12 U.S.C. § 1783 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 14: FEDERAL CREDIT UNIONS / Subchapter II: SHARE INSURANCE / Section 1783: National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund
National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund
Status: in_force

(a) Creation; use of fund

There is hereby created in the Treasury of the United States a National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund which shall be used by the Board as a revolving fund for carrying out the purposes of this subchapter. Money in the fund shall be available upon requisition by the Board, without fiscal year limitation, for making payments of insurance under section 1787 of this title, for providing assistance and making expenditures under section 1788 of this title in connection with the liquidation or threatened liquidation of insured credit unions, and for such administrative and other expenses incurred in carrying out the purposes of this subchapter as it may determine to be proper.

(b) Deposit of deposits and premium charges, fees and penalties

All deposits and premium charges for insurance paid pursuant to the provisions of section 1782 of this title and all fees for examinations and all penalties collected by the Board under any provision of this subchapter shall be deposited in the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund. The Board shall report annually to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of the House of Representatives with respect to the operating level of the fund. Such report shall also include the results of an independent audit of the fund.

(c) Investment authorization

The Board may authorize the Secretary of the Treasury to invest and reinvest such portions of the fund as the Board may determine are not needed for current operations in any interest-bearing securities of the United States or in any securities guaranteed as to both principal and interest by the United States or in bonds or other obligations which are lawful investments for fiduciary, trust, and public funds of the United States, and the income therefrom shall constitute a part of the fund.

(d) Loans to fund, limitation and terms; interest accrual; determination of interest rate

(1) If, in the judgment of the Board, a loan to the insurance fund, or to the stabilization fund described in section 1790e of this title, is required at any time for purposes of this subchapter,1 the Secretary of the Treasury shall make the loan, but loans under this paragraph shall not exceed in the aggregate $6,000,000,000 outstanding at any one time. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection, section 1790e of this title, and in subsection (e) of this section, each loan under this paragraph shall be made on such terms as may be fixed by agreement between the Board and the Secretary of the Treasury.

(2) Interest shall accrue to the Treasury on the amount of any outstanding loans made to the fund pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection on the basis of the average daily amount of such outstanding loans determined at the close of each fiscal year with respect to such year, and the Board shall pay the interest so accruing into the Treasury as miscellaneous receipts annually from the fund. The Secretary of the Treasury shall determine the applicable interest rate in advance by calculating the average yield to maturity (on the basis of daily closing market bid quotations during the month of September of the preceding fiscal year) on outstanding marketable public debt obligations of the United States having a maturity date of five or less years from the first day of such month of September and by adjusting such yield to the nearest one-eighth of 1 per centum.

(3) For the purpose of making loans under paragraph (1) of this subsection, the Secretary of the Treasury is authorized to use as a public debt transaction the proceeds of the sale of any securities issued under chapter 31 of title 31, and the purposes for which securities may be issued under chapter 31 of title 31 are hereby extended to include such loans. All loans and repayments under this section shall be treated as public debt transactions of the United States.

(4) Temporary increases authorized.—

(A) Recommendations for increase.—During the period beginning on May 20, 2009, and ending on December 31, 2010, if, upon the written recommendation of the Board (upon a vote of not less than two-thirds of the members of the Board) and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (upon a vote of not less than two-thirds of the members of such Board), the Secretary of the Treasury (in consultation with the President) determines that additional amounts above the $6,000,000,000 amount specified in paragraph (1) are necessary, such amount shall be increased to the amount so determined to be necessary, not to exceed $30,000,000,000.

(B) Report required.—If the borrowing authority of the Board is increased above $6,000,000,000 pursuant to subparagraph (A), the Board shall promptly submit a report to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives describing the reasons and need for the additional borrowing authority and its intended uses.

(e) Excess funds credited against loans

So long as any loans to the fund are outstanding, the Board shall from time to time, not less often than annually, determine whether the balance in the fund is in excess of the amount which, in its judgment, is needed to meet the requirements of the fund and shall pay such excess to the Secretary of the Treasury, to be credited against the loans to the fund.

(f) Authorization for fund to borrow from Central Liquidity Facility

In addition to the authority to borrow from the Secretary of the Treasury provided in subsection (d), if in the judgment of the Board, a loan to the fund is required at any time for carrying out the purposes of this subchapter, the fund is authorized to borrow from the National Credit Union Administration Central Liquidity Facility.

(June 26, 1934, ch. 750, title II, §203, as added Pub. L. 91–468, §1(3), Oct. 19, 1970, 84 Stat. 999; amended Pub. L. 94–273, §2(4), Apr. 21, 1976, 90 Stat. 375; Pub. L. 95–630, title V, §502(b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3681; Pub. L. 97–320, title V, §530, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1535; Pub. L. 98–369, div. B, title VIII, §2811, July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1206; Pub. L. 111–22, div. A, title II, §204(c)(2), (3), May 20, 2009, 123 Stat. 1650.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), probably should have been a reference to this title in the original, meaning title II of act June 26, 1934, ch. 750, which is classified generally to this subchapter.

Codification

In subsec. (d)(3), "chapter 31 of title 31" substituted for "the Second Liberty Bond Act, as amended" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.

Amendments

2009—Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 111–22, §204(c)(2), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "If, in the judgment of the Board, a loan to the fund is required at any time for carrying out the purposes of this subchapter, the Secretary of the Treasury shall make the loan, but loans under this paragraph shall not exceed in the aggregate $100,000,000 outstanding at any one time. Except as otherwise provided in this subsection and in subsection (e) of this section, each loan under this paragraph shall be made on such terms as may be fixed by agreement between the Board and the Secretary of the Treasury."

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 111–22, §204(c)(3), added par. (4).

1984—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369 inserted "deposits and" and provisions relating to annual reporting requirements by the Board.

1982—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 97–320 added subsec. (f).

1978—Pub. L. 95–630 substituted "Board" for "Administrator" wherever appearing and "it" and "its" for "he" and "his", respectively, where appropriate.

1976—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 94–273 substituted "September" for "June" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Banking and Financial Services of House of Representatives abolished and replaced by Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred from Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–630 effective on expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, and transitional provisions, see section 509 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 1752 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 252 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter II: BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Section 252: Credit availability assessment
Credit availability assessment
Status: in_force

(a) Study

(1) In general

Not later than 12 months after September 30, 1996, and once every 60 months thereafter, the Board, in consultation with the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision, the Comptroller of the Currency, the Board of Directors of the Corporation, the Administrator of the National Credit Union Administration, the Administrator of the Small Business Administration, and the Secretary of Commerce, shall conduct a study and submit a report to the Congress detailing the extent of small business lending by all creditors.

(2) Contents of study

The study required under paragraph (1) shall identify, to the extent practicable, those factors which provide policymakers with insights into the small business credit market, including—

(A) the demand for small business credit, including consideration of the impact of economic cycles on the levels of such demand;

(B) the availability of credit to small businesses;

(C) the range of credit options available to small businesses, such as those available from insured depository institutions and other providers of credit;

(D) the types of credit products used to finance small business operations, including the use of traditional loans, leases, lines of credit, home equity loans, credit cards, and other sources of financing;

(E) the credit needs of small businesses, including, if appropriate, the extent to which such needs differ, based upon product type, size of business, cash flow requirements, characteristics of ownership or investors, or other aspects of such business;

(F) the types of risks to creditors in providing credit to small businesses; and

(G) such other factors as the Board deems appropriate.

(b) Use of existing data

The studies required by this section shall not increase the regulatory or paperwork burden on regulated financial institutions, other sources of small business credit, or small businesses.

(Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2227, Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–417.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Economic Growth and Regulatory Paperwork Reduction Act of 1996, and also as part of the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act, 1997, and not as part of the Federal Reserve Act which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

Functions vested in Administrator of National Credit Union Administration transferred and vested in National Credit Union Administration Board pursuant to section 1752a of this title.

Study of Financial Modernization's Effect on the Accessibility of Small Business and Farm Loans

Pub. L. 106–102, title I, §109, Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1362, provided that:

"(a) Study.—The Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Federal banking agencies (as defined in section 3(z) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(z)]), shall conduct a study of the extent to which credit is being provided to and for small businesses and farms, as a result of this Act [see Tables for classification] and the amendments made by this Act.

"(b) Report.—Before the end of the 5-year period beginning on the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 12, 1999], the Secretary, in consultation with the Federal banking agencies, shall submit a report to the Congress on the study conducted pursuant to subsection (a) and shall include such recommendations as the Secretary determines to be appropriate for administrative and legislative action."

Definitions

Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2001(c), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–397, provided that: "Except as otherwise specified in this title [see Tables for classification], the following definitions shall apply for purposes of this title:

"(1) Appraisal subcommittee.—The term 'Appraisal Subcommittee' means the Appraisal Subcommittee established under section 1011 of the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3310] (as in existence on the day before the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 1996]).

"(2) Appropriate Federal banking agency.—The term 'appropriate Federal banking agency' has the same meaning as in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813].

"(3) Board.—The term 'Board' means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

"(4) Corporation.—The term 'Corporation' means the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.

"(5) Council.—The term 'Council' means the Financial Institutions Examination Council established under section 1004 of the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3303].

"(6) Insured credit union.—The term 'insured credit union' has the same meaning as in section 101 of the Federal Credit Union Act [12 U.S.C. 1752].

"(7) Insured depository institution.—The term 'insured depository institution' has the same meaning as in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act."
12 U.S.C. § 521 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter XVII: RESERVE-BANK BRANCHES / Section 521: Reserve-bank branches; establishment; directors; discontinuance of branches; approval for erection of branch bank building
Reserve-bank branches; establishment; directors; discontinuance of branches; approval for erection of branch bank building
Status: in_force

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may permit or require any Federal reserve bank to establish branch banks within the Federal reserve district in which it is located or within the district of any Federal reserve bank which may have been suspended. Such branches, subject to such rules and regulations as the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may prescribe, shall be operated under the supervision of a board of directors to consist of not more than seven nor less than three directors, of whom a majority of one shall be appointed by the Federal reserve bank of the district, and the remaining directors by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System. Directors of branch banks shall hold office during the pleasure of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may at any time require any Federal reserve bank to discontinue any branch of such Federal reserve bank established under this section. The Federal reserve bank shall thereupon proceed to wind up the business of such branch bank, subject to such rules and regulations as the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may prescribe.

No Federal Reserve bank shall have authority hereafter to enter into any contract or contracts for the erection of any branch bank building of any kind or character or to authorize the erection of any such building, except with the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §3, 38 Stat. 253; June 21, 1917, ch. 32, §1, 40 Stat. 232; Feb. 25, 1927, ch. 191, §19, 44 Stat. 1234; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 87–622, §2, Aug. 31, 1962, 76 Stat. 418.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1962—Pub. L. 87–622 added par. providing that no Federal Reserve Bank shall have authority to enter into any contract for the erection of a branch bank building or to authorize the erection of such building, except with the approval of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

1927—Act Feb. 25, 1927, added par. authorizing the Federal Reserve Board to discontinue and wind up the business of branch banks.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Section 203(a) of act Aug. 23, 1935, changed name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
12 U.S.C. § 2279cc (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 23: FARM CREDIT SYSTEM / Subchapter VIII: AGRICULTURAL MORTGAGE SECONDARY MARKET / Section 2279cc: Conservatorship; liquidation; receivership
Conservatorship; liquidation; receivership
Status: in_force

(a) Voluntary liquidation

The Corporation may voluntarily liquidate only with the consent of, and in accordance with a plan of liquidation approved by, the Farm Credit Administration Board.

(b) Involuntary liquidation

(1) In general

The Farm Credit Administration Board may appoint a conservator or receiver for the Corporation under the circumstances specified in section 2183(b) of this title.

(2) Application

In applying section 2183(b) of this title to the Corporation under paragraph (1)—

(A) the Corporation shall also be considered insolvent if the Corporation is unable to pay its debts as they fall due in the ordinary course of business;

(B) a conservator may also be appointed for the Corporation if the authority of the Corporation to purchase qualified loans or issue or guarantee loan-backed securities is suspended; and

(C) a receiver may also be appointed for the Corporation if—

(i)(I) the authority of the Corporation to purchase qualified loans or issue or guarantee loan-backed securities is suspended; or

(II) the Corporation is classified under section 2279bb–4 of this title as within level III or IV and the alternative actions available under part B are not satisfactory; and

(ii) the Farm Credit Administration determines that the appointment of a conservator would not be appropriate.

(3) No effect on supervisory actions

The grounds for appointment of a conservator for the Corporation under this subsection shall be in addition to those in section 2279bb–6 of this title.

(c) Appointment of conservator or receiver

(1) Qualifications

Notwithstanding section 2183(b) of this title, if a conservator or receiver is appointed for the Corporation, the conservator or receiver shall be—

(A) the Farm Credit Administration or any other governmental entity or employee, including the Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation; or

(B) any person that—

(i) has no claim against, or financial interest in, the Corporation or other basis for a conflict of interest as the conservator or receiver; and

(ii) has the financial and management expertise necessary to direct the operations and affairs of the Corporation and, if necessary, to liquidate the Corporation.

(2) Compensation

(A) In general

A conservator or receiver for the Corporation and professional personnel (other than a Federal employee) employed to represent or assist the conservator or receiver may be compensated for activities conducted as, or for, a conservator or receiver.

(B) Limit on compensation

Compensation may not be provided in amounts greater than the compensation paid to employees of the Federal Government for similar services, except that the Farm Credit Administration may provide for compensation at higher rates that are not in excess of rates prevailing in the private sector if the Farm Credit Administration determines that compensation at higher rates is necessary in order to recruit and retain competent personnel.

(C) Contractual arrangements

The conservator or receiver may contract with any governmental entity, including the Farm Credit System Insurance Corporation, to make personnel, services, and facilities of the entity available to the conservator or receiver on such terms and compensation arrangements as shall be mutually agreed, and each entity may provide the same to the conservator or receiver.

(3) Expenses

A valid claim for expenses of the conservatorship or receivership (including compensation under paragraph (2)) and a valid claim with respect to a loan made under subsection (f) shall—

(A) be paid by the conservator or receiver from funds of the Corporation before any other valid claim against the Corporation; and

(B) may be secured by a lien, on such property of the Corporation as the conservator or receiver may determine, that shall have priority over any other lien.

(4) Liability

If the conservator or receiver for the Corporation is not a Federal entity, or an officer or employee of the Federal Government, the conservator or receiver shall not be personally liable for damages in tort or otherwise for an act or omission performed pursuant to and in the course of the conservatorship or receivership, unless the act or omission constitutes gross negligence or any form of intentional tortious conduct or criminal conduct.

(5) Indemnification

The Farm Credit Administration may allow indemnification of the conservator or receiver from the assets of the conservatorship or receivership on such terms as the Farm Credit Administration considers appropriate.

(d) Judicial review of appointment

(1) In general

Notwithstanding subsection (i)(1), not later than 30 days after a conservator or receiver is appointed under subsection (b), the Corporation may bring an action in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia for an order requiring the Farm Credit Administration Board to remove the conservator or receiver. The court shall, on the merits, dismiss the action or direct the Farm Credit Administration Board to remove the conservator or receiver.

(2) Stay of other actions

On the commencement of an action under paragraph (1), any court having jurisdiction of any other action or enforcement proceeding authorized under this chapter to which the Corporation is a party shall stay the action or proceeding during the pendency of the action for removal of the conservator or receiver.

(e) General powers of conservator or receiver

The conservator or receiver for the Corporation shall have such powers to conduct the conservatorship or receivership as shall be provided pursuant to regulations adopted by the Farm Credit Administration Board. Such powers shall be comparable to the powers available to a conservator or receiver appointed pursuant to section 2183(b) of this title.

(f) Borrowings for working capital

(1) In general

If the conservator or receiver of the Corporation determines that it is likely that there will be insufficient funds to pay the ongoing administrative expenses of the conservatorship or receivership or that there will be insufficient liquidity to fund maturing obligations of the conservatorship or receivership, the conservator or receiver may borrow funds in such amounts, from such sources, and at such rates of interest as the conservator or receiver considers necessary or appropriate to meet the administrative expenses or liquidity needs of the conservatorship or receivership.

(2) Working capital from Farm Credit banks

A Farm Credit bank may loan funds to the conservator or receiver for a loan authorized under paragraph (1) or, in the event of receivership, a Farm Credit bank may purchase assets of the Corporation.

(g) Agreements against interests of conservator or receiver

No agreement that tends to diminish or defeat the right, title, or interest of the conservator or receiver for the Corporation in any asset acquired by the conservator or receiver as conservator or receiver for the Corporation shall be valid against the conservator or receiver unless the agreement—

(1) is in writing;

(2) is executed by the Corporation and any person claiming an adverse interest under the agreement, including the obligor, contemporaneously with the acquisition of the asset by the Corporation;

(3) is approved by the Board or an appropriate committee of the Board, which approval shall be reflected in the minutes of the Board or committee; and

(4) has been, continuously, from the time of the agreement's execution, an official record of the Corporation.

