to have paragraph (1) not apply.

"(d) Estimated Tax Payments.—For purposes of determining the amount of any addition to tax under section 6654 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 with respect to any installment required to be paid before July 1, 1983, the amount of the credit allowed by section 31 of such Code for any taxable year which includes any portion of the period beginning July 1, 1983, and ending December 31, 1983, shall be increased by an amount equal to 10 percent of the aggregate amount of payments—

"(1) which are received during the portion of such taxable year after June 30, 1983, and before January 1, 1984, and

"(2) which (but for the repeal made by subsection (a)) would have been subject to withholding under subchapter B of chapter 24 of such Code (determined without regard to any exemption described in section 3452 of such subchapter B)."
26 U.S.C. § 6502 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 66 / Section 6502: Collection after assessment
Collection after assessment
Status: in_force

(a) Length of period

Where the assessment of any tax imposed by this title has been made within the period of limitation properly applicable thereto, such tax may be collected by levy or by a proceeding in court, but only if the levy is made or the proceeding begun—

(1) within 10 years after the assessment of the tax, or

(2) if—

(A) there is an installment agreement between the taxpayer and the Secretary, prior to the date which is 90 days after the expiration of any period for collection agreed upon in writing by the Secretary and the taxpayer at the time the installment agreement was entered into; or

(B) there is a release of levy under section 6343 after such 10-year period, prior to the expiration of any period for collection agreed upon in writing by the Secretary and the taxpayer before such release.

If a timely proceeding in court for the collection of a tax is commenced, the period during which such tax may be collected by levy shall be extended and shall not expire until the liability for the tax (or a judgment against the taxpayer arising from such liability) is satisfied or becomes unenforceable.

(b) Date when levy is considered made

The date on which a levy on property or rights to property is made shall be the date on which the notice of seizure provided in section 6335(a) is given.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 806; Pub. L. 89–719, title I, §113(b), Nov. 2, 1966, 80 Stat. 1146; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1015(u)(1), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3573; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(k)(2), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2412; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11317(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–458; Pub. L. 105–206, title III, §3461(a), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 764.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–206, §3461(a)(2), struck out first sentence of concluding provisions which read as follows: "The period so agreed upon may be extended by subsequent agreements in writing made before the expiration of the period previously agreed upon."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–206, §3461(a)(1), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows: "prior to the expiration of any period for collection agreed upon in writing by the Secretary and the taxpayer before the expiration of such 10-year period (or, if there is a release of levy under section 6343 after such 10-year period, then before such release)."

1990—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 101–508, §11317(a)(1), substituted "10 years" for "6 years".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 101–508, §11317(a)(2), substituted "10-year period" for "6-year period" wherever appearing.

1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–239 substituted "unenforceable" for "enforceable" in last sentence.

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–647 amended last sentence generally. Prior to amendment, last sentence read as follows: "The period provided by this subsection during which a tax may be collected by levy shall not be extended or curtailed by reason of a judgment against the taxpayer."

1976—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

1966—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–719 inserted sentence at end providing that the period provided by this subsection during which a tax may be collected by levy shall not be extended or curtailed by reason of a judgment against the taxpayer.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendments by Pub. L. 105–206 applicable to requests to extend period of limitations made after Dec. 31, 1999, with special provisions relating to requests made on or before such date, see section 3461(c) of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 6501 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to taxes assessed after Nov. 5, 1990, and to taxes assessed on or before that date if the period specified in this section (determined without regard to the amendments made by Pub. L. 101–508) for collection of such taxes has not expired as of such date, see section 11317(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 6323 of this title.

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1015(u)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3573, provided that: "The amendment made by this subsection [amending this section] shall apply to levies issued after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]."

Effective Date of 1966 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 89–719 applicable after Nov. 2, 1966, regardless of when title or lien of United States arose or when lien or interest of another person was acquired, except in a case in which a lien or title derived from enforcement of a lien held by United States has been enforced by a civil action or suit which has become final by judgment, sale, or agreement before Nov. 2, 1966, or in a case in which the amendment would impair a priority held by any person other than United States holding a lien or interest prior to Nov. 2, 1966, operate to increase liability of such person, or shorten the time for bringing suit with respect to transactions occurring before Nov. 2, 1966, see section 114(a)–(c) of Pub. L. 89–719, set out as a note under section 6323 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6851 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 70 / Section 6851: Termination assessments of income tax
Termination assessments of income tax
Status: in_force

(a) Authority for making

(1) In general

If the Secretary finds that a taxpayer designs quickly to depart from the United States or to remove his property therefrom, or to conceal himself or his property therein, or to do any other act (including in the case of a corporation distributing all or a part of its assets in liquidation or otherwise) tending to prejudice or to render wholly or partially ineffectual proceedings to collect the income tax for the current or the immediately preceding taxable year unless such proceeding be brought without delay, the Secretary shall immediately make a determination of tax for the current taxable year or for the preceding taxable year, or both, as the case may be, and notwithstanding any other provision of law, such tax shall become immediately due and payable. The Secretary shall immediately assess the amount of the tax so determined (together with all interest, additional amounts, and additions to the tax provided by law) for the current taxable year or such preceding taxable year, or both, as the case may be, and shall cause notice of such determination and assessment to be given the taxpayer, together with a demand for immediate payment of such tax.

(2) Computation of tax

In the case of a current taxable year, the Secretary shall determine the tax for the period beginning on the first day of such current taxable year and ending on the date of the determination under paragraph (1) as though such period were a taxable year of the taxpayer, and shall take into account any prior determination made under this subsection with respect to such current taxable year.

(3) Treatment of amounts collected

Any amounts collected as a result of any assessments under this subsection shall, to the extent thereof, be treated as a payment of tax for such taxable year.

(4) This section inapplicable where section 6861 applies

This section shall not authorize any assessment of tax for the preceding taxable year which is made after the due date of the taxpayer's return for such taxable year (determined with regard to any extensions).

(b) Notice of deficiency

If an assessment of tax is made under the authority of subsection (a), the Secretary shall mail a notice under section 6212(a) for the taxpayer's full taxable year (determined without regard to any action taken under subsection (a)) with respect to which such assessment was made within 60 days after the later of (i) the due date of the taxpayer's return for such taxable year (determined with regard to any extensions), or (ii) the date such taxpayer files such return. Such deficiency may be in an amount greater or less than the amount assessed under subsection (a).

(c) Citizens

In the case of a citizen of the United States or of a possession of the United States about to depart from the United States, the Secretary may, at his discretion, waive any or all of the requirements placed on the taxpayer by this section.

(d) Departure of alien

Subject to such exceptions as may, by regulations, be prescribed by the Secretary—

(1) No alien shall depart from the United States unless he first procures from the Secretary a certificate that he has complied with all the obligations imposed upon him by the income tax laws.

(2) Payment of taxes shall not be enforced by any proceedings under the provisions of this section prior to the expiration of the time otherwise allowed for paying such taxes if, in the case of an alien about to depart from the United States, the Secretary determines that the collection of the tax will not be jeopardized by the departure of the alien.

(e) Sections 6861(f) and (g) to apply

The provisions of section 6861(f) (relating to collection of unpaid amounts) and 6861(g) (relating to abatement if jeopardy does not exist) shall apply with respect to any assessment made under subsection (a).

(f) Cross references

(1) For provisions permitting immediate levy in case of jeopardy, see section 6331(a).

(2) For provisions relating to the review of jeopardy, see section 7429.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 833; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §87, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1665; Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, §1204(b), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1696, 1834.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1976—Pub. L. 94–455, §1204(b)(1), substituted "assessments of income tax" for "of taxable year" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1204(b)(1), revised pars. (1) and (2) to provide that a termination assessment does not end the taxable year for any purpose other than the computation of the amount of tax to be assessed and collected and to set out the method for determining the tax for the current taxable year, and added pars. (3) and (4).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §1204(b)(1), substituted provisions for the mailing of a notice of deficiency for provisions for the reopening of taxable period.

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 94–455, §1204(b)(2), substituted provisions making section 6861(f) and (g) applicable with respect to assessments under subsec. (a).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §1204(b)(2), added subsec. (f).

1958—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 85–866 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted opening provisions, and added par. (2).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, §1204(d), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1699, as amended by Pub. L. 94–528, §2(a), Oct. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 2483; Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 7429 of this title and amending this section and sections 443, 6091, 6211, 6213, 6863, 7103, and 7421 of this title] apply with respect to action taken under section 6851, 6861, or 6862 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] where the notice and demand takes place after February 28, 1977."

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–866 effective Aug. 17, 1954, see section 1(c)(2) of Pub. L. 85–866, set out as a note under section 165 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6324B (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 64 / Subchapter C / Section 6324B: Special lien for additional estate tax attributable to farm, etc., valuation
Special lien for additional estate tax attributable to farm, etc., valuation
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

In the case of any interest in qualified real property (within the meaning of section 2032A(b)), an amount equal to the adjusted tax difference attributable to such interest (within the meaning of section 2032A(c)(2)(B)) shall be a lien in favor of the United States on the property in which such interest exists.

(b) Period of lien

The lien imposed by this section shall arise at the time an election is filed under section 2032A and shall continue with respect to any interest in the qualified real property—

(1) until the liability for tax under subsection (c) of section 2032A with respect to such interest has been satisfied or has become unenforceable by reason of lapse of time, or

(2) until it is established to the satisfaction of the Secretary that no further tax liability may arise under section 2032A(c) with respect to such interest.

(c) Certain rules and definitions made applicable

(1) In general

The rule set forth in paragraphs (1), (3), and (4) of section 6324A(d) shall apply with respect to the lien imposed by this section as if it were a lien imposed by section 6324A.

(2) Qualified real property

For purposes of this section, the term "qualified real property" includes qualified replacement property (within the meaning of section 2032A(h)(3)(B)) and qualified exchange property (within the meaning of section 2032A(i)(3)).

(d) Substitution of security for lien

To the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the furnishing of security may be substituted for the lien imposed by this section.

(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XX, §2003(b), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1861; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §702(r)(4), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2939; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §108(d), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 228; Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, §421(d)(2)(B), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 309.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1981—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 97–34 defined "qualified real property" to include qualified exchange property (within the meaning of section 2032A(i)(3)).

1980—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–222 designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "The rule" for "The rules", and added par. (2).

1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–600 substituted "qualified real property" for "qualified farm real property".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable with respect to exchanges after Dec. 31, 1981, see section 421(k)(3) of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as a note under section 2032A of this title.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to estates of decedents dying after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 702(r)(5) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 2051 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1254 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1254: Gain from disposition of interest in oil, gas, geothermal, or other mineral properties
Gain from disposition of interest in oil, gas, geothermal, or other mineral properties
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

(1) Ordinary income

If any section 1254 property is disposed of, the lesser of—

(A) the aggregate amount of—

(i) expenditures which have been deducted by the taxpayer or any person under section 263, 616, or 617 with respect to such property and which, but for such deduction, would have been included in the adjusted basis of such property, and

(ii) the deductions for depletion under section 611 which reduced the adjusted basis of such property, or

(B) the excess of—

(i) in the case of—

(I) a sale, exchange, or involuntary conversion, the amount realized, or

(II) in the case of any other disposition, the fair market value of such property, over

(ii) the adjusted basis of such property,

shall be treated as gain which is ordinary income. Such gain shall be recognized notwithstanding any other provision of this subtitle.

(2) Disposition of portion of property

For purposes of paragraph (1)—

(A) In the case of the disposition of a portion of section 1254 property (other than an undivided interest), the entire amount of the aggregate expenditures or deductions described in paragraph (1)(A) with respect to such property shall be treated as allocable to such portion to the extent of the amount of the gain to which paragraph (1) applies.

(B) In the case of the disposition of an undivided interest in a section 1254 property (or a portion thereof), a proportionate part of the expenditures or deductions described in paragraph (1)(A) with respect to such property shall be treated as allocable to such undivided interest to the extent of the amount of the gain to which paragraph (1) applies.

This paragraph shall not apply to any expenditures to the extent the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that such expenditures do not relate to the portion (or interest therein) disposed of.

(3) Section 1254 property

The term "section 1254 property" means any property (within the meaning of section 614) if—

(A) any expenditures described in paragraph (1)(A) are properly chargeable to such property, or

(B) the adjusted basis of such property includes adjustments for deductions for depletion under section 611.

(4) Adjustment for amounts included in gross income under section 617(b)(1)(A)

The amount of the expenditures referred to in paragraph (1)(A)(i) shall be properly adjusted for amounts included in gross income under section 617(b)(1)(A).

(b) Special rules under regulations

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary—

(1) rules similar to the rule of subsection (g) of section 617 and to the rules of subsections (b) and (c) of section 1245 shall be applied for purposes of this section; and

(2) in the case of the sale or exchange of stock in an S corporation, rules similar to the rules of section 751 shall be applied to that portion of the excess of the amount realized over the adjusted basis of the stock which is attributable to expenditures referred to in subsection (a)(1)(A) of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title II, §205(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1533; amended Pub. L. 95–618, title IV, §402(c)(1)–(3), Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3202; Pub. L. 97–354, §5(a)(37), Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1696; Pub. L. 99–514, title IV, §413(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2227; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1004(c), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3387.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 100–647 added par. (4).

1986—Pub. L. 99–514 amended section generally, substituting "geothermal, or other mineral properties" for "or geothermal property" in section catchline, revising and restating subsec. (a), pars. (1) to (4) as pars. (1) to (3), and reenacting subsec. (b) without change except for substituting "rule of subsection (g)" for "rules of subsection (g)" in par. (1).

1982—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 97–354 substituted "an S corporation" for "an electing small business corporation (as defined in section 1371(b))".

1978—Pub. L. 95–618, §402(c)(3), substituted "oil, gas, or geothermal" for "oil or gas" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 95–618, §402(c)(1), substituted "oil, gas, or geothermal property" for "oil or gas property" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–618, §402(c)(2), substituted "Oil, gas, or geothermal" for "Oil or gas" in heading and in text substituted "The term 'oil, gas, or geothermal property' means" for "The term 'oil or gas property' means".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–514, title IV, §413(c), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2229, provided that:

"(1) In general.—The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 617 of this title] shall apply to any disposition of property which is placed in service by the taxpayer after December 31, 1986.

"(2) Exception for binding contracts.—The amendments made by this section shall not apply to any disposition of property placed in service after December 31, 1986, if such property was acquired pursuant to a written contract which was entered into before September 26, 1985, and which was binding at all times thereafter."

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–354 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1361 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–618 applicable with respect to wells commenced on or after Oct. 1, 1978, in taxable years ending on or after such date, see section 402(e) of Pub. L. 95–618, set out as a note under section 263 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 94–455, title II, §205(e), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1535, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 163, 170, 301, 312, 341, 453, and 751 of this title] shall apply with respect to taxable years ending after December 31, 1975."
26 U.S.C. § 7607 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 78 / Section 7607: Repealed. Pub. L. 98-473, title II, §320(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2056, and Pub. L. 98-573, title II, §213(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2988
Repealed. Pub. L. 98-473, title II, §320(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2056, and Pub. L. 98-573, title II, §213(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2988
Status: repealed

[§7607. Repealed. Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §320(b), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2056, and Pub. L. 98–573, title II, §213(b)(1), Oct. 30, 1984, 98 Stat. 2988]

Section, added July 18, 1956, ch. 629, title I, §104(a), 70 Stat. 570; amended Oct. 27, 1970, Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1102(g)(1), 84 Stat. 1292, set forth additional authority for Bureau of Customs with respect to firearms, warrants, etc.

