34 U.S.C. § 11103 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter I / Section 11103: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

For purposes of this chapter—

(1) the term "community based" facility, program, or service means a small, open group home or other suitable place located near the juvenile's home or family and programs of community supervision and service which maintain community and consumer participation in the planning operation, and evaluation of their programs which may include, but are not limited to, medical, educational, vocational, social, and psychological guidance, training, special education, counseling, alcoholism treatment, drug treatment, and other rehabilitative services;

(2) the term "Federal juvenile delinquency program" means any juvenile delinquency program which is conducted, directly, or indirectly, or is assisted by any Federal department or agency, including any program funded under this chapter;

(3) the term "juvenile delinquency program" means any program or activity related to juvenile delinquency prevention, control, diversion, treatment, rehabilitation, planning, education, training, and research, including drug and alcohol abuse programs; the improvement of the juvenile justice system; and any program or activity designed to reduce known risk factors for juvenile delinquent behavior, provides 1 activities that build on protective factors for, and develop competencies in, juveniles to prevent, and reduce the rate of, delinquent juvenile behavior;

(4)(A) the term "Bureau of Justice Assistance" means the bureau established by section 10141 of this title;

(B) the term "Office of Justice Programs" means the office established by section 10101 of this title;

(C) the term "National Institute of Justice" means the institute established by section 10122(a) of this title; and

(D) the term "Bureau of Justice Statistics" means the bureau established by section 10132(a) of this title;

(5) the term "Administrator" means the agency head designated by section 11111(b) of this title;

(6) the term "law enforcement and criminal justice" means any activity pertaining to crime prevention, control, or reduction or the enforcement of the criminal law, including, but not limited to police efforts to prevent, control, or reduce crime or to apprehend criminals, activities of courts having criminal jurisdiction and related agencies (including prosecutorial and defender services), activities of corrections, probation, or parole authorities, and programs relating to the prevention, control, or reduction of juvenile delinquency or narcotic addiction;

(7) the term "State" means any State of the United States, the District of Columbia, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands;

(8) the term "unit of local government" means—

(A) any city, county, township, town, borough, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State;

(B) any law enforcement district or judicial enforcement district that—

(i) is established under applicable State law; and

(ii) has the authority to, in a manner independent of other State entities, establish a budget and raise revenues; or

(C) for the purposes of assistance eligibility, any agency of the government of the District of Columbia or the Federal Government that performs law enforcement functions in and for—

(i) the District of Columbia; or

(ii) any Trust Territory of the United States;

(9) the term "combination" as applied to States or units of local government means any grouping or joining together of such States or units for the purpose of preparing, developing, or implementing a juvenile justice and delinquency prevention plan;

(10) the term "construction" means acquisition, expansion, remodeling, and alteration of existing buildings, and initial equipment of any such buildings, or any combination of such activities (including architects' fees but not the cost of acquisition of land for buildings);

(11) the term "public agency" means any State, unit of local government, combination of such States or units, or any department, agency, or instrumentality of any of the foregoing;

(12) the term "secure detention facility" means any public or private residential facility which—

(A) includes construction fixtures designed to physically restrict the movements and activities of juveniles or other individuals held in lawful custody in such facility; and

(B) is used for the temporary placement of any juvenile who is accused of having committed an offense or of any other individual accused of having committed a criminal offense;

(13) the term "secure correctional facility" means any public or private residential facility which—

(A) includes construction fixtures designed to physically restrict the movements and activities of juveniles or other individuals held in lawful custody in such facility; and

(B) is used for the placement, after adjudication and disposition, of any juvenile who has been adjudicated as having committed an offense or any other individual convicted of a criminal offense;

(14) the term "serious crime" means criminal homicide, forcible rape or other sex offenses punishable as a felony, mayhem, kidnapping, aggravated assault, drug trafficking, robbery, larceny or theft punishable as a felony, motor vehicle theft, burglary or breaking and entering, extortion accompanied by threats of violence, and arson punishable as a felony;

(15) the term "treatment" includes but is not limited to medical, educational, special education, social, psychological, and vocational services, corrective and preventive guidance and training, and other rehabilitative services designed to protect the public, including services designed to benefit addicts and other users by eliminating their dependence on alcohol or other addictive or nonaddictive drugs or by controlling their dependence and susceptibility to addiction or use;

(16) the term "valid court order" means a court order given by a juvenile court judge to a juvenile—

(A) who was brought before the court and made subject to such order; and

(B) who received, before the issuance of such order, the full due process rights guaranteed to such juvenile by the Constitution of the United States;

(17) the term "Council" means the Coordinating Council on Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention established in section 11116(a)(1) of this title;

(18) for purposes of subchapter II, the term "Indian tribe" means—

(A) a federally recognized Indian tribe; or

(B) an Alaskan Native organization;

that has a law enforcement function, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior in consultation with the Attorney General;

(19) the term "comprehensive and coordinated system of services" means a system that—

(A) ensures that services and funding for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency are consistent with policy goals of preserving families and providing appropriate services in the least restrictive environment so as to simultaneously protect juveniles and maintain public safety;

(B) identifies, and intervenes early for the benefit of, young children who are at risk of developing emotional or behavioral problems because of physical or mental stress or abuse, and for the benefit of their families;

(C) increases interagency collaboration and family involvement in the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency; and

(D) encourages private and public partnerships in the delivery of services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency;

(20) the term "gender-specific services" means services designed to address needs unique to the gender of the individual to whom such services are provided;

(21) the term "home-based alternative services" means services provided to a juvenile in the home of the juvenile as an alternative to incarcerating the juvenile, and includes home detention;

(22) the term "jail or lockup for adults" means a secure facility that is used by a State, unit of local government, or law enforcement authority to detain or confine adult inmates;

(23) the term "nonprofit organization" means an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of title 26 that is exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of title 26;

(24) the term "graduated sanctions" means an accountability-based, graduated series of sanctions (including incentives, treatment, and services) applicable to juveniles within the juvenile justice system to hold such juveniles accountable for their actions and to protect communities from the effects of juvenile delinquency by providing appropriate sanctions for every act for which a juvenile is adjudicated delinquent, by inducing their law-abiding behavior, and by preventing their subsequent involvement with the juvenile justice system;

(25) the term "sight or sound contact" means any physical, clear visual, or verbal contact that is not brief and inadvertent;

(26) the term "adult inmate"—

(A) means an individual who—

(i) has reached the age of full criminal responsibility under applicable State law; and

(ii) has been arrested and is in custody for or awaiting trial on a criminal charge, or is convicted of a criminal offense; and

(B) does not include an individual who—

(i) at the time of the offense, was younger than the maximum age at which a youth can be held in a juvenile facility under applicable State law; and

(ii) was committed to the care and custody or supervision, including post-placement or parole supervision, of a juvenile correctional agency by a court of competent jurisdiction or by operation of applicable State law;

(27) the term "violent crime" means—

(A) murder or nonnegligent manslaughter, forcible rape, or robbery, or

(B) aggravated assault committed with the use of a firearm;

(28) the term "collocated facilities" means facilities that are located in the same building, or are part of a related complex of buildings located on the same grounds;

(29) the term "related complex of buildings" means 2 or more buildings that share—

(A) physical features, such as walls and fences, or services beyond mechanical services (heating, air conditioning, water and sewer); or

(B) the specialized services that are allowable under section 31.303(e)(3)(i)(C)(3) of title 28 of the Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on December 10, 1996;

(30) the term "core requirements"—

(A) means the requirements described in paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (15) of section 11133(a) of this title; and

(B) does not include the data collection requirements described in subparagraphs (A) through (K) of section 11117(1) of this title;

(31) the term "chemical agent" means a spray or injection used to temporarily incapacitate a person, including oleoresin capsicum spray, tear gas, and 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile gas;

(32) the term "isolation"—

(A) means any instance in which a youth is confined alone for more than 15 minutes in a room or cell; and

(B) does not include—

(i) confinement during regularly scheduled sleeping hours;

(ii) separation based on a treatment program approved by a licensed medical or mental health professional;

(iii) confinement or separation that is requested by the youth; or

(iv) the separation of the youth from a group in a nonlocked setting for the limited purpose of calming;

(33) the term "restraints" has the meaning given that term in section 290ii of title 42;

(34) the term "evidence-based" means a program or practice that—

(A) is demonstrated to be effective when implemented with fidelity;

(B) is based on a clearly articulated and empirically supported theory;

(C) has measurable outcomes relevant to juvenile justice, including a detailed description of the outcomes produced in a particular population, whether urban or rural; and

(D) has been scientifically tested and proven effective through randomized control studies or comparison group studies and with the ability to replicate and scale;

(35) the term "promising" means a program or practice that—

(A) is demonstrated to be effective based on positive outcomes relevant to juvenile justice from one or more objective, independent, and scientifically valid evaluations, as documented in writing to the Administrator; and

(B) will be evaluated through a well-designed and rigorous study, as described in paragraph (34)(D);

(36) the term "dangerous practice" means an act, procedure, or program that creates an unreasonable risk of physical injury, pain, or psychological harm to a juvenile subjected to the act, procedure, or program;

(37) the term "screening" means a brief process—

(A) designed to identify youth who may have mental health, behavioral health, substance abuse, or other needs requiring immediate attention, intervention, and further evaluation; and

(B) the purpose of which is to quickly identify a youth with possible mental health, behavioral health, substance abuse, or other needs in need of further assessment;

(38) the term "assessment" includes, at a minimum, an interview and review of available records and other pertinent information—

(A) by an appropriately trained professional who is licensed or certified by the applicable State in the mental health, behavioral health, or substance abuse fields; and

(B) which is designed to identify significant mental health, behavioral health, or substance abuse treatment needs to be addressed during a youth's confinement;

(39) for purposes of section 11133(a)(15) of this title, the term "contact" means the points at which a youth and the juvenile justice system or criminal justice system officially intersect, including interactions with a juvenile justice, juvenile court, or law enforcement official;

(40) the term "trauma-informed" means—

(A) understanding the impact that exposure to violence and trauma have on a youth's physical, psychological, and psychosocial development;

(B) recognizing when a youth has been exposed to violence and trauma and is in need of help to recover from the adverse impacts of trauma; and

(C) responding in ways that resist retraumatization;

(41) the term "racial and ethnic disparity" means minority youth populations are involved at a decision point in the juvenile justice system at disproportionately higher rates than non-minority youth at that decision point;

(42) the term "status offender" means a juvenile who is charged with or who has committed an offense that would not be criminal if committed by an adult;

(43) the term "rural" means an area that is not located in a metropolitan statistical area, as defined by the Office of Management and Budget;

(44) the term "internal controls" means a process implemented to provide reasonable assurance regarding the achievement of objectives in—

(A) effectiveness and efficiency of operations, such as grant management practices;

(B) reliability of reporting for internal and external use; and

(C) compliance with applicable laws and regulations, as well as recommendations of the Office of Inspector General and the Government Accountability Office; and

(45) the term "tribal government" means the governing body of an Indian Tribe.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title I, §103, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1111; Pub. L. 95–115, §2, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048; Pub. L. 96–509, §§5, 19(a), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2751, 2762; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §613, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2108; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7251(a), 7252(b)(1), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4435, 4436; Pub. L. 102–586, §1(c), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4983; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(1)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681–75; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12204, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1871; Pub. L. 115–385, title I, §102, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5124.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5603 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Par. (8)(C), (D). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(1), redesignated subpar. (D) as (C) and struck out former subpar. (C) which read as follows: "an Indian Tribe that performs law enforcement functions, as determined by the Secretary of the Interior; or".

Par. (18). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(2), inserted "for purposes of subchapter II," before "the term" in introductory provisions and inserted concluding provisions.

Par. (22). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(3), amended par. (22) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (22) read as follows: "the term 'jail or lockup for adults' means a locked facility that is used by a State, unit of local government, or any law enforcement authority to detain or confine adults—

"(A) pending the filing of a charge of violating a criminal law;

"(B) awaiting trial on a criminal charge; or

"(C) convicted of violating a criminal law;".

Par. (25). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(4), amended par. (25) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (25) read as follows: "the term 'contact' means the degree of interaction allowed between juvenile offenders in a secure custody status and incarcerated adults under section 31.303(d)(1)(i) of title 28, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on December 10, 1996;".

Par. (26). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(5), amended par. (26) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (26) read as follows: "the term 'adult inmate' means an individual who—

"(A) has reached the age of full criminal responsibility under applicable State law; and

"(B) has been arrested and is in custody for or awaiting trial on a criminal charge, or is convicted of a criminal offense;".

Pars. (30) to (45). Pub. L. 115–385, §102(6)–(8), added pars. (30) to (45).

2002—Par. (3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(1), substituted "designed to reduce known risk factors for juvenile delinquent behavior, provides activities that build on protective factors for, and develop competencies in, juveniles to prevent, and reduce the rate of, delinquent juvenile behavior" for "to help prevent juvenile delinquency".

Par. (4). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(2), made technical amendment to references in original act which appear in text as references to sections 3741, 3711, 3722 and 3732 of this title.

Par. (7). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(3), struck out "the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands," after "Puerto Rico,".

Par. (12)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(4), struck out ", of any nonoffender," after "committed an offense".

Par. (13)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(5), struck out ", any nonoffender," after "committed an offense".

Par. (14). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(6), inserted "drug trafficking," after "aggravated assault,".

Par. (16)(C). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(7), struck out subpar. (C) which read as follows: "with respect to whom an appropriate public agency (other than a court or law enforcement agency), before the issuance of such order—

"(i) reviewed the behavior of such juvenile and the circumstances under which such juvenile was brought before the court and made subject to such order;

"(ii) determined the reasons for the behavior that caused such juvenile to be brought before the court and made subject to such order;

"(iii) determined that all dispositions (including treatment), other than placement in a secure detention facility or a secure correctional facility, have been exhausted or are clearly inappropriate; and

"(iv) submitted to the court a written report stating the results of the review conducted under clause (i) and the determinations made under clauses (ii) and (iii);".