(h) Report to Congress

On a determination by the receiver for the Corporation that there are insufficient assets of the receivership to pay all valid claims against the receivership, the receiver shall submit to the Secretary of the Treasury, the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry of the Senate a report on the financial condition of the receivership.

(i) Termination of authorities

(1) Corporation

The charter of the Corporation shall be canceled, and the authority provided to the Corporation by this subchapter shall terminate, on such date as the Farm Credit Administration Board determines is appropriate following the placement of the Corporation in receivership, but not later than the conclusion of the receivership and discharge of the receiver.

(2) Oversight

The Office of Secondary Market Oversight established under section 2279aa–11 of this title shall be abolished, and section 2279aa–11(a) of this title and part B shall have no force or effect, on such date as the Farm Credit Administration Board determines is appropriate following the placement of the Corporation in receivership, but not later than the conclusion of the receivership and discharge of the receiver.

(Pub. L. 92–181, title VIII, §8.41, as added Pub. L. 104–105, title I, §118, Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 168.)
12 U.S.C. § 5491 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 53: WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION / Subchapter V: BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION / Section 5491: Establishment of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection
Establishment of the Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection
Status: in_force

(a) Bureau established

There is established in the Federal Reserve System, an independent bureau to be known as the "Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection", which shall regulate the offering and provision of consumer financial products or services under the Federal consumer financial laws. The Bureau shall be considered an Executive agency, as defined in section 105 of title 5. Except as otherwise provided expressly by law, all Federal laws dealing with public or Federal contracts, property, works, officers, employees, budgets, or funds, including the provisions of chapters 5 and 7 of title 5, shall apply to the exercise of the powers of the Bureau.

(b) Director and Deputy Director

(1) In general

There is established the position of the Director, who shall serve as the head of the Bureau.

(2) Appointment

Subject to paragraph (3), the Director shall be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(3) Qualification

The President shall nominate the Director from among individuals who are citizens of the United States.

(4) Compensation

The Director shall be compensated at the rate prescribed for level II of the Executive Schedule under section 5313 of title 5.

(5) Deputy Director

There is established the position of Deputy Director, who shall—

(A) be appointed by the Director; and

(B) serve as acting Director in the absence or unavailability of the Director.

(c) Term

(1) In general

The Director shall serve for a term of 5 years.

(2) Expiration of term

An individual may serve as Director after the expiration of the term for which appointed, until a successor has been appointed and qualified.

(3) Removal for cause

The President may remove the Director for inefficiency, neglect of duty, or malfeasance in office.

(d) Service restriction

No Director or Deputy Director may hold any office, position, or employment in any Federal reserve bank, Federal home loan bank, covered person, or service provider during the period of service of such person as Director or Deputy Director.

(e) Offices

The principal office of the Bureau shall be in the District of Columbia. The Director may establish regional offices of the Bureau, including in cities in which the Federal reserve banks, or branches of such banks, are located, in order to carry out the responsibilities assigned to the Bureau under the Federal consumer financial laws.

(Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1011, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1964.)

Editorial Notes

Constitutionality

For information regarding the constitutionality of provisions of subsection (c)(3) of this section, see the Table of Laws Held Unconstitutional in Whole or in Part by the Supreme Court on the Constitution Annotated website, constitution.congress.gov.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1020, formerly §1018, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1979, renumbered §1020 by Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LVIII, §5851(a)(1), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3433, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§1011–1018), enacting this part and amending section 9702 of Title 20, Education] shall become effective on the date of enactment of this Act [July 21, 2010]."
12 U.S.C. § 2124 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 23: FARM CREDIT SYSTEM / Subchapter III: BANKS FOR COOPERATIVES / Section 2124: Stock of banks for cooperatives
Stock of banks for cooperatives
Status: in_force

(a) Amount

The Capital stock of each bank for cooperatives shall be in such amount as its board determines is required for the purpose of providing adequate capital to permit the bank to meet the credit needs of borrowers from the bank and such amounts may be increased or decreased from time to time in accordance with such needs.

(b) Value

The capital stock of each bank shall be divided into shares of par value of $100 each and may be of such classes as the board may determine. Such stock may be issued in fractional shares.

(c) Eligible holders of voting stock

Voting stock may be issued or transferred to and held only by (i) cooperative associations eligible to borrow from the banks 1 (ii) other categories of persons and entities described in sections 2128 and 2129 of this title eligible to borrow from the bank, as determined by the bank's board of directors; and (iii) other banks for cooperatives, and shall not be otherwise transferred, pledged, or hypothecated except as consented to by the issuing bank under regulations of the Farm Credit Administration.

(d) Entitlement to vote

Each holder of one or more shares of voting stock which is eligible to borrow from a bank for cooperatives shall be entitled only to one vote and only in the affairs of the bank in the district in which its principal office is located unless otherwise authorized under regulations issued by the Farm Credit Administration, except that if such holder has not been a borrower from the bank in which it holds such stock within a period of two years next preceding the date fixed by the Farm Credit Administration prior to the commencement of voting, it shall not be entitled to vote.

(e) Nonvoting investment stock

Nonvoting investment stock may be issued in such series and in such amounts as may be determined by the board and may be exchanged for voting stock or sold or transferred to any person subject to the approval of the issuing bank.

(f) Participation certificates

Participation certificates may be issued to parties to whom voting stock may not be issued.

(Pub. L. 92–181, title III, §3.3, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 603; Pub. L. 96–592, title III, §302, Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3443; Pub. L. 99–205, title II, §205(e)(3), (4), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1705; Pub. L. 100–233, title VIII, §§802(o), 805(k), Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1712, 1715; Pub. L. 110–234, title V, §§5402, 5403(a), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1154; Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title V, §§5402, 5403(a), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1915.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 made identical amendments to this section. The amendments by Pub. L. 110–234 were repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–246, §5402, which directed substitution of "par" for "per", could not be executed because "per" did not appear.

Subsec. (c)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 110–246, §5403(a), added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii).

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–233, §802(o)(1), struck out ", with the approval of Farm Credit Administration," after "board determines".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–233, §802(o)(2), struck out "with the approval of the Farm Credit Administration" after "board may determine".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–233, §805(k), substituted "by" for "by by" after "regulations issued".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–233, §802(o)(3), struck out "and approved by the Farm Credit Administration" after "Board".

1985—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–205, §205(e)(3), inserted "under regulations issued by" after "authorized".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–205, §205(e)(4), struck out ", except for stock held by the Governor," before "may be exchanged".

1980—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–592 added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–205 effective thirty days after Dec. 23, 1985, see section 401 of Pub. L. 99–205, set out as a note under section 2001 of this title.

1 So in original. There probably should be a semicolon after "banks".
12 U.S.C. § 4612 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Subchapter II: REQUIRED CAPITAL LEVELS FOR REGULATED ENTITIES, SPECIAL ENFORCEMENT POWERS, AND REVIEWS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES / Section 4612: Minimum capital levels
Minimum capital levels
Status: in_force

(a) Enterprises

For purposes of this subchapter, the minimum capital level for each enterprise shall be the sum of—

(1) 2.50 percent of the aggregate on-balance sheet assets of the enterprise, as determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles;

(2) 0.45 percent of the unpaid principal balance of outstanding mortgage-backed securities and substantially equivalent instruments issued or guaranteed by the enterprise that are not included in paragraph (1); and

(3) 0.45 percent of other off-balance sheet obligations of the enterprise not included in paragraph (2) (excluding commitments in excess of 50 percent of the average dollar amount of the commitments outstanding each quarter over the preceding 4 quarters), except that the Director shall adjust such percentage to reflect differences in the credit risk of such obligations in relation to the instruments included in paragraph (2).

(b) Federal Home Loan Banks

For purposes of this subchapter, the minimum capital level for each Federal Home Loan Bank shall be the minimum capital required to be maintained to comply with the leverage requirement for the bank established under section 1426(a)(2) of this title.

(c) Establishment of revised minimum capital levels

Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) and notwithstanding the capital classifications of the regulated entities, the Director may, by regulations issued under section 4526 of this title, establish a minimum capital level for the enterprises, for the Federal Home Loan Banks, or for both the enterprises and the banks, that is higher than the level specified in subsection (a) for the enterprises or the level specified in subsection (b) for the Federal Home Loan Banks, to the extent needed to ensure that the regulated entities operate in a safe and sound manner.

(d) Authority to require temporary increase

(1) In general

Notwithstanding subsections (a) and (b) and any minimum capital level established pursuant to subsection (c), the Director may, by order, increase the minimum capital level for a regulated entity on a temporary basis, when the Director determines that such an increase is necessary and consistent with the prudential regulation and the safe and sound operations of a regulated entity.

(2) Rescission

The Director shall rescind any temporary minimum capital level established under paragraph (1) when the Director determines that the circumstances or facts no longer justify the temporary minimum capital level.

(3) Regulations required

The Director shall issue regulations establishing—

(A) standards for the imposition of a temporary increase in minimum capital under paragraph (1);

(B) the standards and procedures that the Director will use to make the determination referred to in paragraph (2); and

(C) a reasonable time frame for periodic review of any temporary increase in minimum capital for the purpose of making the determination referred to in paragraph (2).

(e) Authority to establish additional capital and reserve requirements for particular purposes

The Director may, at any time by order or regulation, establish such capital or reserve requirements with respect to any product or activity of a regulated entity, as the Director considers appropriate to ensure that the regulated entity operates in a safe and sound manner, with sufficient capital and reserves to support the risks that arise in the operations and management of the regulated entity.

(f) Periodic review

The Director shall periodically review the amount of core capital maintained by the enterprises, the amount of capital retained by the Federal Home Loan Banks, and the minimum capital levels established for such regulated entities pursuant to this section.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1362, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3975; Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title I, §1111, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2676.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–289, §1111(1), substituted "Enterprises" for "In general" in heading.

Subsecs. (b) to (f). Pub. L. 110–289, §1111(2), added subsecs. (b) to (f) and struck out former subsec. (b) which related to minimum capital level during transition period.
12 U.S.C. § 243 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter II: BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Section 243: Assessments upon Federal reserve banks to pay expenses
Assessments upon Federal reserve banks to pay expenses
Status: in_force

The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall have power to levy semiannually upon the Federal reserve banks, in proportion to their capital stock and surplus, an assessment sufficient to pay its estimated expenses and the salaries of its members and employees for the half year succeeding the levying of such assessment, together with any deficit carried forward from the preceding half year, and such assessments may include amounts sufficient to provide for the acquisition by the Board in its own name of such site or building in the District of Columbia as in its judgment alone shall be necessary for the purpose of providing suitable and adequate quarters for the performance of its functions. After September 1, 2000, the Board may also use such assessments to acquire, in its own name, a site or building (in addition to the facilities existing on such date) to provide for the performance of the functions of the Board. After approving such plans, estimates, and specifications as it shall have caused to be prepared, the Board may, notwithstanding any other provision of law, cause to be constructed on any site so acquired by it a building or buildings suitable and adequate in its judgment for its purposes and proceed to take all such steps as it may deem necessary or appropriate in connection with the construction, equipment, and furnishing of such building or buildings. The Board may maintain, enlarge, or remodel any building or buildings so acquired or constructed and shall have sole control of such building or buildings and space therein.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §10 (par.), 38 Stat. 261; June 3, 1922, ch. 205, 42 Stat. 621; June 19, 1934, ch. 653, §4, 48 Stat. 1108; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 106–569, title X, §1001, Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3027.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is comprised of third par. of section 10 of act Dec. 23, 1913. For classification to this title of other pars. of section 10, see note set out under section 241 of this title.

Amendments

2000—Pub. L. 106–569 inserted "After September 1, 2000, the Board may also use such assessments to acquire, in its own name, a site or building (in addition to the facilities existing on such date) to provide for the performance of the functions of the Board." after first sentence, inserted "or buildings" after "building" wherever appearing in third and fourth sentences, and substituted "constructed on any site" for "constructed on the site" in third sentence.

1934—Act June 19, 1934, inserted provisions after "the preceding half year" in first sentence and inserted second and third sentences.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Section 203(a) of act Aug. 23, 1935, changed name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
12 U.S.C. § 4588 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Subchapter I: SUPERVISION AND REGULATION OF ENTERPRISES / Section 4588: Subpoena authority
Subpoena authority
Status: in_force

(a) In general

In the course of or in connection with any administrative proceeding under this subpart, the Director shall have the authority—

(1) to administer oaths and affirmations;

(2) to take and preserve testimony under oath;

(3) to issue subpoenas and subpoenas duces tecum; and

(4) to revoke, quash, or modify subpoenas and subpoenas duces tecum issued by the Director.

(b) Witnesses and documents

The attendance of witnesses and the production of documents provided for in this section may be required from any place in any State at any designated place where such proceeding is being conducted.

(c) Enforcement

The Director may bring an action or may request the Attorney General of the United States to bring an action in the United States district court for the judicial district in which such proceeding is being conducted, or where the witness resides or conducts business, or the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, for enforcement of any subpoena or subpoena duces tecum issued pursuant to this section. Such courts shall have jurisdiction and power to order and require compliance therewith.

(d) Fees and expenses

Witnesses subpoenaed under this section shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the district courts of the United States. Any court having jurisdiction of any proceeding instituted under this section by an enterprise may allow to any such party such reasonable expenses and attorneys fees as the court deems just and proper. Such expenses and fees shall be paid by the enterprise or from its assets.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1348, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3968; Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title I, §1130(e)(2), (3)(E), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2711.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–289, §1130(e)(3)(E), substituted "Director" for "Secretary" in introductory provisions and in par. (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 110–289, §1130(e)(3)(E), substituted "Director" for "Secretary".

Pub. L. 110–289, §1130(e)(2), inserted "may bring an action or" before "may request".
12 U.S.C. § 2091 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 23: FARM CREDIT SYSTEM / Subchapter II: FARM CREDIT ASSOCIATIONS / Section 2091: Organizations; articles; charters; powers of the Farm Credit Administration
Organizations; articles; charters; powers of the Farm Credit Administration
Status: in_force

(a) Charter

Each Federal land bank association shall continue as a federally chartered instrumentality of the United States.

(b) Organization

(1) In general

A Federal land bank association may be organized by any group of 10 or more persons desiring to borrow money from a Farm Credit Bank under section 2015(a) of this title, including persons to whom the Farm Credit Bank has made a loan directly or through an agent and has taken as security real estate located in the territory proposed to be served by the association.

(2) Articles of association

(A) Description of territory

The articles of association shall describe the territory within which the association proposes to carry on its operations.

(B) Submission to FCB

Proposed articles shall be forwarded to the Farm Credit Bank for the district, accompanied by an agreement to subscribe on behalf of the association for stock in accordance with the bylaws of the Farm Credit Bank.

(C) Stock purchase

Association stock may be paid for by surrendering for cancellation stock in the bank held by a borrower and the issuance of an equivalent amount of stock to such borrower in the association.

(D) Statement

The articles shall be accompanied by a statement signed by each of the members of the proposed association establishing—

(i) the individual's eligibility and request for a Farm Credit Bank loan;

(ii) that the real estate with respect to which the individual desires the loan for is not being served by another Federal land bank association; and

(iii) that the individual is or will become a stockholder in the proposed association.

(E) Submission to FCA

A copy of the articles of association shall be forwarded to the Farm Credit Administration with the recommendations of the bank concerning the need for the proposed association in order to adequately serve the credit needs of eligible persons in the proposed territory and a statement as to whether or not the territory includes any territory described in the charter of another Federal land bank association.

(3) Denials of charters

The Farm Credit Administration for good cause shown may deny the charter applied for.

(4) Approval of articles

On the approval of the proposed articles by the Farm Credit Administration and the issuance of such charter, the association shall become as of such date a federally chartered body corporate and an instrumentality of the United States.

(c) FCA authority on organization

The Farm Credit Administration shall have power, in the terms of the charter, under rules and regulations prescribed by the Farm Credit Administration—

(1) to provide for the organization of the association;

(2) to provide for the initial amount of stock of the association;

(3) to provide for the territory within which the association may carry on its operations; and

(4) to approve amendments to the charter of such association.

(Pub. L. 92–181, title II, §2.10, as added Pub. L. 100–233, title IV, §401, Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1634; amended Pub. L. 100–399, title IV, §401(s), (t), Aug. 17, 1988, 102 Stat. 998.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2091, Pub. L. 92–181, title II, §2.10, Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 597; Pub. L. 96–592, title II, §207, Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3442; Pub. L. 99–205, title II, §205(e)(10), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1704; Pub. L. 100–233, title VIII, §§802(l), 805(g), Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1711, 1715, related to organization and charters of production credit associations, prior to the general amendment of this subchapter by Pub. L. 100–233, §401.

Amendments

1988—Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 100–399, §401(s)(1), inserted "under section 2015(a) of this title" after "a Farm Credit Bank".