Another section 7607 was renumbered section 7613 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Oct. 15, 1984, see section 214(e) of Pub. L. 98–573, set out as an Effective Date of 1984 Amendment note under section 1304 of Title 19, Customs Duties.
26 U.S.C. § 6039J (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 61 / Section 6039J: Information reporting with respect to Commodity Credit Corporation transactions
Information reporting with respect to Commodity Credit Corporation transactions
Status: in_force

(a) Requirement of reporting

The Commodity Credit Corporation, through the Secretary of Agriculture, shall make a return, according to the forms and regulations prescribed by the Secretary of the Treasury, setting forth any market gain realized by a taxpayer during the taxable year in relation to the repayment of a loan issued by the Commodity Credit Corporation, without regard to the manner in which such loan was repaid.

(b) Statements to be furnished to persons with respect to whom information is required

The Secretary of Agriculture shall furnish to each person whose name is required to be set forth in a return required under subsection (a) a written statement showing the amount of market gain reported in such return.

(Added Pub. L. 110–234, title XV, §15353(a), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1526, and Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title XV, §15353(a), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2288.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical sections. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Enactment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.

Pub. L. 110–234, title XV, §15353(c), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1527, and Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title XV, §15353(c), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 2289, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to loans repaid on or after January 1, 2007."

[Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical provisions. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.]
26 U.S.C. § 1057 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1057: Repealed. Pub. L. 105-34, title XI, §1131(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 980
Repealed. Pub. L. 105-34, title XI, §1131(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 980
Status: repealed

[§1057. Repealed. Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1131(c)(2), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 980]

Section, added Pub. L. 94–455, title X, §1015(c), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1618, related to election to treat transfer to foreign trust, etc., as taxable exchange.

A prior section 1057 was renumbered section 1062 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1552 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 6 / Section 1552: Earnings and profits
Earnings and profits
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

Pursuant to regulations prescribed by the Secretary the earnings and profits of each member of an affiliated group required to be included in a consolidated return for such group filed for a taxable year shall be determined by allocating the tax liability of the group for such year among the members of the group in accord with whichever of the following methods the group shall elect in its first consolidated return filed for such a taxable year:

(1) The tax liability shall be apportioned among the members of the group in accordance with the ratio which that portion of the consolidated taxable income attributable to each member of the group having taxable income bears to the consolidated taxable income.

(2) The tax liability of the group shall be allocated to the several members of the group on the basis of the percentage of the total tax which the tax of such member if computed on a separate return would bear to the total amount of the taxes for all members of the group so computed.

(3) The tax liability of the group (excluding the tax increases arising from the consolidation) shall be allocated on the basis of the contribution of each member of the group to the consolidated taxable income of the group. Any tax increases arising from the consolidation shall be distributed to the several members in direct proportion to the reduction in tax liability resulting to such members from the filing of the consolidated return as measured by the difference between their tax liabilities determined on a separate return basis and their tax liabilities based on their contributions to the consolidated taxable income.

(4) The tax liability of the group shall be allocated in accord with any other method selected by the group with the approval of the Secretary.

(b) Failure to elect

If no election is made in such first return, the tax liability shall be allocated among the several members of the group pursuant to the method prescribed in subsection (a)(1).

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 371; Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §234(b)(8), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 116; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(a)(159), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1790, 1834.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1901(a)(159), 1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "beginning after December 31, 1953, and ending after the date of enactment of this title" after "group filed for a taxable year", and "or his delegate" after "Secretary" in two places.

1964—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 88–272 struck out "(determined without regard to the 2 percent increase provided by section 1503(a))", before "based on their contributions".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Amendment by section 1901(a)(159) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

Effective Date of 1964 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 88–272 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1963, see section 234(c) of Pub. L. 88–272, set out as a note under section 1503 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 4377 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 34 / Section 4377: Definitions and special rules
Definitions and special rules
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions

For purposes of this subchapter—

(1) Accident and health coverage

The term "accident and health coverage" means any coverage which, if provided by an insurance policy, would cause such policy to be a specified health insurance policy (as defined in section 4375(c)).

(2) Insurance policy

The term "insurance policy" means any policy or other instrument whereby a contract of insurance is issued, renewed, or extended.

(3) United States

The term "United States" includes any possession of the United States.

(b) Treatment of governmental entities

(1) In general

For purposes of this subchapter—

(A) the term "person" includes any governmental entity, and

(B) notwithstanding any other law or rule of law, governmental entities shall not be exempt from the fees imposed by this subchapter except as provided in paragraph (2).

(2) Treatment of exempt governmental programs

In the case of an exempt governmental program, no fee shall be imposed under section 4375 or section 4376 on any covered life under such program.

(3) Exempt governmental program defined

For purposes of this subchapter, the term "exempt governmental program" means—

(A) any insurance program established under title XVIII of the Social Security Act,

(B) the medical assistance program established by title XIX or XXI of the Social Security Act,

(C) any program established by Federal law for providing medical care (other than through insurance policies) to individuals (or the spouses and dependents thereof) by reason of such individuals being members of the Armed Forces of the United States or veterans, and

(D) any program established by Federal law for providing medical care (other than through insurance policies) to members of Indian tribes (as defined in section 4(d) of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act).

(c) Treatment as tax

For purposes of subtitle F, the fees imposed by this subchapter shall be treated as if they were taxes.

(d) No cover over to possessions

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no amount collected under this subchapter shall be covered over to any possession of the United States.

(Added Pub. L. 111–148, title VI, §6301(e)(2)(A), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 746.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(A), (B), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Titles XVIII, XIX, and XXI of the Act are classified generally to subchapters XVIII (§1395 et seq.), XIX (§1396 et seq.), and XXI (§1397aa et seq.), respectively, of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

Section 4(d) of the Indian Health Care Improvement Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(D), is classified to section 1603(d) of Title 25, Indians.
26 U.S.C. § 87 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 87: Alcohol and biodiesel fuels credits
Alcohol and biodiesel fuels credits
Status: in_force

Gross income includes—

(1) the amount of the alcohol fuel credit determined with respect to the taxpayer for the taxable year under section 40(a),

(2) the biodiesel fuels credit determined with respect to the taxpayer for the taxable year under section 40A(a), and

(3) the sustainable aviation fuel credit determined with respect to the taxpayer for the taxable year under section 40B(a).

(Added Pub. L. 96–223, title II, §232(c)(1), Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 276, §86; renumbered §87, Pub. L. 98–21, title I, §121(a), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 80; amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §474(r)(3), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 839; Pub. L. 108–357, title III, §302(c)(1)(A), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1465; Pub. L. 117–169, title I, §13203(e), Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1935.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2022—Par. (3). Pub. L. 117–169 added par. (3).

2004—Pub. L. 108–357 amended section catchline and text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Gross income includes the amount of the alcohol fuel credit determined with respect to the taxpayer for the taxable year under section 40(a)."

1984—Pub. L. 98–369 amended section generally, substituting "the amount of the alcohol fuel credit determined with respect to the taxpayer for the taxable year under section 40(a)" for "an amount equal to the amount of the credit allowable to the taxpayer under section 44E for the taxable year (determined without regard to subsection (e) thereof)".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–169 applicable to fuel sold or used after Dec. 31, 2022, see section 13203(f) of Pub. L. 117–169, set out as an Effective Date note under section 40B of this title.

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to fuel produced, and sold or used, after Dec. 31, 2004, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 302(d) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 38 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to sales or uses after Sept. 30, 1980, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 232(h)(1) of Pub. L. 96–223, set out as a note under section 40 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1045 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1045: Rollover of gain from qualified small business stock to another qualified small business stock
Rollover of gain from qualified small business stock to another qualified small business stock
Status: in_force

(a) Nonrecognition of gain

In the case of any sale of qualified small business stock held by a taxpayer other than a corporation for more than 6 months and with respect to which such taxpayer elects the application of this section, gain from such sale shall be recognized only to the extent that the amount realized on such sale exceeds—

(1) the cost of any qualified small business stock purchased by the taxpayer during the 60-day period beginning on the date of such sale, reduced by

(2) any portion of such cost previously taken into account under this section.

This section shall not apply to any gain which is treated as ordinary income for purposes of this title.

(b) Definitions and special rules

For purposes of this section—

(1) Qualified small business stock

The term "qualified small business stock" has the meaning given such term by section 1202(c).

(2) Purchase

A taxpayer shall be treated as having purchased any property if, but for paragraph (3), the unadjusted basis of such property in the hands of the taxpayer would be its cost (within the meaning of section 1012).

(3) Basis adjustments

If gain from any sale is not recognized by reason of subsection (a), such gain shall be applied to reduce (in the order acquired) the basis for determining gain or loss of any qualified small business stock which is purchased by the taxpayer during the 60-day period described in subsection (a).

(4) Holding period

For purposes of determining whether the nonrecognition of gain under subsection (a) applies to stock which is sold—

(A) the taxpayer's holding period for such stock and the stock referred to in subsection (a)(1) shall be determined without regard to section 1223, and

(B) only the first 6 months of the taxpayer's holding period for the stock referred to in subsection (a)(1) shall be taken into account for purposes of applying section 1202(c)(2).

(5) Certain rules to apply

Rules similar to the rules of subsections (f), (g), (h), (i), (j), and (k) of section 1202 shall apply.

(Added Pub. L. 105–34, title III, §313(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 841; amended Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6005(f), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 806.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 105–206, §6005(f)(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "a taxpayer other than a corporation" for "an individual" and "such taxpayer" for "such individual".

Subsec. (b)(5). Pub. L. 105–206, §6005(f)(2), added par. (5).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to sales after Aug. 5, 1997, see section 313(c) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as an Effective Date of 1997 Amendment note under section 1016 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 4968 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 42 / Section 4968: Excise tax based on investment income of private colleges and universities
Excise tax based on investment income of private colleges and universities
Status: in_force

(a) Tax imposed

There is hereby imposed on each applicable educational institution for the taxable year a tax equal to 1.4 percent of the net investment income of such institution for the taxable year.

(b) Applicable educational institution

For purposes of this subchapter—

(1) In general

The term "applicable educational institution" means an eligible educational institution (as defined in section 25A(f)(2))—

(A) which had at least 500 tuition-paying students during the preceding taxable year,

(B) more than 50 percent of the tuition-paying students of which are located in the United States,

(C) which is not described in the first sentence of section 511(a)(2)(B) (relating to State colleges and universities), and

(D) the aggregate fair market value of the assets of which at the end of the preceding taxable year (other than those assets which are used directly in carrying out the institution's exempt purpose) is at least $500,000 per student of the institution.

(2) Students

For purposes of paragraph (1), the number of students of an institution (including for purposes of determining the number of students at a particular location) shall be based on the daily average number of full-time students attending such institution (with part-time students taken into account on a full-time student equivalent basis).

(c) Net investment income

For purposes of this section, net investment income shall be determined under rules similar to the rules of section 4940(c).

(d) Assets and net investment income of related organizations

(1) In general

For purposes of subsections (b)(1)(C) and (c), assets and net investment income of any related organization with respect to an educational institution shall be treated as assets and net investment income, respectively, of the educational institution, except that—

(A) no such amount shall be taken into account with respect to more than 1 educational institution, and

(B) unless such organization is controlled by such institution or is described in section 509(a)(3) with respect to such institution for the taxable year, assets and net investment income which are not intended or available for the use or benefit of the educational institution shall not be taken into account.

(2) Related organization

For purposes of this subsection, the term "related organization" means, with respect to an educational institution, any organization which—

(A) controls, or is controlled by, such institution,

(B) is controlled by 1 or more persons which also control such institution, or

(C) is a supported organization (as defined in section 509(f)(3)), or an organization described in section 509(a)(3), during the taxable year with respect to such institution.

(Added Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13701(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2167; amended Pub. L. 115–123, div. D, title II, §41109(a), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 159.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (b)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–123, §41109(a)(1), inserted "tuition-paying" after "500".

Subsec. (b)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–123, §41109(a)(2), inserted "tuition-paying" after "50 percent of the".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–123, div. D, title II, §41109(b), Feb. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 159, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."

Effective Date

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13701(c), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2168, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."
26 U.S.C. § 6808 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 69 / Section 6808: Special provisions relating to stamps
Special provisions relating to stamps
Status: in_force

For special provisions on stamps relating to—

(1) Distilled spirits and fermented liquors, see chapter 51.

(2) Machine guns and short-barrelled firearms, see chapter 53.

(3) Tobacco, snuff, cigars and cigarettes, see chapter 52.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 831; Pub. L. 88–36, title II, §201(d), June 4, 1963, 77 Stat. 54; Pub. L. 89–44, title VI, §601(f), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 155; Pub. L. 91–513, title III, §1102(c), Oct. 27, 1970, 84 Stat. 1292; Pub. L. 93–490, §3(b)(6), Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1467; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1904(b)(5)(B), (7)(A), (8)(B), (9)(A), 1952(n)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1815, 1816, 1846.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1976—Par. (1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1952(n)(1), redesignated par. (3) as (1).

Par. (2). Pub. L. 94–455, §1952(n)(1), redesignated par. (6) as (2). Former par. (2), relating to cotton futures, with the included reference to subchapter D of chapter 39, was struck out.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 94–455, §1952(n)(1), redesignated par. (11) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (1).

Par. (4). Pub. L. 94–455, §1904(b)(5)(B), struck out par. (4) relating to documents and other instruments, with the included reference to chapter 34.

Par. (6). Pub. L. 94–455, §1952(n)(1), redesignated par. (6) as (2).

Par. (7). Pub. L. 94–455, §1904(b)(7)(A), struck out par. (7) relating to oleomargarine, with the included reference to subchapter F of chapter 38.

Par. (10). Pub. L. 94–455, §1904(b)(9)(A), struck out par. (10) relating to process, renovated, or adulterated butter, with the included reference to subchapter C of chapter 39.

Par. (11). Pub. L. 94–455, §1952(n)(1), redesignated par. (11) as (3).

Par. (12). Pub. L. 94–455, §1904(b)(8)(B), struck out par. (12) relating to white phosphorous matches, with the included reference to subchapter B of chapter 39.

1974—Par. (5). Pub. L. 93–490 struck out par. (5) relating to filled cheese, with the included reference to subchapter C of chapter 39.

1970—Par. (8). Pub. L. 91–513 struck out par. (8) relating to opium, opium for smoking, opiates, coca leaves, and marihuana, with the included reference to subchapter A of chapter 39.

1965—Par. (1). Pub. L. 89–44 struck out par. (1) relating to capital stock.

Par. (9). Pub. L. 89–44 struck out par (9) relating to playing cards.

1963—Pars. (11) to (13). Pub. L. 88–36 redesignated pars. (12) and (13) as (11) and (12), respectively, and struck out former par. (11), which was a cross reference provision for silver bullion, to subchapter F of chapter 9.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Amendment by section 1904(b)(5)(B), (7)(A), (8)(B), (9)(A) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective on first day of first month which begins more than ninety days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1904(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title.