Par. (22). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(8)(A), redesignated cls. (i) to (iii) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively.

Pars. (24) to (29). Pub. L. 107–273, §12204(8)(B)–(10), added pars. (24) to (29).

1998—Par. (8). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(1)(A)], added par. (8) and struck out former par. (8) which read as follows: "the term 'unit of general local government' means any city, county, township, town, borough, parish, village, or other general purpose political subdivision of a State, an Indian tribe which performs law enforcement functions as determined by the Secretary of the Interior, or, for the purpose of assistance eligibility, any agency of the District of Columbia government performing law enforcement functions in and for the District of Columbia and funds appropriated by the Congress for the activities of such agency may be used to provide the non-Federal share of the cost of programs or projects funded under this subchapter;".

Par. (9). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(1)(B)], substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government".

1992—Par. (16). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(c)(1), amended par. (16) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (16) read as follows: "the term 'valid court order' means a court order given by a juvenile court judge to a juvenile who has been brought before the court and made subject to a court order. The use of the word 'valid' permits the incarceration of juveniles for violation of a valid court order only if they received their full due process rights as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States;".

Pars. (19) to (23). Pub. L. 102–586, §1(c)(2)–(4), added pars. (19) to (23).

1988—Par. (5). Pub. L. 100–690, §7252(b)(1), substituted "section 5611(b)" for "section 5611(c)".

Pars. (17), (18). Pub. L. 100–690, §7251(a), added pars. (17) and (18).

1984—Par. (3). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(1), struck out "for neglected, abandoned, or dependent youth and other youth" before "to help" and inserted "juvenile" after "prevent".

Par. (4)(A). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(2), substituted " 'Bureau of Justice Assistance' means the bureau established by section 3741 of this title" for " 'Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics' means the office established by section 3781(a) of this title".

Par. (4)(B). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(2), substituted " 'Office of Justice Programs' means the office established by section 3711 of this title" for " 'Law Enforcement Assistance Administration' means the administration established by section 3711 of this title".

Par. (6). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(3), substituted "services)," for "services," before "activities of".

Par. (14). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(4)(A), inserted "or other sex offenses punishable as a felony".

Par. (16). Pub. L. 98–473, §613(4)(B)–(6), added par. (16).

1980—Par. (1). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(a), inserted reference to special education.

Par. (4). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(b), designated existing provisions as subpar. (B) and added subpars. (A), (C), and (D).

Par. (5). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(a), substituted "section 5611(c) of this title" for "section 3711(c) of this title".

Par. (7). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(c), substituted "the Virgin Islands, Guam, American Samoa, and the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands" for "and any territory or possession of the United States".

Par. (9). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(d), substituted "juvenile justice and delinquency prevention" for "law enforcement".

Par. (12). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(e), substituted definition of "secure detention facility" for definition of "correctional institution or facility".

Pars. (13), (14). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(f), added pars. (13) and (14). Former par. (13) redesignated (15).

Par. (15). Pub. L. 96–509, §5(f), (g), redesignated former par. (13) as (15), inserted reference to special education, and substituted "protect the public, including services designed to benefit addicts and other users by eliminating their dependence on alcohol or other addictive or nonaddictive drugs or by controlling their dependence and susceptibility to addiction or use" for "protect the public and benefit the addict or other user by eliminating his dependence on addicting or other drugs or by controlling his dependence, and his susceptibility to addiction or use".

1977—Par. (3). Pub. L. 95–115 substituted "to help prevent delinquency" for "who are in danger of becoming delinquent".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, see section 7296(a) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Executive Documents

Termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands

For termination of Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, see note set out preceding section 1681 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions.

1 So in original. Probably should be "provide".
34 U.S.C. § 11161 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter II / Section 11161: Research and evaluation; statistical analyses; information dissemination
Research and evaluation; statistical analyses; information dissemination
Status: in_force

(a) Research and evaluation

(1) The Administrator shall—

(A) annually publish a plan to identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds provided under this subsection; and

(B) conduct research or evaluation in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing research and evaluation relating to—

(i) the prevention, reduction, and control of juvenile delinquency and serious crime committed by juveniles;

(ii) the link between juvenile delinquency and the incarceration of members of the families of juveniles;

(iii) successful efforts to prevent status offenders and first-time minor offenders from subsequent involvement with the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems;

(iv) successful efforts to prevent recidivism;

(v) the juvenile justice system;

(vi) juvenile violence;

(vii) the prevalence and duration of behavioral health needs (including mental health, substance abuse, and co-occurring disorders) among juveniles pre-placement and post-placement in the juvenile justice system, including an examination of the effects of secure detention in a correctional facility;

(viii) reducing the proportion of juveniles detained or confined in secure detention facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who are members of minority groups;

(ix) training efforts and reforms that have produced reductions in or elimination of the use of dangerous practices;

(x) methods to improve the recruitment, selection, training, and retention of professional personnel who are focused on the prevention, identification, and treatment of delinquency;

(xi) methods to improve the identification and response to victims of domestic child sex trafficking within the juvenile justice system;

(xii) identifying positive outcome measures, such as attainment of employment and educational degrees, that States and units of local government should use to evaluate the success of programs aimed at reducing recidivism of youth who have come in contact with the juvenile justice system or criminal justice system;

(xiii) evaluating the impact and outcomes of the prosecution and sentencing of juveniles as adults;

(xiv) successful and cost-effective efforts by States and units of local government to reduce recidivism through policies that provide for consideration of appropriate alternative sanctions to incarceration of youth facing nonviolent charges, while ensuring that public safety is preserved;

(xvi) 1 evaluating services, treatment, and aftercare placement of juveniles who were under the care of the State child protection system before their placement in the juvenile justice system;

(xvii) determining—

(I) the frequency, seriousness, and incidence of drug use by youth in schools and communities in the States using, if appropriate, data submitted by the States pursuant to this subparagraph and subsection (b); and

(II) the frequency, degree of harm, and morbidity of violent incidents, particularly firearm-related injuries and fatalities, by youth in schools and communities in the States, including information with respect to—

(aa) the relationship between victims and perpetrators;

(bb) demographic characteristics of victims and perpetrators; and

(cc) the type of weapons used in incidents, as classified in the Uniform Crime Reports of the Federal Bureau of Investigation; and

(xviii) other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter I.

(2) The Administrator shall ensure that an equitable amount of funds available to carry out paragraph (1)(B) is used for research and evaluation relating to the prevention of juvenile delinquency.

(3) Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to permit the development of a national database of personally identifiable information on individuals involved in studies, or in data-collection efforts, carried out under paragraph (1)(B)(x).

(4) Not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, the Administrator shall conduct a study with respect to juveniles who, prior to placement in the juvenile justice system, were under the care or custody of the State child welfare system, and to juveniles who are unable to return to their family after completing their disposition in the juvenile justice system and who remain wards of the State in accordance with applicable confidentiality requirements. Such study shall include—

(A) the number of juveniles in each category;

(B) the extent to which State juvenile justice systems and child welfare systems are coordinating services and treatment for such juveniles;

(C) the Federal and local sources of funds used for placements and post-placement services;

(D) barriers faced by State 2 and Indian Tribes in providing services to these juveniles;

(E) the types of post-placement services used;

(F) the frequency of case plans and case plan reviews;

(G) the extent to which case plans identify and address permanency and placement barriers and treatment plans;

(H) a description of the best practices in discharge planning; and

(I) an assessment of living arrangements for juveniles who, upon release from confinement in a State correctional facility, cannot return to the residence they occupied prior to such confinement.

(b) Statistical analyses

The Administrator shall—

(1) plan and identify the purposes and goals of all agreements carried out with funds provided under this subsection; and

(2) undertake statistical work in juvenile justice matters, for the purpose of providing for the collection, analysis, and dissemination of statistical data and information relating to juvenile delinquency and serious crimes committed by juveniles, to the juvenile justice system, to juvenile violence, and to other purposes consistent with the purposes of this subchapter and subchapter I.

(c) Grant authority and competitive selection process

The Administrator may make grants and enter into contracts with public or private agencies, organizations, or individuals and shall use a competitive process, established by rule by the Administrator, to carry out subsections (a) and (b).

(d) Implementation of agreements

A Federal agency that makes an agreement under subsections (a)(1)(B) and (b)(2) with the Administrator may carry out such agreement directly or by making grants to or contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations.

(e) Information dissemination

The Administrator may—

(1) review reports and data relating to the juvenile justice system in the United States and in foreign nations (as appropriate), collect data and information from studies and research into all aspects of juvenile delinquency (including the causes, prevention, and treatment of juvenile delinquency) and serious crimes committed by juveniles;

(2) establish and operate, directly or by contract, a clearinghouse and information center for the preparation, publication, and dissemination of information relating to juvenile delinquency, including State and local prevention and treatment programs, plans, resources, and training and technical assistance programs; and

(3) make grants and contracts with public and private agencies, institutions, and organizations, for the purpose of disseminating information to representatives and personnel of public and private agencies, including practitioners in juvenile justice, law enforcement, the courts, corrections, schools, and related services, in the establishment, implementation, and operation of projects and activities for which financial assistance is provided under this subchapter.

(f) National recidivism measure

The Administrator, in accordance with applicable confidentiality requirements and in consultation with experts in the field of juvenile justice research, recidivism, and data collection, shall—

(1) establish a uniform method of data collection and technology that States may use to evaluate data on juvenile recidivism on an annual basis;

(2) establish a common national juvenile recidivism measurement system; and

(3) make cumulative juvenile recidivism data that is collected from States available to the public.

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §251, as added Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12211, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1888; amended Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §207, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5140.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5661 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(i), substituted "shall" for "may" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(ii), substituted "annually publish a plan to identify" for "plan and identify".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(iii). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(iii)(I), added cl. (iii) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: "successful efforts to prevent first-time minor offenders from committing subsequent involvement in serious crime;".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(vii). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(iii)(II), added cl. (vii) and struck out former cl. (vii) which read as follows: "appropriate mental health services for juveniles and youth at risk of participating in delinquent activities;".

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(ix) to (xviii). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(A)(iii)(III), (IV), added cls. (ix) to (xiv) and redesignated former cls. (ix) to (xi) as (xvi) to (xviii), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(B)(i), in introductory provisions, substituted "December 21, 2018" for "November 2, 2002" and inserted "in accordance with applicable confidentiality requirements" after "wards of the State".

Subsec. (a)(4)(D). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(B)(ii), inserted "and Indian Tribes" after "State".

Subsec. (a)(4)(H), (I). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(1)(B)(iii)–(v), added subpars. (H) and (I).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(2), substituted "shall" for "may" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–385, §207(3), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date

Part effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as an Effective Date of 2002 Amendment note under section 11101 of this title.

1 So in original. There is no cl. (xv).

2 So in original. Probably should be "States".
34 U.S.C. § 21506 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 215 / Section 21506: Reciprocal notifications
Reciprocal notifications
Status: in_force

It is the sense of Congress that the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Attorney General and the Secretary of Homeland Security, should seek reciprocal international agreements or arrangements to further the purposes of this chapter and the Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act (42 U.S.C. 16901 et seq.).1 Such agreements or arrangements may establish mechanisms and undertakings to receive and transmit notices concerning international travel by sex offenders, through the Angel Watch Center, the INTERPOL notification system, and such other means as may be appropriate, including notification by the United States to other countries relating to the travel of sex offenders from the United States, reciprocal notification by other countries to the United States relating to the travel of sex offenders to the United States, and mechanisms to correct and, as applicable, remove from any other records, any inaccurate information transmitted through such notifications.

(Pub. L. 114–119, §7, Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 23.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 114–119, Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 15, known as the International Megan's Law to Prevent Child Exploitation and Other Sexual Crimes Through Advanced Notification of Traveling Sex Offenders, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2016 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act, referred to in text, is title I of Pub. L. 109–248, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 590, which was classified principally to subchapter I (§16901 et seq.) of chapter 151 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification as subchapter I (§20901 et seq.) of chapter 209 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2006 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 16935e of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

1 See References in Text note below.
34 U.S.C. § 10101 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 101 / Subchapter I / Section 10101: Establishment of Office of Justice Programs
Establishment of Office of Justice Programs
Status: in_force

There is hereby established an Office of Justice Programs within the Department of Justice under the general authority of the Attorney General. The Office of Justice Programs (hereinafter referred to in this chapter as the "Office") shall be headed by an Assistant Attorney General (hereinafter in this chapter referred to as the "Assistant Attorney General") appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §101, as added Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §603(a), Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2077.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 90–351, as added by Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1167, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Tables.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 3711 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 101 of Pub. L. 90–351, title I, as added Pub. L. 96–157, §2, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1170, established Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, prior to the general amendment of part A of title I of Pub. L. 90–351 by Pub. L. 98–473.

Another prior section 101 of Pub. L. 90–351, title I, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 198; Pub. L. 91–644, title I, §2, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1881; Pub. L. 93–83, §2, Aug. 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 197; Pub. L. 94–503, title I, §§102, 103, Oct. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 2407, established Law Enforcement Assistance Administration and Office of Community Anti-Crime Programs, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–157.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §609AA, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107, provided that:

"(a) Except as provided in subsection (b), this division and the amendments made by this title [probably means division, see Short Title of 1984 Act note below] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this joint resolution [Oct. 12, 1984] or October 1, 1984, whichever is later.