Subsec. (b)(2)(D)(i). Pub. L. 100–399, §401(s)(2), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "the individual's eligibility for, and request or need of the individual of a Farm Credit Bank loan;".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–399, §401(t), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "The Farm Credit Administration shall have power, in the terms of the charter, under rules and regulations prescribed by the Farm Credit Administration or by approving the bylaws of the association, to provide for the—

"(1) organization of the association;

"(2) the initial amount of stock of such association;

"(3) the territory within which the operations of the association may be carried on; and

"(4) to direct at any time changes in the charter of such association as the Farm Credit Administration finds necessary in accomplishing the purposes of this chapter."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–399 effective immediately after amendment made by section 401 of Pub. L. 100–233, which was effective 6 months after Jan. 6, 1988, see section 1001(b) of Pub. L. 100–399, set out as a note under section 2002 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 100–233, title IV, §401, Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1622, provided that this section is effective 6 months after Jan. 6, 1988.
12 U.S.C. § 542 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 4: TAXATION / Subchapter II: NATIONAL BANK CIRCULATION / Section 542: Omitted
Omitted
Status: omitted

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section, act Mar. 14, 1900, ch. 41, §13, 31 Stat. 49, related to tax on circulating notes secured by 2 per centum bonds.
12 U.S.C. § 3756 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 38A: SINGLE FAMILY MORTGAGE FORECLOSURE / Section 3756: Commencement of foreclosure
Commencement of foreclosure
Status: in_force

(a) Request to foreclosure commissioner

If the Secretary, as holder of a single family mortgage, determines that the prerequisites to foreclosure set forth in section 3755 of this title are satisfied, the Secretary may request the foreclosure commissioner to commence foreclosure of a single family mortgage. Upon such request, the foreclosure commissioner shall commence foreclosure of the mortgage, by commencing service of a notice of default and foreclosure sale in accordance with sections 3757 and 3758 of this title.

(b) Designation of substitute foreclosure commissioner

After commencement of a foreclosure under this chapter, the Secretary may designate a substitute foreclosure commissioner at any time before the time of the foreclosure sale, and the foreclosure shall continue without prejudice, unless the substitute commissioner, in that commissioner's sole discretion, finds that continuation of the foreclosure sale will unfairly affect the interests of the mortgagor. If the substitute commissioner makes such a finding, the substitute commissioner shall cancel the foreclosure sale, or adjourn such sale in accordance with section 3760(c) of this title.

(c) Written notice

Upon designation of a substitute foreclosure commissioner, a copy of the written notice of such designation described in section 3754 of this title shall be served—

(1) by mail, as provided in section 3758 of this title (except that the minimum time periods between mailing and the date of foreclosure sale prescribed in such section shall not apply); or

(2) in any other manner which, in the substitute commissioner's sole discretion, is conducive to achieving timely notice of such substitution.

(Pub. L. 103–327, title II, Sept. 28, 1994, 108 Stat. 2316.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is based on section 807 of title VIII of S. 2281, One Hundred Third Congress, as reported July 13, 1994, which was enacted into law by Pub. L. 103–327.
12 U.S.C. § 1845 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 17: BANK HOLDING COMPANIES / Section 1845: Repealed. Pub. L. 89-485, §9, July 1, 1966, 80 Stat. 240
Repealed. Pub. L. 89-485, §9, July 1, 1966, 80 Stat. 240
Status: repealed

Section, act May 9, 1956, ch. 240, §6, 70 Stat. 137, prohibited any subsidiary bank from lending to or investing in its parent holding company or a fellow subsidiary bank. See section 371c of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 2279c (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 23: FARM CREDIT SYSTEM / Subchapter VII: RESTRUCTURING OF SYSTEM INSTITUTIONS / Section 2279c: Equalization of loan-making powers of certain district associations
Equalization of loan-making powers of certain district associations
Status: in_force

(a) Equalization of loan-making powers

(1) In general

(A) Federal land bank associations

Subject to paragraph (2), any association that owns a Federal land bank association authorized as of January 1, 2007, to make long-term loans under subchapter I in its chartered territory within the geographic area described in subsection (b) may make short- and intermediate-term loans and otherwise operate as a production credit association under subchapter II within that same chartered territory.

(B) Production credit associations

Subject to paragraph (2), any association that under its charter has subchapter I lending authority and that owns a production credit association authorized as of January 1, 2007, to make short- and intermediate-term loans under subchapter II in the geographic area described in subsection (b) may make long-term loans and otherwise operate, directly or through a subsidiary association, as a Federal land bank association or Federal land credit association under subchapter I in the geographic area.

(C) Farm Credit Bank

Notwithstanding section 2252(a) of this title, the Farm Credit Bank with which any association had a written financing agreement as of January 1, 2007, may make loans and extend other comparable financial assistance with respect to, and may purchase, any loans made under the new authority provided under subparagraph (A) or (B) by an association exercising such authority.

(2) Required approvals

An association may exercise the additional authority provided for in paragraph (1) only after the exercise of the authority is approved by—

(A) the board of directors of the association; and

(B) a majority of the voting stockholders of the association (or, if the association is a subsidiary of another association, the voting stockholders of the parent association) voting, in person or by proxy, at a duly authorized meeting of stockholders in accordance with the process described in section 2279e of this title.

(b) Applicability

This section applies only to associations the chartered territory of which was within the geographic area served by the Federal intermediate credit bank immediately prior to its merger with a Farm Credit Bank under section 410(e)(1) of the Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 (12 U.S.C. 2011 note; Public Law 100–233).

(Pub. L. 92–181, title VII, §7.7, as added Pub. L. 110–234, title V, §5407(a), May 22, 2008, 122 Stat. 1159, and Pub. L. 110–246, §4(a), title V, §5407(a), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1664, 1921.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Pub. L. 110–234 and Pub. L. 110–246 enacted identical sections. Pub. L. 110–234 was repealed by section 4(a) of Pub. L. 110–246.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2279c, Pub. L. 92–181, title VII, §7.7, as added Pub. L. 100–233, title IV, §416, Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1647; amended Pub. L. 100–399, title IV, §408(i), (j), Aug. 17, 1988, 102 Stat. 1002, related to mergers of unlike associations, prior to renumbering as section 7.6(d) of Pub. L. 92–181 and transfer to section 2279b(d) of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Enactment of this section and repeal of Pub. L. 110–234 by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, the date of enactment of Pub. L. 110–234, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as a note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.

Section effective Jan. 1, 2010, see section 5407(d) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date of 2008 Amendment note under section 2252 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 183 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 2: NATIONAL BANKS / Subchapter XII: VOLUNTARY DISSOLUTION / Section 183: Repealed. Pub. L. 103-325, title VI, §602(e)(32)-(35), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292
Repealed. Pub. L. 103-325, title VI, §602(e)(32)-(35), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292
Status: repealed

Section 183, R.S. §5222, provided that, within six months of voting to liquidate, an association was to deposit with Treasurer of United States money sufficient to redeem all outstanding circulation.

Section 184, R.S. §5223, exempted associations which wound up business for purpose of consolidating with another association from requirement to deposit money to redeem all outstanding circulation.

Section 185, R.S. §5224; Feb. 18, 1875, ch. 80, §1, 18 Stat. 320, related to reassignment of bonds to association and redemption of notes.

Section 186, R.S. §5225; Feb. 27, 1877, ch. 69, §1, 19 Stat. 252, related to destruction of redeemed notes by Treasurer.
12 U.S.C. § 1789 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 14: FEDERAL CREDIT UNIONS / Subchapter II: SHARE INSURANCE / Section 1789: Administrative provisions
Administrative provisions
Status: in_force

(a) In carrying out the purposes of this subchapter, the Board may—

(1) make contracts;

(2) sue and be sued, complain and defend, in any court of law or equity, State or Federal. All suits of a civil nature at common law or in equity to which the Board shall be a party shall be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States, and the United States district courts shall have original jurisdiction thereof, without regard to the amount in controversy. The Board may, without bond or security, remove any such action, suit, or proceeding from a State court to the United States district court for the district or division embracing the place where the same is pending by following any procedure for removal now or hereafter in effect, except that any such suit to which the Board is a party in its capacity as liquidating agent of a State-chartered credit union and which involves only the rights or obligations of members, creditors, and such State credit union under State law shall not be deemed to arise under the laws of the United States. No attachment or execution shall be issued against the Board or its property before final judgment in any suit, action, or proceeding in any State, county, municipal, or United States court. The Board shall designate an agent upon whom service of process may be made in any State, territory, or jurisdiction in which any insured credit union is located;

(3) pursue to final disposition by way of compromise or otherwise claims both for and against the United States (other than tort claims, claims involving administrative expenses, and claims in excess of $5,000 arising out of contracts for construction, repairs, and the purchase of supplies and materials) which are not in litigation and have not been referred to the Department of Justice;

(4) to appoint such officers and employees as are not otherwise provided for in this chapter, to define their duties, fix their compensation, require bonds of them and fix the penalty thereof, and to dismiss at pleasure such officers or employees. Nothing in this chapter or any other Act shall be construed to prevent the appointment and compensation as an officer or employee of the Administration of any officer or employee of the United States in any board, commission, independent establishment, or executive department thereof;

(5) employ experts and consultants or organizations thereof, as authorized by section 3109 of title 5;

(6) prescribe the manner in which its general business may be conducted and the privileges granted to it by law may be exercised and enjoyed;

(7) exercise all powers specifically granted by the provisions of this subchapter and such incidental powers as shall be necessary to carry out the power so granted;

(8) make examinations of and require information and reports from insured credit unions, as provided in this subchapter;

(9) act as liquidating agent;

(10) delegate to any officer or employee of the Administration such of its functions as it deems appropriate; and

(11) prescribe such rules and regulations as it may deem necessary or appropriate to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.

(b) With respect to the financial operations arising by reason of this subchapter, the Board shall—

(1) on an annual basis and prior to the submission of the detailed business-type budget required under paragraph (2)—

(A) make publicly available and publish in the Federal Register a draft of the detailed business-type budget; and

(B) hold a public hearing, with public notice provided of the hearing, during which the public may submit comments on the draft of the detailed business-type budget;

(2) prepare annually and submit a detailed business-type budget as provided for wholly owned Government corporations by chapter 91 of title 31, which shall address any comment submitted by the public under paragraph (1)(B); and

(3) maintain an integral set of accounts, which shall be audited by the Government Accountability Office in accordance with principles and procedures applicable to commercial corporate transactions, as provided by section 9105 1 of title 31.

(June 26, 1934, ch. 750, title II, §209, as added Pub. L. 91–468, §1(3), Oct. 19, 1970, 84 Stat. 1014; amended Pub. L. 93–604, title VII, §706, Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1964; Pub. L. 95–630, title V, §502(b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3681; Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 109–351, title VII, §726(24), Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 2003; Pub. L. 115–174, title II, §212, May 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 1319.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 9105 of title 31, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), was amended generally by Pub. L. 101–576, title III, §305, Nov. 15, 1990, 104 Stat. 2853, and as so amended no longer directs audits to be conducted in accordance with principles and procedures applicable to commercial corporate transactions.

Codification

In subsec. (a)(5), "section 3109 of title 5" substituted for "section 15 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (5 U.S.C. 55a)" on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, §7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, the first section of which enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

In subsec. (b)(2), (3), "chapter 91 of title 31" and "section 9105 of title 31" substituted for "the Government Corporation Control Act [31 U.S.C. 841 et seq.]" and "section 105 of the Government Corporation Control Act [31 U.S.C. 850]", respectively, on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, the first section of which enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–174 added par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as (2) and (3), respectively, and, in par. (2), inserted "detailed" after "submit a" and ", which shall address any comment submitted by the public under paragraph (1)(B)" after "title 31".

2006—Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 109–351 substituted a semicolon for period at end.

2004—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted "Government Accountability Office" for "General Accounting Office".

1978—Pub. L. 95–630 substituted "Board" for "Administrator" wherever appearing, "its" for "his", and "it" for "he" and "him", where appropriate.

1975—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 93–604 substituted "audited by the General Accounting Office" for "audited annually by the General Accounting Office".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–630 effective on expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, and transitional provisions, see section 509 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 1752 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 352a (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter IX: POWERS AND DUTIES OF FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS / Section 352a: Repealed. Pub. L. 85-699, title VI, §601, Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 697
Repealed. Pub. L. 85-699, title VI, §601, Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 697
Status: repealed

Section, act Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §13b, as added June 19, 1934, ch. 653, §1, 48 Stat. 1105; amended Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title III, §323, 49 Stat. 714, authorized Federal Reserve Banks to make loans to industrial and commercial businesses and to discount or purchase industrial obligations from financial institutions, and created an industrial advisory committee.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Pub. L. 85–699, title VI, §601, Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 697, provided that the repeal of this section is effective one year after Aug. 21, 1958.

Savings Provision

Pub. L. 85–699, title VI, §601, Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 697, provided that the repeal of this section shall not affect the power of any Federal Reserve bank to carry out, or protect its interest under, any agreement theretofore made or transaction entered into in carrying on operations under this section.

Fund for Management Counseling

Pub. L. 85–699, title VI, §602(a), (b), Aug. 21, 1958, 72 Stat. 698, required Federal Reserve banks to repay to the United States certain amounts paid to them under 12 U.S.C. 352a, such amounts to be covered into a special fund for grants under section 636 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. See text of note set out under that section.
12 U.S.C. § 1882 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 19: SECURITY MEASURES FOR BANKS AND SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS / Section 1882: Security measures
Security measures
Status: in_force

(a) Rules for installation, maintenance, and operation of security devices and procedures

Within six months from July 7, 1968, each Federal supervisory agency shall promulgate rules establishing minimum standards with which each bank or savings association must comply with respect to the installation, maintenance, and operation of security devices and procedures, reasonable in cost, to discourage robberies, burglaries, and larcenies and to assist in the identification and apprehension of persons who commit such acts.

(b) Time for compliance with standards

The rules shall establish the time limits within which banks and savings associations shall comply with the standards.

(Pub. L. 90–389, §3, July 7, 1968, 82 Stat. 295; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §911(a), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 478; Pub. L. 111–203, title III, §356(2), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1547.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203 struck out "and loan" after "savings" in subsecs. (a) and (b).

1989—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 101–73 struck out "and shall require the submission of periodic reports with respect to the installation, maintenance, and operation of security devices and procedures" before period at end.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 351 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 906 of Title 2, The Congress.

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–73 applicable with respect to reports filed or required to be filed after Aug. 9, 1989, see section 911(i) of Pub. L. 101–73, set out as a note under section 161 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 24a (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 2: NATIONAL BANKS / Subchapter I: ORGANIZATION AND GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 24a: Financial subsidiaries of national banks
Financial subsidiaries of national banks
Status: in_force

(a) Authorization to conduct in subsidiaries certain activities that are financial in nature

(1) In general

Subject to paragraph (2), a national bank may control a financial subsidiary, or hold an interest in a financial subsidiary.

(2) Conditions and requirements

A national bank may control a financial subsidiary, or hold an interest in a financial subsidiary, only if—

(A) the financial subsidiary engages only in—

(i) activities that are financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity pursuant to subsection (b); and

(ii) activities that are permitted for national banks to engage in directly (subject to the same terms and conditions that govern the conduct of the activities by a national bank);

(B) the activities engaged in by the financial subsidiary as a principal do not include—

(i) insuring, guaranteeing, or indemnifying against loss, harm, damage, illness, disability, or death (except to the extent permitted under section 302 or 303(c) of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act [15 U.S.C. 6712 or 6713(c)]) or providing or issuing annuities the income of which is subject to tax treatment under section 72 of title 26;

(ii) real estate development or real estate investment activities, unless otherwise expressly authorized by law; or

(iii) any activity permitted in subparagraph (H) or (I) of section 1843(k)(4) of this title, except activities described in section 1843(k)(4)(H) of this title that may be permitted in accordance with section 122 of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act;

(C) the national bank and each depository institution affiliate of the national bank are well capitalized and well managed;

(D) the aggregate consolidated total assets of all financial subsidiaries of the national bank do not exceed the lesser of—

(i) 45 percent of the consolidated total assets of the parent bank; or

(ii) $50,000,000,000;

(E) except as provided in paragraph (4), the national bank meets standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency or other requirement set forth in paragraph (3); and

(F) the national bank has received the approval of the Comptroller of the Currency for the financial subsidiary to engage in such activities, which approval shall be based solely upon the factors set forth in this section.

(3) Requirement

(A) In general

A national bank meets the requirements of this paragraph if the bank is one of the 100 largest insured banks and has not fewer than 1 issue of outstanding debt that meets standards of credit-worthiness or other criteria as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may jointly establish.

(B) Consolidated total assets

For purposes of this paragraph, the size of an insured bank shall be determined on the basis of the consolidated total assets of the bank as of the end of each calendar year.

(4) Financial agency subsidiary

The requirement in paragraph (2)(E) shall not apply with respect to the ownership or control of a financial subsidiary that engages in activities described in subsection (b)(1) solely as agent and not directly or indirectly as principal.

(5) Regulations required

Before the end of the 270-day period beginning on November 12, 1999, the Comptroller of the Currency shall, by regulation, prescribe procedures to implement this section.