Amendment by section 1952(n)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective on ninetieth day after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1952(o) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 15b of Title 7, Agriculture.

Effective Date of 1974 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–490 applicable to filled cheese manufactured, imported, or sold after Oct. 26, 1974, see section 3(c) of Pub. L. 93–490, set out as an Effective Date of Repeal note under former sections 4831 to 4834 of this title.

Effective Date of 1970 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–513 effective on first day of seventh calendar month that begins after Oct. 26, 1970, see section 1105(a) of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as an Effective Date note under section 951 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.

Effective Date of 1965 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 89–44 to take effect in a manner consistent with effective date of change of tax provision to which related, see section 701(e) of Pub. L. 89–44, set out as a note under section 6103 of this title.

Effective Date of 1963 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 88–36 applicable only with respect to transfers after June 4, 1963, see section 202 of Pub. L. 88–36, title II, June 4, 1963, 77 Stat. 54.

Savings Provision

Prosecutions for any violation of law occurring, and civil seizures or forfeitures and injunctive proceedings commenced, prior to the effective date of amendment of this section by section 1102 of Pub. L. 91–513 not to be affected or abated by reason thereof, see section 1103 of Pub. L. 91–513, set out as a note under section 171 of Title 21, Food and Drugs.
26 U.S.C. § 342 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Subchapter C / Section 342: Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, §1901(a)(47), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1772
Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, §1901(a)(47), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1772
Status: repealed

[§342. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(a)(47), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1772]

Section, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 110, related to liquidation of certain foreign personal holding companies.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 2 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6719 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 68 / Section 6719: Failure to register or reregister
Failure to register or reregister
Status: in_force

(a) Failure to register or reregister

Every person who is required to register or reregister under section 4101 and fails to do so shall pay a penalty in addition to the tax (if any).

(b) Amount of penalty

The amount of the penalty under subsection (a) shall be—

(1) $10,000 for each initial failure to register or reregister, and

(2) $1,000 for each day thereafter such person fails to register or reregister.

(c) Reasonable cause exception

No penalty shall be imposed under this section with respect to any failure if it is shown that such failure is due to reasonable cause.

(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §863(c)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1620; amended Pub. L. 109–59, title XI, §11164(b)(1), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1975.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2005—Pub. L. 109–59, §11164(b)(1)(C), inserted "or reregister" after "register" in section catchline.

Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 109–59, §11164(b)(1)(A), (B), inserted "or reregister" after "register" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–59 applicable to actions, or failures to act, after Aug. 10, 2005, see section 11164(c) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 4101 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §863(e), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1620, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and section 6725 of this title and amending sections 7232 and 7272 of this title] shall apply to penalties imposed after December 31, 2004."
26 U.S.C. § 6050J (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 61 / Section 6050J: Returns relating to foreclosures and abandonments of security
Returns relating to foreclosures and abandonments of security
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Any person who, in connection with a trade or business conducted by such person, lends money secured by property and who—

(1) in full or partial satisfaction of any indebtedness, acquires an interest in any property which is security for such indebtedness, or

(2) has reason to know that the property in which such person has a security interest has been abandoned,

shall make a return described in subsection (c) with respect to each of such acquisitions or abandonments, at such time as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe.

(b) Exception

Subsection (a) shall not apply to any loan to an individual secured by an interest in tangible personal property which is not held for investment and which is not used in a trade or business.

(c) Form and manner of return

The return required under subsection (a) with respect to any acquisition or abandonment of property—

(1) shall be in such form as the Secretary may prescribe,

(2) shall contain—

(A) the name and address of each person who is a borrower with respect to the indebtedness which is secured,

(B) a general description of the nature of such property and such indebtedness,

(C) in the case of a return required under subsection (a)(1)—

(i) the amount of such indebtedness at the time of such acquisition, and

(ii) the amount of indebtedness satisfied in such acquisition,

(D) in the case of a return required under subsection (a)(2), the amount of such indebtedness at the time of such abandonment, and

(E) such other information as the Secretary may prescribe.

(d) Applications to governmental units

For purposes of this section—

(1) Treated as persons

The term "person" includes any governmental unit (and any agency or instrumentality thereof).

(2) Special rules

In the case of a governmental unit or any agency or instrumentality thereof—

(A) subsection (a) shall be applied without regard to the trade or business requirement contained therein, and

(B) any return under this section shall be made by the officer or employee appropriately designated for the purpose of making such return.

(e) Statements to be furnished to persons with respect to whom information is required to be furnished

Every person required to make a return under subsection (a) shall furnish to each person whose name is required to be set forth in such return a written statement showing the name, address, and phone number of the information contact of the person required to make such return. The written statement required under the preceding sentence shall be furnished to the person on or before January 31 of the year following the calendar year for which the return under subsection (a) was made.

(f) Treatment of other dispositions

To the extent provided by regulations prescribed by the Secretary, any transfer of the property which secures the indebtedness to a person other than the lender shall be treated as an abandonment of such property.

(Added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §148(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 687; amended Pub. L. 104–168, title XII, §1201(a)(10), July 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 1470.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1996—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–168 substituted "name, address, and phone number of the information contact" for "name and address".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–168 applicable to statements required to be furnished after Dec. 31, 1996 (determined without regard to any extension), see section 1201(b) of Pub. L. 104–168, set out as a note under section 6041 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §148(d), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 689, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 6652 and 6678 of this title] shall apply with respect to acquisitions of property and abandonments of property after December 31, 1984."
26 U.S.C. § 5705 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 52 / Section 5705: Credit, refund, or allowance of tax
Credit, refund, or allowance of tax
Status: in_force

(a) Credit or refund

Credit or refund of any tax imposed by this chapter or section 7652 shall be allowed or made (without interest) to the manufacturer, importer, or export warehouse proprietor, on proof satisfactory to the Secretary that the claimant manufacturer, importer, or export warehouse proprietor has paid the tax on tobacco products and cigarette papers and tubes withdrawn by him from the market; or on such articles lost (otherwise than by theft) or destroyed, by fire, casualty, or act of God, while in the possession of ownership of the claimant.

(b) Allowance

If the tax has not yet been paid on tobacco products and cigarette papers and tubes provided to have been withdrawn from the market or lost or destroyed as aforesaid, relief from the tax on such articles may be extended upon the filing of a claim for allowance therefor in accordance with such regulations as the Secretary shall prescribe.

(c) Limitation

Any claim for credit or refund of tax under this section shall be filed within 6 months after the date of the withdrawal from the market, loss, or destruction of the articles to which the claim relates, and shall be in such form and contain such information as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 709; Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §202, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1419; Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, §808(b)(1), (2), (c)(1), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 164, 165; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.

1965—Pub. L. 89–44, §808(c)(1), struck out "Refund or" and inserted in lieu thereof "Credit, refund, or" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–44, §808(b)(1), substituted "Credit or refund" for "Refund" in heading and struck out "Refund of any tax imposed by this chapter shall be made", replacing it with "Credit or refund of any tax imposed by this chapter or section 7652 shall be allowed or made".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–44, §808(b)(2), inserted "credit or" before "refund".

1958—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 85–859 authorized refunds to export warehouse proprietors, provided for refunds to be made without interest, and eliminated provisions which authorized refunds where the tax has been paid in error.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 85–859 permitted relief where a tax has not yet been paid on tobacco products and cigarette papers and tubes proved to have been withdrawn from the market.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85–859 substituted "under this section shall be filed within 6 months after the date of the withdrawal from the market, loss, or destruction of the articles to which the claim relates" for "imposed by this chapter shall be filed within 3 years of the date of payment of tax".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1965 Amendment

Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, §808(d)(2), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 165, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (b)(1), (2), and (c) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1965."

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–859 effective Sept. 3, 1958, see section 210(a)(1) of Pub. L. 85–859, set out as an Effective Date note under section 5001 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 9834 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 100 / Subchapter C / Section 9834: Enforcement
Enforcement
Status: in_force

For the imposition of tax on any failure of a group health plan to meet the requirements of this chapter, see section 4980D.

(Added Pub. L. 110–233, title I, §103(e)(1), May 21, 2008, 122 Stat. 899.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section applicable with respect to group health plans for plan years beginning after the date that is one year after May 21, 2008, see section 103(f)(2) of Pub. L. 110–233, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 9802 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 281 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 281: Terminal railroad corporations and their shareholders
Terminal railroad corporations and their shareholders
Status: in_force

(a) Computation of taxable income of terminal railroad corporations

(1) In general

In computing the taxable income of a terminal railroad corporation—

(A) such corporation shall not be considered to have received or accrued—

(i) the portion of any liability of any railroad corporation, with respect to related terminal services provided by such corporation, which is discharged by crediting such liability with an amount of related terminal income, or

(ii) the portion of any charge which would be made by such corporation for related terminal services provided by it, but which is not made as a result of taking related terminal income into account in computing such charge; and

(B) no deduction otherwise allowable under this chapter shall be disallowed as a result of any discharge of liability described in subparagraph (A)(i) or as a result of any computation of charges in the manner described in subparagraph (A)(ii).

(2) Limitation

In the case of any taxable year ending after the date of the enactment of this section, paragraph (1) shall not apply to the extent that it would (but for this paragraph) operate to create (or increase) a net operating loss for the terminal railroad corporation for the taxable year.

(b) Computation of taxable income of shareholders

Subject to the limitation in subsection (a)(2), in computing the taxable income of any shareholder of a terminal railroad corporation, no amount shall be considered to have been received or accrued or paid or incurred by such shareholder as a result of any discharge of liability described in subsection (a)(1)(A)(i) or as a result of any computation of charges in the manner described in subsection (a)(1)(A)(ii).

(c) Agreement required

In the case of any taxable year, subsections (a) and (b) shall apply with respect to any discharge of liability described in subsection (a)(1)(A)(i), and to any computation of charges in the manner described in subsection (a)(1)(A)(ii), only if such discharge or computation (as the case may be) was provided for in a written agreement, to which all of the shareholders of the terminal railroad corporation were parties, entered into before the beginning of such taxable year.

(d) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) Terminal railroad corporation

The term "terminal railroad corporation" means a domestic railroad corporation which is not a member, other than as a common parent corporation, of an affiliated group (as defined in section 1504) and—

(A) all of the shareholders of which are rail carriers subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49;

(B) the primary business of which is the providing of railroad terminal and switching facilities and services to rail carriers subject to part A of subtitle IV of title 49 and to the shippers and passengers of such railroad corporations;

(C) a substantial part of the services of which for the taxable year is rendered to one or more of its shareholders; and

(D) each shareholder of which computes its taxable income on the basis of a taxable year beginning or ending on the same day that the taxable year of the terminal railroad corporation begins or ends.

(2) Related terminal income

The term "related terminal income" means the income (determined in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary) of a terminal railroad corporation derived—

(A) from services or facilities of a character ordinarily and regularly provided by terminal railroad corporations for railroad corporations or for the employees, passengers, or shippers of railroad corporations;

(B) from the use by persons other than railroad corporations of portions of a facility, or a service, which is used primarily for railroad purposes;

(C) from any railroad corporation for services or facilities provided by such terminal railroad corporation in connection with railroad operations; and

(D) from the United States in payment for facilities or services in connection with mail handling.

For purposes of subparagraph (B), a substantial addition, constructed after the date of the enactment of this section, to a facility shall be treated as a separate facility.

(3) Related terminal services

The term "related terminal services" includes only services, and the use of facilities, taken into account in computing related terminal income.

(e) Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 87–870, §1(a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1158; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(a)(40), 1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1771, 1834; Pub. L. 95–473, §2(a)(2)(D), (E), Oct. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 1464; Pub. L. 104–88, title III, §304(b), Dec. 29, 1995, 109 Stat. 943.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (d)(2), refers to the date of enactment of Pub. L. 87–870, which was approved Oct. 23, 1962.

Amendments

1995—Subsec. (d)(1)(A), (B). Pub. L. 104–88 substituted "rail carriers subject to part A of subtitle IV" for "domestic railroad corporations providing transportation subject to subchapter I of chapter 105".

1978—Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 95–473, §2(a)(2)(D), substituted "providing transportation subject to subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49" for "subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act (49 U.S.C. 1 and following)".

Subsec. (d)(1)(B). Pub. L. 95–473, §2(a)(2)(E), substituted "providing transportation subject to subchapter I of chapter 105 of title 49" for "subject to part I of the Interstate Commerce Act".

1976—Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a) (40)(A), inserted "(49 U.S.C. 1 and following)" after "Interstate Commerce Act".

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §§1901(a)(40)(B), 1906(b)(13)(A), redesignated subsec. (f) as (e) and struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary". Former subsec. (e), which made special provision for the application of this section to taxable years ending before Oct. 23, 1962, was struck out.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1995 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–88 effective Jan. 1, 1996, see section 2 of Pub. L. 104–88, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1301 of Title 49, Transportation.

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Amendment by section 1901(a)(40) of Pub. L. 94–455 effective for taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 87–870, §2(a), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1160, provided that: "The amendments made by the first section of this Act [enacting this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1953, and ending after August 16, 1954."

Internal Revenue Code of 1939; Inclusion of Terminal Railroad Corporations and Their Shareholders Provision

Pub. L. 87–870, §2(b), Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1160, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "Provisions having the same effect as section 281 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as added by the first section of this Act) shall be deemed to be included in the Internal Revenue Code of 1939, effective with respect to all taxable years to which such Code applies."
26 U.S.C. § 883 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 883: Exclusions from gross income
Exclusions from gross income
Status: in_force

(a) Income of foreign corporations from ships and aircraft

The following items shall not be included in gross income of a foreign corporation, and shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle:

(1) Ships operated by certain foreign corporations

Gross income derived by a corporation organized in a foreign country from the international operation of a ship or ships if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States.

(2) Aircraft operated by certain foreign corporations

Gross income derived by a corporation organized in a foreign country from the international operation of aircraft if such foreign country grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States.

(3) Railroad rolling stock of foreign corporations

Earnings derived from payments by a common carrier for the use on a temporary basis (not expected to exceed a total of 90 days in any taxable year) of railroad rolling stock owned by a corporation of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to corporations organized in the United States.

(4) Special rules

The rules of paragraphs (6), (7), and (8) of section 872(b) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.

(5) Special rule for countries which tax on residence basis

For purposes of this subsection, there shall not be taken into account any failure of a foreign country to grant an exemption to a corporation organized in the United States if such corporation is subject to tax by such foreign country on a residence basis pursuant to provisions of foreign law which meets such standards (if any) as the Secretary may prescribe.

(b) Earnings derived from communications satellite system

The earnings derived from the ownership or operation of a communications satellite system by a foreign entity designated by a foreign government to participate in such ownership or operation shall be exempt from taxation under this subtitle, if the United States, through its designated entity, participates in such system pursuant to the Communications Satellite Act of 1962 (47 U.S.C. 701 and following).

(c) Treatment of certain foreign corporations

(1) In general

Paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (as the case may be) shall not apply to any foreign corporation if 50 percent or more of the value of the stock of such corporation is owned by individuals who are not residents of such foreign country or another foreign country meeting the requirements of such paragraph.

(2) Treatment of controlled foreign corporations

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation which is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957(a)).