"(b)(1) The amendment made by section 609F [amending sections 10281, 10282, 10284, and 10285 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 1984, and shall not apply with respect to injuries sustained before October 1, 1984.

"(2) Section 609Z [repealing section 204 of Pub. L. 98–411, which had amended sections 10281, 10282, and 10284 of this title and enacted provisions set out as a note under section 10281 of this title] shall take effect on October 1, 1984."

Short Title of 2024 Amendment

Pub. L. 118–159, div. E, title LII, §5201, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2433, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§5201–5203) of title LII of div. E of Pub. L. 118–159, amending section 20942 of this title, section 405 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 3801 to 3803, 3806, and 3808 of Title 31, Money and Finance, and section 7105 of Title 41, Public Contracts, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 3801 of Title 31] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement And [sic] Victim Support Act of 2024'."

Pub. L. 118–72, §1, July 30, 2024, 138 Stat. 1503, provided that: "This Act [amending section 40701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Debbie Smith Act of 2023'."

Pub. L. 118–65, §1, June 17, 2024, 138 Stat. 1439, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 11292, 11293, 11295a, and 11297 of this title] may be cited as the 'Missing Children's Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2023'."

Pub. L. 118–64, §1, May 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 1435, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10381 and 10384 of this title] may be cited as the 'Recruit and Retain Act'."

Short Title of 2023 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–347, §1, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6199, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Abolish Trafficking Reauthorization Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–330, §1, Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6114, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 41313 of this title] may be cited as the 'Sami's Law'."

Short Title of 2022 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–328, div. MM, §101(a), Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 6106, provided that: "This section [amending section 20144 of this title] may be cited as the 'Fairness for 9/11 Families Act'."

Pub. L. 117–327, §1, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4454, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 40506 to 40508 of this title, amending sections 41307 and 41308 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 40506 of this title] may be cited as 'Billy's Law' or the 'Help Find the Missing Act'."

Pub. L. 117–325, §1, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4441, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 10159 of this title and amending sections 10251 and 10381 of this title and section 3758 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement De-Escalation Training Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–323, §1, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4437, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10651 of this title] may be cited as the 'Justice and Mental Health Collaboration Reauthorization Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–315, §1, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4404, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10441 and 12291 of this title] may be cited as the 'VAWA Technical Amendment Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–262, §1, Dec. 21, 2022, 136 Stat. 2394, provided that: "This Act [amending section 21117 of this title] may be cited as the 'Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology to Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2022' or the 'PROTECT Our Children Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–250, §1, Dec. 20, 2022, 136 Stat. 2352, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rural Opioid Abuse Prevention Act'."

Pub. L. 117–172, §1, Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 2098, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10225, 10281, and 10284 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 10281 of this title] may be cited as the 'Public Safety Officer Support Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–170, §1, Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 2091, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 10653 of this title, amending section 10651 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10653 of this title] may be cited as the 'Traumatic Brain Injury and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Law Enforcement Training Act' or the 'TBI and PTSD Law Enforcement Training Act'."

Pub. L. 117–164, §1, Aug. 3, 2022, 136 Stat. 1358, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 609 of this title] may be cited as the 'Homicide Victims' Families' Rights Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, §1, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 840, provided that: "This Act [div. W of Pub. L. 117–103, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women Act Reauthorization Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title II, §205(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 858, provided that: "This section [enacting part O (§12513) of subchapter III of chapter 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'Abby Honold Act'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title XIII, §1316(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 939, provided that: "This section [amending section 20102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Fairness for Rape Kit Backlog Survivors Act of 2022'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title XIII, §1318(a), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 940, provided that: "This section [amending section 40723 of this title] may be cited as the 'Supporting Access to Nurse Exams Act' or the 'SANE Act'."

Pub. L. 117–103, div. W, title XV, §1501, Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 951, provided that: "This title [enacting section 10462a of this title and section 1161l–6 of Title 20, Education, amending sections 10446 and 10463 to 10465 of this title and section 3772 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 10446 of this title] may be cited as the 'Keeping Children Safe From Family Violence Act' or 'Kayden's Law'."

Short Title of 2021 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–61, §1, Nov. 18, 2021, 135 Stat. 1474, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10225, 10281, 10284, 10285, 10288, and 10306 of this title, and enacting and amending provisions set out as notes under section 10281 of this title] may be cited as the 'Protecting America's First Responders Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 117–60, §1, Nov. 18, 2021, 135 Stat. 1470, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 509 of this title] may be cited as the 'Confidentiality Opportunities for Peer Support Counseling Act' or the 'COPS Counseling Act'."

Pub. L. 117–27, §1, July 22, 2021, 135 Stat. 301, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 20101 to 20103 of this title] may be cited as the 'VOCA Fix to Sustain the Crime Victims Fund Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 117–13, §1, May 20, 2021, 135 Stat. 265, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 30507 of this title, amending section 249 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 30501 of this title] may be cited as the 'COVID–19 Hate Crimes Act'."

Short Title of 2020 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–281, §1, Dec. 31, 2020, 134 Stat. 3381, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapter XLI of this chapter] may be cited as the 'Crisis Stabilization and Community Reentry Act of 2020'."

Pub. L. 116–277, §1, Dec. 31, 2020, 134 Stat. 3368, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 40501, 40503, and 40505 of this title and section 224 of Title 6, Domestic Security, amending section 40502 of this title and section 211 of Title 6, repealing sections 40501 and 40503 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 40504 of this title] may be cited as the 'Missing Persons and Unidentified Remains Act of 2019'."

Pub. L. 116–252, §1, Dec. 22, 2020, 134 Stat. 1133, provided that: "This Act [amending section 21711 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 21711 of this title] may be cited as the 'Promoting Alzheimer's Awareness to Prevent Elder Abuse Act'."

Pub. L. 116–153, §1, Aug. 8, 2020, 134 Stat. 688, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 10651a of this title] may be cited as the 'Veteran Treatment Court Coordination Act of 2019'."

Pub. L. 116–143, §1, June 16, 2020, 134 Stat. 644, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 507 of this title] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement Suicide Data Collection Act'."

Short Title of 2019 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–104, §1, Dec. 30, 2019, 133 Stat. 3272, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 40701, 40722, and 40723 of this title] may be cited as the 'Debbie Smith Reauthorization Act of 2019'."

Pub. L. 116–69, div. B, title VII, §1701(a), Nov. 21, 2019, 133 Stat. 1140, provided that: "This section [amending section 20144 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 20144 of this title] may be cited as the 'United States Victims of State Sponsored Terrorism Fund Clarification Act'."

Pub. L. 116–32, §1, July 25, 2019, 133 Stat. 1036, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10261 and 10491 to 10493 of this title] may be cited as the 'Supporting and Treating Officers In Crisis Act of 2019'."

Pub. L. 115–424, §1, Jan. 7, 2019, 132 Stat. 5465, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 20342 of this title and amending sections 20301 to 20307, 20323, and 20333 of this title and section 5106a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2018'."

Short Title of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–401, §1, Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5336, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 219 of this title, amending sections 40504 and 50112 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 40504 of this title] may be cited as the 'Ashanti Alert Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–393, §1(a), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5265, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 11295a, 20709b, and 20709c of this title, section 645a of Title 6, Domestic Security, section 1595A of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 7105b of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, amending sections 10381, 11291 to 11294, 11296, 11297, 12451, 20333, 20701, 20702, 20705, 20709, and 41303 of this title, section 1232 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, sections 1593A and 3056 of Title 18, and sections 7105, 7109a, 7110, and 7113 of Title 22, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 20702 of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 20702 of this title] may be cited as the 'Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–391, title V, §501, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5222, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 10741, 60505, and 60506 of this title, amending sections 10261, 10591, 10593, 10631, 60502, 60504, 60511, 60521, 60531, and 60541 of this title, section 3624 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and sections 3797s—5 and 17555 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 10581, 10633, 10681, 60532, and 60544 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 60501 of this title and section 3621 of Title 18] may be cited as the 'Second Chance Reauthorization Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–385, §1, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5123, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 11314, 11321, and 11322 of this title, amending sections 11102, 11103, 11114, 11116, 11117, 11131 to 11133, 11161, 11162, 11182, 11280, and 11311 to 11313 of this title and section 5784 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing sections 11141 to 11146 and 11181 of this title and section 5784 of Title 42, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 11102 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice Reform Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–274, §1, Oct. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 4160, provided that: "This Act [amending section 30307 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 3551 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure] may be cited as the 'United States Parole Commission Extension Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–271, title VIII, §8091, Oct. 24, 2018, 132 Stat. 4103, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle H (§§8091, 8092) of title VIII of Pub. L. 115–271, amending section 10261 of this title] may be cited as the 'Reauthorizing and Extending Grants for Recovery from Opioid Use Programs Act of 2018' or the 'REGROUP Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–267, §1, Oct. 11, 2018, 132 Stat. 3756, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 11295a of this title, amending sections 11291 to 11294, 11296, and 11297 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 11291 of this title] may be cited as the 'Missing Children's Assistance Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–257, §1, Oct. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 3660, provided that: "This Act [amending section 40701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Justice Served Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–185, §1, June 18, 2018, 132 Stat. 1485, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 607 of this title] may be cited as the 'Project Safe Neighborhoods Grant Program Authorization Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–166, §1, Apr. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1274, provided that: "This Act [amending section 20504 of this title] may be cited as the 'Ashlynne Mike AMBER Alert in Indian Country Act'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. Q, §1, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1115, provided that: "This division [enacting sections 12622 and 12623 of this title, amending sections 11293 and 12621 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and section 12623 of this title] may be cited as the 'Kevin and Avonte's Law of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. Q, title I, §101, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1116, provided that: "This title [enacting section 12622 of this title and amending section 12621 of this title] may be cited as the 'Missing Americans Alert Program Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. S, title V, §501, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1128, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 10555 and 10556 of this title, amending sections 10551 to 10554 of this title, and repealing section 3797e of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Student, Teachers, and Officers Preventing School Violence Act of 2018' or the 'STOP School Violence Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. S, title VI, §601, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1132, provided that: "This title [enacting section 40917 of this title and amending sections 40301, 40302, 40901, 40912, and 40913 of this title] may be cited as the 'Fix NICS Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–113, §1, Jan. 10, 2018, 131 Stat. 2276, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10381 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes preceding section 50101 of this title] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement Mental Health and Wellness Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–107, §1, Jan. 8, 2018, 131 Stat. 2266, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 40701 and 40723 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 40701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence Reporting Act of 2017' or the 'SAFER Act of 2017'."

Short Title of 2017 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–82, §1, Nov. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 1266, provided that: "This Act [amending section 21117 of this title] may be cited as the 'Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology To Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2017' or the 'PROTECT Our Children Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–76, §1, Nov. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 1246, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapter XXXIX of chapter 101 of this title, section 383 of Title 6, Domestic Security, and provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Strengthening State and Local Cyber Crime Fighting Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–70, §1(a), Oct. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1208, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 217 of this title and sections 2325 and 2328 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending section 2326 of Title 18 and section 1397m–1 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, repealing section 2325 of Title 18, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Elder Abuse Prevention and Prosecution Act'."

Pub. L. 115–70, title IV, §401, Oct. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1213, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 2325 and 2328 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending section 2326 of Title 18, and repealing section 2325 of Title 18] may be cited as the 'Robert Matava Elder Abuse Prosecution Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–50, §1, Aug. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 1001, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 12591, 12592, 40702, and 40703 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rapid DNA Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–37, §1, June 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 854, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10381 of this title] may be cited as the 'American Law Enforcement Heroes Act of 2017'."

Pub. L. 115–36, §1, June 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 849, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 10288 of this title, amending sections 10282, 10285, and 10302 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10282 of this title] may be cited as the 'Public Safety Officers' Benefits Improvement Act of 2017'."

Short Title of 2016 Act

Pub. L. 114–324, §1, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1948, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Justice for All Reauthorization Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–324, §14(a), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1958, provided that: "This section [amending section 10153 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10153 of this title] may be cited as the 'Effective Administration of Criminal Justice Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–199, §1, July 22, 2016, 130 Stat. 780, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Protecting Our Lives by Initiating COPS Expansion Act of 2016' or the 'POLICE Act of 2016'."

Pub. L. 114–155, §1, May 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 389, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10202, 10261, and 10531 of this title] may be cited as the 'Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Program Reauthorization Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–119, §1(a), Feb. 8, 2016, 130 Stat. 15, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 215 of this title and section 212b of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and amending section 20914 of this title and section 2250 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure] may be cited as the 'International Megan's Law to Prevent Child Exploitation and Other Sexual Crimes Through Advanced Notification of Traveling Sex Offenders'."

Short Title of 2015 Act

Pub. L. 114–22, title I, §116(a), May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 244, provided that: "This section [amending section 41308 of this title] may be cited as the 'Bringing Missing Children Home Act'."

Pub. L. 114–22, title IV, §401, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 256, provided that: "This title [enacting chapter 213 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rape Survivor Child Custody Act'."

Pub. L. 114–22, title V, §501, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 258, provided that: "This title [enacting section 20931 of this title] may be cited as the 'Military Sex Offender Reporting Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–22, title X, §1001, May 29, 2015, 129 Stat. 266, provided that: "This title [amending section 10381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Human Trafficking Survivors Relief and Empowerment Act of 2015'."

Pub. L. 114–12, §1, May 19, 2015, 129 Stat. 192, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 505 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rafael Ramos and Wenjian Liu National Blue Alert Act of 2015'."

Short Title of 2014 Act

Pub. L. 113–242, §1, Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2860, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 60105 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 4001 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure] may be cited as the 'Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2013'."

Pub. L. 113–182, §1, Sept. 29, 2014, 128 Stat. 1918, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 40701, 40722, and 40723 of this title] may be cited as the 'Debbie Smith Reauthorization Act of 2014'."