(6) Indexed asset limit

The dollar amount contained in paragraph (2)(D) shall be adjusted according to an indexing mechanism jointly established by regulation by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(7) Coordination with section 1843(l)(2) of this title

Section 1843(l)(2) of this title applies to a national bank that controls a financial subsidiary in the manner provided in that section.

(b) Activities that are financial in nature

(1) Financial activities

(A) In general

An activity shall be financial in nature or incidental to such financial activity only if—

(i) such activity has been defined to be financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity for bank holding companies pursuant to section 1843(k)(4) of this title; or

(ii) the Secretary of the Treasury determines the activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity in accordance with subparagraph (B).

(B) Coordination between the Board and the Secretary of the Treasury

(i) Proposals raised before the Secretary of the Treasury

(I) Consultation

The Secretary of the Treasury shall notify the Board of, and consult with the Board concerning, any request, proposal, or application under this section for a determination of whether an activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity.

(II) Board view

The Secretary of the Treasury shall not determine that any activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity under this section if the Board notifies the Secretary in writing, not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of the notice described in subclause (I) (or such longer period as the Secretary determines to be appropriate under the circumstances) that the Board believes that the activity is not financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity or is not otherwise permissible under this section.

(ii) Proposals raised by the Board

(I) Board recommendation

The Board may, at any time, recommend in writing that the Secretary of the Treasury find an activity to be financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity for purposes of this section.

(II) Time period for secretarial action

Not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of a written recommendation from the Board under subclause (I) (or such longer period as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board determine to be appropriate under the circumstances), the Secretary shall determine whether to initiate a public rulemaking proposing that the subject recommended activity be found to be financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity under this section, and shall notify the Board in writing of the determination of the Secretary and, in the event that the Secretary determines not to seek public comment on the proposal, the reasons for that determination.

(2) Factors to be considered

In determining whether an activity is financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity, the Secretary shall take into account—

(A) the purposes of this Act 1 and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act;

(B) changes or reasonably expected changes in the marketplace in which banks compete;

(C) changes or reasonably expected changes in the technology for delivering financial services; and

(D) whether such activity is necessary or appropriate to allow a bank and the subsidiaries of a bank to—

(i) compete effectively with any company seeking to provide financial services in the United States;

(ii) efficiently deliver information and services that are financial in nature through the use of technological means, including any application necessary to protect the security or efficacy of systems for the transmission of data or financial transactions; and

(iii) offer customers any available or emerging technological means for using financial services or for the document imaging of data.

(3) Authorization of new financial activities

The Secretary of the Treasury shall, by regulation or order and in accordance with paragraph (1)(B), define, consistent with the purposes of this Act 1 and the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, the following activities as, and the extent to which such activities are, financial in nature or incidental to a financial activity:

(A) Lending, exchanging, transferring, investing for others, or safeguarding financial assets other than money or securities.

(B) Providing any device or other instrumentality for transferring money or other financial assets.

(C) Arranging, effecting, or facilitating financial transactions for the account of third parties.

(c) Capital deduction

(1) Capital deduction required

In determining compliance with applicable capital standards—

(A) the aggregate amount of the outstanding equity investment, including retained earnings, of a national bank in all financial subsidiaries shall be deducted from the assets and tangible equity of the national bank; and

(B) the assets and liabilities of the financial subsidiaries shall not be consolidated with those of the national bank.

(2) Financial statement disclosure of capital deduction

Any published financial statement of a national bank that controls a financial subsidiary shall, in addition to providing information prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, separately present financial information for the bank in the manner provided in paragraph (1).

(d) Safeguards for the bank

A national bank that establishes or maintains a financial subsidiary shall assure that—

(1) the procedures of the national bank for identifying and managing financial and operational risks within the national bank and the financial subsidiary adequately protect the national bank from such risks;

(2) the national bank has, for the protection of the bank, reasonable policies and procedures to preserve the separate corporate identity and limited liability of the national bank and the financial subsidiaries of the national bank; and

(3) the national bank is in compliance with this section.

(e) Provisions applicable to national banks that fail to continue to meet certain requirements

(1) In general

If a national bank or insured depository institution affiliate does not continue to meet the requirements of subsection (a)(2)(C) or subsection (d), the Comptroller of the Currency shall promptly give notice to the national bank to that effect describing the conditions giving rise to the notice.

(2) Agreement to correct conditions

Not later than 45 days after the date of receipt by a national bank of a notice given under paragraph (1) (or such additional period as the Comptroller of the Currency may permit), the national bank shall execute an agreement with the Comptroller of the Currency and any relevant insured depository institution affiliate shall execute an agreement with its appropriate Federal banking agency to comply with the requirements of subsection (a)(2)(C) and subsection (d).

(3) Imposition of conditions

Until the conditions described in a notice under paragraph (1) are corrected—

(A) the Comptroller of the Currency may impose such limitations on the conduct or activities of the national bank or any subsidiary of the national bank as the Comptroller of the Currency determines to be appropriate under the circumstances and consistent with the purposes of this section; and

(B) the appropriate Federal banking agency may impose such limitations on the conduct or activities of any relevant insured depository institution affiliate or any subsidiary of the institution as such agency determines to be appropriate under the circumstances and consistent with the purposes of this section.

(4) Failure to correct

If the conditions described in a notice to a national bank under paragraph (1) are not corrected within 180 days after the date of receipt by the national bank of the notice, the Comptroller of the Currency may require the national bank, under such terms and conditions as may be imposed by the Comptroller and subject to such extension of time as may be granted in the discretion of the Comptroller, to divest control of any financial subsidiary.

(5) Consultation

In taking any action under this subsection, the Comptroller shall consult with all relevant Federal and State regulatory agencies and authorities.

(f) Failure to meet standards of credit-worthiness meet 2 applicable criteria

(1) In general

A national bank that does not continue to meet standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency or other requirement of subsection (a)(2)(E) after acquiring or establishing a financial subsidiary shall not, directly or through a subsidiary, purchase or acquire any additional equity capital of any financial subsidiary until the bank meets such requirements.

(2) Equity capital

For purposes of this subsection, the term "equity capital" includes, in addition to any equity instrument, any debt instrument issued by a financial subsidiary, if the instrument qualifies as capital of the subsidiary under any Federal or State law, regulation, or interpretation applicable to the subsidiary.

(g) Definitions

For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

(1) Affiliate, company, control, and subsidiary

The terms "affiliate", "company", "control", and "subsidiary" have the meanings given those terms in section 1841 of this title.

(2) Appropriate Federal banking agency, depository institution, insured bank, and insured depository institution

The terms "appropriate Federal banking agency", "depository institution", "insured bank", and "insured depository institution" have the meanings given those terms in section 1813 of this title.

(3) Financial subsidiary

The term "financial subsidiary" means any company that is controlled by 1 or more insured depository institutions other than a subsidiary that—

(A) engages solely in activities that national banks are permitted to engage in directly and are conducted subject to the same terms and conditions that govern the conduct of such activities by national banks; or

(B) a national bank is specifically authorized by the express terms of a Federal statute (other than this section), and not by implication or interpretation, to control, such as by section 25 or 25A of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 601 et seq., 611 et seq.] or the Bank Service Company Act [12 U.S.C. 1861 et seq.].

(4) Eligible debt

The term "eligible debt" means unsecured long-term debt that—

(A) is not supported by any form of credit enhancement, including a guarantee or standby letter of credit; and

(B) is not held in whole or in any significant part by any affiliate, officer, director, principal shareholder, or employee of the bank or any other person acting on behalf of or with funds from the bank or an affiliate of the bank.

(5) Well capitalized

The term "well capitalized" has the meaning given the term in section 1831o of this title.

(6) Well managed

The term "well managed" means—

(A) in the case of a depository institution that has been examined, unless otherwise determined in writing by the appropriate Federal banking agency—

(i) the achievement of a composite rating of 1 or 2 under the Uniform Financial Institutions Rating System (or an equivalent rating under an equivalent rating system) in connection with the most recent examination or subsequent review of the depository institution; and

(ii) at least a rating of 2 for management, if such rating is given; or

(B) in the case of any depository institution that has not been examined, the existence and use of managerial resources that the appropriate Federal banking agency determines are satisfactory.

(R.S. §5136A, as added Pub. L. 106–102, title I, §121(a)(2), Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1373; amended Pub. L. 111–203, title IX, §939(d), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1886.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(B)(iii), (b)(2)(A), (3), is Pub. L. 106–102, Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1338. Section 122 of the Act is set out as a note under section 1843 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out under section 1811 of this title and Tables.

Section 25 of the Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), is classified to subchapter I (§601 et seq.) of chapter 6 of this title. Section 25A of the Federal Reserve Act is classified to subchapter II (§611 et seq.) of chapter 6 of this title.

The Bank Service Company Act, referred to in subsec. (g)(3)(B), is Pub. L. 87–856, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1132, which is classified generally to chapter 18 (§1861 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1861 of this title and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5136A of the Revised Statutes was renumbered section 5136B by Pub. L. 106–102 and is classified to section 25a of this title.

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (a)(2)(E). Pub. L. 111–203, §939(d)(1), substituted "standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency" for "any applicable rating".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 111–203, §939(d)(2), substituted "Requirement" for "Rating or comparable requirement" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 111–203, §939(d)(3), amended subpar. (A) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A national bank meets the requirements of this paragraph if—

"(i) the bank is 1 of the 50 largest insured banks and has not fewer than 1 issue of outstanding eligible debt that is currently rated within the 3 highest investment grade rating categories by a nationally recognized statistical rating organization; or

"(ii) the bank is 1 of the second 50 largest insured banks and meets the criteria set forth in clause (i) or such other criteria as the Secretary of the Treasury and the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may jointly establish by regulation and determine to be comparable to and consistent with the purposes of the rating required in clause (i)."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–203, §939(d)(4), substituted "meet standards of credit-worthiness" for "maintain public rating or" in heading.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 111–203, §939(d)(5), substituted "standards of credit-worthiness established by the Comptroller of the Currency" for "any applicable rating".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–203, title IX, §939(g), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1887, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section, sections 1817, 1831e, and 4519 of this title, sections 78c and 80a–6 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and section 286hh of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse] shall take effect 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [July 21, 2010]."

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Nov. 12, 1999, see section 161 of Pub. L. 106–102, set out as an Effective Date of 1999 Amendment note under section 24 of this title.

1 So in original.

2 So in original. Probably should be "or meet".
12 U.S.C. § 601 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 6: FOREIGN BANKING / Subchapter I: ESTABLISHMENT BY NATIONAL BANKS OF FOREIGN BRANCHES AND INVESTMENTS IN BANKS DOING FOREIGN BUSINESS / Section 601: Authorization; conditions and regulations
Authorization; conditions and regulations
Status: in_force

Any national banking association possessing a capital and surplus of $1,000,000 or more may file application with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for permission to exercise, upon such conditions and under such regulations as may be prescribed by the said board, the following powers:

First. To establish branches in foreign countries or dependencies or insular possessions of the United States for the furtherance of the foreign commerce of the United States, and to act if required to do so as fiscal agents of the United States.

Second. To invest an amount not exceeding in the aggregate 10 per centum of its paid-in capital stock and surplus in the stock of one or more banks or corporations chartered or incorporated under the laws of the United States or of any State thereof, and principally engaged in international or foreign banking, or banking in a dependency or insular possession of the United States either directly or through the agency, ownership, or control of local institutions in foreign countries, or in such dependencies or insular possessions.

Third. To acquire and hold, directly or indirectly, stock or other evidences of ownership in one or more banks organized under the law of a foreign country or a dependency or insular possession of the United States and not engaged, directly or indirectly, in any activity in the United States except as, in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, shall be incidental to the international or foreign business of such foreign bank; and, notwithstanding the provisions of section 371c of this title, to make loans or extensions of credit to or for the account of such bank in the manner and within the limits prescribed by the Board by general or specific regulation or ruling.

Until January 1, 1921, any national banking association, without regard to the amount of its capital and surplus, may file application with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System for permission, upon such conditions and under such regulations as may be prescribed by said board, to invest an amount not exceeding in the aggregate 5 per centum of its paid-in capital and surplus in the stock of one or more corporations chartered or incorporated under the laws of the United States or of any State thereof and, regardless of its location, principally engaged in such phases of international or foreign financial operations as may be necessary to facilitate the export of goods, wares, or merchandise from the United States or any of its dependencies or insular possessions to any foreign country: Provided, however, That in no event shall the total investments authorized by this subchapter by any one national bank exceed 10 per centum of its capital and surplus.

Such application shall specify the name and capital of the banking association filing it, the powers applied for, and the place or places where the banking or financial operations proposed are to be carried on. The Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System shall have power to approve or to reject such application in whole or in part if for any reason the granting of such application is deemed inexpedient, and shall also have power from time to time to increase or decrease the number of places where such banking operations may be carried on.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §25 (pars.), 38 Stat. 273; Sept. 7, 1916, ch. 461, 39 Stat. 755; Sept. 17, 1919, ch. 60, §§1, 2, 41 Stat. 285, 286; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 89–485, §12(b), July 1, 1966, 80 Stat. 241.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in the proviso to the fifth par., was in the original "this section", meaning section 25 of act Dec. 23, 1913, which is classified to this subchapter (§601 et seq.).

Codification

Section is comprised of the first three undesignated pars. of section 25 of act Dec. 23, 1913, which comprises this subchapter.

The fourth undesignated par. of section 25 is classified to section 602 of this title.

The fifth undesignated par. of section 25 is classified to section 603 of this title.

The sixth undesignated par. of section 25 is classified to section 604 of this title.

The former seventh undesignated par. was classified to former section 605 of this title.

The seventh undesignated par. is classified to section 604a of this title.

Amendments

1966—Pub. L. 89–485 struck out "either or both of" before "the following powers" in introductory par.

Par. Third. Pub. L. 89–485 added par. Third.

1919—Act Sept. 17, 1919, added par. beginning "Until January 21, 1921" and inserted "financial" in first sentence of last par.

1916—Act Sept. 7, 1916, among other changes, added par. Second, and provisions relating to restrictions on purchasing stock in other banks, investigations as to compliance with regulations, disposal of interest and separation of accounts, etc. which are now contained in section 602 et seq. of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Section 203(a) of act Aug. 23, 1935, changed name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Study by Secretary of the Treasury of Discriminatory Practices by Foreign Nations Against United States Banks; Report and Recommendations to Congress

Pub. L. 95–369, §9(a), formerly §9, Sept. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 623, renumbered Pub. L. 95–630, title III, §311, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3678, provided that the Secretary of the Treasury conduct a study of discriminatory practices by foreign nations against United States banks and report his findings and recommendations to Congress on or before one year after Sept. 17, 1978, along with a description of efforts taken by the United States to eliminate any foreign laws or practices that discriminate against United States banks or serve as a barrier to the financing of United States exports to any country.
12 U.S.C. § 348 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter IX: POWERS AND DUTIES OF FEDERAL RESERVE BANKS / Section 348: Discount of obligations given for agricultural purposes or based upon livestock; collateral security for Federal reserve notes
Discount of obligations given for agricultural purposes or based upon livestock; collateral security for Federal reserve notes
Status: in_force

Upon the indorsement of any of its member banks, which shall be deemed a waiver of demand, notice, and protest by such bank as to its own indorsement exclusively, any Federal reserve bank may, subject to regulations and limitations to be prescribed by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, discount notes, drafts, and bills of exchange issued or drawn for an agricultural purpose, or based upon livestock, and having a maturity, at the time of discount, exclusive of days of grace, not exceeding nine months, and such notes, drafts, and bills of exchange may be offered as collateral security for the issuance of Federal reserve notes under the provisions of section 16 of this Act: Provided, That notes, drafts, and bills of exchange with maturities in excess of six months shall not be eligible as a basis for the issuance of Federal reserve notes unless secured by warehouse receipts or other such negotiable documents conveying or securing title to readily marketable staple agricultural products or by chattel mortgage upon livestock which is being fattened for market.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §13A (par.), formerly §13a, as added Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 252, title IV, §404, 42 Stat. 1479; amended Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; renumbered §13A, Pub. L. 102–242, title I, §142(e)(1), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2281.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 16 of this Act, referred to in text, means section 16 of act Dec. 23, 1913. For classification of section 16 to this title, see Codification note set out under section 411 of this title.