(3) Special rules for publicly traded corporations

(A) Exception

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any corporation which is organized in a foreign country meeting the requirements of paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (as the case may be) and the stock of which is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in such foreign country, another foreign country meeting the requirements of such paragraph, or the United States.

(B) Treatment of stock owned by publicly traded corporation

Any stock in another corporation which is owned (directly or indirectly) by a corporation meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) shall be treated as owned by individuals who are residents of the foreign country in which the corporation meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) is organized.

(4) Stock ownership through entities

For purposes of paragraph (1), stock owned (directly or indirectly) by or for a corporation, partnership, trust, or estate shall be treated as being owned proportionately by its shareholders, partners, or beneficiaries. Stock considered to be owned by a person by reason of the application of the preceding sentence shall, for purposes of applying such sentence, be treated as actually owned by such person.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 283; Pub. L. 90–622, §1(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1311; Pub. L. 94–164, §6(a), Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 975; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1212(c)(3)–(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2538; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(e)(1), (2)(A), (5), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3499, 3500; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(8)(D), (10), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2411; Pub. L. 108–357, title IV, §419(b), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1513.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Communications Satellite Act of 1962, referred to in subsec. (b), is Pub. L. 87–624, Aug. 31, 1962, 76 Stat. 419, which is classified generally to chapter 6 (§701 et seq.) of Title 47, Telecommunications. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 701 of Title 47 and Tables.

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 108–357 substituted "(6), (7), and (8)" for "(5), (6), and (7)".

1989—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(8)(D), substituted "(5), (6), and (7)" for "(5) and (6)".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(10), added par. (5).

1988—Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(2)(A), (5), struck out "to citizens of the United States and" after "exemption" and substituted "international operation" for "operation".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(1)(B), substituted "Paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) (as the case may be)" for "Paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a)" and "such paragraph" for "such paragraphs (1) and (2)".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(e)(1)(A), substituted "Special rules" for "Exception" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any foreign corporation—

"(A) the stock of which is primarily and regularly traded on an established securities market in the foreign country in which such corporation is organized, or

"(B) which is wholly owned (either directly or indirectly) by another corporation meeting the requirements of subparagraph (A) and is organized in the same foreign country as such other corporation."

1986—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(3), added par. (1) and struck out former par. (1), ships under foreign flag, which read as follows: "Earnings derived from the operation of a ship or ships documented under the laws of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(3), added par. (2) and struck out former par. (2), aircraft of foreign registry, which read as follows: "Earnings derived from the operation of aircraft registered under the laws of a foreign country which grants an equivalent exemption to citizens of the United States and to corporations organized in the United States."

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(4), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §1212(c)(5), added subsec. (c).

1975—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–164 added par. (3).

1968—Pub. L. 90–622 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), added subsec. (a) heading, and added subsec. (b).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 108–357 applicable to wagers made after Oct. 22, 2004, see section 419(c) of Pub. L. 108–357, set out as a note under section 872 of this title.

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1212(f) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 863 of this title.

Effective Date of 1975 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–164, §6(b), Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 976, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to payments made after November 18, 1974."

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Pub. L. 90–622, §1(b), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1311, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1966."

Applicability of Certain Amendments by Pub. L. 99–514 in Relation to Treaty Obligations of United States

For nonapplication of amendment by section 1212(c)(3)–(5) of Pub. L. 99–514 to the extent application of such amendment would be contrary to any treaty obligation of the United States in effect on Oct. 22, 1986, with provision that for such purposes any amendment by title I of Pub. L. 100–647 be treated as if it had been included in the provision of Pub. L. 99–514 to which such amendment relates, see section 1012(aa)(3), (4) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 861 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1393 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1393: Definitions and special rules
Definitions and special rules
Status: in_force

(a) In general

For purposes of this subchapter—

(1) Appropriate Secretary

The term "appropriate Secretary" means—

(A) the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development in the case of any nominated area which is located in an urban area, and

(B) the Secretary of Agriculture in the case of any nominated area which is located in a rural area.

(2) Rural area

The term "rural area" means any area which is—

(A) outside of a metropolitan statistical area (within the meaning of section 143(k)(2)(B)), or

(B) determined by the Secretary of Agriculture, after consultation with the Secretary of Commerce, to be a rural area.

(3) Urban area

The term "urban area" means an area which is not a rural area.

(4) Special rules for Indian reservations

(A) In general

No empowerment zone or enterprise community may include any area within an Indian reservation.

(B) Indian reservation defined

The term "Indian reservation" has the meaning given such term by section 168(j)(6).

(5) Local government

The term "local government" means—

(A) any county, city, town, township, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State, and

(B) any combination of political subdivisions described in subparagraph (A) recognized by the appropriate Secretary.

(6) Nominated area

The term "nominated area" means an area which is nominated by 1 or more local governments and the State or States in which it is located for designation under section 1391.

(7) Governments

If more than 1 State or local government seeks to nominate an area under this part, any reference to, or requirement of, this subchapter shall apply to all such governments.

(8) Special rule

An area shall be treated as nominated by a State and a local government if it is nominated by an economic development corporation chartered by the State.

(9) Use of census data

Population and poverty rate shall be determined by the most recent decennial census data available.

(b) Empowerment zone; enterprise community

For purposes of this title, the terms "empowerment zone" and "enterprise community" mean areas designated as such under section 1391.

(Added Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13301(a), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 547.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 1393, added Pub. L. 95–600, title VI, §601(a), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2894; amended Pub. L. 96–595, §3(a)(5), (6), (8), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3465, related to taxation of general stock ownership corporation taxable income to shareholders, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 99–514, title XIII, §1303(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2658.
26 U.S.C. § 5402 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5402: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

(a) Brewery

The brewery shall consist of the land and buildings described in the brewer's notice. The continuity of the brewery must be unbroken except where separated by public passageways, streets, highways, waterways, or carrier rights-of-way, or partitions; and if parts of the brewery are so separated they must abut on the dividing medium and be adjacent to each other. Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, facilities under the control of the brewer for case packing, loading, or storing which are located within reasonable proximity to the brewery packaging facilities may be approved by the Secretary as a part of the brewery if the revenue will not be jeopardized thereby.

(b) Brewer

For definition of brewer, see section 5052(d).

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1389; amended Pub. L. 91–673, §3(b), Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2057; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 109–59, title XI, §11125(b)(17), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1956.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5402, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 674, consisted of provisions similar to those comprising this section, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Amendments

2005—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–59 substituted "section 5052(d)" for "section 5092".

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

1971—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–673 inserted proviso to definition of "Brewery" that the continuity of the brewery must be unbroken except where separated by public passageways, streets, highways, waterways, or carrier rights-of-way, or partitions, with the exception that the Secretary approve facilities under the control of the brewer for case packing, loading, or storing, which are located within reasonable proximity to the brewery as a part of the brewery if the revenue will not be jeopardized thereby.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–59 effective July 1, 2008, but inapplicable to taxes imposed for periods before such date, see section 11125(c) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 5002 of this title.

Effective Date of 1971 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–673 effective on first day of first calendar month which begins more than 90 days after Jan. 12, 1971, see section 5 of Pub. L. 91–673, set out as a note under section 5056 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 5052 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5052: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

(a) Beer

For purposes of this chapter (except when used with reference to distilling or distilling material) the term beer means beer, ale, porter, stout, and other similar fermented beverages (including sake or similar products) of any name or description containing one-half of 1 percent or more of alcohol by volume, brewed or produced from malt, wholly or in part, or from any substitute therefor.

(b) Gallon

For purposes of this subpart, the term gallon means the liquid measure containing 231 cubic inches.

(c) Removed for consumption of sale

Except as provided for in the case of removal of beer without payment of tax, the term "removed for consumption or sale", for the purposes of this subpart means—

(1) Sale of beer

The sale and transfer of possession of beer for consumption at the brewery; or

(2) Removals

Any removal of beer from the brewery.

(d) Brewer

For purposes of this chapter, the term "brewer" means any person who brews beer or produces beer for sale. Such term shall not include any person who produces only beer exempt from tax under section 5053(e).

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1333; amended Pub. L. 91–673, §1(b), Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2056; Pub. L. 109–59, title XI, §11125(b)(15), Aug. 10, 2005, 119 Stat. 1956.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5052, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 612, consisted of provisions similar to those comprising this section, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Amendments

2005—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–59 amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For definition of brewer, see section 5092."

1971—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 91–673 struck out proviso that removal of beer shall not include beer returned to the brewery on the same day such beer is removed from the brewery.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–59 effective July 1, 2008, but inapplicable to taxes imposed for periods before such date, see section 11125(c) of Pub. L. 109–59, set out as a note under section 5002 of this title.

Effective Date of 1971 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–673 effective on first day of first calendar month which begins more than 90 days after Jan. 12, 1971, see section 5 of Pub. L. 91–673, set out as a note under section 5056 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 972 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 972: Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, §1901(a)(120), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1784
Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, §1901(a)(120), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1784
Status: repealed

[§972. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(a)(120), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1784]

Section, Pub. L. 87–834, §12(a), Oct. 16, 1962, 76 Stat. 1031, related to the consolidation of a group of export trade corporations for treatment as a single controlled foreign corporation for tax purposes.
26 U.S.C. § 2518 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 12 / Section 2518: Disclaimers
Disclaimers
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

For purposes of this subtitle, if a person makes a qualified disclaimer with respect to any interest in property, this subtitle shall apply with respect to such interest as if the interest had never been transferred to such person.

(b) Qualified disclaimer defined

For purposes of subsection (a), the term "qualified disclaimer" means an irrevocable and unqualified refusal by a person to accept an interest in property but only if—

(1) such refusal is in writing,

(2) such writing is received by the transferor of the interest, his legal representative, or the holder of the legal title to the property to which the interest relates not later than the date which is 9 months after the later of—

(A) the day on which the transfer creating the interest in such person is made, or

(B) the day on which such person attains age 21,

(3) such person has not accepted the interest or any of its benefits, and

(4) as a result of such refusal, the interest passes without any direction on the part of the person making the disclaimer and passes either—

(A) to the spouse of the decedent, or

(B) to a person other than the person making the disclaimer.

(c) Other rules

For purposes of subsection (a)—

(1) Disclaimer of undivided portion of interest

A disclaimer with respect to an undivided portion of an interest which meets the requirements of the preceding sentence shall be treated as a qualified disclaimer of such portion of the interest.

(2) Powers

A power with respect to property shall be treated as an interest in such property.

(3) Certain transfers treated as disclaimers

A written transfer of the transferor's entire interest in the property—

(A) which meets requirements similar to the requirements of paragraphs (2) and (3) of subsection (b), and

(B) which is to a person or persons who would have received the property had the transferor made a qualified disclaimer (within the meaning of subsection (b)),

shall be treated as a qualified disclaimer.

(Added Pub. L. 94–455, title XX, §2009(b)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1893; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §702(m)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2935; Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, §426(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 318; Pub. L. 97–448, title I, §104(e), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2384.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1983—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 97–448 substituted "A written transfer" for "For purposes of subsection (a), a written transfer".

1981—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 97–34 added par. (3).

1978—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 95–600 inserted provision relating to spouse of decedent.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–448 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provision of the Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981, Pub. L. 97–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 109 of Pub. L. 97–448, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, §426(b), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 318, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to transfers creating an interest in the person disclaiming made after December 31, 1981."

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §702(m)(2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2935, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to transfers creating an interest in the person disclaiming made after December 31, 1976."

Effective Date

Pub. L. 94–455, title XX, §2009(e)(2), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1896, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (b) [enacting this section and section 2046 of this title and amending sections 2041, 2055, 2056, and 2514 of this title] shall apply with respect to transfers creating an interest in the person disclaiming made after December 31, 1976."
26 U.S.C. § 7235 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 75 / Section 7235: Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, §1904(b)(9)(B)(i), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1816
Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XIX, §1904(b)(9)(B)(i), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1816
Status: repealed

[§7235. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1904(b)(9)(B)(i), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1816]

Section, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 859, related to the false branding, sale, packing, or stamping of adulterated butter, the failure of wholesale dealers to keep or permit inspection of books or to render returns, the failure to comply with provisions relating to the manufacture, storage, and marking of process or renovated butter, fraud by manufacturers, and the failure to pay the special tax on dealers in adulterated butter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective on first day of first month which begins more than 90 days after Oct. 4, 1976, see section 1904(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 4041 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 9703 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 99 / Section 9703: Plan benefits
Plan benefits
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Each eligible beneficiary of the Combined Fund shall receive—

(1) health benefits described in subsection (b), and

(2) in the case of an eligible beneficiary described in subsection (f)(1), death benefits coverage described in subsection (c).

(b) Health benefits

(1) In general

The trustees of the Combined Fund shall provide health care benefits to each eligible beneficiary by enrolling the beneficiary in a health care services plan which undertakes to provide such benefits on a prepaid risk basis. The trustees shall utilize all available plan resources to ensure that, consistent with paragraph (2), coverage under the managed care system shall to the maximum extent feasible be substantially the same as (and subject to the same limitations of) coverage provided under the 1950 UMWA Benefit Plan and the 1974 UMWA Benefit Plan as of January 1, 1992.

(2) Plan payment rates

(A) In general

The trustees of the Combined Fund shall negotiate payment rates with the health care services plans described in paragraph (1) for each plan year which are in amounts which—

(i) vary as necessary to ensure that beneficiaries in different geographic areas have access to a uniform level of health benefits; and

(ii) result in aggregate payments for such plan year from the Combined Fund which do not exceed the total premium payments required to be paid to the Combined Fund under section 9704(a) for the plan year, adjusted as provided in subparagraphs (B) and (C).

(B) Reductions

The amount determined under subparagraph (A)(ii) for any plan year shall be reduced—

(i) by the aggregate death benefit premiums determined under section 9704(c) for the plan year, and

(ii) by the amount reserved for plan administration under subsection (d).

(C) Increases

The amount determined under subparagraph (A)(ii) shall be increased—

(i) by any reduction in the total premium payments required to be paid under section 9704(a) by reason of transfers described in section 9705,

(ii) by any carryover to the plan year from any preceding plan year which—

(I) is derived from amounts described in section 9704(e)(3)(B)(i), and

(II) the trustees elect to use to pay benefits for the current plan year, and

(iii) any interest earned by the Combined Fund which the trustees elect to use to pay benefits for the current plan year.

(3) Qualified providers

The trustees of the Combined Fund shall not enter into an agreement under paragraph (1) with any provider of services which is of a type which is required to be certified by the Secretary of Health and Human Services when providing services under title XVIII of the Social Security Act unless the provider is so certified.

(4) Effective date

Benefits shall be provided under paragraph (1) on and after February 1, 1993.

(c) Death benefits coverage

(1) In general

The trustees of the Combined Fund shall provide death benefits coverage to each eligible beneficiary described in subsection (f)(1) which is identical to the benefits provided under the 1950 UMWA Pension Plan or 1974 UMWA Pension Plan, whichever is applicable, on July 20, 1992. Such coverage shall be provided on and after February 1, 1993.

(2) Termination of coverage

The 1950 UMWA Pension Plan and the 1974 UMWA Pension Plan shall each be amended to provide that death benefits coverage shall not be provided to eligible beneficiaries on and after February 1, 1993. This paragraph shall not prohibit such plans from subsequently providing death benefits not described in paragraph (1).