Pub. L. 113–163, §1, Aug. 8, 2014, 128 Stat. 1864, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 20307 of this title and amending sections 20101 and 20306 of this title] may be cited as the 'Victims of Child Abuse Act Reauthorization Act of 2013'."

Short Title of 2013 Act

Pub. L. 113–38, §1, Sept. 30, 2013, 127 Stat. 527, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 11296 of this title and amending sections 11291, 11293, 11294, and 11297 of this title] may be cited as the 'E. Clay Shaw, Jr. Missing Children's Assistance Reauthorization Act of 2013'."

Pub. L. 113–4, §1, Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 54, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013'."

Pub. L. 113–4, title X, §1001, Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 127, provided that: "This title [amending section 40701 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 40701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Sexual Assault Forensic Evidence Reporting Act of 2013' or the 'SAFER Act of 2013'."

Pub. L. 112–253, §1, Jan. 10, 2013, 126 Stat. 2407, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 40741 to 40744 of this title and amending section 40701 of this title] may be cited as the 'Katie Sepich Enhanced DNA Collection Act of 2012'."

Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title X, §1086(a), Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1964, provided that: "This section [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Dale Long Public Safety Officers' Benefits Improvements Act of 2012'."

Short Title of 2012 Act

Pub. L. 112–189, §1, Oct. 5, 2012, 126 Stat. 1435, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10516 of this title and repealing section 14102 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Reporting Efficiency Improvement Act'."

Short Title of 2010 Act

Pub. L. 111–341, §1, Dec. 22, 2010, 124 Stat. 3606, provided that: "This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 40102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Criminal History Background Checks Pilot Extension Act of 2010'."

Pub. L. 111–143, §1, Mar. 1, 2010, 124 Stat. 41, provided that: "This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 40102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Criminal History Background Checks Pilot Extension Act of 2009'."

Short Title of 2009 Act

Pub. L. 111–84, div. E, §4701, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2835, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Matthew Shepard and James Byrd, Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act'."

Short Title of 2008 Act

Pub. L. 110–421, §1, Oct. 15, 2008, 122 Stat. 4778, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10261 of this title] may be cited as the 'Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–416, §1(a), Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4352, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10651 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10651 of this title] may be cited as the 'Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Reauthorization and Improvement Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–401, §1(a), Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4229, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 211 of this title and sections 2258A to 2258E of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, amending sections 2251, 2252A, 2256, 2260, and 2702 of Title 18, repealing section 13032 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2251 of Title 18] may be cited as the 'Providing Resources, Officers, and Technology To Eradicate Cyber Threats to Our Children Act of 2008' or the 'PROTECT Our Children Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–400, §1, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4224, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 20916 and 20917 of this title, amending section 20981 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 20981 of this title] may be cited as the 'Keeping the Internet Devoid of Sexual Predators Act of 2008' or the 'KIDS Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–378, §1, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4068, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 11245 and 11278 of this title and amending sections 11201, 11211, 11212, 11222, 11243, 11261, 11279, and 11280 of this title] may be cited as the 'Reconnecting Homeless Youth Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–360, §1, Oct. 8, 2008, 122 Stat. 4008, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 40701, 40722, and 40723 of this title] may be cited as the 'Debbie Smith Reauthorization Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–345, §1, Oct. 7, 2008, 122 Stat. 3938, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10663 of this title] may be cited as the 'Drug Endangered Children Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 110–315, title IX, §951, Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3470, provided that: "This part [part E (§§951, 952) of title IX of Pub. L. 110–315, enacting subchapter XXXV of this chapter] may be cited as the 'John R. Justice Prosecutors and Defenders Incentive Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–298, §1, July 31, 2008, 122 Stat. 2985, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 503 of this title] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement Congressional Badge of Bravery Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–296, §1, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2974, and Pub. L. 110–408, §1, Oct. 13, 2008, 122 Stat. 4301, provided that: "This Act [amending provisions set out as a note under section 40102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Criminal History Background Checks Pilot Extension Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–240, §1, June 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 1560, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 11291, 11293, and 11297 of this title and repealing section 5776a of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'Protecting Our Children Comes First Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 110–199, §1, Apr. 9, 2008, 122 Stat. 657, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Second Chance Act of 2007: Community Safety Through Recidivism Prevention' or the 'Second Chance Act of 2007'."

Pub. L. 110–180, §1(a), Jan. 8, 2008, 121 Stat. 2559, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 409 of this title] may be cited as the 'NICS Improvement Amendments Act of 2007'."

Short Title of 2006 Act

Pub. L. 109–248, §1(a), July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 587, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act of 2006'."

Pub. L. 109–248, title I, §101, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 590, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Sex Offender Registration and Notification Act'."

Pub. L. 109–248, title VI, §611, July 27, 2006, 120 Stat. 632, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§611–617) of title VI of Pub. L. 109–248, amending provisions set out as a note under section 11313 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Police Athletic League Youth Enrichment Reauthorization Act of 2006'."

Pub. L. 109–162, §1, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 2960, as amended by Pub. L. 109–271, §1(a), Aug. 12, 2006, 120 Stat. 750, provided that:

"(a) In General.—This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women and Department of Justice Reauthorization Act of 2005'.

"(b) Separate Short Titles.—Section 3 and titles I through IX of this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2005'. Title XI of this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act of 2005'."

Pub. L. 109–162, title X, §1001, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3084, provided that: "This title [amending sections 12592, 40701, and 40702 of this title and sections 3142 and 3297 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure] may be cited as the 'DNA Fingerprint Act of 2005'."

Short Title of 2004 Act

Pub. L. 108–414, §1, Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2327, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapter XXXIII of this chapter and provisions set out as notes under section 10651 of this title] may be cited as the 'Mentally Ill Offender Treatment and Crime Reduction Act of 2004'."

Pub. L. 108–405, §1(a), Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2260, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Justice for All Act of 2004'."

Pub. L. 108–405, title II, §201, Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2266, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Debbie Smith Act of 2004'."

Pub. L. 108–405, title III, §301, Oct. 30, 2004, 118 Stat. 2272, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 40722 to 40726 of this title, amending sections 10261, 10441 to 10450, 10562, 10564, 12592, and 40706 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10446 of this title] may be cited as the 'DNA Sexual Assault Justice Act of 2004'."

Short Title of 2003 Act

Pub. L. 108–182, §1, Dec. 15, 2003, 117 Stat. 2649, provided that: "This Act [amending section 10281 of this title] may be cited as the 'Hometown Heroes Survivors Benefits Act of 2003'."

Pub. L. 108–96, §1, Oct. 10, 2003, 117 Stat. 1167, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 11281 of this title, amending sections 11201, 11211, 11212, 11222, 11241, 11243, 11244, 11279, 11280, 11291, 11293, and 11297 of this title, repealing section 5714–25 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 11201 of this title and provisions formerly set out as a note under section 5714–1 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Runaway, Homeless, and Missing Children Protection Act'."

Pub. L. 108–79, §1(a), Sept. 4, 2003, 117 Stat. 972, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 303 of this title] may be cited as the 'Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2003'."

Short Title of 2002 Act

Pub. L. 107–273, div. A, title IV, §401, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1789, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women Office Act'."

Pub. L. 107–273, div. B, title II, §2001, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1792, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Drug Abuse Education, Prevention, and Treatment Act of 2002'."

Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title I, §11027(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1834, provided that: "This section [enacting subchapter XXXII of this chapter] may be cited as the 'Crime-Free Rural States Act of 2002'."

Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12101, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1859, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§12101, 12102) of title II of div. C of Pub. L. 107–273, enacting subchapter XVII of this chapter and provisions set out as a note under section 10401 of this title] may be cited as the 'Consequences for Juvenile Offenders Act of 2002'."

Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12201, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1869, provided that: "This subtitle [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 2002'."

Pub. L. 107–196, §1, June 24, 2002, 116 Stat. 719, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10281 and 10284 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10281 of this title] may be cited as the 'Mychal Judge Police and Fire Chaplains Public Safety Officers' Benefit Act of 2002'."

Short Title of 2000 Act

Pub. L. 106–572, §1, Dec. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 3058, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 30101 of this title] may be cited as the 'Computer Crime Enforcement Act'."

Pub. L. 106–561, §1, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2787, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapter XXVII of this chapter, amending sections 10152, 10154, 10261, and 40301 of this title and section 983 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 40701 of this title and section 983 of Title 18] may be cited as the 'Paul Coverdell National Forensic Sciences Improvement Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 106–560, §1, Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2784, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 60101 to 60104 of this title] may be cited as the 'Interstate Transportation of Dangerous Criminals Act of 2000' or 'Jeanna's Act'."

Pub. L. 106–546, §1, Dec. 19, 2000, 114 Stat. 2726, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'DNA Analysis Backlog Elimination Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 106–517, §1, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2407, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10261 and 10531 to 10533 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 10531 and 10533 of this title] may be cited as the 'Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 106–515, §1, Nov. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 2399, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapter XXI of this chapter, amending section 10261 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10471 of this title] may be cited as the 'America's Law Enforcement and Mental Health Project'."

Pub. L. 106–468, §1, Nov. 9, 2000, 114 Stat. 2027, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 40504 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 40504 of this title] may be cited as 'Kristen's Act'."

Pub. L. 106–386, div. B, §1001, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1491, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 106–297, §1, Oct. 13, 2000, 114 Stat. 1045, provided that: "This Act [amending section 12104 of this title] may be cited as the 'Death in Custody Reporting Act of 2000'."

Pub. L. 106–177, title I, §101, Mar. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 35, provided that: "This title [amending sections 10152, 20101, and 40301 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 20101 of this title] may be cited as the 'Child Abuse Prevention and Enforcement Act'."

Pub. L. 106–177, title II, §201, Mar. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 36, provided that: "This title [enacting chapter 405 of this title] may be cited as 'Jennifer's Law'."

Short Title of 1999 Act

Pub. L. 106–71, §1, Oct. 12, 1999, 113 Stat. 1032, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 11245, 11261, 11276, and 11279 of this title, amending sections 11201, 11211, 11212, 11213, 11221 to 11241, 11243, 11244, 11271 to 11275, 11277, 11280 to 11293, 11294, and 11297 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 7101 of Title 20, Education] may be cited as the 'Missing, Exploited, and Runaway Children Protection Act'."

Short Title of 1998 Act

Pub. L. 105–390, §1, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3495, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10301, 10302, 10304, 10306, and 10307 of this title] may be cited as the 'Police, Fire, and Emergency Officers Educational Assistance Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 105–251, title I, §101, Oct. 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 1871, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter I of chapter 403 of this title] may be cited as the 'Crime Identification Technology Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 105–251, title II, §201, Oct. 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 1874, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter II of chapter 403 of this title, amending sections 40102 and 40103 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] may be cited as the 'National Criminal History Access and Child Protection Act'."

Pub. L. 105–251, title II, §211, Oct. 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 1874, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§211–217) of title II of Pub. L. 105–251, enacting subchapter II of chapter 403 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Crime Prevention and Privacy Compact Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 105–251, title II, §221, Oct. 9, 1998, 112 Stat. 1885, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§221, 222) of title II of Pub. L. 105–251, amending sections 40102 and 40103 of this title] may be cited as the 'Volunteers for Children Act'."

Pub. L. 105–181, §1, June 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 512, provided that: "This Act [enacting subchapter XXIV of this chapter, amending sections 10261 and 10541 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10531 of this title] may be cited as the 'Bulletproof Vest Partnership Grant Act of 1998'."

Pub. L. 105–180, §1, June 16, 1998, 112 Stat. 511, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 10283 and 10285 of this title] may be cited as the 'Care for Police Survivors Act of 1998'."

Short Title of 1996 Act

Pub. L. 104–238, §1, Oct. 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 3114, provided that: "This Act [enacting part B (§10301 et seq.) of subchapter XI of this chapter] may be cited as the 'Federal Law Enforcement Dependents Assistance Act of 1996'."

Pub. L. 104–132, title II, §231, Apr. 24, 1996, 110 Stat. 1243, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§231–236) of title II of Pub. L. 104–132, enacting sections 20105 and 20142 of this title, amending this section and sections 20102 and 20103 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 20102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Justice for Victims of Terrorism Act of 1996'."

Short Title of 1994 Act

Pub. L. 103–322, §1, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1796, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title I, §10001, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1807, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter XVI of this chapter, amending sections 10261 and 10541 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10381 of this title] may be cited as the 'Public Safety Partnership and Community Policing Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title III, §31101, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1882, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle K (§§31101–31133) of title III of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part E (§12181 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Community Economic Partnership Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title III, §31901, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1892, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle S (§§31901–31922) of title III of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part G (§12241 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'Family Unity Demonstration Project Act'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40001, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1902, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Violence Against Women Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40101, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1903, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§40101–40156) of title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Safe Streets for Women Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40201, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1925, provided that: "This title [probably should be "subtitle", meaning subtitle B (§§40201–40295) of title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Safe Homes for Women Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40301, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1941, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§40301–40304) of title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part C (§12361) of subchapter III of chapter 121 of this title and amending section 1988 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 1445 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure] may be cited as the 'Civil Rights Remedies for Gender-Motivated Violence Act'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title IV, §40401, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 1942, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle D (§§40401–40422) of title IV of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part D (§12371 et seq.) of subchapter III of chapter 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'Equal Justice for Women in the Courts Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title XX, §200101, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2049, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle A (§§200101–200113) of title XX of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part A (§12551 et seq.) of subchapter VII of chapter 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'Police Corps Act'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title XX, §200201, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2057, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle B (§§200201–200210) of title XX of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part B (§12571 et seq.) of subchapter VII of chapter 121 of this title] may be cited as the 'Law Enforcement Scholarships and Recruitment Act'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title XXI, §210301, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2065, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§210301–210306) of title XXI of Pub. L. 103–322, enacting part A (§12591 et seq.) of subchapter VIII of chapter 121 of this title and sections 10511 to 10517 of this title, amending sections 10152, 10154, 10261, and 10541 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 10152 of this title] may be cited as the 'DNA Identification Act of 1994'."