Codification

Section is comprised of first par. of section 13A, formerly section 13a, as added Mar. 4, 1923. Pars. 2 to 5 of section 13A are set out as sections 349 to 352 of this title, respectively.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Section 203(a) of act Aug. 23, 1935, changed name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.
12 U.S.C. § 4309 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 44: TRUTH IN SAVINGS / Section 4309: Administrative enforcement
Administrative enforcement
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [12 U.S.C. 5511 et seq.], compliance with the requirements imposed under this chapter shall be enforced under—

(1) section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1818] by the appropriate Federal banking agency (as defined in section 3(q) of that Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(q)]), with respect to—

(A) insured depository institutions (as defined in section 3(c)(2) of that Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(c)(2)]);

(B) depository institutions described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 461(b)(1)(A)] which are not insured depository institutions (as defined in section 3(c)(2) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(c)(2)]); and

(C) depository institutions described in clause (v) or (vi) of section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 461(b)(1)(A)] which are not insured depository institutions (as defined in section 3(c)(2) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(c)(2)]);

(2) the Federal Credit Union Act [12 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.], by the National Credit Union Administration Bureau 1 in the case of depository institutions described in clause (iv) of section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 461(b)(1)(A)]; and

(3) subtitle E of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [12 U.S.C. 5561 et seq.], by the Bureau, with respect to any person subject to this chapter.

(b) Additional enforcement powers

(1) Violation of this chapter treated as violation of other Acts

For purposes of the exercise by any agency referred to in subsection (a) of such agency's powers under any Act referred to in such subsection, a violation of a requirement imposed under this chapter shall be deemed to be a violation of a requirement imposed under that Act.

(2) Enforcement authority under other Acts

In addition to the powers of any agency referred to in subsection (a) under any provision of law specifically referred to in such subsection, each such agency may exercise, for purposes of enforcing compliance with any requirement imposed under this chapter, any other authority conferred on such agency by law.

(c) Regulations by agencies other than the Bureau

The authority of the Bureau to issue regulations under this chapter does not impair the authority of any other agency referred to in subsection (a) to make rules regarding its own procedures in enforcing compliance with the requirements imposed under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 102–242, title II, §270, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2339; Pub. L. 102–550, title XVI, §1604(e)(2)(I)–(K), (3), (4), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 4084; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1100B(1), (2), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2109, 2110.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, referred to in subsec. (a), is title X of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1955. Subtitle B of the Act is classified generally to part B (§5511 et seq.) of subchapter V of chapter 53 of this title. Subtitle E of the Act is classified generally to part E (§5561 et seq.) of subchapter V of chapter 53 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.

The Federal Credit Union Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), is act June 26, 1934, ch. 750, 48 Stat. 1216, which is classified generally to chapter 14 (§1751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203, §1100B(1), substituted "Bureau" for "Board" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–203, §1100B(2)(A), inserted introductory provisions and added par. (1) and struck out former introductory provisions and par. (1) which read as follows: "Compliance with the requirements imposed under this chapter shall be enforced under—

"(1) section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act—

"(A) by the appropriate Federal banking agency (as defined in section 3(q) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act) in the case of insured depository institutions (as defined in section 3(c)(2) of such Act);

"(B) by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation in the case of depository institutions described in clause (i), (ii), or (iii) of section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act which are not insured depository institutions (as defined in section 3(c)(2) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act); and

"(C) by the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision in the case of depository institutions described in clause (v) and or (vi) of section 19(b)(1)(A) of the Federal Reserve Act which are not insured depository institutions (as defined in section 3(c)(2) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act); and".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 111–203, §1100B(2)(B), (C), added par. (3).

1992—Pub. L. 102–550 made technical amendment to references to "this chapter" wherever appearing to reflect correction of corresponding provision of original act.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–550 effective as if included in the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act of 1991, Pub. L. 102–242, as of Dec. 19, 1991, see section 1609(a) of Pub. L. 102–550, set out as a note under section 191 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "Board".
12 U.S.C. § 330 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter VIII: STATE BANKS AS MEMBERS OF SYSTEM / Section 330: Laws applicable on becoming members; discounts for State banks
Laws applicable on becoming members; discounts for State banks
Status: in_force

Banks becoming members of the Federal reserve system under authority of this subchapter shall be subject to the provisions of this subchapter and to those of this chapter which relate specifically to member banks, but shall not be subject to examination under the provisions of sections 481 and 482 of this title. Subject to the provisions of this chapter and to the regulations of the board made pursuant thereto, any bank becoming a member of the Federal reserve system shall retain its full charter and statutory rights as a State bank or trust company, and may continue to exercise all corporate powers granted it by the State in which it was created, and shall be entitled to all privileges of member banks, except that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may limit the activities of State member banks and subsidiaries of State member banks in a manner consistent with section 1831a of this title. No Federal reserve bank shall be permitted to discount for any State bank or trust company notes, drafts, or bills of exchange of any one borrower who is liable for borrowed money to such State bank or trust company in an amount greater than that which could be borrowed lawfully from such State bank or trust company were it a national banking association. The Federal reserve bank, as a condition of the discount of notes, drafts, and bills of exchange for such State bank or trust company, shall require a certificate or guaranty to the effect that the borrower is not liable to such bank in excess of the amount provided by this subchapter, and will not be permitted to become liable in excess of this amount while such notes, drafts, or bills of exchange are under discount with the Federal reserve bank.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §9 (par.), as added June 21, 1917, ch. 32, §3, 40 Stat. 234; amended July 1, 1922, ch. 274, 42 Stat. 821; Pub. L. 102–242, title III, §303(b), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2353.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this section", meaning section 9 of act Dec. 23, 1913, which is classified generally to this subchapter (§321 et seq.).

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251, known as the Federal Reserve Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 226 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is comprised of the thirteenth par. of section 9 of act Dec. 23, 1913, as amended. The thirteenth par. constituted the tenth par. of section 9 in 1917 (40 Stat. 232), became the eleventh par. in 1927 (44 Stat. 1229), became the twelfth par. in 1935 (49 Stat. 704), and became the thirteenth par. in 1950 (64 Stat. 458). For further details, see Codification note set out under sections 321 and 329 of this title.

Amendments

1991—Pub. L. 102–242 substituted ", except that the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may limit the activities of State member banks and subsidiaries of State member banks in a manner consistent with section 1831a of this title. No Federal reserve bank" for ": Provided, however, That no Federal reserve bank".
12 U.S.C. § 5010 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 50: CHECK TRUNCATION / Section 5010: Statute of limitations and notice of claim
Statute of limitations and notice of claim
Status: in_force

(a) Actions under this chapter

(1) In general

An action to enforce a claim under this chapter may be brought in any United States district court, or in any other court of competent jurisdiction, before the end of the 1-year period beginning on the date the cause of action accrues.

(2) Accrual

A cause of action accrues as of the date the injured party first learns, or by which such person reasonably should have learned, of the facts and circumstances giving rise to the cause of action.

(b) Discharge of claims

Except as provided in subsection (c), unless a person gives notice of a claim to the indemnifying or warranting bank within 30 days after the person has reason to know of the claim and the identity of the indemnifying or warranting bank, the indemnifying or warranting bank is discharged from liability in an action to enforce a claim under this chapter to the extent of any loss caused by the delay in giving notice of the claim.

(c) Notice of claim by consumer

A timely claim by a consumer under section 5006 of this title for expedited recredit constitutes timely notice of a claim by the consumer for purposes of subsection (b).

(Pub. L. 108–100, §11, Oct. 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 1188.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 108–100, Oct. 28, 2003, 117 Stat. 1177, which is classified generally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5001 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective at the end of the 12-month period beginning on Oct. 28, 2003, see section 20 of Pub. L. 108–100, set out as a note under section 5001 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 1701c (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 13: NATIONAL HOUSING / Section 1701c: Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development
Status: in_force

In carrying out his functions, powers, and duties—

(a) Employment of personnel; delegation of functions

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development may appoint such officers and employees as he may find necessary, which appointments shall be subject to the civil-service laws and chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5. The Secretary may make such expenditures as may be necessary to carry out his functions, powers, and duties, and there are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary, out of any moneys in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be necessary to carry out such functions, powers, and duties and for administrative expenses in connection therewith. The Secretary, without in any way relieving himself from final responsibility, may delegate any of his functions and powers to such officers, agents, or employees as he may designate, may authorize such successive redelegations of such functions and powers, as he may deem desirable, and may make such rules and regulations as may be necessary to carry out his functions, powers, and duties.

(b) Omitted

(c) Additional powers and duties of Secretary and Federal Home Loan Bank Board

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, respectively, may, in addition to and not in derogation of any powers and authorities conferred elsewhere in this Act—

(1) with the consent of the agency or organization concerned, accept and utilize equipment, facilities, or the services of employees of any Federal, State, or local public agency or instrumentality, educational institution, or nonprofit agency or organization and, in connection with the utilization of such services, may make payments for transportation while away from their homes or regular places of business and per diem in lieu of subsistence en route and at place of such service, in accordance with the provisions of section 5703 of title 5;

(2) utilize, contract with and act through, without regard to section 6101 of title 41, any Federal, State, or local public agency or instrumentality, educational institution, or non-profit agency or organization with the consent of the agency or organization concerned, and any funds available to said officers for carrying out their respective functions, powers, and duties shall be available to reimburse or pay any such agency or organization; and, whenever in the judgment of any such officer necessary, he may make advance, progress, or other payments with respect to such contracts without regard to the provisions of subsections (a) and (b) of section 3324 of title 31; and

(3) make expenditures for all necessary expenses, including preparation, mounting, shipping, and installation of exhibits; purchase and exchange of technical apparatus; and such other expenses as may, from time to time, be found necessary in carrying out their respective functions, powers, and duties: Provided, That funds made available for administrative expenses in carrying out the functions, powers, and duties imposed upon the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the Federal Home Loan Bank Agency,1 respectively, by or pursuant to law may at their option be consolidated into a single administrative expense fund accounts of such officer or agency for expenditure by them, respectively, in accordance with the provisions hereof.

(d) Use of funds for library memberships

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development may utilize funds made available to him for salaries and expenses for payment in advance for dues or fees for library memberships in organizations (or for membership of the individual librarians in organizations which will not accept library membership) whose publications are available to members only, or to members at a price lower than to the general public, and for payment in advance for publications available only upon that basis or available at a reduced price on prepublication order.

(Aug. 10, 1948, ch. 832, title V, §502, 62 Stat. 1283; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, §1106(a), 63 Stat. 972; Apr. 20, 1950, ch. 94, title V, §503, 64 Stat. 80; Pub. L. 87–70, title IX, §909, June 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 192; Pub. L. 90–19, §5(d)(1)–(3), (8)–(13), May 25, 1967, 81 Stat. 21; Pub. L. 98–479, title II, §§202(b), 203(c), Oct. 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 2228, 2229; Pub. L. 100–242, title V, §570(a)(1), (3), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1949, 1950; Pub. L. 101–73, title III, §306, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 352; Pub. L. 111–203, title III, §370, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1565.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Aug. 10, 1948, ch. 832, 62 Stat. 1268, known as the Housing Act of 1948. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1948 Amendments note set out under section 1701 of this title and Tables.

Codification

In subsec. (c)(2), "section 6101 of title 41" substituted for "section 3709 of the Revised Statutes" on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, §6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.

Subsec. (b) of section 502 of act Aug. 10, 1948, is set out as section 1404a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Section was enacted as part of the Housing Act of 1948, and not as part of the National Housing Act which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

2010—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 111–203, §370(1), substituted ", the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation" for "and the Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 111–203, §370(2), substituted "Agency" for "Board".

1989—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–73, §306(a), which directed the substitution of "Director of the Office of Thrift Supervision" for "Federal Home Loan Bank Board (which term as used in this section shall also include and refer to the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, the Home Owners Loan Corporation, and the Chairman of the Federal Home Loan Bank Board)", was executed as directed, except that "Home Owners' " rather than "Home Owners" appeared in the original in the language struck out.

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–73, §306(b), substituted "of any Federal, State, or local" for "of any State or local".

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–242, §570(a)(1), struck out "The Secretary of Commerce or his designee shall hereafter be included in the membership of the National Housing Council."

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 100–242, §570(a)(3), inserted "and" at end.

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–479, §202(b)(1), substituted "chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of title 5" for "the Classification Act of 1949, as amended".

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 98–479, §202(b)(2), substituted "section 5703 of title 5" for "5 U.S.C. 73b–2".

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 98–479, §203(c), substituted "subsections (a) and (b) of section 3324 of title 31" for "section 3648 of the Revised Statutes [31 U.S.C. 529]".

1967—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 90–19, §5(d)(1)–(3), substituted "Secretary of Housing and Urban Development" for "Housing and Home Finance Administrator" and "Secretary" for "Administrator" wherever appearing, and struck out provision for preparation of official seal and judicial notice thereof.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 90–19, §5(d)(8), (9), substituted "Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board" for "Housing and Home Finance Administrator, the Home Loan Bank Board" where it first appears and "Federal Home Loan Bank Board" for "Home Loan Bank Board, the Federal Housing Commissioner, and the Public Housing Commissioner".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 90–19, §5(d)(10), (11), substituted "Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and the Federal Home Loan Bank Board" and "such officer or agency" for "Housing and Home Finance Administrator, the Home Loan Bank Board, the Federal Housing Commissioner, and the Public Housing Commissioner" and "said officers or agencies".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 90–19, §5(d)(12), (13), substituted "Secretary of Housing and Urban Development may utilize funds made available to him" for "Housing and Home Finance Administrator, the Federal Housing Commissioner and the Public Housing Commissioner, respectively, may utilize funds made available to them" and struck out "of the respective agencies" after "librarians".

1961—Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 87–70, §909(1), struck out provisions which made section 5 of title 41 inapplicable to any purchase or contract by officers (or their agencies) for services or supplies if the amount thereof does not exceed $300.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 87–70, §909(2), added subsec. (d).

1950—Act Apr. 20, 1950, amended third sentence of subsec. (a) to authorize the Administrator to permit redelegation of functions and powers which he had delegated previously to officers, agents, and employees but this does not relieve him of any final responsibility, and inserted "or pay" after "reimburse" in subsec. (c)(2).

1949—Subsec. (a). Act Oct. 28, 1949, substituted "Classification Act of 1949" for "Classification Act of 1923".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 351 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 906 of Title 2, The Congress.

Repeals

Act Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed (subject to a savings clause) by Pub. L. 89–554, Sept. 6, 1966, §8, 80 Stat. 632, 655.

Transfer of Functions

Federal Home Loan Bank Board abolished and functions transferred, see sections 401 to 406 of Pub. L. 101–73, set out as a note under section 1437 of this title.

Annual Report on Areas of Program Administration and Management Which Require Improvement

Pub. L. 90–448, §5, Aug. 1, 1968, 82 Stat. 477, as amended by Pub. L. 91–609, title IX, §918, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1816, directed Secretary to report annually to Committees on Banking and Currency of House and Senate, identifying specific areas of program administration and management which require improvement, describing actions taken and proposed, and recommendations for legislation, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 93–608, §1(9), Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1968.

Executive Documents

Executive Order No. 11196

Ex. Ord. No. 11196, Feb. 2, 1965, 30 F.R. 1171, which delegated functions to Housing and Home Finance Administrator, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12553, Feb. 25, 1986, 51 F.R. 7237.

Emergency Preparedness Functions

For assignment of certain emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, see Parts 1, 2, and 9 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

1 So in original. Probably should refer to the Federal Housing Finance Agency.
12 U.S.C. § 248a (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter II: BOARD OF GOVERNORS OF THE FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Section 248a: Pricing of services
Pricing of services
Status: in_force

(a) Publication of pricing principles and proposed schedule of fees; effective date of schedule of fees

Not later than the first day of the sixth month after March 31, 1980, the Board shall publish for public comment a set of pricing principles in accordance with this section and a proposed schedule of fees based upon those principles for Federal Reserve bank services to depository institutions, and not later than the first day of the eighteenth month after March 31, 1980, the Board shall begin to put into effect a schedule of fees for such services which is based on those principles.

(b) Covered services

The services which shall be covered by the schedule of fees under subsection (a) are—

(1) currency and coin services;

(2) check clearing and collection services;

(3) wire transfer services;

(4) automated clearinghouse services;

(5) settlement services;

(6) securities safekeeping services;

(7) Federal Reserve float; and

(8) any new services which the Federal Reserve System offers, including but not limited to payment services to effectuate the electronic transfer of funds.

(c) Criteria applicable

The schedule of fees prescribed pursuant to this section shall be based on the following principles:

(1) All Federal Reserve bank services covered by the fee schedule shall be priced explicitly.

(2) All Federal Reserve bank services covered by the fee schedule shall be available to nonmember depository institutions and such services shall be priced at the same fee schedule applicable to member banks, except that nonmembers shall be subject to any other terms, including a requirement of balances sufficient for clearing purposes, that the Board may determine are applicable to member banks.

(3) Over the long run, fees shall be established on the basis of all direct and indirect costs actually incurred in providing the Federal Reserve services priced, including interest on items credited prior to actual collection, overhead, and an allocation of imputed costs which takes into account the taxes that would have been paid and the return on capital that would have been provided had the services been furnished by a private business firm, except that the pricing principles shall give due regard to competitive factors and the provision of an adequate level of such services nationwide.

(4) Interest on items credited prior to collection shall be charged at the current rate applicable in the market for Federal funds.

(d) Budgetary consequences of decline in volume of services

The Board shall require reductions in the operating budgets of the Federal Reserve banks commensurate with any actual or projected decline in the volume of services to be provided by such banks. The full amount of any savings so realized shall be paid into the United States Treasury.