(d) Reserves for administration

The trustees of the Combined Fund may reserve for each plan year, for use in payment of the administrative costs of the Combined Fund, an amount not to exceed 5 percent of the premiums to be paid to the Combined Fund under section 9704(a) during the plan year.

(e) Limitation on enrollment

The Combined Fund shall not enroll any individual who is not receiving benefits under the 1950 UMWA Benefit Plan or the 1974 UMWA Benefit Plan as of July 20, 1992.

(f) Eligible beneficiary

For purposes of this subchapter, the term "eligible beneficiary" means an individual who—

(1) is a coal industry retiree who, on July 20, 1992, was eligible to receive, and receiving, benefits from the 1950 UMWA Benefit Plan or the 1974 UMWA Benefit Plan, or

(2) on such date was eligible to receive, and receiving, benefits in either such plan by reason of a relationship to such retiree.

(Added Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §19143(a), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3041.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Title XVIII of the Act is classified generally to subchapter XVIII (§1395 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.
26 U.S.C. § 6106 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 61 / Section 6106: Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XII, §1202(h)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1688
Repealed. Pub. L. 94-455, title XII, §1202(h)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1688
Status: repealed

[§6106. Repealed. Pub. L. 94–455, title XII, §1202(h)(1), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1688]

Section, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 756, related to inspection of unemployment tax returns.
26 U.S.C. § 7101 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 73 / Section 7101: Form of bonds
Form of bonds
Status: in_force

Whenever, pursuant to the provisions of this title (other than section 7485), or rules or regulations prescribed under authority of this title, a person is required to furnish a bond or security—

(1) General rule

Such bond or security shall be in such form and with such surety or sureties as may be prescribed by regulations issued by the Secretary.

(2) United States bonds and notes in lieu of surety bonds

The person required to furnish such bond or security may, in lieu thereof, deposit bonds or notes of the United States as provided in section 9303 of title 31, United States Code.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 847; Pub. L. 92–310, title II, §230(b), June 6, 1972, 86 Stat. 209; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 97–258, §3(f)(11), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1065.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1982—Par. (2). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted "section 9303 of title 31, United States Code" for "6 U.S.C. 15".

1976—Par. (2). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

1972—Pub. L. 92–310 struck out reference to section 6803(a)(1).
26 U.S.C. § 3510 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 25 / Section 3510: Coordination of collection of domestic service employment taxes with collection of income taxes
Coordination of collection of domestic service employment taxes with collection of income taxes
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

Except as otherwise provided in this section—

(1) returns with respect to domestic service employment taxes shall be made on a calendar year basis,

(2) any such return for any calendar year shall be filed on or before the 15th day of the fourth month following the close of the employer's taxable year which begins in such calendar year, and

(3) no requirement to make deposits (or to pay installments under section 6157) shall apply with respect to such taxes.

(b) Domestic service employment taxes subject to estimated tax provisions

(1) In general

Solely for purposes of section 6654, domestic service employment taxes imposed with respect to any calendar year shall be treated as a tax imposed by chapter 2 for the taxable year of the employer which begins in such calendar year.

(2) Employers not otherwise required to make estimated payments

Paragraph (1) shall not apply to any employer for any calendar year if—

(A) no credit for wage withholding is allowed under section 31 to such employer for the taxable year of the employer which begins in such calendar year, and

(B) no addition to tax would (but for this section) be imposed under section 6654 for such taxable year by reason of section 6654(e).

(3) Annualization

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, appropriate adjustments shall be made in the application of section 6654(d)(2) in respect of the amount treated as tax under paragraph (1).

(c) Domestic service employment taxes

For purposes of this section, the term "domestic service employment taxes" means—

(1) any taxes imposed by chapter 21 or 23 on remuneration paid for domestic service in a private home of the employer, and

(2) any amount withheld from such remuneration pursuant to an agreement under section 3402(p).

For purposes of this subsection, the term "domestic service in a private home of the employer" includes domestic service described in section 3121(g)(5).

(d) Exception where employer liable for other employment taxes

To the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, this section shall not apply to any employer for any calendar year if such employer is liable for any tax under this subtitle with respect to remuneration for services other than domestic service in a private home of the employer.

(e) General regulatory authority

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section. Such regulations may treat domestic service employment taxes as taxes imposed by chapter 1 for purposes of coordinating the assessment and collection of such employment taxes with the assessment and collection of domestic employers' income taxes.

(f) Authority to enter into agreements to collect State unemployment taxes

(1) In general

The Secretary is hereby authorized to enter into an agreement with any State to collect, as the agent of such State, such State's unemployment taxes imposed on remuneration paid for domestic service in a private home of the employer. Any taxes to be collected by the Secretary pursuant to such an agreement shall be treated as domestic service employment taxes for purposes of this section.

(2) Transfers to State account

Any amount collected under an agreement referred to in paragraph (1) shall be transferred by the Secretary to the account of the State in the Unemployment Trust Fund.

(3) Subtitle F made applicable

For purposes of subtitle F, any amount required to be collected under an agreement under paragraph (1) shall be treated as a tax imposed by chapter 23.

(4) State

For purposes of this subsection, the term "State" has the meaning given such term by section 3306(j)(1).

(Added Pub. L. 103–387, §2(b)(1), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4073; amended Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(102), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4052.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 3510, added Pub. L. 98–21, title I, §123(b)(1), Apr. 20, 1983, 97 Stat. 88, provided a credit for increased social security employee taxes and railroad retirement tier 1 employee taxes imposed during 1984, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11801(a)(42), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–521.

Amendments

2014—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out par. (4). Text read as follows: "In the case of any taxable year beginning before January 1, 1998, no addition to tax shall be made under section 6654 with respect to any underpayment to the extent such underpayment was created or increased by this section."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2014 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 103–387, §2(b)(3), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4074, provided that: "The amendments made by this subsection [enacting this section] shall apply to remuneration paid in calendar years beginning after December 31, 1994."

Expanded Information to Employers

Pub. L. 103–387, §2(b)(4), Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4074, provided that: "The Secretary of the Treasury or the Secretary's delegate shall prepare and make available information on the Federal tax obligations of employers with respect to employees performing domestic service in a private home of the employer. Such information shall also include a statement that such employers may have obligations with respect to such employees under State laws relating to unemployment insurance and workers compensation."
26 U.S.C. § 1236 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1236: Dealers in securities
Dealers in securities
Status: in_force

(a) Capital gains

Gain by a dealer in securities from the sale or exchange of any security shall in no event be considered as gain from the sale or exchange of a capital asset unless—

(1) the security was, before the close of the day on which it was acquired (or such earlier time as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations), clearly identified in the dealer's records as a security held for investment; and

(2) the security was not, at any time after the close of such day (or such earlier time), held by such dealer primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of his trade or business.

(b) Ordinary losses

Loss by a dealer in securities from the sale or exchange of any security shall, except as otherwise provided in section 582(c), (relating to bond, etc., losses of banks), in no event be considered as ordinary loss if at any time the security was clearly identified in the dealer's records as a security held for investment.

(c) Definition of security

For purposes of this section, the term "security" means any share of stock in any corporation, certificate of stock or interest in any corporation, note, bond, debenture, or evidence of indebtedness, or any evidence of an interest in or right to subscribe to or purchase any of the foregoing.

(d) Special rule for floor specialists

(1) In general

In the case of a floor specialist (but only with respect to acquisitions, in connection with his duties on an exchange, of stock in which the specialist is registered with the exchange), subsection (a) shall be applied—

(A) by inserting "the 7th business day following" before "the day" the first place it appears in paragraph (1) and by inserting "7th business" before "day" in paragraph (2), and

(B) by striking the parenthetical phrase in paragraph (1).

(2) Floor specialist

The term "floor specialist" means a person who is—

(A) a member of a national securities exchange,

(B) is registered as a specialist with the exchange, and

(C) meets the requirements for specialists established by the Securities and Exchange Commission.

(e) Special rule for options

For purposes of subsection (a), any security acquired by a dealer pursuant to an option held by such dealer may be treated as held for investment only if the dealer, before the close of the day on which the option was acquired, clearly identified the option on his records as held for investment. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "option" includes the right to subscribe to or purchase any security.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 330; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1901(b)(3)(E), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1793; Pub. L. 97–34, title V, §506, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 332; Pub. L. 97–448, title I, §105(d)(1), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2387; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §107(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 630; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(83), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4049.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2014—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–295 struck out "after November 19, 1951," after "time".

1984—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–369, §107(b)(1), substituted "the security was, before the close of the day on which it was acquired (or such earlier time as the Secretary may prescribe by regulations), clearly identified in the dealer's records as a security held for investment; and" for "the security was, before the close of the day on which it was acquired (before the close of the following day in the case of an acquisition before January 1, 1982), clearly identified in the dealer's records as a security held for investment or if acquired before October 20, 1951, was so identified before November 20, 1951; and".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–369, §107(b)(2), inserted "(or such earlier time)" after "such day".

1983—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 97–448 added subsec. (e).

1981—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–34, §506(a), substituted "before the close of the day on which it was acquired (before the close of the following day in the case of an acquisition before January 1, 1982)" for "before the expiration of the 30th day after the date of its acquisition" in par. (1) and "close of such day" for "expiration of such 30th day" in par. (2).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 97–34, §506(b), added subsec. (d).

1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455 substituted "ordinary loss" for "loss from the sale or exchange of property which is not a capital asset".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2014 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to positions entered into after July 18, 1984, in taxable years ending after that date, see section 107(e) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 1092 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–448, title I, §105(d)(2), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2387, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply to securities acquired after September 22, 1982, in taxable years ending after such date."

Effective Date of 1981 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–34 applicable to property acquired by the taxpayer after Aug. 13, 1981, in taxable years ending after such date, and applicable when so elected with respect to property held on June 23, 1981, see section 508 of Pub. L. 97–34, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1092 of this title.

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 4423 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 35 / Subchapter C / Section 4423: Inspection of books
Inspection of books
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding section 7605(b), the books of account of any person liable for tax under this chapter may be examined and inspected as frequently as may be needful to the enforcement of this chapter.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 528.)
26 U.S.C. § 280H (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 280H: Limitation on certain amounts paid to employee-owners by personal service corporations electing alternative taxable years
Limitation on certain amounts paid to employee-owners by personal service corporations electing alternative taxable years
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

If—

(1) an election by a personal service corporation under section 444 is in effect for a taxable year, and

(2) such corporation does not meet the minimum distribution requirements of subsection (c) for such taxable year,

then the deduction otherwise allowed under this chapter for applicable amounts paid or incurred by such corporation to employee-owners shall not exceed the maximum deductible amount. The preceding sentence shall not apply for purposes of subchapter G (relating to personal holding companies).

(b) Carryover of nondeductible amounts

If any amount is not allowed as a deduction for a taxable year under subsection (a), such amount shall be treated as paid or incurred in the succeeding taxable year.

(c) Minimum distribution requirement

For purposes of this section—

(1) In general

A personal service corporation meets the minimum distribution requirements of this subsection if the applicable amounts paid or incurred during the deferral period of the taxable year (determined without regard to subsection (b)) equal or exceed the lesser of—

(A) the product of—

(i) the applicable amounts paid during the preceding taxable year, divided by the number of months in such taxable year, multiplied by

(ii) the number of months in the deferral period of the preceding taxable year, or

(B) the applicable percentage of the adjusted taxable income for the deferral period of the taxable year.

(2) Applicable percentage

The term "applicable percentage" means the percentage (not in excess of 95 percent) determined by dividing—

(A) the applicable amounts paid or incurred during the 3 taxable years immediately preceding the taxable year, by

(B) the adjusted taxable income of such corporation for such 3 taxable years.

(d) Maximum deductible amount

For purposes of this section, the term "maximum deductible amount" means the sum of—

(1) the applicable amounts paid during the deferral period, plus

(2) an amount equal to the product of—

(A) the amount determined under paragraph (1), divided by the number of months in the deferral period, multiplied by

(B) the number of months in the nondeferral period.

(e) Disallowance of net operating loss carrybacks

No net operating loss carryback shall be allowed to (or from) any taxable year of a personal service corporation to which an election under section 444 applies.

(f) Other definitions and special rules

For purposes of this section—

(1) Applicable amount

The term "applicable amount" means any amount paid to an employee-owner which is includible in the gross income of such employee, other than—

(A) any gain from the sale or exchange of property between the owner-employee and the corporation, or

(B) any dividend paid by the corporation.

(2) Employee-owner

The term "employee-owner" has the meaning given such term by section 269A(b)(2) (as modified by section 441(i)(2)).

(3) Nondeferral and deferral periods

(A) Deferral period

The term "deferral period" has the meaning given to such term by section 444(b)(4).

(B) Nondeferral period

The term "nondeferral period" means the portion of the taxable year of the personal service corporation which occurs after the portion of such year constituting the deferral period.

(4) Adjusted taxable income

The term "adjusted taxable income" means taxable income determined without regard to—

(A) any amount paid to an employee-owner which is includible in the gross income of such employee-owner, and

(B) any net operating loss carryover to the extent such carryover is attributable to amounts described in subparagraph (A).

(5) Personal service corporation

The term "personal service corporation" has the meaning given to such term by section 441(i)(2).

(Added Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §10206(c)(1), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–401; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title II, §2004(e)(2)(B), (3), (14)(A), (C), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3600, 3602.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1988—Subsecs. (c)(1)(A)(i), (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §2004(e)(14)(C), substituted "amounts paid" for "amounts paid or incurred".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §2004(e)(3), substituted "section 269A(b)(2) (as modified by section 441(i)(2))" for "section 296A(b)(2)".

Subsec. (f)(4). Pub. L. 100–647, §2004(e)(14)(A), amended par. (4) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (4) read as follows: "The term 'adjusted taxable income' means taxable income increased by any amount paid or incurred to an employee-owner which was includible in the gross income of such employee-owner."

Subsec. (f)(5). Pub. L. 100–647, §2004(e)(2)(B), added par. (5).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100–203, title X, to which such amendment relates, see section 2004(u) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 56 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 10206(d)(1) of Pub. L. 100–203, set out as a note under section 444 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 876 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 876: Alien residents of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands
Alien residents of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

This subpart shall not apply to any alien individual who is a bona fide resident of Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands during the entire taxable year and such alien shall be subject to the tax imposed by section 1.

(b) Cross references

For exclusion from gross income of income derived from sources within—

(1) Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands, see section 931, and

(2) Puerto Rico, see section 933.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 281; Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1272(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2593.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1986—Pub. L. 99–514, §1272(b), inserted ", Guam, American Samoa, or the Northern Mariana Islands" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–514, §1272(b), amended subsec. (a) generally, substituting "General rule" for "No application to certain alien residents of Puerto Rico" in heading and inserting references to residents of Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands in text.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–514, §1272(b), amended subsec. (b) generally, inserting references to Guam, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 1277 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 931 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6703 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 68 / Section 6703: Rules applicable to penalties under sections 6700, 6701, and 6702
Rules applicable to penalties under sections 6700, 6701, and 6702
Status: in_force

(a) Burden of proof

In any proceeding involving the issue of whether or not any person is liable for a penalty under section 6700, 6701, or 6702, the burden of proof with respect to such issue shall be on the Secretary.