Pub. L. 103–322, title XXII, §220001, Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2074, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter IX (§12611) of chapter 121 of this title and section 511A of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and amending section 511 of Title 18] may be cited as the 'Motor Vehicle Theft Prevention Act'."

Short Title of 1993 Act

Pub. L. 103–209, §1, Dec. 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 2490, provided that: "This Act [enacting chapter 401 of this title and amending section 3759 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] may be cited as the 'National Child Protection Act of 1993'."

Short Title of 1990 Act

Pub. L. 101–647, title II, §201, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4792, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Victims of Child Abuse Act of 1990'."

Pub. L. 101–647, title V, §501, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4820, provided that: "This title [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Victims' Rights and Restitution Act of 1990'."

Short Title of 1988 Act

Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7250(a), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4434, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle F (§§7250–7296) of title VII of Pub. L. 100–690, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Amendments of 1988'."

Pub. L. 100–413, §1, Aug. 22, 1988, 102 Stat. 1101, provided that "This Act [enacting section 41102 of this title and provisions set out as a note under section 41102 of this title] may be cited as the 'Parimutuel Licensing Simplification Act of 1988'."

Short Title of 1986 Act

Pub. L. 99–570, title I, §1551, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3207–41, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle K (§§1551, 1552) of title I of Pub. L. 99–570, enacting subchapter XII of this chapter and amending sections 10141, 10221, 10222, 10227, 10261, and 10541 of this title] may be cited as the 'State and Local Law Enforcement Assistance Act of 1986'."

Short Title of 1984 Act

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §601, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2077, provided that: "This division [division I (§§601–609AA) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Justice Assistance Act of 1984'."

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §610, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2107, provided that: "This Division [division II (§§610–670) of chapter VI of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice, Runaway Youth, and Missing Children's Act Amendments of 1984'."

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §1401, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2170, provided that: "This chapter [chapter XIV (§§1401–1411) of title II of Pub. L. 98–473, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Victims of Crime Act of 1984'."

Short Title of 1980 Act

Pub. L. 96–509, §1, Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2750, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1980'."

Short Title of 1979 Act

Pub. L. 96–157, §1, Dec. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 1167, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Justice System Improvement Act of 1979'."

Short Title of 1977 Act

Pub. L. 95–115, §1, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice Amendments of 1977'."

Short Title of 1976 Act

Pub. L. 94–503, §1, Oct. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 2407, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Crime Control Act of 1976'."

Pub. L. 94–430, §1, Sept. 29, 1976, 90 Stat. 1346, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Public Safety Officers' Benefits Act of 1976'."

Short Title of 1974 Act

Pub. L. 93–415, §1, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974'."

Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §220, as added by Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §204(c)(2), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5131, provided that: "This part [part B (§§220–223) of title II of Pub. L. 93–415, enacting part B of subchapter II of chapter 111 of this title] may be cited as the 'Charles Grassley Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Program'."

Pub. L. 93–415, title III, §301, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1129, as amended by Pub. L. 96–509, §18(b), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2762, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter III of chapter 111 of this title] may be cited as the 'Runaway and Homeless Youth Act'."

Pub. L. 93–415, title IV, §401, as added by Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §660, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2125, as amended by Pub. L. 101–204, title X, §1004(1), Dec. 7, 1990, 103 Stat. 1828, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter IV of chapter 111 of this title] may be cited as the 'Missing Children's Assistance Act'."

Pub. L. 93–415, title V, §501, as added by Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12222(a), Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1894; amended by Pub. L. 115–385, title III, §301, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5145, provided that: "This title [enacting subchapter V of chapter 111 of this title] may be cited as the 'Incentive Youth Promise Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Programs Act of 2018'."

A prior section 501 of title V of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 102–586, §5(a), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 5027, provided that title V (enacting subchapter V of chapter 72 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare) could be cited as the "Incentive Grants for Local Delinquency Prevention Programs Act", prior to the general amendment of title V of Pub. L. 93–415 by Pub. L. 107–273, §12222(a).

Another section 501 of Pub. L. 93–415, title V, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1133, amended section 5031 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

Short Title of 1973 Act

Pub. L. 93–83, §1, Aug. 6, 1973, 87 Stat. 197, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Crime Control Act of 1973'."

Short Title of 1970 Act

Pub. L. 91–644, §1, Jan. 2, 1971, 84 Stat. 1880, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1970'."

Short Title of 1968 Act

Pub. L. 90–351, §1, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197, provided: "That this Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968'."

Pub. L. 90–351, title I, §3030, as added by Pub. L. 115–76, §3(a), Nov. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 1247, provided that: "This part [part MM (§§3030–3036) of title I of Pub. L. 90–351, enacting subchapter XXXIX of chapter 101 of this title] may be cited as the 'National White Collar Crime Control Act of 2017'."

Separability

Pub. L. 90–351, title XI, §1601, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 239, provided that: "If the provisions of any part of this Act [see Short Title of 1968 Act note above] or any amendments made thereby or the application thereof to any person or circumstances be held invalid, the provisions of the other parts and their application to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected thereby." [Another section 1601 of Pub. L. 90–351 is classified to section 10361 of this title.]

References in Other Laws

Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §609I, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2102, provided that:

"(a) Any reference to the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, or to the Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration, in any law other than this Act [see Short Title of 1984 Act note set out above] and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 [see Short Title of 1968 Act note set out above], applicable to activities, functions, powers, and duties that after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 12, 1984] are carried out by the Bureau of Justice Assistance shall be deemed to be a reference to the Bureau of Justice Assistance, or to the Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, as the case may be.

"(b) Any reference to the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics, or to the Director of the Office of Justice Assistance, Research, and Statistics, in any law other than this Act and the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968, applicable to activities, functions, powers, and duties that after the date of the enactment of this Act are carried out by the Office of Justice Programs, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the National Institute of Justice, or the Office of Juvenile Justice [and] Delinquency Prevention shall be deemed to be a reference to the Office of Justice Programs, the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Bureau of Justice Statistics, National Institute of Justice, or Office of Juvenile Justice [and] Delinquency Prevention, or to the Director of the Office of Justice Programs, the Director of the Bureau of Justice Assistance, the Director of the Bureau of Justice Statistics, the Director of the National Institute of Justice, or the Administrator of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention, as the case may be."
34 U.S.C. § 11133 (2024) — Title 34: CRIME CONTROL AND LAW ENFORCEMENT / Chapter 111 / Subchapter II / Section 11133: State plans
State plans
Status: in_force

(a) Requirements

In order to receive formula grants under this part, a State shall submit a plan for carrying out its purposes applicable to a 3-year period. Such plan shall be amended annually to include new programs, projects, and activities. The State shall submit annual performance reports to the Administrator which shall describe progress in implementing programs contained in the original plan, and shall describe how the State plan is supported by or takes account of scientific knowledge regarding adolescent development and behavior and regarding the effects of delinquency prevention programs and juvenile justice interventions on adolescents. Not later than 60 days after the date on which a plan or amended plan submitted under this subsection is finalized, a State shall make the plan or amended plan publicly available by posting the plan or amended plan on the State's publicly available website. In accordance with regulations which the Administrator shall prescribe, such plan shall—

(1) designate the State agency as designated by the chief executive officer of the State as the sole agency for supervising the preparation and administration of the plan;

(2) contain satisfactory evidence that the State agency designated in accordance with paragraph (1) has or will have authority, by legislation if necessary, to implement such plan in conformity with this part;

(3) provide for an advisory group that—

(A) shall consist of not less than 15 and not more than 33 members appointed by the chief executive officer of the State—

(i) which members have training, experience, or special knowledge concerning adolescent development, the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency, the administration of juvenile justice, or the reduction of juvenile delinquency;

(ii) which members include—

(I) at least 1 locally elected official representing general purpose local government;

(II) representatives of law enforcement and juvenile justice agencies, including juvenile and family court judges, prosecutors, counsel for children and youth, and probation workers;

(III) representatives of public agencies concerned with delinquency prevention or treatment, such as welfare, social services, child and adolescent mental health, education, child and adolescent substance abuse, special education, services for youth with disabilities, recreation, and youth services;

(IV) representatives of private nonprofit organizations, including persons with a special focus on preserving and strengthening families, parent groups and parent self-help groups, youth development, delinquency prevention and treatment, neglected or dependent children, the quality of juvenile justice, education, and social services for children;

(V) volunteers who work with delinquent youth or youth at risk of delinquency;

(VI) representatives of programs that are alternatives to incarceration, including programs providing organized recreation activities;

(VII) persons with special experience and competence in addressing problems related to school violence and vandalism and alternatives to suspension and expulsion;

(VIII) persons, licensed or certified by the applicable State, with expertise and competence in preventing and addressing mental health and substance abuse needs in delinquent youth and youth at risk of delinquency;

(IX) representatives of victim or witness advocacy groups, including at least one individual with expertise in addressing the challenges of sexual abuse and exploitation and trauma, particularly the needs of youth who experience disproportionate levels of sexual abuse, exploitation, and trauma before entering the juvenile justice system; and

(X) for a State in which one or more Indian Tribes are located, an Indian tribal representative (if such representative is available) or other individual with significant expertise in tribal law enforcement and juvenile justice in Indian tribal communities;

(iii) a majority of which members (including the chairperson) shall not be full-time employees of the Federal, State, or local government;

(iv) at least one-fifth of which members shall be under the age of 28 at the time of initial appointment; and

(v) at least 3 members who have been or are currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system or, if not feasible and in appropriate circumstances, who is the parent or guardian of someone who has been or is currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system;

(B) shall participate in the development and review of the State's juvenile justice plan prior to submission to the supervisory board for final action;

(C) shall be afforded the opportunity to review and comment, not later than 45 days after their submission to the advisory group, on all juvenile justice and delinquency prevention grant applications submitted to the State agency designated under paragraph (1);

(D) shall, consistent with this subchapter—

(i) advise the State agency designated under paragraph (1) and its supervisory board;

(ii) submit to the chief executive officer and the legislature of the State at least every 2 years a report and necessary recommendations regarding State compliance with the core requirements; and

(iii) contact and seek regular input from juveniles currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system; and

(E) may, consistent with this subchapter—

(i) advise on State supervisory board and local criminal justice advisory board composition; and

(ii) review progress and accomplishments of projects funded under the State plan;

(4) provide for the active consultation with and participation of units of local government or combinations thereof in the development of a State plan which adequately takes into account the needs and requests of units of local government, except that nothing in the plan requirements, or any regulations promulgated to carry out such requirements, shall be construed to prohibit or impede the State from making grants to, or entering into contracts with, local private agencies or the advisory group;

(5) unless the provisions of this paragraph are waived at the discretion of the Administrator for any State in which the services for delinquent or other youth are organized primarily on a statewide basis, provide that at least 662/3 per centum of funds received by the State under section 11132 of this title reduced by the percentage (if any) specified by the State under the authority of paragraph (25) and excluding funds made available to the State advisory group under section 11132(d) of this title, shall be expended—

(A) through programs of units of local government or combinations thereof, to the extent such programs are consistent with the State plan;

(B) through programs of local private agencies, to the extent such programs are consistent with the State plan, except that direct funding of any local private agency by a State shall be permitted only if such agency requests such funding after it has applied for and been denied funding by any unit of local government or combination thereof; and

(C) to provide funds for programs of Indian Tribes that agree to attempt to comply with the core requirements applicable to the detention and confinement of juveniles, an amount that bears the same ratio to the aggregate amount to be expended through programs referred to in subparagraphs (A) and (B) as the population under 18 years of age in the geographical areas in which such tribes perform such functions bears to the State population under 18 years of age,1

(6) provide for an equitable distribution of the assistance received under section 11132 of this title within the State, including in rural areas;

(7)(A) provide for an analysis of juvenile delinquency problems in, and the juvenile delinquency control and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) of, the State (including any geographical area in which an Indian tribe has jurisdiction), a description of the services to be provided, and a description of performance goals and priorities, including a specific statement of the manner in which programs are expected to meet the identified juvenile crime problems (including the joining of gangs that commit crimes) and juvenile justice and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) of the State; and

(B) contain—

(i) an analysis of gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency, including the types of such services available and the need for such services;

(ii) a plan for providing needed gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency;

(iii) a plan for providing needed services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in rural areas;

(iv) a plan to provide alternatives to detention for status offenders, survivors of commercial sexual exploitation, and others, where appropriate, such as specialized or problem-solving courts or diversion to home-based or community-based services or treatment for those youth in need of mental health, substance abuse, or co-occurring disorder services at the time such juveniles first come into contact with the juvenile justice system;

(v) a plan to reduce the number of children housed in secure detention and corrections facilities who are awaiting placement in residential treatment programs;

(vi) a plan to engage family members, where appropriate, in the design and delivery of juvenile delinquency prevention and treatment services, particularly post-placement;

(vii) a plan to use community-based services to respond to the needs of at-risk youth or youth who have come into contact with the juvenile justice system;

(viii) a plan to promote evidence-based and trauma-informed programs and practices; and

(ix) not later than 1 year after December 21, 2018, a plan which shall be implemented not later than 2 years after December 21, 2018, to—

(I) eliminate the use of restraints of known pregnant juveniles housed in secure juvenile detention and correction facilities, during labor, delivery, and post-partum recovery, unless credible, reasonable grounds exist to believe the detainee presents an immediate and serious threat of hurting herself, staff, or others; and

(II) eliminate the use of abdominal restraints, leg and ankle restraints, wrist restraints behind the back, and four-point restraints on known pregnant juveniles, unless—