(e) Parity in clearing

All depository institutions, as defined in section 461(b)(1) of this title, may receive for deposit and as deposits any evidences of transaction accounts, as defined by section 461(b)(1) of this title from other depository institutions, as defined in section 461(b)(1) of this title or from any office of any Federal Reserve bank without regard to any Federal or State law restricting the number or the physical location or locations of such depository institutions.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §11A, as added Pub. L. 96–221, title I, §107, Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 140; amended Pub. L. 100–86, title VI, §612(a), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 652.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1987—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 100–86 added subsec. (e).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–86, title VI, §612(b), Aug. 10, 1987, 101 Stat. 652, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this title [Aug. 10, 1987]."

Effective Date

Section effective on first day of sixth month which begins after Mar. 31, 1980, see section 108 of Pub. L. 96–221, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 248 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 4226 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 43: ACTIONS AGAINST PERSONS COMMITTING BANK FRAUD CRIMES / Subchapter II: DECLARATIONS PROVIDING UNITED STATES WITH NEW INFORMATION CONCERNING RECOVERY OF ASSETS / Section 4226: Rights of declarants; notifications; Government accountability
Rights of declarants; notifications; Government accountability
Status: in_force

(a) In general

A person who has filed a declaration that meets the requirements of sections 4221 through 4224 of this title shall have the rights stated in this section.

(b) Notice of decision not to pursue

If, after review, the Attorney General concludes that the information contained in a declaration should not be pursued in a proceeding to recover the asset or assets, the Attorney General shall so notify the declarant in writing and shall provide a brief statement of the reasons that the declaration will not be pursued.

(c) Judgment, order, or settlement

(1) When the United States obtains a final judgment, order, or settlement transferring to the United States title to an asset or assets identified in a valid declaration filed under section 4221 1 of this title, the Attorney General shall notify the declarant in writing of the entry of the judgment, order, or settlement.

(2) A notice described in paragraph (1) shall contain—

(A) the Attorney General's determination of the amount of the award due the declarant under section 4225(c) of this title upon recovery by the United States; and

(B) a short statement of reasons for the amount of the award.

(d) Notice of pendency of investigation or proceeding

(1) Subject to paragraph (2), if the Attorney General has not provided the declarant with notice under subsection (b) or a notice of invalidity pursuant to section 4224 of this title within 1 year after the date of filing of the declaration, the Attorney General shall notify the declarant in writing that—

(A) there is a pending investigation or proceeding in the course of which the declarant's allegations are being addressed; or

(B) the declarant's allegations have not yet been addressed.

(2) If the Attorney General certifies that it is in the interest of the United States to give further consideration to the information provided in the declaration for an additional 90-day period, the Attorney General shall so notify the declarant in writing.

(e) Confidentiality of notices

All notices provided to a declarant under this section shall be kept confidential by the declarant in the same manner, and subject to the same penalties, as the declaration under section 4223 of this title.

(Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2581, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4902.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4221 of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(1), was in the original "section 831", and was translated as reading "section 2576", meaning section 2576 of Pub. L. 101–647, as the probable intent of Congress, because Pub. L. 101–647 does not contain a section 831.

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 1864 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 18: BANK SERVICE COMPANIES / Section 1864: Permissible bank service company activities for other persons
Permissible bank service company activities for other persons
Status: in_force

(a) Services permissible other than taking deposits

A bank service company may provide to any person any service authorized by this section, except that a bank service company shall not take deposits.

(b) Services to be performed in State where shareholders or members are located

Except as permissible under subsection (c), (d), or (e) or with the prior approval of the Board under section 1865(b) of this title in accordance with subsection (f) of this section—

(1) a bank service company shall not perform the services authorized by this section in any State other than that State in which its shareholders or members are located; and

(2) all insured bank shareholders or members of a bank service company shall be located in the same State.

(c) Performance where State bank or savings association is shareholder or member

A bank service company in which a State bank or State savings association is a shareholder or member shall perform only those services that such State bank or State savings association shareholder or member is authorized to perform under the law of the State in which such State bank or State savings association operates and shall perform such services only at locations in the State in which such State bank or State savings association shareholder or member could be authorized to perform such services.

(d) Performance where national bank or Federal savings association is shareholder or member

A bank service company in which a national bank or Federal savings association is a shareholder or member shall perform only those services that such national bank or Federal savings association shareholder or member is authorized to perform under the law of the United States and shall perform such services only at locations in the State at which such national bank or Federal savings association shareholder or member could be authorized to perform such services.

(e) Performance where State bank and national bank are shareholders or members

A bank service company may perform—

(1) only those services that each depository institution shareholder or member is otherwise authorized to perform under any applicable Federal or State law; and

(2) such services only at locations in a State in which each such shareholder or member is authorized to perform such services.

(f) Geographic location

Notwithstanding the other provisions of this section or any other provision of law, other than the provisions of Federal and State branching law regulating the geographic location of banks or savings associations to the extent that those laws are applicable to an activity authorized by this subsection, a bank service company may perform at any geographic location any service, other than deposit taking, that the Board has determined, by regulation, to be permissible for a bank holding company under section 1843(c)(8) of this title as of the day before November 12, 1999.

(Pub. L. 87–856, §4, Oct. 23, 1962, 76 Stat. 1132; Pub. L. 97–320, title VII, §709, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1542; Pub. L. 97–457, §32(b)(2), Jan. 12, 1983, 96 Stat. 2511; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2613(e), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–477; Pub. L. 106–102, title I, §102(b)(2), Nov. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1342; Pub. L. 109–351, title VI, §602(b)(3), Oct. 13, 2006, 120 Stat. 1979.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–351, §602(b)(3)(A), inserted "as permissible under subsection (c), (d), or (e) or" after "Except" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 109–351, §602(b)(3)(B), inserted "or State savings association" after "State bank" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 109–351, §602(b)(3)(C), inserted "or Federal savings association" after "national bank" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 109–351, §602(b)(3)(D), inserted heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "A bank service company that has both national bank and State bank shareholders or members shall perform only those services that may lawfully be performed by both any shareholder or member of the company which is a national bank under the law of the United States and any shareholder or member of the company which is a State bank under the law of the State in which any such State bank operate and shall perform such services only at locations in the State at which both its State bank and national bank shareholders or members could be authorized to perform such services."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–351, §602(b)(3)(E), inserted "or savings associations" after "location of banks".

1999—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–102 inserted before period at end "as of the day before November 12, 1999".

1996—Pub. L. 104–208, §2613(e)(5), substituted "company" for "corporation" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–208, §2613(e)(1), substituted "company" for "corporation" in two places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 104–208, §2613(e)(1), (2), inserted "or members" after "shareholders" wherever appearing in text and substituted "company" for "corporation" in two places.

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 104–208, §2613(e)(1), (3), inserted "or member" after "shareholder" wherever appearing and substituted "company" for "corporation".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–208, §2613(e)(1), (4), substituted "company" for "corporation", "any shareholder or member of the company which is a national bank" for "its national bank shareholder or shareholders", "any shareholder or member of the company which is a State bank" for "its State bank shareholder or shareholders", and "any such State bank" for "such State bank or banks", and inserted "or members" after "national bank and State bank shareholders" and after "State bank and national bank shareholders".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–208, §2613(e)(1), substituted "company" for "corporation".

1983—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 97–457 substituted "under the law of the United States" for "under this chapter".

1982—Pub. L. 97–320 substituted provisions relating to bank service corporation activities for other persons for provisions which read: "No bank service corporation may engage in any activity other than the performance of bank services for banks."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1999 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–102 effective 120 days after Nov. 12, 1999, see section 161 of Pub. L. 106–102, set out as a note under section 24 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 5107 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 51: SECURE AND FAIR ENFORCEMENT FOR MORTGAGE LICENSING / Section 5107: Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection backup authority to establish loan originator licensing system
Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection backup authority to establish loan originator licensing system
Status: in_force

(a) Backup licensing system

If, by the end of the 1-year period, or the 2-year period in the case of a State whose legislature meets only biennially, beginning on July 30, 2008, or at any time thereafter, the Director determines that a State does not have in place by law or regulation a system for licensing and registering loan originators that meets the requirements of sections 5104 and 5105 of this title and subsection (d) of this section, or does not participate in the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry, the Director shall provide for the establishment and maintenance of a system for the licensing and registration by the Director of loan originators operating in such State as State-licensed loan originators.

(b) Licensing and registration requirements

The system established by the Director under subsection (a) for any State shall meet the requirements of sections 5104 and 5105 of this title for State-licensed loan originators.

(c) Unique identifier

The Director shall coordinate with the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry to establish protocols for assigning a unique identifier to each loan originator licensed by the Director as a State-licensed loan originator that will facilitate electronic tracking and uniform identification of, and public access to, the employment history of and the publicly adjudicated disciplinary and enforcement actions against loan originators.

(d) State licensing law requirements

For purposes of this section, the law in effect in a State meets the requirements of this subsection if the Director determines the law satisfies the following minimum requirements:

(1) A State loan originator supervisory authority is maintained to provide effective supervision and enforcement of such law, including the suspension, termination, or nonrenewal of a license for a violation of State or Federal law.

(2) The State loan originator supervisory authority ensures that all State-licensed loan originators operating in the State are registered with Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry.

(3) The State loan originator supervisory authority is required to regularly report violations of such law, as well as enforcement actions and other relevant information, to the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry.

(4) The State loan originator supervisory authority has a process in place for challenging information contained in the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry.

(5) The State loan originator supervisory authority has established a mechanism to assess civil money penalties for individuals acting as mortgage originators in their State without a valid license or registration.

(6) The State loan originator supervisory authority has established minimum net worth or surety bonding requirements that reflect the dollar amount of loans originated by a residential mortgage loan originator, or has established a recovery fund paid into by the loan originators.

(e) Temporary extension of period

The Director may extend, by not more than 24 months, the 1-year or 2-year period, as the case may be, referred to in subsection (a) for the licensing of loan originators in any State under a State licensing law that meets the requirements of sections 5104 and 5105 of this title and subsection (d) if the Director determines that such State is making a good faith effort to establish a State licensing law that meets such requirements, license mortgage originators under such law, and register such originators with the Nationwide Mortgage Licensing System and Registry.

(f) Regulation authority

(1) In general

The Bureau is authorized to promulgate regulations setting minimum net worth or surety bond requirements for residential mortgage loan originators and minimum requirements for recovery funds paid into by loan originators.

(2) Considerations

In issuing regulations under paragraph (1), the Bureau shall take into account the need to provide originators adequate incentives to originate affordable and sustainable mortgage loans, as well as the need to ensure a competitive origination market that maximizes consumer access to affordable and sustainable mortgage loans.

(Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title V, §1508, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2818; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1100(3), (6), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2106.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203, §1100(3), (6)(A), inserted section catchline, struck out former section catchline which read "Secretary of Housing and Urban Development backup authority to establish a loan originator licensing system", and substituted "Director" for "Secretary" wherever appearing in text.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 111–203, §1100(6)(B), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
12 U.S.C. § 635o (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 6A: EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES / Subchapter III: TIED AID CREDIT EXPORT SUBSIDIES / Section 635o: Congressional statement of purpose
Congressional statement of purpose
Status: in_force

The purpose of this subchapter is—

(1) to expand employment and economic growth in the United States by expanding United States exports to the markets of the developing world;

(2) to stimulate the economic development of countries in the developing world by improving their access to credit for the importation of United States products and services for developmental purposes;

(3) to neutralize the predatory financing engaged in by many nations whose exports compete with United States exports, and thereby restore export competition to a market basis; and

(4) to encourage foreign governments to enter into effective and comprehensive agreements with the United States to end the use of tied aid credits for exports, and to limit and govern the use of export credit subsidies generally.

(Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title VI, §642], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1263.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this part", meaning part C (§§641–647, 650) of title VI of Pub. L. 98–181, title I, Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1263, known as the Trade and Development Enhancement Act of 1983, which enacted this subchapter and section 1671g of Title 19, Customs Duties, and amended sections 1671a and 1671b of Title 19. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note below and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title VI, §641], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1263, provided that: "This part [part C (§§641–647, 650) of title VI, enacting this subchapter and section 1671g of Title 19, Customs Duties, and amending sections 1671a and 1671b of Title 19] may be referred to as the 'Trade and Development Enhancement Act of 1983'."
12 U.S.C. § 2711 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 28: EMERGENCY MORTGAGE RELIEF / Section 2711: Nonapplicability of other laws
Nonapplicability of other laws
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any provision of law which limits the nature, amount, term, form, or rate of interest, or the nature, amount, or form of security of loans or advances of credit, loans, or advances of credit may be made in accordance with the provisions of this chapter without regard to such provision of law.

(Pub. L. 94–50, title I, §110, formerly §112, July 2, 1975, 89 Stat. 254; renumbered §110, Pub. L. 111–203, title XIV, §1496(b)(8), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2209.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 110 of Pub. L. 94–50, which related to waiver and relaxation by institutions and approved mortgagees of limitations with respect to mortgage delinquencies; notification to Federal supervisory agency prior to foreclosure proceedings, was classified to section 2709 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 111–203, title XIV, §1496(b)(7), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2209.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment of section by renumbering section 112 of Pub. L. 94–50 as section 110 of Pub. L. 94–50 effective on the date on which final regulations implementing such amendment take effect, or on the date that is 18 months after the designated transfer date if such regulations have not been issued by that date, see section 1400(c) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 1601 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
12 U.S.C. § 161 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 2: NATIONAL BANKS / Subchapter X: BANK EXAMINATIONS; REPORTS / Section 161: Reports to Comptroller of the Currency
Reports to Comptroller of the Currency
Status: in_force

(a) Reports of condition; form; contents; date of making; publication

Every association shall make reports of condition to the Comptroller of the Currency in accordance with the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.]. The Comptroller of the Currency may call for additional reports of condition, in such form and containing such information as he may prescribe, on dates to be fixed by him, and may call for special reports from any particular association whenever in his judgment the same are necessary for his use in the performance of his supervisory duties. Each report of condition shall contain a declaration by the president, a vice president, the cashier, or by any other officer designated by the board of directors of the bank to make such declaration, that the report is true and correct to the best of his knowledge and belief. The correctness of the report of condition shall be attested by the signatures of at least three of the directors of the bank other than the officer making such declaration, with the declaration that the report has been examined by them and to the best of their knowledge and belief is true and correct. Each report shall exhibit in detail and under appropriate heads the resources and liabilities of the association at the close of business on any past day specified by the Comptroller, and shall be transmitted to the Comptroller within the period of time specified by the Comptroller. Special reports called for by the Comptroller need contain only such information as is specified by the Comptroller in his request therefor, and publication of such reports need be made only if directed by the Comptroller.

(b) Payment of dividends

Every association shall make to the Comptroller reports of the payment of dividends, including advance reports of dividends proposed to be declared or paid in such cases and under such conditions as the Comptroller deems necessary to carry out the purposes of the laws relating to national banking associations in such form and at such times as he may require.

(c) Reports of affiliates; form; contents; date of making; publication; penalties

Each national banking association shall obtain from each of its affiliates other than member banks and furnish to the Comptroller of the Currency not less than four reports during each year, in such form as the Comptroller may prescribe, verified by the oath or affirmation of the president or such other officer as may be designated by the board of directors of such affiliate to verify such reports, disclosing the information hereinafter provided for as of dates identical with those for which the Comptroller shall during such year require the reports of the condition of the association. Each such report of an affiliate shall be transmitted to the Comptroller at the same time as the corresponding report of the association, except that the Comptroller may, in his discretion, extend such time for good cause shown. Each such report shall contain such information as in the judgment of the Comptroller of the Currency shall be necessary to disclose fully the relations between such affiliate and such bank and to enable the Comptroller to inform himself as to the effect of such relations upon the affairs of such bank. The Comptroller shall also have power to call for additional reports with respect to any such affiliate whenever in his judgment the same are necessary in order to obtain a full and complete knowledge of the conditions of the association with which it is affiliated. Such additional reports shall be transmitted to the Comptroller of the Currency in such form as he may prescribe.

(R.S. §5211; Feb. 27, 1877, ch. 69, §1, 19 Stat. 252; Dec. 28, 1922, ch. 18, 42 Stat. 1067; Feb. 25, 1927, ch. 191, §13, 44 Stat. 1232; June 16, 1933, ch. 89, §27, 48 Stat. 191; Pub. L. 86–230, §§11, 22(b), Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 458, 466; Pub. L. 86–671, §5, July 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 551; Pub. L. 89–485, §13(d), July 1, 1966, 80 Stat. 243; Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §911(b)(1), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 478; Pub. L. 103–325, title III, §308(a), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2218.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in subsec. (a), is act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2, 64 Stat. 873, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§1811 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1811 of this title and Tables.