(b) Deficiency procedures not to apply

Subchapter B of chapter 63 (relating to deficiency procedures) shall not apply with respect to the assessment or collection of the penalties provided by sections 6700, 6701, and 6702.

(c) Extension of period of collection where person pays 15 percent of penalty

(1) In general

If, within 30 days after the day on which notice and demand of any penalty under section 6700 or 6701 is made against any person, such person pays an amount which is not less than 15 percent of the amount of such penalty and files a claim for refund of the amount so paid, no levy or proceeding in court for the collection of the remainder of such penalty shall be made, begun, or prosecuted until the final resolution of a proceeding begun as provided in paragraph (2). Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7421(a), the beginning of such proceeding or levy during the time such prohibition is in force may be enjoined by a proceeding in the proper court. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit any counterclaim for the remainder of such penalty in a proceeding begun as provided in paragraph (2).

(2) Person must bring suit in district court to determine his liability for penalty

If, within 30 days after the day on which his claim for refund of any partial payment of any penalty under section 6700 or 6701 is denied (or, if earlier, within 30 days after the expiration of 6 months after the day on which he filed the claim for refund), the person fails to begin a proceeding in the appropriate United States district court for the determination of his liability for such penalty, paragraph (1) shall cease to apply with respect to such penalty, effective on the day following the close of the applicable 30-day period referred to in this paragraph.

(3) Suspension of running of period of limitations on collection

The running of the period of limitations provided in section 6502 on the collection by levy or by a proceeding in court in respect of any penalty described in paragraph (1) shall be suspended for the period during which the Secretary is prohibited from collecting by levy or a proceeding in court.

(Added Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §322(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 612; amended Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §§7736(a), 7737(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2404.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1989—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–239, §7737(a), inserted at end "Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to prohibit any counterclaim for the remainder of such penalty in a proceeding begun as provided in paragraph (2)."

Pub. L. 101–239, §7736(a), substituted "section 6700 or 6701" for "section 6700, 6701, or 6702".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 101–239, §7736(a), substituted "section 6700 or 6701" for "section 6700, 6701, or 6702".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7736(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2404, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to returns filed after December 31, 1989."

Effective Date

Pub. L. 97–248, title III, §322(c), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 613, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall take effect on the day after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982]."
26 U.S.C. § 7503 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 77 / Section 7503: Time for performance of acts where last day falls on Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday
Time for performance of acts where last day falls on Saturday, Sunday, or legal holiday
Status: in_force

When the last day prescribed under authority of the internal revenue laws for performing any act falls on Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday, the performance of such act shall be considered timely if it is performed on the next succeeding day which is not a Saturday, Sunday, or a legal holiday. For purposes of this section, the last day for the performance of any act shall be determined by including any authorized extension of time; the term "legal holiday" means a legal holiday in the District of Columbia; and in the case of any return, statement, or other document required to be filed, or any other act required under authority of the internal revenue laws to be performed, at any office of the Secretary or at any other office of the United States or any agency thereof, located outside the District of Columbia but within an internal revenue district, the term "legal holiday" also means a Statewide legal holiday in the State where such office is located.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 896; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Applicability of This Section for Purposes of Section 10222(b) of Pub. L. 100–203

Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6278, Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3754, provided that: "Section 7503 of the 1986 Code shall apply for purposes of determining whether any disposition meets the requirements of section 10222(b)(2)(B) of the Revenue Act of 1987 [Pub. L. 100–203, set out as a note under section 301 of this title]. If any disposition meets the requirements of such section by reason of the preceding sentence, for all purposes of the 1986 Code, such disposition shall be deemed to have occurred on December 31, 1988."
26 U.S.C. § 193 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 193: Tertiary injectants
Tertiary injectants
Status: in_force

(a) Allowance of deduction

There shall be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year an amount equal to the qualified tertiary injectant expenses of the taxpayer for tertiary injectants injected during such taxable year.

(b) Qualified tertiary injectant expenses

For purposes of this section—

(1) In general

The term "qualified tertiary injectant expenses" means any cost paid or incurred (whether or not chargeable to capital account) for any tertiary injectant (other than a hydrocarbon injectant which is recoverable) which is used as a part of a tertiary recovery method.

(2) Hydrocarbon injectant

The term "hydrocarbon injectant" includes natural gas, crude oil, and any other injectant which is comprised of more than an insignificant amount of natural gas or crude oil. The term does not include any tertiary injectant which is hydrocarbon-based, or a hydrocarbon-derivative, and which is comprised of no more than an insignificant amount of natural gas or crude oil. For purposes of this paragraph, that portion of a hydrocarbon injectant which is not a hydrocarbon shall not be treated as a hydrocarbon injectant.

(3) Tertiary recovery method

The term "tertiary recovery method" means—

(A) any method which is described in subparagraphs (1) through (9) of section 212.78(c) of the June 1979 energy regulations (as defined by section 4996(b)(8)(C) as in effect before its repeal), or

(B) any other method to provide tertiary enhanced recovery which is approved by the Secretary for purposes of this section.

(c) Application with other deductions

No deduction shall be allowed under subsection (a) with respect to any expenditure—

(1) with respect to which the taxpayer has made an election under section 263(c), or

(2) with respect to which a deduction is allowed or allowable to the taxpayer under any other provision of this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 96–223, title II, §251(a)(1), Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 286; amended Pub. L. 97–448, title II, §202(b), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2396; Pub. L. 100–418, title I, §1941(b)(7), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1324.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4996(b)(8)(C), referred to in subsec. (b)(3)(A), was repealed by Pub. L. 100–418, title I, §1941(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1322.

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (b)(3)(A). Pub. L. 100–418 substituted "section 4996(b)(8)(C) as in effect before its repeal" for "section 4996(b)(8)(C)".

1983—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 97–448 struck out "during the taxable year" after "any cost paid or incurred".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–418 applicable to crude oil removed from the premises on or after Aug. 23, 1988, see section 1941(c) of Pub. L. 100–418, set out as a note under section 164 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–448 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provision of the Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980, Pub. L. 96–223, to which such amendment relates, see section 203(a) of Pub. L. 97–448, set out as a note under section 6652 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 96–223, title II, §251(b), Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 287, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 263, 1245, and 1250 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1979."
26 U.S.C. § 5722 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 52 / Subchapter C / Section 5722: Reports
Reports
Status: in_force

Every manufacturer or importer of tobacco products, processed tobacco, or cigarette papers and tubes, and every export warehouse proprietor, shall make reports containing such information, in such form, at such times, and for such periods as the Secretary shall by regulation prescribe.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 713; Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §202, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1422; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 105–33, title IX, §9302(h)(2)(A), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 674; Pub. L. 111–3, title VII, §702(a)(2)(B), Feb. 4, 2009, 123 Stat. 108.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2009—Pub. L. 111–3 inserted ", processed tobacco," after "tobacco products".

1997—Pub. L. 105–33 inserted "or importer" after "manufacturer".

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

1958—Pub. L. 85–859 substituted "manufacturer of tobacco products or cigarette papers and tubes, and every export warehouse proprietor" for "manufacturer of articles".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–3 effective Apr. 1, 2009, see section 702(a)(6) of Pub. L. 111–3, set out as a note under section 5702 of this title.

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–33 applicable to articles removed, as defined in section 5702(j) of this title, after Dec. 31, 1999, with transition rule, see section 9302(i) of Pub. L. 105–33, set out as a note under section 5701 of this title.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–859 effective Sept. 3, 1958, see section 210(a)(1) of Pub. L. 85–859, set out as an Effective Date note under section 5001 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 2057 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 11 / Section 2057: Repealed. Pub. L. 113-295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(97)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4051
Repealed. Pub. L. 113-295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(97)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4051
Status: repealed

[§2057. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(97)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4051]

Section, added Pub. L. 105–34, title V, §502(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 847, §2033A; renumbered §2057 and amended Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6007(b)(1)(A)–(D), (2)–(7), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 807–809; Pub. L. 107–16, title V, §521(d), June 7, 2001, 115 Stat. 72; Pub. L. 108–311, title II, §207(23), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1178, related to deduction for qualified family-owned business interests of a decedent.

A prior section 2057, added Pub. L. 99–514, title XI, §1172(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2513; amended Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §§10411(a), 10412(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–432, 1330–433; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1011B(g)(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3490, related to sales of employer securities to employee stock ownership plans or worker-owned cooperatives, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7304(a)(1), (3), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2352, 2353, applicable to estates of decedents dying after Dec. 19, 1989.

Another prior section 2057, added Pub. L. 94–455, title XX, §2007(a), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1890; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title VII, §702(l)(1), (2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2934, 2935, related to bequests, etc., to certain minor children, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 97–34, title IV, §427(a), (c), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 3181, applicable to estates of decedents dying after Dec. 31, 1981.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as an Effective Date of 2014 Amendment note under section 1 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 5273 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Subchapter D / Section 5273: Sale, use, and recovery of denatured distilled spirits
Sale, use, and recovery of denatured distilled spirits
Status: in_force

(a) Use of specially denatured distilled spirits

Any person using specially denatured distilled spirits in the manufacture of articles shall file such formulas and statements of process, submit such samples, and comply with such other requirements, as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe, and no person shall use specially denatured distilled spirits in the manufacture or production of any article until approval of the article, formula, and process has been obtained from the Secretary.

(b) Internal medicinal preparations and flavoring extracts

(1) Manufacture

No person shall use denatured distilled spirits in the manufacture of medicinal preparations or flavoring extracts for internal human use where any of the spirits remains in the finished product.

(2) Sale

No person shall sell or offer for sale for internal human use any medicinal preparations or flavoring extracts manufactured from denatured distilled spirits where any of the spirits remains in the finished product.

(c) Recovery of spirits for reuse in manufacturing

Manufacturers employing processes in which denatured distilled spirits withdrawn under section 5214(a)(1) are expressed, evaporated, or otherwise removed, from the articles manufactured shall be permitted to recover such distilled spirits and to have such distilled spirits restored to a condition suitable solely for reuse in manufacturing processes under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe.

(d) Prohibited withdrawal or sale

No person shall withdraw or sell denatured distilled spirits, or sell any article containing denatured distilled spirits for beverage purposes.

(e) Cross references

(1) For penalty and forfeiture for unlawful use or concealment of denatured distilled spirits, see section 5607.

(2) For applicability of all provisions of law relating to distilled spirits that are not denatured, including those requiring payment of tax, to denatured distilled spirits or articles produced, withdrawn, sold, transported, or used in violation of law or regulations, see section 5001(a)(5).

(3) For definition of "articles", see section 5002(a)(14).

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1372; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 96–39, title VIII, §807(a)(39), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 286; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(244), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1195.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5273, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 650, related to premises of rectifier, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859. See section 5178(a)(1)(A), (4)(B), (D) and (c)(1) of this title.

Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in prior sections of act Aug. 16, 1954, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859, as follows:

 

Present subsecs.:Prior sections

(a)
5331(a), (b).

(b)
5303, 5305, 5310(a), 5331(a)(1), (2), (b), 5647.

(c)
5332.

(d)
5303, 5305, 5310(a), 5331(a), 5647.

(e)(1), (2)
5334.

The prior sections, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, are set out in 68A Stat. 655, 657, 658, 661, 662, 693.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "section 5001(a)(5)" for "section 5001(a)(6)".

1979—Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 96–39 substituted "section 5002(a)(14)" for "section 5002(a)(11)".

1976—Subsecs. (a), (c). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1979 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–39 effective Jan. 1, 1980, see section 810 of Pub. L. 96–39, set out as a note under section 5001 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 5065 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5065: Territorial extent of law
Territorial extent of law
Status: in_force

The provisions of this part imposing taxes on distilled spirits, wines, and beer shall be held to extend to such articles produced anywhere within the exterior boundaries of the United States, whether the same be within an internal revenue district or not.

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1337.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5065, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 615, made a cross reference to general administrative provisions applicable to assessment, collection, refund, etc., of taxes, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in former section 5064, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 615, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.
26 U.S.C. § 937 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 937: Residence and source rules involving possessions
Residence and source rules involving possessions
Status: in_force

(a) Bona fide resident

For purposes of this subpart, section 865(g)(3), section 876, section 881(b), paragraphs (2) and (3) of section 901(b), section 957(c), section 3401(a)(8)(C), and section 7654(a), except as provided in regulations, the term "bona fide resident" means a person—

(1) who is present for at least 183 days during the taxable year in Guam, American Samoa, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, or the Virgin Islands, as the case may be, and

(2) who does not have a tax home (determined under the principles of section 911(d)(3) without regard to the second sentence thereof) outside such specified possession during the taxable year and does not have a closer connection (determined under the principles of section 7701(b)(3)(B)(ii)) to the United States or a foreign country than to such specified possession.

For purposes of paragraph (1), the determination as to whether a person is present for any day shall be made under the principles of section 7701(b).

(b) Source rules

Except as provided in regulations, for purposes of this title—

(1) except as provided in paragraph (2), rules similar to the rules for determining whether income is income from sources within the United States or is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall apply for purposes of determining whether income is from sources within a possession specified in subsection (a)(1) or effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within any such possession, and

(2) any income treated as income from sources within the United States or as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States shall not be treated as income from sources within any such possession or as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within any such possession.

(c) Reporting requirement

(1) In general

If, for any taxable year, an individual takes the position for United States income tax reporting purposes that the individual became, or ceases to be, a bona fide resident of a possession specified in subsection (a)(1), such individual shall file with the Secretary, at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe, notice of such position.

(2) Transition rule

If, for any of an individual's 3 taxable years ending before the individual's first taxable year ending after the date of the enactment of this subsection, the individual took a position described in paragraph (1), the individual shall file with the Secretary, at such time and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe, notice of such position.

(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1655.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The date of the enactment of this subsection, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 108–357, which was approved Oct. 22, 2004.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §908(d), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1657, provided that:

"(1) In general.—Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 931, 932, 934, 935, 957, and 6688 of this title] shall apply to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].

"(2) 183-day rule.—Section 937(a)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by this section) shall apply to taxable years beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act.

"(3) Sourcing.—Section 937(b)(2) of such Code (as so added) shall apply to income earned after the date of the enactment of this Act."
26 U.S.C. § 5384 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5384: Amelioration and sweetening limitations for natural fruit and berry wines
Amelioration and sweetening limitations for natural fruit and berry wines
Status: in_force

(a) In general

To natural wine made from berries or fruit other than grapes, pure dry sugar or liquid sugar may be added to the juice in the fermenter, or to the wine after fermentation; but only if such wine has not more than 14 percent alcohol by volume after complete fermentation, or after complete fermentation and sweetening, and a total solids content not in excess of 21 percent by weight; and except that the use under this subsection of liquid sugar shall be limited so that the resultant volume will not exceed the volume which could result from the maximum authorized use of pure dry sugar only.

(b) Ameliorated fruit and berry wines

(1) Any natural fruit or berry wine (other than grape wine) of a winemaker's own production may, if not made under subsection (a) of this section, be ameliorated to correct high acid content. Ameliorating material calculations and accounting shall be separate for wines made from each different kind of fruit.