(aa) credible, reasonable grounds exist to believe the detainee presents an immediate and serious threat of hurting herself, staff, or others; or

(bb) reasonable grounds exist to believe the detainee presents an immediate and credible risk of escape that cannot be reasonably minimized through any other method;

(8) provide for the coordination and maximum utilization of evidence-based and promising juvenile delinquency programs, programs operated by public and private agencies and organizations, and other related programs (such as education, special education, recreation, health, and welfare programs) in the State;

(9) provide that not less than 75 percent of the funds available to the State under section 11132 of this title, other than funds made available to the State advisory group under section 11132(d) of this title, whether expended directly by the State, by the unit of local government, or by a combination thereof, or through grants and contracts with public or private nonprofit agencies, shall be used for, with priority in funding given to entities meeting the criteria for evidence-based or promising programs—

(A) community-based alternatives (including home-based alternatives) to incarceration and institutionalization including—

(i) for status offenders and other youth who need temporary placement: crisis intervention, shelter, and after-care;

(ii) for youth who need residential placement: a continuum of foster care or group home alternatives that provide access to a comprehensive array of services; and

(iii) for youth who need specialized intensive and comprehensive services that address the unique issues encountered by youth when they become involved with gangs;

(B) community-based programs and services to work with—

(i) status offenders, other youth, and the parents and other family members of such offenders and youth to strengthen families, including parent self-help groups, so that juveniles may remain in their homes;

(ii) juveniles during their incarceration, and with their families, to ensure the safe return of such juveniles to their homes and to strengthen the families; and

(iii) parents with limited English-speaking ability, particularly in areas where there is a large population of families with limited-English speaking ability;

(C) comprehensive juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs that meet the needs of youth through the collaboration of the many local systems before which a youth may appear, including schools, courts, law enforcement agencies, child protection agencies, mental health agencies, welfare services, health care agencies, and private nonprofit agencies offering youth services;

(D) programs that provide treatment to juvenile offenders who are victims of child abuse or neglect, and to their families, in order to reduce the likelihood that such juvenile offenders will commit subsequent violations of law;

(E) educational programs or supportive services for at-risk or delinquent youth or other juveniles—

(i) to encourage juveniles to remain in elementary and secondary schools or in alternative learning situations, including for truancy prevention and reduction;

(ii) to provide services to assist juveniles in making the transition to the world of work and self-sufficiency; and

(iii) enhance 2 coordination with the local schools that such juveniles would otherwise attend, to ensure that—

(I) the instruction that juveniles receive outside school is closely aligned with the instruction provided in school; and

(II) information regarding any learning problems identified in such alternative learning situations are communicated to the schools;

(F) programs to expand the use of probation officers—

(i) particularly for the purpose of permitting nonviolent juvenile offenders (including status offenders) to remain at home with their families as an alternative to incarceration or institutionalization; and

(ii) to ensure that juveniles follow the terms of their probation;

(G) programs—

(i) to ensure youth have access to appropriate legal representation; and

(ii) to expand access to publicly supported, court-appointed legal counsel who are trained to represent juveniles in adjudication proceedings,

except that the State may not use more than 2 percent of the funds received under section 11132 of this title for these purposes;

(H) counseling, training, and mentoring programs, which may be in support of academic tutoring, vocational and technical training, and drug and violence prevention counseling, that are designed to link at-risk juveniles, juvenile offenders, or juveniles who have a parent or legal guardian who is or was incarcerated in a Federal, State, tribal, or local correctional facility or who is otherwise under the jurisdiction of a Federal, State, tribal, or local criminal justice system, particularly juveniles residing in low-income and high-crime areas and juveniles experiencing educational failure, with responsible individuals (such as law enforcement officials, Department of Defense personnel, individuals working with local businesses, and individuals working with community-based and faith-based organizations and agencies) who are properly screened and trained;

(I) programs designed to develop and implement projects relating to juvenile delinquency and learning disabilities, including on-the-job training programs to assist community services, law enforcement, and juvenile justice personnel to more effectively recognize and provide for learning disabled and other juveniles with disabilities;

(J) projects designed both to deter involvement in illegal activities and to promote involvement in lawful activities on the part of gangs whose membership is substantially composed of youth;

(K) programs and projects designed to provide for the treatment of youths' dependence on or abuse of alcohol or other addictive or nonaddictive drugs;

(L) programs for positive youth development that assist delinquent and other at-risk youth in obtaining—

(i) a sense of safety and structure;

(ii) a sense of belonging and membership;

(iii) a sense of self-worth and social contribution;

(iv) a sense of independence and control over one's life; and

(v) a sense of closeness in interpersonal relationships;

(M) programs that, in recognition of varying degrees of the seriousness of delinquent behavior and the corresponding gradations in the responses of the juvenile justice system in response to that behavior, are designed to—

(i) encourage courts to develop and implement a continuum of pre-adjudication and post-adjudication alternatives that bridge the gap between traditional probation and confinement in a correctional setting (including specialized or problem-solving courts, expanded use of probation, mediation, restitution, community service, treatment, home detention, intensive supervision, electronic monitoring, and similar programs, and secure community-based treatment facilities linked to other support services such as health, mental health, education (remedial and special), job training, and recreation); and

(ii) assist in the provision of information and technical assistance, including technology transfer, in the design and utilization of risk assessment mechanisms to aid juvenile justice personnel in determining appropriate sanctions for delinquent behavior;

(N) community-based programs and services to work with juveniles, their parents, and other family members during and after incarceration in order to strengthen families and reduce the risk of recidivism;

(O) programs (including referral to literacy programs and social service programs) to assist families with limited English-speaking ability that include delinquent juveniles to overcome language and other barriers that may prevent the complete treatment of such juveniles and the preservation of their families;

(P) programs designed to prevent and to reduce hate crimes committed by juveniles;

(Q) after-school programs that provide at-risk juveniles and juveniles in the juvenile justice system with a range of age-appropriate activities, including tutoring, mentoring, and other educational and enrichment activities;

(R) community-based programs that provide follow-up post-placement services to adjudicated juveniles, to promote successful reintegration into the community;

(S) projects designed to develop and implement programs to protect the rights of juveniles affected by the juvenile justice system;

(T) programs designed to provide mental health or co-occurring disorder services for court-involved or incarcerated juveniles in need of such services, including assessment, development of individualized treatment plans, provision of treatment, and development of discharge plans;

(U) programs and projects designed—

(i) to inform juveniles of the opportunity and process for sealing and expunging juvenile records; and

(ii) to assist juveniles in pursuing juvenile record sealing and expungements for both adjudications and arrests not followed by adjudications;

except that the State may not use more than 2 percent of the funds received under section 11132 of this title for these purposes;

(V) programs that address the needs of girls in or at risk of entering the juvenile justice system, including pregnant girls, young mothers, survivors of commercial sexual exploitation or domestic child sex trafficking, girls with disabilities, and girls of color, including girls who are members of an Indian Tribe; and

(W) monitoring for compliance with the core requirements and providing training and technical assistance on the core requirements to secure facilities;

(10) provide for the development of an adequate research, training, and evaluation capacity within the State;

(11)(A) in accordance with rules issued by the Administrator, provide that a juvenile shall not be placed in a secure detention facility or a secure correctional facility, if—

(i) the juvenile is charged with or has committed an offense that would not be criminal if committed by an adult, excluding—

(I) a juvenile who is charged with or has committed a violation of section 922(x)(2) of title 18 or of a similar State law;

(II) a juvenile who is charged with or has committed a violation of a valid court order issued and reviewed in accordance with paragraph (23); and

(III) a juvenile who is held in accordance with the Interstate Compact on Juveniles as enacted by the State; or

(ii) the juvenile—

(I) is not charged with any offense; and

(II)(aa) is an alien; or

(bb) is alleged to be dependent, neglected, or abused; and

(B) require that—

(i) not later than 3 years after December 21, 2018, unless a court finds, after a hearing and in writing, that it is in the interest of justice, juveniles awaiting trial or other legal process who are treated as adults for purposes of prosecution in criminal court and housed in a secure facility—

(I) shall not have sight or sound contact with adult inmates; and

(II) except as provided in paragraph (13), may not be held in any jail or lockup for adults;

(ii) in determining under clause (i) whether it is in the interest of justice to permit a juvenile to be held in any jail or lockup for adults, or have sight or sound contact with adult inmates, a court shall consider—

(I) the age of the juvenile;

(II) the physical and mental maturity of the juvenile;

(III) the present mental state of the juvenile, including whether the juvenile presents an imminent risk of harm to the juvenile;

(IV) the nature and circumstances of the alleged offense;

(V) the juvenile's history of prior delinquent acts;

(VI) the relative ability of the available adult and juvenile detention facilities to not only meet the specific needs of the juvenile but also to protect the safety of the public as well as other detained youth; and

(VII) any other relevant factor; and

(iii) if a court determines under clause (i) that it is in the interest of justice to permit a juvenile to be held in any jail or lockup for adults—

(I) the court shall hold a hearing not less frequently than once every 30 days, or in the case of a rural jurisdiction, not less frequently than once every 45 days, to review whether it is still in the interest of justice to permit the juvenile to be so held or have such sight or sound contact; and

(II) the juvenile shall not be held in any jail or lockup for adults, or permitted to have sight or sound contact with adult inmates, for more than 180 days, unless the court, in writing, determines there is good cause for an extension or the juvenile expressly waives this limitation;

(12) provide that—

(A) juveniles alleged to be or found to be delinquent or juveniles within the purview of paragraph (11) will not be detained or confined in any institution in which they have sight or sound contact with adult inmates; and

(B) there is in effect in the State a policy that requires individuals who work with both such juveniles and such adult inmates, including in collocated facilities, have been trained and certified to work with juveniles;

(13) provide that no juvenile will be detained or confined in any jail or lockup for adults except—

(A) juveniles who are accused of nonstatus offenses and who are detained in such jail or lockup for a period not to exceed 6 hours—

(i) for processing or release;

(ii) while awaiting transfer to a juvenile facility; or

(iii) in which period such juveniles make a court appearance;

and only if such juveniles do not have sight or sound contact with adult inmates and only if there is in effect in the State a policy that requires individuals who work with both such juveniles and adult inmates in collocated facilities have been trained and certified to work with juveniles;

(B) juveniles who are accused of nonstatus offenses, who are awaiting an initial court appearance that will occur within 48 hours after being taken into custody (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays), and who are detained in a jail or lockup—

(i) in which—

(I) such juveniles do not have sight or sound contact with adult inmates; and

(II) there is in effect in the State a policy that requires individuals who work with both such juveniles and adults inmates in collocated facilities have been trained and certified to work with juveniles; and

(ii) that—

(I) is located outside a metropolitan statistical area (as defined by the Office of Management and Budget) and has no existing acceptable alternative placement available;

(II) is located where conditions of distance to be traveled or the lack of highway, road, or transportation do not allow for court appearances within 48 hours (excluding Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays) so that a brief (not to exceed an additional 48 hours) delay is excusable; or

(III) is located where conditions of safety exist (such as severe adverse, life-threatening weather conditions that do not allow for reasonably safe travel), in which case the time for an appearance may be delayed until 24 hours after the time that such conditions allow for reasonable safe travel;

(14) provide for an effective system of monitoring jails, lock-ups, detention facilities, and correctional facilities to ensure that the core requirements are met, and for annual reporting of the results of such monitoring to the Administrator, except that such reporting requirements shall not apply in the case of a State which is in compliance with the other requirements of this paragraph, which is in compliance with the requirements in paragraphs (11) and (12), and which has enacted legislation which conforms to such requirements and which contains sufficient enforcement mechanisms to ensure that such legislation will be administered effectively;

(15) implement policy, practice, and system improvement strategies at the State, territorial, local, and tribal levels, as applicable, to identify and reduce racial and ethnic disparities among youth who come into contact with the juvenile justice system, without establishing or requiring numerical standards or quotas, by—

(A) establishing or designating existing coordinating bodies, composed of juvenile justice stakeholders, (including representatives of the educational system) at the State, local, or tribal levels, to advise efforts by States, units of local government, and Indian Tribes to reduce racial and ethnic disparities;

(B) identifying and analyzing data on race and ethnicity at decision points in State, local, or tribal juvenile justice systems to determine which such points create racial and ethnic disparities among youth who come into contact with the juvenile justice system; and

(C) developing and implementing a work plan that includes measurable objectives for policy, practice, or other system changes, based on the needs identified in the data collection and analysis under subparagraph (B);

(16) provide assurance that youth in the juvenile justice system are treated equitably on the basis of gender, race, ethnicity, family income, and disability;

(17) provide assurance that consideration will be given to and that assistance will be available for approaches designed to strengthen the families of delinquent and other youth to prevent juvenile delinquency (which approaches should include the involvement of grandparents or other extended family members when possible and appropriate and the provision of family counseling during the incarceration of juvenile family members and coordination of family services when appropriate and feasible);

(18) provide for procedures to be established for protecting the rights of recipients of services and for assuring appropriate privacy with regard to records relating to such services provided to any individual under the State plan;

(19) provide assurances that—

(A) any assistance provided under this chapter will not cause the displacement (including a partial displacement, such as a reduction in the hours of nonovertime work, wages, or employment benefits) of any currently employed employee;

(B) activities assisted under this chapter will not impair an existing collective bargaining relationship, contract for services, or collective bargaining agreement; and

(C) no such activity that would be inconsistent with the terms of a collective bargaining agreement shall be undertaken without the written concurrence of the labor organization involved;

(20) provide for such fiscal control and fund accounting procedures necessary to assure prudent use, proper disbursement, and accurate accounting of funds received under this subchapter;