Codification

R.S. §5211 derived from act June 3, 1864, ch. 106, §34, 13 Stat. 109, which was the National Bank Act, and act Mar. 3, 1869, ch. 130, §1, 15 Stat. 326. See section 38 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–325, §308(a)(1), struck out before period at end of fifth sentence "; and the statement of resources and liabilities in the same form in which it is made to the Comptroller shall be published in a newspaper published in the place where such association is established, or if there is no newspaper in the place, then in the one published nearest thereto in the same county, at the expense of the association, and such proof of publication shall be furnished as may be required by the Comptroller".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–325, §308(a)(2), struck out after third sentence "The reports of such affiliates shall be published by the association under the same conditions as govern its own condition reports."

1989—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–73, §911(b)(1)(A), in fifth sentence substituted "within the period of time specified by the Comptroller" for "within ten days after the receipt of a request therefor from him".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–73, §911(b)(1)(B), struck out at end "Any such affiliated bank which fails to obtain and furnish any report required under this section shall be subject to a penalty of $100 for each day during which such failure continues."

1966—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–485 struck out second sentence stating that the term "affiliate" shall include holding company affiliates as well as other affiliates.

1960—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 86–671, §5(a), designated existing provisions of former first par. as subsec. (a), substituted provisions relating to the making of reports of condition in accordance with the Federal Deposit Insurance Act and additional reports of condition containing declaration of officer for former provisions requiring minimum of three reports annually verified by an officer, inserted provisions respecting contents and publication of special reports and deleted requirement for making reports of payment of dividends, which is incorporated in subsec. (b) of this section.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 86–671, §5(a), designated existing provisions of former first par. as subsec. (b).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 86–671, §5(b), designated existing provisions of former second par. as subsec. (c) and substituted "four" for "three" in first sentence.

1959—Pub. L. 86–230 required transmission of reports to the Comptroller within ten instead of five days and the making of reports of the payment of dividends including advance reports of dividends proposed to be declared or paid, respectively.

1933—Act June 16, 1933, added second par.

1927—Act Feb. 25, 1927, inserted "or of a vice-president, or of an assistant cashier of the association designated by its board of directors to verify such reports in the absence of the president and cashier, taken before a notary public properly authorized and commissioned by the State in which such notary resides and the association is located, or any other officer having an official seal, authorized in such State to administer oaths" in first sentence, and "and the statement of resources and liabilities together with acknowledgment and attestation", in second sentence.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §911(i), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 482, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 164, 324, 1782, 1817, 1847, and 1882 of this title] shall apply with respect to reports filed or required to be filed after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 9, 1989]."

Effective Date of 1960 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 86–671 effective Jan. 1, 1961, see section 7 of Pub. L. 86–671, set out as a note under section 1817 of this title.

Executive Documents

Exception as to Transfer of Functions

Functions vested by any provision of law in Comptroller of the Currency, referred to in this section, not included in transfer of functions to Secretary of the Treasury, see note set out under section 1 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 1835 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 16: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION / Section 1835: Insured depository institution capital requirements for transfers of small business obligations
Insured depository institution capital requirements for transfers of small business obligations
Status: in_force

(a) Accounting principles

The accounting principles applicable to the transfer of a small business loan or a lease of personal property with recourse contained in reports or statements required to be filed with Federal banking agencies by a qualified insured depository institution shall be consistent with generally accepted accounting principles.

(b) Capital and reserve requirements

With respect to the transfer of a small business loan or lease of personal property with recourse that is a sale under generally accepted accounting principles, each qualified insured depository institution shall—

(1) establish and maintain a reserve equal to an amount sufficient to meet the reasonable estimated liability of the institution under the recourse arrangement; and

(2) include, for purposes of applicable capital standards and other capital measures, only the amount of the retained recourse in the risk-weighted assets of the institution.

(c) Qualified institutions criteria

An insured depository institution is a qualified insured depository institution for purposes of this section if, without regard to the accounting principles or capital requirements referred to in subsections (a) and (b), the institution is—

(1) well capitalized; or

(2) with the approval, by regulation or order, of the appropriate Federal banking agency, adequately capitalized.

(d) Aggregate amount of recourse

The total outstanding amount of recourse retained by a qualified insured depository institution with respect to transfers of small business loans and leases of personal property under subsections (a) and (b) shall not exceed—

(1) 15 percent of the risk-based capital of the institution; or

(2) such greater amount, as established by the appropriate Federal banking agency by regulation or order.

(e) Institutions that cease to be qualified or exceed aggregate limits

If an insured depository institution ceases to be a qualified insured depository institution or exceeds the limits under subsection (d), this section shall remain applicable to any transfers of small business loans or leases of personal property that occurred during the time that the institution was qualified and did not exceed such limit.

(f) Prompt corrective action not affected

The capital of an insured depository institution shall be computed without regard to this section in determining whether the institution is adequately capitalized, undercapitalized, significantly undercapitalized, or critically undercapitalized under section 1831o of this title.

(g) Regulations required

Not later than 180 days after September 23, 1994, each appropriate Federal banking agency shall promulgate final regulations implementing this section.

(h) Alternative system permitted

(1) In general

At the discretion of the appropriate Federal banking agency, this section shall not apply if the regulations of the agency provide that the aggregate amount of capital and reserves required with respect to the transfer of small business loans and leases of personal property with recourse does not exceed the aggregate amount of capital and reserves that would be required under subsection (b).

(2) Existing transactions not affected

Notwithstanding paragraph (1), this section shall remain in effect with respect to transfers of small business loans and leases of personal property with recourse by qualified insured depository institutions occurring before the effective date of regulations referred to in paragraph (1).

(i) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) the term "adequately capitalized" has the same meaning as in section 1831o(b) of this title;

(2) the term "appropriate Federal banking agency" has the same meaning as in section 1813 of this title;

(3) the term "capital standards" has the same meaning as in section 1831o(c) of this title;

(4) the term "Federal banking agencies" has the same meaning as in section 1813 of this title;

(5) the term "insured depository institution" has the same meaning as in section 1813 of this title;

(6) the term "other capital measures" has the meaning as in section 1831o(c) of this title;

(7) the term "recourse" has the meaning given to such term under generally accepted accounting principles;

(8) the term "small business" means a business that meets the criteria for a small business concern established by the Small Business Administration under section 632(a) of title 15; and

(9) the term "well capitalized" has the same meaning as in section 1831o(b) of this title.

(Pub. L. 103–325, title II, §208, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2201.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Small Business Loan Securitization and Secondary Market Enhancement Act of 1994 and as part of the Riegle Community Development and Regulatory Improvement Act of 1994, and not as part of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act which comprises this chapter.
12 U.S.C. § 417 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter XII: FEDERAL RESERVE NOTES / Section 417: Custody and safe-keeping of notes issued to and collateral deposited with Reserve agent
Custody and safe-keeping of notes issued to and collateral deposited with Reserve agent
Status: in_force

All Federal Reserve notes and all gold certificates, Special Drawing Right certificates, and lawful money issued to or deposited with any Federal Reserve agent under the provisions of the Federal Reserve Act shall hereafter be held for such agent, under such rules and regulations as the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System may prescribe, in the joint custody of himself and the Federal Reserve bank to which he is accredited. Such agent and such Federal Reserve bank shall be jointly liable for the safe-keeping of such Federal Reserve notes, gold certificates, Special Drawing Right certificates, and lawful money. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be construed to prohibit a Federal Reserve agent from depositing gold certificates and Special Drawing Right certificates with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, to be held by such Board subject to his order, or with the Treasurer of the United States for the purposes authorized by law.

(June 21, 1917, ch. 32, §7 (par.), 40 Stat. 238; Jan. 30, 1934, ch. 6, §2(b)(6), 48 Stat. 339; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 90–349, §5(c), June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 189.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Reserve Act, referred to in text, is act Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 226 of this title and Tables.

Hereafter, referred to in text, probably means on and after June 21, 1917.

Codification

Section is comprised of last par. of section 7 of act June 21, 1917. The preceding pars. of section 7 amended pars. two, three, four, five, six, and seven of section 16 of act Dec. 23, 1913. For classification to this title of section 16, see Codification note set out under section 411 of this title.

Amendments

1968—Pub. L. 90–349, which directed amendment of "[t]he seventh paragraph of section 16 of the Federal Reserve Act, as amended (12 U.S.C. 417)" by inserting ", Special Drawing Right certificates," after "gold certificates" in the first sentence, "Special Drawing Right certificates," after "gold certificates," in the second sentence, and "and Special Drawing Right certificates" after "gold certificates" in the third sentence, was executed by making the insertions in this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1934—Act Jan. 30, 1934, which directed general amendment of the eighth par. of section 16 of the Federal Reserve Act, was executed to this section, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "All Federal reserve notes and all gold, gold certificates, and lawful money issued to or deposited with any Federal reserve agent under the provisions of the Federal reserve Act shall hereafter be held for such agent, under such rules and regulations as the Federal Reserve Board may prescribe, in the joint custody of himself and the Federal reserve bank to which he is accredited. Such agent and such Federal reserve bank shall be jointly liable for the safe-keeping of such Federal reserve notes, gold, gold certificates, and lawful money. Nothing herein contained, however, shall be construed to prohibit a Federal reserve agent from depositing gold or gold certificates with the Federal Reserve Board, to be held by such board subject to his order, or with the Treasurer of the United States for the purposes authorized by law."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Section 203(a) of act Aug. 23, 1935, changed name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Executive Documents

Transfer of Functions

For transfer of functions to Secretary of the Treasury, see note set out under section 55 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 5323 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 53: WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION / Subchapter I: FINANCIAL STABILITY / Section 5323: Authority to require supervision and regulation of certain nonbank financial companies
Authority to require supervision and regulation of certain nonbank financial companies
Status: in_force

(a) U.S. nonbank financial companies supervised by the Board of Governors

(1) Determination

The Council, on a nondelegable basis and by a vote of not fewer than 2/3 of the voting members then serving, including an affirmative vote by the Chairperson, may determine that a U.S. nonbank financial company shall be supervised by the Board of Governors and shall be subject to prudential standards, in accordance with this subchapter, if the Council determines that material financial distress at the U.S. nonbank financial company, or the nature, scope, size, scale, concentration, interconnectedness, or mix of the activities of the U.S. nonbank financial company, could pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States.

(2) Considerations

In making a determination under paragraph (1), the Council shall consider—

(A) the extent of the leverage of the company;

(B) the extent and nature of the off-balance-sheet exposures of the company;

(C) the extent and nature of the transactions and relationships of the company with other significant nonbank financial companies and significant bank holding companies;

(D) the importance of the company as a source of credit for households, businesses, and State and local governments and as a source of liquidity for the United States financial system;

(E) the importance of the company as a source of credit for low-income, minority, or underserved communities, and the impact that the failure of such company would have on the availability of credit in such communities;

(F) the extent to which assets are managed rather than owned by the company, and the extent to which ownership of assets under management is diffuse;

(G) the nature, scope, size, scale, concentration, interconnectedness, and mix of the activities of the company;

(H) the degree to which the company is already regulated by 1 or more primary financial regulatory agencies;

(I) the amount and nature of the financial assets of the company;

(J) the amount and types of the liabilities of the company, including the degree of reliance on short-term funding; and

(K) any other risk-related factors that the Council deems appropriate.

(b) Foreign nonbank financial companies supervised by the Board of Governors

(1) Determination

The Council, on a nondelegable basis and by a vote of not fewer than 2/3 of the voting members then serving, including an affirmative vote by the Chairperson, may determine that a foreign nonbank financial company shall be supervised by the Board of Governors and shall be subject to prudential standards, in accordance with this subchapter, if the Council determines that material financial distress at the foreign nonbank financial company, or the nature, scope, size, scale, concentration, interconnectedness, or mix of the activities of the foreign nonbank financial company, could pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States.

(2) Considerations

In making a determination under paragraph (1), the Council shall consider—

(A) the extent of the leverage of the company;

(B) the extent and nature of the United States related off-balance-sheet exposures of the company;

(C) the extent and nature of the transactions and relationships of the company with other significant nonbank financial companies and significant bank holding companies;

(D) the importance of the company as a source of credit for United States households, businesses, and State and local governments and as a source of liquidity for the United States financial system;

(E) the importance of the company as a source of credit for low-income, minority, or underserved communities in the United States, and the impact that the failure of such company would have on the availability of credit in such communities;

(F) the extent to which assets are managed rather than owned by the company and the extent to which ownership of assets under management is diffuse;

(G) the nature, scope, size, scale, concentration, interconnectedness, and mix of the activities of the company;

(H) the extent to which the company is subject to prudential standards on a consolidated basis in its home country that are administered and enforced by a comparable foreign supervisory authority;

(I) the amount and nature of the United States financial assets of the company;

(J) the amount and nature of the liabilities of the company used to fund activities and operations in the United States, including the degree of reliance on short-term funding; and

(K) any other risk-related factors that the Council deems appropriate.

(c) Antievasion

(1) Determinations

In order to avoid evasion of this subchapter, the Council, on its own initiative or at the request of the Board of Governors, may determine, on a nondelegable basis and by a vote of not fewer than 2/3 of the voting members then serving, including an affirmative vote by the Chairperson, that—

(A) material financial distress related to, or the nature, scope, size, scale, concentration, interconnectedness, or mix of, the financial activities conducted directly or indirectly by a company incorporated or organized under the laws of the United States or any State or the financial activities in the United States of a company incorporated or organized in a country other than the United States would pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States, based on consideration of the factors in subsection (a)(2) or (b)(2), as applicable;

(B) the company is organized or operates in such a manner as to evade the application of this subchapter; and

(C) such financial activities of the company shall be supervised by the Board of Governors and subject to prudential standards in accordance with this subchapter, consistent with paragraph (3).

(2) Report

Upon making a determination under paragraph (1), the Council shall submit a report to the appropriate committees of Congress detailing the reasons for making such determination.

(3) Consolidated supervision of only financial activities; establishment of an intermediate holding company

(A) Establishment of an intermediate holding company

Upon a determination under paragraph (1), the company that is the subject of the determination may establish an intermediate holding company in which the financial activities of such company and its subsidiaries shall be conducted (other than the activities described in section 5367(b)(2) of this title) in compliance with any regulations or guidance provided by the Board of Governors. Such intermediate holding company shall be subject to the supervision of the Board of Governors and to prudential standards under this subchapter as if the intermediate holding company were a nonbank financial company supervised by the Board of Governors.

(B) Action of the Board of Governors

To facilitate the supervision of the financial activities subject to the determination in paragraph (1), the Board of Governors may require a company to establish an intermediate holding company, as provided for in section 5367 of this title, which would be subject to the supervision of the Board of Governors and to prudential standards under this subchapter, as if the intermediate holding company were a nonbank financial company supervised by the Board of Governors.

(4) Notice and opportunity for hearing and final determination; judicial review

Subsections (d) through (h) shall apply to determinations made by the Council pursuant to paragraph (1) in the same manner as such subsections apply to nonbank financial companies.

(5) Covered financial activities

For purposes of this subsection, the term "financial activities"—

(A) means activities that are financial in nature (as defined in section 1843(k) of this title);

(B) includes the ownership or control of one or more insured depository institutions; and

(C) does not include internal financial activities conducted for the company or any affiliate thereof, including internal treasury, investment, and employee benefit functions.

(6) Only financial activities subject to prudential supervision

Nonfinancial activities of the company shall not be subject to supervision by the Board of Governors and prudential standards of the Board. For purposes of this Act, the financial activities that are the subject of the determination in paragraph (1) shall be subject to the same requirements as a nonbank financial company supervised by the Board of Governors. Nothing in this paragraph shall prohibit or limit the authority of the Board of Governors to apply prudential standards under this subchapter to the financial activities that are subject to the determination in paragraph (1).

(d) Reevaluation and rescission

The Council shall—

(1) not less frequently than annually, reevaluate each determination made under subsections (a) and (b) with respect to such nonbank financial company supervised by the Board of Governors; and

(2) rescind any such determination, if the Council, by a vote of not fewer than 2/3 of the voting members then serving, including an affirmative vote by the Chairperson, determines that the nonbank financial company no longer meets the standards under subsection (a) or (b), as applicable.

(e) Notice and opportunity for hearing and final determination

(1) In general

The Council shall provide to a nonbank financial company written notice of a proposed determination of the Council, including an explanation of the basis of the proposed determination of the Council, that a nonbank financial company shall be supervised by the Board of Governors and shall be subject to prudential standards in accordance with this subchapter.

(2) Hearing

Not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of any notice of a proposed determination under paragraph (1), the nonbank financial company may request, in writing, an opportunity for a written or oral hearing before the Council to contest the proposed determination. Upon receipt of a timely request, the Council shall fix a time (not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of the request) and place at which such company may appear, personally or through counsel, to submit written materials (or, at the sole discretion of the Council, oral testimony and oral argument).

(3) Final determination

Not later than 60 days after the date of a hearing under paragraph (2), the Council shall notify the nonbank financial company of the final determination of the Council, which shall contain a statement of the basis for the decision of the Council.