(2) Pure dry sugar or liquid sugar may be used in the production of wines under this subsection for the purpose of correcting natural deficiencies, but not to such an extent as would reduce the natural fixed acid in the corrected juice or wine to five parts per thousand. The quantity of sugar so used shall not exceed the quantity which would have been required to adjust the juice, prior to fermentation, to a total solids content of 25 degrees (Brix). Such sugar shall be added prior to the completion of fermentation of the wine. After such addition of the sugar, the wine or juice shall be treated and accounted for as provided in section 5383(b), covering the production of high acid grape wines, except that—

(A) Natural fixed acid shall be calculated as malic acid for apple wine and as citric acid for other fruit and berry wines, instead of tartaric acid;

(B) Juice adjusted with pure dry sugar or liquid sugar as provided in this paragraph shall be treated in the same manner as original natural juice under the provisions of section 5383(b); except that if liquid sugar is used, the volume of water contained therein must be deducted from the volume of ameliorating material authorized;

(C) Wines made under this subsection shall have a total solids content of not more than 21 percent by weight, whether or not wine spirits have been added; and

(D) Wines made exclusively from any fruit or berry with a natural fixed acid of 20 parts per thousand or more (before any correction of such fruit or berry) shall be entitled to a volume of ameliorating material not in excess of 60 percent (in lieu of 35 percent).

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1385; amended Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, §806(b)(2), (c)(2), (3), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 163, 164; Pub. L. 90–619, §3(b), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1237; Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, §1417(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1048.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5384, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 670, consisted of provisions similar to those comprising this section, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Amendments

1997—Subsec. (b)(2)(D). Pub. L. 105–34 substituted "any fruit or berry with a natural fixed acid of 20 parts per thousand or more (before any correction of such fruit or berry)" for "loganberries, currants, or gooseberries,".

1968—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–619 substituted "not more than 14 percent" for "less than 14 percent".

1965—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 89–44, §806(b)(2)(A), authorized addition of liquid sugar provided resultant volume will not exceed volume which could result from maximum authorized use of pure dry sugar only.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–44, §806(c)(3), substituted "Ameliorated" for "Reserve" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 89–44, §806(b)(2)(B), struck out references to reserves and reserve inventories.

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 89–44, §806(b)(2)(C), amended first sentence by authorizing use of liquid sugar but limiting use of any sugar if it reduced natural fixed acid in corrected juice or wine to five parts per thousand.

Pub. L. 89–44, §806(c)(2), struck out "reserved" after "covering the production of" in fourth sentence.

Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 89–44, §806(b)(2)(D), required that, if liquid sugar is used, the volume of water contained therein be deducted from the volume of ameliorating material authorized.

Subsec. (b)(2)(C). Pub. L. 89–44, §806(b)(2)(E), substituted "shall have" for "may be withdrawn from reserve inventory with".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, §1417(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1048, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on the 1st day of the 1st calendar quarter that begins at least 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 90–619 effective on first day of first month which begins 90 days or more after Oct. 22, 1968, see section 6 of Pub. L. 90–619, set out as a note under section 5373 of this title.

Effective Date of 1965 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 89–44 effective Jan. 1, 1966, see section 806(d)(2) of Pub. L. 89–44, set out as a note under section 5383 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 2661 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 13 / Section 2661: Administration
Administration
Status: in_force

Insofar as applicable and not inconsistent with the provisions of this chapter—

(1) except as provided in paragraph (2), all provisions of subtitle F (including penalties) applicable to the gift tax, to chapter 12, or to section 2501, are hereby made applicable in respect of the generation-skipping transfer tax, this chapter, or section 2601, as the case may be, and

(2) in the case of a generation-skipping transfer occurring at the same time as and as a result of the death of an individual, all provisions of subtitle F (including penalties) applicable to the estate tax, to chapter 11, or to section 2001 are hereby made applicable in respect of the generation-skipping transfer tax, this chapter, or section 2601 (as the case may be).

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XIV, §1431(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2728.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section applicable to generation-skipping transfers (within the meaning of section 2611 of this title) made after Oct. 22, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see section 1433 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 2601 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 5251 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Subchapter C / Section 5251: Repealed. Pub. L. 96-39, title VIII, §807(a)(38), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 286
Repealed. Pub. L. 96-39, title VIII, §807(a)(38), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 286
Status: repealed

[§§5251, 5252. Repealed. Pub. L. 96–39, title VIII, §807(a)(38), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 286]

Section 5251, added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1370; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834, required proprietors of distilled spirits plants to give notice of their intention to rectify or compound any distilled spirits or wines.

A prior section 5251, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 649, made a cross reference provision to "blending of beverage brandies in internal revenue bonded warehouses", prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Provisions similar to those comprising section 5251 of this title were contained in prior section 5282(a), act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 651, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Section 5252, added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1370, set out cross references to other sections with regard to the regulation of operations.

A prior section 5252, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 649, related to "discontinuance of warehouse and transfer of merchandise", prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859. See section 5236 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Jan. 1, 1980, see section 810 of Pub. L. 96–39, set out as an Effective Date of 1979 Amendment note under section 5001 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 5175 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5175: Export bonds
Export bonds
Status: in_force

(a) Requirements

No distilled spirits shall be withdrawn from bonded premises for exportation, or for transfer to a customs bonded warehouse, without payment of tax unless the exporter has furnished bond to cover such withdrawal under such regulations and conditions, and in such form and penal sum, as the Secretary may prescribe.

(b) Exception where proprietor withdraws spirits for exportation

In the case of distilled spirits withdrawn from bonded premises by the proprietor for exportation without payment of tax, the bond of such proprietor required to be furnished under paragraph (1) of section 5173(a) covering such premises shall cover such exportation, and subsection (a) shall not apply.

(c) Cancellation or credit of export bonds

The bonds given under subsection (a) shall be cancelled or credited and the bonds liable under subsection (b) credited if there is such proof of exportation as the Secretary may by regulations require.

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1352; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 95–176, §3(b), Nov. 14, 1977, 91 Stat. 1365; Pub. L. 96–39, title VIII, §807(a)(15), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, §1412(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1046.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5175, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 628, related to "notice of business of distiller", prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859. See sections 5171(a), (c) and 5172 of this title.

Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in a prior section 5247(a), act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 647, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Amendments

1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34 substituted "if there is such proof of exportation as the Secretary may by regulations require." for "on the submission of such evidence, records, and certification indicating exportation as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe."

1979—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–39, §807(a)(15)(A), struck out "for storage therein pending exportation" after "customs bonded warehouse".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–39, §807(a)(15)(B), substituted "from bonded premises by the proprietor for exportation without payment of tax, the bond of such proprietor required to be furnished under paragraph (1) of section 5173(a) covering such premises shall cover such exportation, and subsection (a) shall not apply" for "for exportation without payment of tax on application of the proprietor of bonded premises, the bond of such proprietor covering such bonded premises shall cover such exportation and subsection (a) shall not be applicable".

1977—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 95–176 required export bonds for withdrawals from bonded premises, without payment of tax, for transfer to a customs bonded warehouse for storage therein pending exportation.

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–34, title XIV, §1412(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1046, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the 1st day of the 1st calendar quarter that begins at least 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 5, 1997]."

Effective Date of 1979 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–39 effective Jan. 1, 1980, see section 810 of Pub. L. 96–39, set out as a note under section 5001 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–176 effective on first day of first calendar month beginning more than 90 days after Nov. 14, 1977, see section 7 of Pub. L. 95–176, set out as a note under section 5003 of this title.

Continuation of Distiller's Notice and Bond

Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §210(f), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1436, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "Notwithstanding any provision of section 5175 or 5176(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954], the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate may waive, as to registered distillers or registered fruit distillers qualified to operate under bond on April 30, 1959, requirements for filing notice and executing new bond on May 1, 1959, if the distiller and the surety have executed consent to continuation of the terms of the existing bond to cover operations from May 1, 1959, to June 30, 1959, both dates inclusive. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed as limiting the authority of the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate under section 5176(b) or (c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986."
26 U.S.C. § 5845 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 53 / Section 5845: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

For the purpose of this chapter—

(a) Firearm

The term "firearm" means (1) a shotgun having a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length; (2) a weapon made from a shotgun if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 18 inches in length; (3) a rifle having a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length; (4) a weapon made from a rifle if such weapon as modified has an overall length of less than 26 inches or a barrel or barrels of less than 16 inches in length; (5) any other weapon, as defined in subsection (e); (6) a machinegun; (7) any silencer (as defined in section 921 of title 18, United States Code); and (8) a destructive device. The term "firearm" shall not include an antique firearm or any device (other than a machinegun or destructive device) which, although designed as a weapon, the Secretary finds by reason of the date of its manufacture, value, design, and other characteristics is primarily a collector's item and is not likely to be used as a weapon.

(b) Machinegun

The term "machinegun" means any weapon which shoots, is designed to shoot, or can be readily restored to shoot, automatically more than one shot, without manual reloading, by a single function of the trigger. The term shall also include the frame or receiver of any such weapon, any part designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun, and any combination of parts from which a machinegun can be assembled if such parts are in the possession or under the control of a person.

(c) Rifle

The term "rifle" means a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of the explosive in a fixed cartridge to fire only a single projectile through a rifled bore for each single pull of the trigger, and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored to fire a fixed cartridge.

(d) Shotgun

The term "shotgun" means a weapon designed or redesigned, made or remade, and intended to be fired from the shoulder and designed or redesigned and made or remade to use the energy of the explosive in a fixed shotgun shell to fire through a smooth bore either a number of projectiles (ball shot) or a single projectile for each pull of the trigger, and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored to fire a fixed shotgun shell.

(e) Any other weapon

The term "any other weapon" means any weapon or device capable of being concealed on the person from which a shot can be discharged through the energy of an explosive, a pistol or revolver having a barrel with a smooth bore designed or redesigned to fire a fixed shotgun shell, weapons with combination shotgun and rifle barrels 12 inches or more, less than 18 inches in length, from which only a single discharge can be made from either barrel without manual reloading, and shall include any such weapon which may be readily restored to fire. Such term shall not include a pistol or a revolver having a rifled bore, or rifled bores, or weapons designed, made, or intended to be fired from the shoulder and not capable of firing fixed ammunition.

(f) Destructive device

The term "destructive device" means (1) any explosive, incendiary, or poison gas (A) bomb, (B) grenade, (C) rocket having a propellent charge of more than four ounces, (D) missile having an explosive or incendiary charge of more than one-quarter ounce, (E) mine, or (F) similar device; (2) any type of weapon by whatever name known which will, or which may be readily converted to, expel a projectile by the action of an explosive or other propellant, the barrel or barrels of which have a bore of more than one-half inch in diameter, except a shotgun or shotgun shell which the Secretary finds is generally recognized as particularly suitable for sporting purposes; and (3) any combination of parts either designed or intended for use in converting any device into a destructive device as defined in subparagraphs (1) and (2) and from which a destructive device may be readily assembled. The term "destructive device" shall not include any device which is neither designed nor redesigned for use as a weapon; any device, although originally designed for use as a weapon, which is redesigned for use as a signaling, pyrotechnic, line throwing, safety, or similar device; surplus ordnance sold, loaned, or given by the Secretary of the Army pursuant to the provisions of section 7684(2), 7685, or 7686 of title 10, United States Code; or any other device which the Secretary finds is not likely to be used as a weapon, or is an antique or is a rifle which the owner intends to use solely for sporting purposes.

(g) Antique firearm

The term "antique firearm" means any firearm not designed or redesigned for using rim fire or conventional center fire ignition with fixed ammunition and manufactured in or before 1898 (including any matchlock, flintlock, percussion cap, or similar type of ignition system or replica thereof, whether actually manufactured before or after the year 1898) and also any firearm using fixed ammunition manufactured in or before 1898, for which ammunition is no longer manufactured in the United States and is not readily available in the ordinary channels of commercial trade.

(h) Unserviceable firearm

The term "unserviceable firearm" means a firearm which is incapable of discharging a shot by means of an explosive and incapable of being readily restored to a firing condition.

(i) Make

The term "make", and the various derivatives of such word, shall include manufacturing (other than by one qualified to engage in such business under this chapter), putting together, altering, any combination of these, or otherwise producing a firearm.

(j) Transfer

The term "transfer" and the various derivatives of such word, shall include selling, assigning, pledging, leasing, loaning, giving away, or otherwise disposing of.

(k) Dealer

The term "dealer" means any person, not a manufacturer or importer, engaged in the business of selling, renting, leasing, or loaning firearms and shall include pawnbrokers who accept firearms as collateral for loans.

(l) Importer

The term "importer" means any person who is engaged in the business of importing or bringing firearms into the United States.

(m) Manufacturer

The term "manufacturer" means any person who is engaged in the business of manufacturing firearms.

(Added Pub. L. 90–618, title II, §201, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1230; amended Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), (J), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834, 1835; Pub. L. 99–308, §109, May 19, 1986, 100 Stat. 460; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §809(h)(3), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1842.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5845, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 725, related to the importation of firearms into the United States or its territory, prior to the general revisions of this chapter by Pub. L. 90–618.

Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in prior section 5848, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 727, as amended by acts Sept. 2, 1958, Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §203(f), 72 Stat. 1427; June 1, 1960, Pub. L. 86–478, §3, 74 Stat. 149, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 90–618.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–232 substituted "section 7684(2), 7685, or 7686 of title 10, United States Code" for "section 4684(2), 4685, or 4686 of title 10 of the United States Code".

1986—Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 99–308, §109(b), substituted "any silencer (as defined in section 921 of title 18, United States Code)" for "a muffler or a silencer for any firearm whether or not such firearm is included within this definition".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–308, §109(a), substituted "any part designed and intended solely and exclusively, or combination of parts designed and intended, for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun," for "any combination of parts designed and intended for use in converting a weapon into a machinegun,".

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), (J), struck out "or his delegate" after "shotgun or shotgun shell which the Secretary" and "of the Treasury or his delegate" after "or any other device which the Secretary".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–232 effective Feb. 1, 2019, with provision for the coordination of amendments and special rule for certain redesignations, see section 800 of Pub. L. 115–232, set out as a note preceding section 3001 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–308 effective 180 days after May 19, 1986, see section 110(a) of Pub. L. 99–308, set out as a note under section 921 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

Effective Date

Section effective on first day of first month following October 1968, except as to persons possessing firearms as defined in subsec. (a) of this section which are not registered to such persons in the National Firearms Registration and Transfer Record, see section 207 of Pub. L. 90–618, set out as a note under section 5801 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 704 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 704: Partner's distributive share
Partner's distributive share
Status: in_force

(a) Effect of partnership agreement

A partner's distributive share of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit shall, except as otherwise provided in this chapter, be determined by the partnership agreement.

(b) Determination of distributive share

A partner's distributive share of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit (or item thereof) shall be determined in accordance with the partner's interest in the partnership (determined by taking into account all facts and circumstances), if—

(1) the partnership agreement does not provide as to the partner's distributive share of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit (or item thereof), or

(2) the allocation to a partner under the agreement of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit (or item thereof) does not have substantial economic effect.