(21) provide reasonable assurance that Federal funds made available under this part for any period will be so used as to supplement and increase (but not supplant) the level of the State, local, tribal, and other non-Federal funds that would in the absence of such Federal funds be made available for the programs described in this part, and will in no event replace such State, local, tribal, and other non-Federal funds;

(22) provide that the State agency designated under paragraph (1) will—

(A) to the extent practicable give priority in funding to programs and activities that are based on rigorous, systematic, and objective research that is scientifically based;

(B) from time to time, but not less than annually, review its plan and submit to the Administrator an analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the programs and activities carried out under the plan, and any modifications in the plan, including the survey of State and local needs, that it considers necessary; and

(C) not expend funds to carry out a program if the recipient of funds who carried out such program during the preceding 2-year period fails to demonstrate, before the expiration of such 2-year period, that such program achieved substantial success in achieving the goals specified in the application submitted by such recipient to the State agency;

(23) provide that if a juvenile is taken into custody for violating a valid court order issued for committing a status offense—

(A) an appropriate public agency shall be promptly notified that such status offender is held in custody for violating such order;

(B) not later than 24 hours during which such status offender is so held, an authorized representative of such agency shall interview, in person, such status offender;

(C) not later than 48 hours during which such status offender is so held—

(i) such representative shall submit an assessment to the court that issued such order, regarding the immediate needs of such status offender;

(ii) such court shall conduct a hearing to determine—

(I) whether there is reasonable cause to believe that such status offender violated such order; and

(II) the appropriate placement of such status offender pending disposition of the violation alleged; and

(iii) if such court determines the status offender should be placed in a secure detention facility or correctional facility for violating such order—

(I) the court shall issue a written order that—

(aa) identifies the valid court order that has been violated;

(bb) specifies the factual basis for determining that there is reasonable cause to believe that the status offender has violated such order;

(cc) includes findings of fact to support a determination that there is no appropriate less restrictive alternative available to placing the status offender in such a facility, with due consideration to the best interest of the juvenile;

(dd) specifies the length of time, not to exceed 7 days, that the status offender may remain in a secure detention facility or correctional facility, and includes a plan for the status offender's release from such facility; and

(ee) may not be renewed or extended; and

(II) the court may not issue a second or subsequent order described in subclause (I) relating to a status offender unless the status offender violates a valid court order after the date on which the court issues an order described in subclause (I); and

(D) there are procedures in place to ensure that any status offender held in a secure detention facility or correctional facility pursuant to a court order described in this paragraph does not remain in custody longer than 7 days or the length of time authorized by the court, whichever is shorter;

(24) provide an assurance that if the State receives under section 11132 of this title for any fiscal year an amount that exceeds 105 percent of the amount the State received under such section for fiscal year 2000, all of such excess shall be expended through or for programs that are part of a comprehensive and coordinated community system of services;

(25) specify a percentage (if any), not to exceed 5 percent, of funds received by the State under section 11132 of this title (other than funds made available to the State advisory group under section 11132(d) of this title) that the State will reserve for expenditure by the State to provide incentive grants to units of general local government that reduce the caseload of probation officers within such units;

(26) provide that the State, to the maximum extent practicable, and in accordance with confidentiality concerns, will implement a system to ensure that if a juvenile is before a court in the juvenile justice system, public child welfare records (including child protective services records) relating to such juvenile that are on file in the geographical area under the jurisdiction of such court will be made known to such court, so as to provide for—

(A) data in child abuse or neglect reports relating to juveniles entering the juvenile justice system with a prior reported history of arrest, court intake, probation and parole, juvenile detention, and corrections; and

(B) a plan to use the data described in subparagraph (A) to provide necessary services for the treatment of such victims of child abuse or neglect;

(27) provide assurances that juvenile offenders whose placement is funded through section 672 of title 42 receive the protections specified in section 671 of title 42, including a case plan and case plan review as defined in section 675 of title 42;

(28) provide for the coordinated use of funds provided under this subchapter with other Federal and State funds directed at juvenile delinquency prevention and intervention programs;

(29) describe the policies, procedures, and training in effect for the staff of juvenile State correctional facilities to eliminate the use of dangerous practices, unreasonable restraints, and unreasonable isolation, including by developing effective behavior management techniques;

(30) describe—

(A) the evidence-based methods that will be used to conduct mental health and substance abuse screening, assessment, referral, and treatment for juveniles who—

(i) request a screening;

(ii) show signs of needing a screening; or

(iii) are held for a period of more than 24 hours in a secure facility that provides for an initial screening; and

(B) how the State will seek, to the extent practicable, to provide or arrange for mental health and substance abuse disorder treatment for juveniles determined to be in need of such treatment;

(31) describe how reentry planning by the State for juveniles will include—

(A) a written case plan based on an assessment of needs that includes—

(i) the pre-release and post-release plans for the juveniles;

(ii) the living arrangement to which the juveniles are to be discharged; and

(iii) any other plans developed for the juveniles based on an individualized assessment; and

(B) review processes;

(32) provide an assurance that the agency of the State receiving funds under this subchapter collaborates with the State educational agency receiving assistance under part A of title I of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 6311 et seq.) to develop and implement a plan to ensure that, in order to support educational progress—

(A) the student records of adjudicated juveniles, including electronic records if available, are transferred in a timely manner from the educational program in the juvenile detention or secure treatment facility to the educational or training program into which the juveniles will enroll;

(B) the credits of adjudicated juveniles are transferred; and

(C) adjudicated juveniles receive full or partial credit toward high school graduation for secondary school coursework satisfactorily completed before and during the period of time during which the juveniles are held in custody, regardless of the local educational agency or entity from which the credits were earned; and

(33) describe policies and procedures to—

(A) screen for, identify, and document in records of the State the identification of victims of domestic human trafficking, or those at risk of such trafficking, upon intake; and

(B) divert youth described in subparagraph (A) to appropriate programs or services, to the extent practicable.

(b) Approval by State agency

The State agency designated under subsection (a)(1), after receiving and considering the advice and recommendations of the advisory group referred to in subsection (a), shall approve the State plan and any modification thereof prior to submission to the Administrator.

(c) Compliance with statutory requirements

(1) If a State fails to comply with any of the core requirements in any fiscal year, then—

(A) subject to subparagraph (B), the amount allocated to such State under section 11132 of this title for the subsequent fiscal year shall be reduced by not less than 20 percent for each core requirement with respect to which the failure occurs; and

(B) the State shall be ineligible to receive any allocation under such section for such fiscal year unless—

(i) the State agrees to expend 50 percent of the amount allocated to the State for such fiscal year to achieve compliance with any such core requirement with respect to which the State is in noncompliance; or

(ii) the Administrator determines that the State—

(I) has achieved substantial compliance with such applicable requirements with respect to which the State was not in compliance; and

(II) has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance with such applicable requirements within a reasonable time.

(2) Of the total amount of funds not allocated for a fiscal year under paragraph (1)—

(A) 50 percent of the unallocated funds shall be reallocated under section 11132 of this title to States that have not failed to comply with the core requirements; and

(B) 50 percent of the unallocated funds shall be used by the Administrator to provide additional training and technical assistance to States for the purpose of promoting compliance with the core requirements.

(d) Nonsubmission or nonqualification of plan; expenditure of allotted funds; availability of reallocated funds

In the event that any State chooses not to submit a plan, fails to submit a plan, or submits a plan or any modification thereof, which the Administrator, after reasonable notice and opportunity for hearing, in accordance with sections 10222 and 10223 of this title and 3785 of title 42 3, determines does not meet the requirements of this section, the Administrator shall endeavor to make that State's allocation under the provisions of section 11132(a) of this title, excluding funds the Administrator shall make available to satisfy the requirement specified in section 11132(d) of this title, available to local public and private nonprofit agencies within such State for use in carrying out activities of the kinds described in the core requirements. The Administrator shall make funds which remain available after disbursements are made by the Administrator under the preceding sentence, and any other unobligated funds, available on an equitable basis and to those States that have achieved full compliance with the core requirements.

(e) Administrative and supervisory board membership requirements

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Administrator shall establish appropriate administrative and supervisory board membership requirements for a State agency designated under subsection (a)(1) and permit the State advisory group appointed under subsection (a)(3) to operate as the supervisory board for such agency, at the discretion of the chief executive officer of the State.

(f) Technical assistance

(1) In general

The Administrator shall provide technical and financial assistance to an eligible organization composed of member representatives of the State advisory groups appointed under subsection (a)(3) to assist such organization to carry out the functions specified in paragraph (2).

(2) Assistance

To be eligible to receive such assistance, such organization shall agree to carry out activities that include—

(A) disseminating information, data, standards, advanced techniques, and program models;

(B) reviewing Federal policies regarding juvenile justice and delinquency prevention;

(C) advising the Administrator with respect to particular functions or aspects of the work of the Office; and

(D) advising the President and Congress with regard to State perspectives on the operation of the Office and Federal legislation pertaining to juvenile justice and delinquency prevention.

(g) Compliance determination

(1) In general

For each fiscal year, the Administrator shall make a determination regarding whether each State receiving a grant under this subchapter is in compliance or out of compliance with respect to each of the core requirements.

(2) Reporting

The Administrator shall—

(A) issue an annual public report—

(i) describing any determination described in paragraph (1) made during the previous year, including a summary of the information on which the determination is based and the actions to be taken by the Administrator (including a description of any reduction imposed under subsection (c)); and

(ii) for any such determination that a State is out of compliance with any of the core requirements, describing the basis for the determination; and

(B) make the report described in subparagraph (A) available on a publicly available website.

(3) Determinations required

The Administrator may not—

(A) determine that a State is "not out of compliance", or issue any other determination not described in paragraph (1), with respect to any core requirement; or

(B) otherwise fail to make the compliance determinations required under paragraph (1).

(Pub. L. 93–415, title II, §223, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1119; Pub. L. 94–503, title I, §130(b), Oct. 15, 1976, 90 Stat. 2425; Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(B), 4(c), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1048, 1051; Pub. L. 96–509, §§11, 19(g), Dec. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 2755, 2764; Pub. L. 98–473, title II, §626, Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 2111; Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §§7258, 7263(b)(1), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4439, 4447; Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4987; Pub. L. 103–322, title XI, §110201(d), Sept. 13, 1994, 108 Stat. 2012; Pub. L. 104–294, title VI, §604(b)(28), Oct. 11, 1996, 110 Stat. 3508; Pub. L. 105–277, div. A, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)], Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–50, 2681–76; Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(4) [div. B, title I, §142], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–235; Pub. L. 107–273, div. C, title II, §12209, Nov. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 1873; Pub. L. 109–162, title III, §305, Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3016; Pub. L. 115–385, title II, §205, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5131.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(18), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–415, Sept. 7, 1974, 88 Stat. 1109, known as the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1974 Act note set out under section 10101 of this title and Tables.

The Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965, referred to in subsec. (a)(32), is Pub. L. 89–10, Apr. 11, 1965, 79 Stat. 27. Part A of title I of the Act is classified generally to part A (§6311 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 70 of Title 20, Education. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6301 of Title 20 and Tables.

Section 3785 of title 42, referred to in subsec. (d), was repealed by Pub. L. 109–162, title XI, §1155(3), Jan. 5, 2006, 119 Stat. 3114.

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 5633 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, prior to editorial reclassification and renumbering as this section. Some section numbers or references in amendment notes below reflect the classification of such sections or references prior to editorial reclassification.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(A), in introductory provisions, substituted "and shall describe how the State plan is supported by or takes account of scientific knowledge regarding adolescent development and behavior and regarding the effects of delinquency prevention programs and juvenile justice interventions on adolescents. Not later than 60 days after the date on which a plan or amended plan submitted under this subsection is finalized, a State shall make the plan or amended plan publicly available by posting the plan or amended plan on the State's publicly available website." for "and shall describe the status of compliance with State plan requirements."

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(B), substituted "as designated by the chief executive officer of the State" for "described in section 11181(c)(1) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(I), inserted "adolescent development," after "concerning".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(III). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(aa), substituted "child and adolescent mental health, education, child and adolescent substance abuse, special education, services for youth with disabilities" for "mental health, education, special education".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(V). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(bb), substituted "delinquent youth or youth at risk of delinquency" for "delinquents or potential delinquents".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(VI). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(cc), substituted "representatives of" for "youth workers involved with".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii)(VIII) to (X). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(II)(dd), (ee), added subcls. (VIII) to (X) and struck out former subcl. (VIII) which read as follows: "persons with special experience and competence in addressing problems related to learning disabilities, emotional difficulties, child abuse and neglect, and youth violence;".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(iv). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(III), substituted "28 at the time of initial appointment" for "24 at the time of appointment".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(v). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(i)(IV), inserted "or, if not feasible and in appropriate circumstances, who is the parent or guardian of someone who has been or is currently under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system" after "juvenile justice system".

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(ii), substituted "45 days" for "30 days".

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iii)(I), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iii)(II), substituted "at least every 2 years a report and necessary recommendations regarding State compliance with the core requirements" for "at least annually recommendations regarding State compliance with the requirements of paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)".

Subsec. (a)(3)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iv)(I), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(E)(ii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(C)(iv)(II), substituted semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(D), substituted "Indian Tribes that agree to attempt to comply with the core requirements applicable to the detention and confinement of juveniles" for "Indian tribes that perform law enforcement functions (as determined by the Secretary of the Interior) and that agree to attempt to comply with the requirements specified in paragraphs (11), (12), and (13), applicable to the detention and confinement of juveniles".

Subsec. (a)(7)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(E)(i), substituted "has jurisdiction" for "performs law enforcement functions".