(4) No hearing requested

If a nonbank financial company does not make a timely request for a hearing, the Council shall notify the nonbank financial company, in writing, of the final determination of the Council under subsection (a) or (b), as applicable, not later than 10 days after the date by which the company may request a hearing under paragraph (2).

(f) Emergency exception

(1) In general

The Council may waive or modify the requirements of subsection (e) with respect to a nonbank financial company, if the Council determines, by a vote of not fewer than 2/3 of the voting members then serving, including an affirmative vote by the Chairperson, that such waiver or modification is necessary or appropriate to prevent or mitigate threats posed by the nonbank financial company to the financial stability of the United States.

(2) Notice

The Council shall provide notice of a waiver or modification under this subsection to the nonbank financial company concerned as soon as practicable, but not later than 24 hours after the waiver or modification is granted.

(3) International coordination

In making a determination under paragraph (1), the Council shall consult with the appropriate home country supervisor, if any, of the foreign nonbank financial company that is being considered for such a determination.

(4) Opportunity for hearing

The Council shall allow a nonbank financial company to request, in writing, an opportunity for a written or oral hearing before the Council to contest a waiver or modification under this subsection, not later than 10 days after the date of receipt of notice of the waiver or modification by the company. Upon receipt of a timely request, the Council shall fix a time (not later than 15 days after the date of receipt of the request) and place at which the nonbank financial company may appear, personally or through counsel, to submit written materials (or, at the sole discretion of the Council, oral testimony and oral argument).

(5) Notice of final determination

Not later than 30 days after the date of any hearing under paragraph (4), the Council shall notify the subject nonbank financial company of the final determination of the Council under this subsection, which shall contain a statement of the basis for the decision of the Council.

(g) Consultation

The Council shall consult with the primary financial regulatory agency, if any, for each nonbank financial company or subsidiary of a nonbank financial company that is being considered for supervision by the Board of Governors under this section before the Council makes any final determination with respect to such nonbank financial company under subsection (a), (b), or (c).

(h) Judicial review

If the Council makes a final determination under this section with respect to a nonbank financial company, such nonbank financial company may, not later than 30 days after the date of receipt of the notice of final determination under subsection (d)(2), (e)(3), or (f)(5), bring an action in the United States district court for the judicial district in which the home office of such nonbank financial company is located, or in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, for an order requiring that the final determination be rescinded, and the court shall, upon review, dismiss such action or direct the final determination to be rescinded. Review of such an action shall be limited to whether the final determination made under this section was arbitrary and capricious.

(i) International coordination

In exercising its duties under this subchapter with respect to foreign nonbank financial companies, foreign-based bank holding companies, and cross-border activities and markets, the Council shall consult with appropriate foreign regulatory authorities, to the extent appropriate.

(Pub. L. 111–203, title I, §113, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1398.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (b)(1), (c)(1), (3), (6), (e)(1), and (i), was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1391, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.

This Act, referred to in subsec. (c)(6), is Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1376, known as the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, which enacted this chapter and chapters 108 (§8201 et seq.) and 109 (§8301 et seq.) of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, and enacted, amended, and repealed numerous other sections and notes in the Code. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.
12 U.S.C. § 1833a (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 16: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION / Section 1833a: Civil penalties
Civil penalties
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Whoever violates any provision of law to which this section is made applicable by subsection (c) shall be subject to a civil penalty in an amount assessed by the court in a civil action under this section.

(b) Maximum amount of penalty

(1) Generally

The amount of the civil penalty shall not exceed $1,000,000.

(2) Special rule for continuing violations

In the case of a continuing violation, the amount of the civil penalty may exceed the amount described in paragraph (1) but may not exceed the lesser of $1,000,000 per day or $5,000,000.

(3) Special rule for violations creating gain or loss

(A) If any person derives pecuniary gain from the violation, or if the violation results in pecuniary loss to a person other than the violator, the amount of the civil penalty may exceed the amounts described in paragraphs (1) and (2) but may not exceed the amount of such gain or loss.

(B) As used in this paragraph, the term "person" includes the Bank Insurance Fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund, and after the merger of such funds, the Deposit Insurance Fund, and the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund.

(c) Violations to which penalty is applicable

This section applies to a violation of, or a conspiracy to violate—

(1) section 215, 656, 657, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1014, or 1344 of title 18;

(2) section 287, 1001, 1032,1 1341 or 1343 of title 18 affecting a federally insured financial institution; or

(3) section 645(a) of title 15.

(d) Effective date

This section shall apply to violations occurring on or after August 10, 1984.

(e) Attorney General to bring action

A civil action to recover a civil penalty under this section shall be commenced by the Attorney General.

(f) Burden of proof

In a civil action to recover a civil penalty under this section, the Attorney General must establish the right to recovery by a preponderance of the evidence.

(g) Administrative subpoenas

(1) In general

For the purpose of conducting a civil investigation in contemplation of a civil proceeding under this section, the Attorney General may—

(A) administer oaths and affirmations;

(B) take evidence; and

(C) by subpoena, summon witnesses and require the production of any books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, or other records which the Attorney General deems relevant or material to the inquiry. Such subpoena may require the attendance of witnesses and the production of any such records from any place in the United States at any place in the United States designated by the Attorney General.

(2) Procedures applicable

The same procedures and limitations as are provided with respect to civil investigative demands in subsections (g), (h), and (j) of section 1968 of title 18 apply with respect to a subpoena issued under this subsection. Process required by such subsections to be served upon the custodian shall be served on the Attorney General. Failure to comply with an order of the court to enforce such subpoena shall be punishable as contempt.

(3) Limitation

In the case of a subpoena for which the return date is less than 5 days after the date of service, no person shall be found in contempt for failure to comply by the return date if such person files a petition under paragraph (2) not later than 5 days after the date of service.

(h) Statute of limitations

A civil action under this section may not be commenced later than 10 years after the cause of action accrues.

(Pub. L. 101–73, title IX, §951, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 498; Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §§2533, 2596(d), Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4882, 4908; Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330003(g), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2704(d)(15)(A), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–494; Pub. L. 107–100, §4(b), Dec. 21, 2001, 115 Stat. 966; Pub. L. 109–171, title II, §2102(b), Feb. 8, 2006, 120 Stat. 9; Pub. L. 109–173, §9(g)(1), Feb. 15, 2006, 119 Stat. 3618.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery, and Enforcement Act of 1989, and not as part of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 109–173 inserted "and after the merger of such funds, the Deposit Insurance Fund," after "the Savings Association Insurance Fund,".

Pub. L. 109–171 repealed Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(15)(A). See 1996 Amendment note below.

2001—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–100, §4(b)(2)(D), designated concluding provisions as (d) and inserted heading.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 107–100, §4(b)(2)(B)(i), which directed the substitution of "1341" for "1341;", could not be executed because par. (2) does not contain a semicolon after "1341".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 107–100, §4(b)(2)(A), (B)(ii), (C), added par. (3).

Subsecs. (d) to (h). Pub. L. 107–100, §4(b)(1), (2)(D), designated concluding provisions of subsec. (c) as (d), inserted heading, and redesignated former subsecs. (d) to (g) as (e) to (h), respectively.

1996—Subsec. (b)(3)(B). Pub. L. 104–208, §2704(d)(15)(A), which directed substitution of "Deposit Insurance Fund" for "Bank Insurance Fund, the Savings Association Insurance Fund,", was repealed by Pub. L. 109–171. See Effective Date of 1996 Amendment note below and 2006 Amendment note above.

1994—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–322 amended directory language of Pub. L. 101–647, §2596(d). See 1990 Amendment note below.

1990—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 101–647, §2596(d)(2), as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, inserted at end a flush sentence "This section shall apply to violations occurring on or after August 10, 1984."

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 101–647, §2596(d)(1), as amended by Pub. L. 103–322, which directed insertion of "287, 1001, 1032," before "1341;", was executed by making the insertion before "1341 or 1343" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–647, §2533, added subsec. (g).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2006 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–173 effective Mar. 31, 2006, see section 9(j) of Pub. L. 109–173, set out as a note under section 24 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–171 effective no later than the first day of the first calendar quarter that begins after the end of the 90-day period beginning Feb. 8, 2006, see section 2102(c) of Pub. L. 109–171, set out as a Merger of BIF and SAIF note under section 1821 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–208 effective Jan. 1, 1999, if no insured depository institution is a savings association on that date, see section 2704(c) of Pub. L. 104–208, formerly set out as a note under section 1821 of this title.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–322, title XXXIII, §330003(g), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2141, provided that the amendment made by that section is effective retroactively to the date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–647, which was approved Nov. 29, 1990.

1 See 1990 Amendment note below.
12 U.S.C. § 3346 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 34A: APPRAISAL SUBCOMMITTEE OF FEDERAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS EXAMINATION COUNCIL / Section 3346: Establishment of State appraiser certifying and licensing agencies
Establishment of State appraiser certifying and licensing agencies
Status: in_force

To assure the availability of State certified and licensed appraisers for the performance in a State of appraisals in federally related transactions and to assure effective supervision of the activities of certified and licensed appraisers, a State may establish a State appraiser certifying and licensing agency. The duties of such agency may additionally include the registration and supervision of appraisal management companies and the addition of information about the appraisal management company to the national registry.

(Pub. L. 101–73, title XI, §1117, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 515; Pub. L. 111–203, title XIV, §1473(f)(3), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2193.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203 inserted at end "The duties of such agency may additionally include the registration and supervision of appraisal management companies and the addition of information about the appraisal management company to the national registry."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the date on which final regulations implementing that amendment take effect, or on the date that is 18 months after the designated transfer date if such regulations have not been issued by that date, see section 1400(c) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 1601 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade.
12 U.S.C. § 3406 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 35: RIGHT TO FINANCIAL PRIVACY / Section 3406: Search warrants
Search warrants
Status: in_force

(a) Applicability of Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure

A Government authority may obtain financial records under section 3402(3) of this title only if it obtains a search warrant pursuant to the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure.

(b) Mailing of copy and notice to customer

No later than ninety days after the Government authority serves the search warrant, it shall mail to the customer's last known address a copy of the search warrant together with the following notice:

"Records or information concerning your transactions held by the financial institution named in the attached search warrant were obtained by this (agency or department) on (date) for the following purpose:    . You may have rights under the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3401 et seq.].".

(c) Court-ordered delays in mailing

Upon application of the Government authority, a court may grant a delay in the mailing of the notice required in subsection (b), which delay shall not exceed one hundred and eighty days following the service of the warrant, if the court makes the findings required in section 3409(a) of this title. If the court so finds, it shall enter an ex parte order granting the requested delay and an order prohibiting the financial institution from disclosing that records have been obtained or that a search warrant for such records has been executed. Additional delays of up to ninety days may be granted by the court upon application, but only in accordance with this subsection. Upon expiration of the period of delay of notification of the customer, the following notice shall be mailed to the customer along with a copy of the search warrant:

"Records or information concerning your transactions held by the financial institution named in the attached search warrant were obtained by this (agency or department) on (date). Notification was delayed beyond the statutory ninety-day delay period pursuant to a determination by the court that such notice would seriously jeopardize an investigation concerning         . You may have rights under the Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978 [12 U.S.C. 3401 et seq.].".

(Pub. L. 95–630, title XI, §1106, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3700.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, referred to in subsec. (a), are set out in the Appendix to Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

The Right to Financial Privacy Act of 1978, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (c), is title XI of Pub. L. 95–630, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3697, which is classified generally to this chapter (§3401 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3401 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 2101 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 375b of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 1749d (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 13: NATIONAL HOUSING / Subchapter IX: HOUSING FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS / Section 1749d: Cost of inspections and of providing representatives
Cost of inspections and of providing representatives
Status: in_force

On and after December 19, 1963, necessary expenses of inspections and of providing representatives at the site of projects being planned or undertaken by local public agencies pursuant to title I of the Housing Act of 1949, as amended [42 U.S.C. 1450 et seq.], projects financed through loans to educational institutions authorized by title IV of the Housing Act of 1950, as amended [12 U.S.C. 1749 et seq.], projects and facilities financed by loans to public agencies pursuant to title II of the Housing Amendments of 1955, as amended [42 U.S.C. 1491 et seq.], urban planning financed through grants to State and local government agencies pursuant to chapter 35 of title 40, and reserves of planned public works financed through advances to municipalities and other public agencies pursuant to chapter 35 of title 40, as amended, shall be compensated by such agencies or institutions by the payment of fixed fees which in the aggregate will cover the costs of rendering such services, and expenses for such purpose shall be considered nonadministrative; and for the purpose of providing such inspections, the Secretary of Housing and Urban Development may utilize any agency and such agency may accept reimbursement or payment for such services from such institutions, or the Secretary, and shall credit such amounts to the appropriations or funds against which such charges have been made.

(Pub. L. 88–215, title I, Dec. 19, 1963, 77 Stat. 437; Pub. L. 89–174, §5, Sept. 9, 1965, 79 Stat. 669.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Housing Act of 1949, as amended, referred to in text, is act July 15, 1949, ch. 338, 63 Stat. 413. Title I of the Housing Act of 1949 which was classified generally to subchapter II (§1450 et seq.) of chapter 8A of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, was omitted from the Code pursuant to section 5316 of Title 42 which terminated the authority to make grants or loans under such chapter after Jan. 1, 1975. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1441 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Housing Act of 1950, referred to in text, is act Apr. 20, 1950, ch. 94, 64 Stat. 48. Title IV of the Act was classified generally to this subchapter and was repealed by Pub. L. 99–498, title VII, §702, Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1545. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1950 Amendment note set out under section 1701 of this title and Tables.

The Housing Amendments of 1955, referred to in text, is act Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 783, 69 Stat. 645. Title II of the Act was classified generally to chapter 8B (§1491 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and was omitted from the Code pursuant to section 5316 of Title 42 which terminated authority to make grants or loans under such title II after Jan. 1, 1975. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of this title and Tables.

Codification

"Chapter 35 of title 40" substituted in text for "title VII of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended" and for "title VII of the Housing Act of 1954" on authority of Pub. L. 107–217, §5(c), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303, the first section of which enacted Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works.

Section was enacted as part of the Independent Offices Appropriation Act, 1964, Pub. L. 88–215, and not as part of the National Housing Act which comprises this chapter or title IV of the Housing Act of 1950 which comprised this subchapter. Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation acts:

Oct. 3, 1962, Pub. L. 87–741, title I, 76 Stat. 728.

Aug. 17, 1961, Pub. L. 87–141, title I, 75 Stat. 353.

July 12, 1960, Pub. L. 86–626, title I, 74 Stat. 434.

Sept. 14, 1959, Pub. L. 86–255, title I, 73 Stat. 508.

Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85–844, title I, 72 Stat. 1070.

June 29, 1957, Pub. L. 85–69, title I, 71 Stat. 233.

June 27, 1956, ch. 452, title I, 70 Stat. 345.

June 30, 1955, ch. 244, title I, 69 Stat. 206.

June 24, 1954, ch. 359, title I, 68 Stat. 283.

July 31, 1953, ch. 302, title I, 67 Stat. 305.

July 5, 1952, ch. 578, title I, 66 Stat. 402.

Aug. 31, 1951, ch. 376, title I, 65 Stat. 276.

Sept. 6, 1950, ch. 896, Ch. VIII, title I, 64 Stat. 709.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

"Secretary" substituted for "Administrator" pursuant to section 5 of Pub. L. 89–174, Sept. 9, 1965, 79 Stat. 669, which transferred functions, powers, and duties of Housing and Home Finance Agency and its Administrator to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, and which is classified to section 3534 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Limitation on Expense

Pub. L. 89–555, title I, §101, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 684, limited nonadministrative expenses to $5,535,000 for fiscal year 1966. Similar provisions for prior fiscal years were contained in acts Aug. 31, 1951, ch. 376, title I, §101, 65 Stat. 276; July 5, 1952, ch. 578, title I, §101, 66 Stat. 402; July 31, 1953, ch. 302, title I, §101, 67 Stat. 305; June 24, 1954, ch. 359, title I, §101, 68 Stat. 283; June 30, 1955, ch. 244, title I, §101, 69 Stat. 206; May 19, 1956, ch. 313, Ch. V, §501, 70 Stat. 166; June 27, 1956, ch. 452, title I, §101, 70 Stat. 346; June 29, 1957, Pub. L. 85–69, title I, §101, 71 Stat. 233; Aug. 28, 1958, Pub. L. 85–844, title I, §101, 72 Stat. 1070; Sept. 14, 1959, Pub. L. 86–255, title I, §101, 73 Stat. 508; July 12, 1960, Pub. L. 86–626, title I, §101, 74 Stat. 435; Aug. 17, 1961, Pub. L. 87–141, title I, §101, 75 Stat. 353; Oct. 3, 1962, Pub. L. 87–741, title I, §101, 76 Stat. 729; Dec. 19, 1963, Pub. L. 88–215, title I, §101, 77 Stat. 437; Aug. 30, 1964, Pub. L. 88–507, title I, §101, 78 Stat. 655; Aug. 16, 1965, Pub. L. 89–128, title I, §101, 79 Stat. 531.