(c) Contributed property

(1) In general

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary—

(A) income, gain, loss, and deduction with respect to property contributed to the partnership by a partner shall be shared among the partners so as to take account of the variation between the basis of the property to the partnership and its fair market value at the time of contribution,

(B) if any property so contributed is distributed (directly or indirectly) by the partnership (other than to the contributing partner) within 7 years of being contributed—

(i) the contributing partner shall be treated as recognizing gain or loss (as the case may be) from the sale of such property in an amount equal to the gain or loss which would have been allocated to such partner under subparagraph (A) by reason of the variation described in subparagraph (A) if the property had been sold at its fair market value at the time of the distribution,

(ii) the character of such gain or loss shall be determined by reference to the character of the gain or loss which would have resulted if such property had been sold by the partnership to the distributee, and

(iii) appropriate adjustments shall be made to the adjusted basis of the contributing partner's interest in the partnership and to the adjusted basis of the property distributed to reflect any gain or loss recognized under this subparagraph, and

(C) if any property so contributed has a built-in loss—

(i) such built-in loss shall be taken into account only in determining the amount of items allocated to the contributing partner, and

(ii) except as provided in regulations, in determining the amount of items allocated to other partners, the basis of the contributed property in the hands of the partnership shall be treated as being equal to its fair market value at the time of contribution.

For purposes of subparagraph (C), the term "built-in loss" means the excess of the adjusted basis of the property (determined without regard to subparagraph (C)(ii)) over its fair market value at the time of contribution.

(2) Special rule for distributions where gain or loss would not be recognized outside partnerships

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, if—

(A) property contributed by a partner (hereinafter referred to as the "contributing partner") is distributed by the partnership to another partner, and

(B) other property of a like kind (within the meaning of section 1031) is distributed by the partnership to the contributing partner not later than the earlier of—

(i) the 180th day after the date of the distribution described in subparagraph (A), or

(ii) the due date (determined with regard to extensions) for the contributing partner's return of the tax imposed by this chapter for the taxable year in which the distribution described in subparagraph (A) occurs,

then to the extent of the value of the property described in subparagraph (B), paragraph (1)(B) shall be applied as if the contributing partner had contributed to the partnership the property described in subparagraph (B).

(3) Other rules

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of paragraph (1) shall apply to contributions by a partner (using the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting) of accounts payable and other accrued but unpaid items. Any reference in paragraph (1) or (2) to the contributing partner shall be treated as including a reference to any successor of such partner.

(d) Limitation on allowance of losses

(1) In general

A partner's distributive share of partnership loss (including capital loss) shall be allowed only to the extent of the adjusted basis of such partner's interest in the partnership at the end of the partnership year in which such loss occurred.

(2) Carryover

Any excess of such loss over such basis shall be allowed as a deduction at the end of the partnership year in which such excess is repaid to the partnership.

(3) Special rules

(A) In general

In determining the amount of any loss under paragraph (1), there shall be taken into account the partner's distributive share of amounts described in paragraphs (4) and (6) of section 702(a).

(B) Exception

In the case of a charitable contribution of property whose fair market value exceeds its adjusted basis, subparagraph (A) shall not apply to the extent of the partner's distributive share of such excess.

(e) Partnership interests created by gift

(1) Distributive share of donee includible in gross income

In the case of any partnership interest created by gift, the distributive share of the donee under the partnership agreement shall be includible in his gross income, except to the extent that such share is determined without allowance of reasonable compensation for services rendered to the partnership by the donor, and except to the extent that the portion of such share attributable to donated capital is proportionately greater than the share of the donor attributable to the donor's capital. The distributive share of a partner in the earnings of the partnership shall not be diminished because of absence due to military service.

(2) Purchase of interest by member of family

For purposes of this subsection, an interest purchased by one member of a family from another shall be considered to be created by gift from the seller, and the fair market value of the purchased interest shall be considered to be donated capital. The "family" of any individual shall include only his spouse, ancestors, and lineal descendants, and any trusts for the primary benefit of such persons.

(f) Cross reference

For rules in the case of the sale, exchange, liquidation, or reduction of a partner's interest, see section 706(c)(2).

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 240; Pub. L. 94–455, title II, §213(c)(2), (3)(A), (d), (e), title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1548, 1834; Pub. L. 95–600, title II, §201(b)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2816; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §71(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 589; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7642(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2379; Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §1937(b)(1), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3033; Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1063(a), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 947; Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §833(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1589; Pub. L. 114–74, title XI, §1102(b), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 639; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13503(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2141.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2017—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–97 designated first and second sentences of existing provisions as pars. (1) and (2), respectively, inserted headings, and added par. (3).

2015—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 114–74 substituted "Partnership interests created by gift" for "Family partnerships" in heading, redesignated pars. (2) and (3) as (1) and (2), respectively, substituted "this subsection" for "this section" in par. (2), and struck out former par. (1). Prior to amendment, text of par. (1) read as follows: "A person shall be recognized as a partner for purposes of this subtitle if he owns a capital interest in a partnership in which capital is a material income-producing factor, whether or not such interest was derived by purchase or gift from any other person."

2004—Subsec. (c)(1)(C). Pub. L. 108–357 added subpar. (C).

1997—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 105–34 substituted "7 years" for "5 years" in introductory provisions.

1992—Subsec. (c)(1)(B). Pub. L. 102–486 substituted "is distributed (directly or indirectly)" for "is distributed".

1989—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–239 amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, income, gain, loss, and deduction with respect to property contributed to the partnership by a partner shall be shared among partners so as to take account of the variation between the basis of the property to the partnership and its fair market value at the time of contribution. Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of the preceding sentence shall apply to contributions by a partner (using the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting) of accounts payable and other accrued but unpaid items."

1984—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369 amended subsec. (c) generally, substituting provisions directing that, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, income, gain, loss, and deduction with respect to property contributed to the partnership by a partner be shared among partners so as to take account of the variation between the basis of the property to the partnership and its fair market value at the time of contribution, and that similar rules apply to contributions by a partner (using the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting) of accounts payable and other accrued but unpaid items for provisions which had directed that, if the partnership agreement so provided, depreciation, depletion, or gain or loss with respect to property contributed to the partnership by a partner would under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, be shared among the partners so as to take account of the variation between the basis of the property to the partnership and its fair market value at the time of contribution, and struck out provisions which had directed that in determining a partner's distributive share of items described in section 702(a), depreciation, depletion, or gain or loss with respect to property contributed to the partnership by a partner would, except to the extent otherwise provided, be allocated among the partners in the same manner as if such property had been purchased by the partnership and that if the partnership agreement did not provide otherwise, depreciation, depletion, or gain or loss with respect to undivided interests in property contributed to a partnership would be determined as though such undivided interests had not been contributed to the partnership.

1978—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–600 struck out provisions relating to adjusted basis of a partner's interest.

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–455, §213(c)(2), substituted "except as otherwise provided in this chapter" for "except as otherwise provided in this section".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455, §213(d), among other changes, substituted "Determination of distributive share" for "Distributive share determined by income or loss ratio" in heading, in provisions preceding par. (1) "the partner's interest in the partnership (determined by taking into account all facts and circumstances)" for "his distributive share of taxable income or loss of the partnership, as described in section 702(a)(9), for the taxable year", and in par. (2) provision relating to a lack of substantial economic effect in a partnership agreement for provisions relating to the partnership agreement's purpose being the avoidance or evasion of taxes.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(13)(A), struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 94–455, §213(e), inserted provision relating to the determination of the adjusted basis of a partner's liability where there is no personal liability and the applicability of such determination where section 465 of this title applies or the principal activity of the partnership is real estate investment.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–455, §213(c)(3)(A), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13503(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2141, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to partnership taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017."

Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–74, title XI, §1102(c), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 639, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 761 of this title] shall apply to partnership taxable years beginning after December 31, 2015."

Effective Date of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §833(d)(1), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1592, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to contributions made after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004]."

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–34, title X, §1063(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 947, provided that:

"(1) In general.—The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section and section 737 of this title] shall apply to property contributed to a partnership after June 8, 1997.

"(2) Binding contracts.—The amendment made by subsection (a) shall not apply to any property contributed pursuant to a written binding contract in effect on June 8, 1997, and at all times thereafter before such contribution if such contract provides for the contribution of a fixed amount of property."

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §1937(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3033, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting section 737 of this title and amending this section and section 731 of this title] shall apply to distributions on or after June 25, 1992."

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7642(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2381, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply in the case of property contributed to the partnership after October 3, 1989, in taxable years ending after such date."

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title I, §71(c), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 589, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 613A and 743 of this title] shall apply with respect to property contributed to the partnership after March 31, 1984, in taxable years ending after such date."

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 and enactment of provision set out as a note under this section by section 201(b)(2) of Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1978, see section 204(a) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 465 of this title.

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Amendment by section 213(c)(2), (c)(3)(A), (d) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable in the case of partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1975, see section 213(f)(1) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 709 of this title.

Amendment by section 213(e) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable to liabilities incurred after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 213(f)(2) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as an Effective Date note under section 709 of this title.

Transitional Rule for Limitation on Allowance of Losses

Pub. L. 95–600, title II, §201(b)(2), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2816, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "In the case of a loss which was not allowed for any taxable year by reason of the last 2 sentences of section 704(d) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] (as in effect before the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 6, 1978]), such loss shall be treated as a deduction (subject to section 465(a) of such Code) for the first taxable year beginning after December 31, 1978. Section 465(a) of such Code (as amended by this section) shall not apply with respect to partnership liabilities to which the last 2 sentences of section 704(d) of such Code (as in effect on the day before the date of enactment of this Act) did not apply because of the provisions of section 213(f)(2) of the Tax Reform Act of 1976 [set out as a note under section 709 of this title]."
26 U.S.C. § 192 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 192: Contributions to black lung benefit trust
Contributions to black lung benefit trust
Status: in_force

(a) Allowance of deduction

There is allowed as a deduction for the taxable year an amount equal to the sum of the amounts contributed by the taxpayer during the taxable year to or under a trust or trusts described in section 501(c)(21).

(b) Limitation

The maximum amount of the deduction allowed by subsection (a) for any taxpayer for any taxable year shall not exceed the greater of—

(1) the amount necessary to fund (with level funding) the remaining unfunded liability of the taxpayer for black lung claims filed (or expected to be filed) by (or with respect to) past or present employees of the taxpayer, or

(2) the aggregate amount necessary to increase each trust described in section 501(c)(21) to the amount required to pay all amounts payable out of such trust for the taxable year.

(c) Special rules

(1) Method of determining amounts referred to in subsection (b)

(A) In general

The amounts described in subsection (b) shall be determined by using reasonable actuarial methods and assumptions which are not inconsistent with regulations prescribed by the Secretary.

(B) Funding period

Except as provided in subparagraph (C), the funding period for purposes of subsection (b)(1) shall be the greater of—

(i) the average remaining working life of miners who are present employees of the taxpayer, or

(ii) 10 taxable years.

For purposes of the preceding sentence, the term "miner" has the same meaning as such term has when used in section 402(d) of the Black Lung Benefits Act (30 U.S.C. 902(d)).

(C) Different funding periods

To the extent that—

(i) regulations prescribed by the Secretary provide for a different period, or

(ii) the Secretary consents to a different period proposed by the taxpayer,

such different period shall be substituted for the funding period provided in subparagraph (B).

(2) Benefit payments taken into account

In determining the amounts described in subsection (b), only those black lung benefit claims the payment of which is expected to be made from the trust shall be taken into account.

(3) Time when contributions deemed made

For purposes of this section, a taxpayer shall be deemed to have made a payment of a contribution on the last day of a taxable year if the payment is on account of that taxable year and is made not later than the time prescribed by law for filing the return for that taxable year (including extensions thereof).

(4) Contributions to be in cash or certain other items

No deduction shall be allowed under subsection (a) with respect to any contribution to a trust described in section 501(c)(21) other than a contribution in cash or in items in which such trust may invest under subclause (II) of section 501(c)(21)(A)(ii).

(5) Denial of section 162 deduction with respect to liability

No deduction shall be allowed under section 162(a) with respect to any liability taken into account in determining the deduction under subsection (a) of this section of the taxpayer (or a predecessor).

(d) Carryover of excess contributions

If the amount of the deduction determined under subsection (a) for the taxable year (without regard to the limitation imposed by subsection (b)) with respect to a trust exceeds the limitation imposed by subsection (b) for the taxable year, the excess shall be carried over to the succeeding taxable year and treated as contributed to the trust during that year.

(e) Definition of black lung benefit claim

For purposes of this section, the term "black lung benefit claim" means a claim for compensation for disability or death due to pneumoconiosis under part C of title IV of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 or under any State law providing for such compensation.

(Added Pub. L. 95–227, §4(b)(1), Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 16; amended Pub. L. 95–488, §1(a)–(c), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1637; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §108(b)(2)(B), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 226; Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §1940(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3035.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, referred to in subsec. (e), is Pub. L. 91–173, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 742, as amended by Pub. L. 95–164, Nov. 9, 1977, 91 Stat. 1290. Part C of title IV of the Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 is classified generally to part C of subchapter IV of chapter 22 (§931 et seq.) of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 801 of Title 30 and Tables.

Amendments

1992—Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 102–486 substituted "subclause (II) of section 501(c)(21)(A)(ii)" for "clause (ii) of section 501(c)(21)(B)".

1980—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 96–222 substituted "Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977" for "Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969".

1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–488, §1(a), substituted provision limiting the allowable deduction to the greater of the amount necessary to fund the remaining unfunded liability of the taxpayer for the black lung claims filed or expected to be filed by past or present employees of the taxpayer or the aggregate amount necessary to increase each trust described in section 501(c)(21) to the amount required to pay all amounts payable out of such trust for the taxable year for provision limiting the allowable deduction to the amount necessary, when added to the fair market value of trust assets at the beginning of the taxable year, to fund the greater of current year obligations or certain future obligations.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 95–488, §1(b), substituted "Method of determining amounts referred to in subsection (b)" for "Determination of expected future payments" in heading and in text inserted provisions establishing the funding period as the greater of the average remaining working life of miners who are present employees of the taxpayer or 10 taxable years and permitting a different funding period if prescribed or consented to by the Secretary.

Subsec. (c)(5). Pub. L. 95–488, §1(c), added par. (5).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §1940(d), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3035, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 501 and 4951 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1991."

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §108(b)(4), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 226, provided that: "Any amendment made by this subsection [amending this section, sections 6503, 6511, 6862, 7422, and 7454 of this title, and sections 934 and 934a of Title 30, Mineral Lands and Mining] shall take effect as if included in the provision of the Black Lung Benefits Revenue Act of 1977 [see Short Title of 1978 Amendments note set out under section 1 of this title] to which such amendment relates."

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–488, §1(e), Oct. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 1638, as amended by Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 6104 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1977. Nothing in the amendments made by subsection (d) to section 6104 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 [formerly I.R.C. 1954] shall be construed to permit the disclosure under such section 6104 of confidential business information of contributors to any trust described in section 501(c)(21) of such Code."

Effective Date

Pub. L. 95–227, §4(f), Feb. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 24, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and sections 4951 to 4953 and amending sections 501, 4946, 6104, 6213, 6405, 6501, 6503, and 7451 of this title] shall apply with respect to contributions, acts, and expenditures made after December 31, 1977, in and for taxable years beginning after such date."