Subsec. (a)(7)(B)(iv) to (ix). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(E)(ii), added cls. (iv) to (ix) and struck out former cl. (iv) which read as follows: "a plan for providing needed mental health services to juveniles in the juvenile justice system, including information on how such plan is being implemented and how such services will be targeted to those juveniles in such system who are in greatest need of such services;".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(F), substituted "evidence-based and promising" for "existing".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(i), inserted ", with priority in funding given to entities meeting the criteria for evidence-based or promising programs" after "used for" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9)(A)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ii)(I)(aa), inserted "status offenders and other" before "youth who need".

Subsec. (a)(9)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ii)(I)(bb)–(III), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (a)(9)(B)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(iii), substituted "status offenders, other youth, and the parents and other family members of such offenders and youth" for "parents and other family members" and "remain" for "be retained".

Subsec. (a)(9)(E). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(iv)(I), substituted "at-risk or delinquent youth" for "delinquent" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9)(E)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(iv)(II), inserted ", including for truancy prevention and reduction" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(9)(F). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(v), substituted "programs to expand" for "expanding" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(9)(G). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vii), added subpar. (G). Former subpar. (G) redesignated (H).

Subsec. (a)(9)(H). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (viii), redesignated subpar. (G) as (H) and substituted "State, tribal," for "State," in two places. Former subpar. (H) redesignated (I).

Subsec. (a)(9)(I) to (L). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), redesignated subpars. (H) to (K) as (I) to (L), respectively. Former subpar. (L) redesignated (M).

Subsec. (a)(9)(M). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), redesignated subpar. (L) as (M). Former subpar. (M) redesignated (N).

Subsec. (a)(9)(M)(i). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ix)(I), substituted "continuum of pre-adjudication and post-adjudication alternatives" for "continuum of post-adjudication restraints" and inserted "specialized or problem-solving courts," after "(including".

Subsec. (a)(9)(M)(ii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(ix)(II), struck out "by the provision by the Administrator" before "of information" and "to States" before "in the design".

Subsec. (a)(9)(N). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (x), redesignated subpar. (M) as (N), inserted "and reduce the risk of recidivism" after "families", and struck out "so that such juveniles may be retained in their homes" before semicolon at end. Former subpar. (N) redesignated (O).

Subsec. (a)(9)(O) to (R). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), redesignated subpars. (N) to (Q) as (O) to (R), respectively. Former subpar. (R) redesignated (S).

Subsec. (a)(9)(S). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (xi), redesignated subpar. (R) as (S) and struck out "and" at end. Former subpar. (S) redesignated (T).

Subsec. (a)(9)(T). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(vi), (xii), redesignated subpar. (S) as (T) and substituted "mental health or co-occurring disorder services for court-involved or incarcerated juveniles in need of such services, including assessment, development of individualized treatment plans, provision of treatment, and development of discharge plans;" for "mental health services for incarcerated juveniles suspected to be in need of such services, including assessment, development of individualized treatment plans, and discharge plans."

Subsec. (a)(9)(U) to (W). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(G)(xiii), added subpars. (U) to (W).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(H), added par. (11) and struck out former par. (11) which prohibited placement of juveniles in secure detention facilities or secure correctional facilities under certain circumstances.

Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(I), substituted "sight or sound contact" for "contact".

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(J), substituted "sight or sound contact" for "contact" in concluding provisions of subpar. (A) and in subpar. (B)(i)(I).

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(K), substituted "an effective system of monitoring jails, lock-ups, detention facilities, and correctional facilities to ensure that the core requirements are met" for "an adequate system of monitoring jails, detention facilities, correctional facilities, and non-secure facilities to insure that the requirements of paragraphs (11), (12), and (13) are met" and struck out ", in the opinion of the Administrator," before "sufficient enforcement mechanisms".

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(O), added par. (15). Former par. (15) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(N), (P), redesignated par. (15) as (16) and inserted "ethnicity," after "race,". Former par. (16) redesignated (17).

Subsec. (a)(17) to (20). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(N), redesignated pars. (16) to (19) as (17) to (20), respectively. Former par. (20) redesignated (21).

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(N), (Q), redesignated par. (20) as (21) and substituted "local, tribal," for "local," in two places. Former par. (21) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(L), (N), redesignated par. (21) as (22) and struck out former par. (22) which read as follows: "address juvenile delinquency prevention efforts and system improvement efforts designed to reduce, without establishing or requiring numerical standards or quotas, the disproportionate number of juvenile members of minority groups, who come into contact with the juvenile justice system;".

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(R)(i), substituted "such status offender" for "such juvenile" wherever appearing in subpars. (A) to (C).

Subsec. (a)(23)(C)(iii). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(R)(iii), added cl. (iii).

Subsec. (a)(23)(D). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(R)(ii), (iv), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (a)(26). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(S), inserted "and in accordance with confidentiality concerns," after "maximum extent practicable," and substituted "known to such court, so as to provide for—" and subpars. (A) and (B) for "known to such court;".

Subsec. (a)(27). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(L), (M), redesignated par. (28) as (27) and struck out former par. (27) which read as follows: "establish policies and systems to incorporate relevant child protective services records into juvenile justice records for purposes of establishing and implementing treatment plans for juvenile offenders; and".

Subsec. (a)(28) to (33). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(1)(T), (U), added pars. (28) to (33). Former par. (28) redesignated (27).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(2), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) set out consequences for States that failed to comply with certain statutory requirements in subsec. (a) of this section in any fiscal year beginning after Sept. 30, 2001.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(3), substituted "described in the core requirements" for "described in paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (22) of subsection (a)" and "the core requirements" for "the requirements under paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (22) of subsection (a)".

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(4), redesignated subpars. (B) to (E) as (A) to (D), respectively, and struck out former subpar. (A) which read as follows: "conducting an annual conference of such member representatives for purposes relating to the activities of such State advisory groups;".

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 115–385, §205(5), added subsec. (g).

2006—Subsec. (a)(7)(B)(i) to (iv). Pub. L. 109–162 added cl. (i) and redesignated former cls. (i) to (iii) as (ii) to (iv), respectively.

2002—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(A), substituted ", projects, and activities" for "and challenge activities subsequent to State participation in part E of this subchapter" in second sentence of introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(i), substituted "that—" for ", which—" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(ii), substituted ", the administration of juvenile justice, or the reduction of juvenile delinquency" for "or the administration of juvenile justice".

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(iii)(I), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(B)(iii)(II), substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)" for "paragraphs (12), (13), and (14) and with progress relating to challenge activities carried out pursuant to part E of this subchapter".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(C)(i), substituted "reduced by the percentage (if any) specified by the State under the authority of paragraph (25) and excluding" for ", other than" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(5)(C). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(C)(ii), substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)" for "paragraphs (12)(A), (13), and (14)".

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(D), (S), redesignated par. (7) as (6) and struck out former par. (6) which read as follows: "provide that the chief executive officer of the unit of local government shall assign responsibility for the preparation and administration of the local government's part of a State plan, or for the supervision of the preparation and administration of the local government's part of the State plan, to that agency within the local government's structure or to a regional planning agency (hereinafter in this part referred to as the 'local agency') which can most effectively carry out the purposes of this part and shall provide for supervision of the programs funded under this part by that local agency;".

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (8) as (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (6).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(E), inserted ", including in rural areas" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (9) as (8). Former par. (8) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (a)(8)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(F)(i), substituted "for an analysis of juvenile delinquency problems in, and the juvenile delinquency control and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) of, the State" for "for (i) an analysis of juvenile crime problems (including the joining of gangs that commit crimes) and juvenile justice and delinquency prevention needs (including educational needs) within the relevant jurisdiction" and "of the State; and" for "of the jurisdiction; (ii) an indication of the manner in which the programs relate to other similar State or local programs which are intended to address the same or similar problems; and (iii) a plan for the concentration of State efforts which shall coordinate all State juvenile delinquency programs with respect to overall policy and development of objectives and priorities for all State juvenile delinquency programs and activities, including provision for regular meetings of State officials with responsibility in the area of juvenile justice and delinquency prevention;".

Subsec. (a)(8)(B). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(F)(ii), amended subpar. (B) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (B) read as follows: "contain—

"(i) an analysis of gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency, including the types of such services available and the need for such services for females; and

"(ii) a plan for providing needed gender-specific services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency;".

Subsec. (a)(8)(C), (D). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(F)(iii), struck out subpars. (C) and (D) which read as follows:

"(C) contain—

"(i) an analysis of services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in rural areas, including the need for such services, the types of such services available in rural areas, and geographically unique barriers to providing such services; and

"(ii) a plan for providing needed services for the prevention and treatment of juvenile delinquency in rural areas; and

"(D) contain—

"(i) an analysis of mental health services available to juveniles in the juvenile justice system (including an assessment of the appropriateness of the particular placements of juveniles in order to receive such services) and of barriers to access to such services; and

"(ii) a plan for providing needed mental health services to juveniles in the juvenile justice system;".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (10) as (9). Former par. (9) redesignated (8).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(G), amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "provide for the active consultation with and participation of private agencies in the development and execution of the State plan; and provide for coordination and maximum utilization of existing juvenile delinquency programs and other related programs, such as education, special education, recreation, health, and welfare within the State;".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (11) as (10). Former par. (10) redesignated (9).

Subsec. (a)(10)(A). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(i), substituted "including" for ", specifically" in introductory provisions, redesignated cls. (ii) and (iii) as (i) and (ii), respectively, and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "for youth who can remain at home with assistance: home probation and programs providing professional supervised group activities or individualized mentoring relationships with adults that involve the family and provide counseling and other supportive services;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(D). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(ii), amended subpar. (D) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (D) read as follows: "projects designed to develop and implement programs stressing advocacy activities aimed at improving services for and protecting the rights of youth affected by the juvenile justice system;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(E). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(iii), substituted "juveniles—" for "juveniles, provided equitably regardless of sex, race, or family income, designed to—" in introductory provisions, added cls. (i) and (ii), redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii), and struck out former cl. (i) which read as follows: "encourage juveniles to remain in elementary and secondary schools or in alternative learning situations, including—

"(I) education in settings that promote experiential, individualized learning and exploration of academic and career options;

"(II) assistance in making the transition to the world of work and self-sufficiency;

"(III) alternatives to suspension and expulsion; and

"(IV) programs to counsel delinquent juveniles and other juveniles regarding the opportunities that education provides; and".

Subsec. (a)(10)(F). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(iv), amended subpar. (F) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (F) read as follows: "expanded use of home probation and recruitment and training of home probation officers, other professional and paraprofessional personnel, and volunteers to work effectively to allow youth to remain at home with their families as an alternative to incarceration or institutionalization;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(G). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(v), amended subpar. (G) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (G) read as follows: "youth-initiated outreach programs designed to assist youth (including youth with limited proficiency in English) who otherwise would not be reached by traditional youth assistance programs;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(vii), substituted "juveniles with disabilities" for "handicapped youth".

Subsec. (a)(10)(K). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(viii), (xiii), redesignated subpar. (L) as (K) and struck out former subpar. (K) which read as follows: "law-related education programs (and projects) for delinquent and at-risk youth designed to prevent juvenile delinquency;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(L). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiii), redesignated subpar. (M) as (L). Former subpar. (L) redesignated (K).

Subsec. (a)(10)(L)(vi). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(ix), struck out cl. (vi) which read as follows: "a sense of competence and mastery including health and physical competence, personal and social competence, cognitive and creative competence, vocational competence, and citizenship competence, including ethics and participation;".

Subsec. (a)(10)(M). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiii), redesignated subpar. (N) as (M). Former subpar. (M) redesignated (L).

Subsec. (a)(10)(M)(i). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(x), struck out "boot camps" after "electronic monitoring,".

Subsec. (a)(10)(N). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiii), redesignated subpar. (O) as (N). Former subpar. (N) redesignated (M).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xi), amended subpar. (N) generally. Prior to amendment, subpar. (N) read as follows: "programs designed to prevent and reduce hate crimes committed by juveniles, including educational programs and sentencing programs designed specifically for juveniles who commit hate crimes and that provide alternatives to incarceration; and".

Subsec. (a)(10)(O). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiv), added subpar. (O). Former subpar. (O) redesignated (N).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xii), substituted "other barriers" for "cultural barriers" and semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(10)(P) to (S). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(H)(xiv), added subpars. (P) to (S).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (12) as (11). Former par. (11) redesignated (10).

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (13) as (12). Former par. (12) redesignated (11).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(I), amended par. (12) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (12) read as follows:

"(A) provide within three years after submission of the initial plan that juveniles who are charged with or who have committed offenses that would not be criminal if committed by an adult or offenses (other than an offense that constitutes a violation of a valid court order or a violation of section 922(x) of title 18 or a similar State law), or alien juveniles in custody, or such nonoffenders as dependent or neglected children, shall not be placed in secure detention facilities or secure correctional facilities; and

"(B) provide that the State shall submit annual reports to the Administrator containing a review of the progress made by the State to achieve the deinstitutionalization of juveniles described in subparagraph (A) and a review of the progress made by the State to provide that such juveniles, if placed in facilities, are placed in facilities which (i) are the least restrictive alternatives appropriate to the needs of the child and the community; (ii) are in reasonable proximity to the family and the home communities of such juveniles; and (iii) provide the services described in section 5603(1) of this title;".

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (14) as (13). Former par. (13) redesignated (12).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(J), amended par. (13) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (13) read as follows: "provide that juveniles alleged to be or found to be delinquent and youths within the purview of paragraph (12) shall not be detained or confined in any institution in which they have contact with adult persons incarcerated because they have been convicted of a crime or are awaiting trial on criminal charges or with the part-time or full-time security staff (including management) or direct-care staff of a jail or lockup for adults;".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (15) as (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (13).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(K), amended par. (14) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (14) read as follows: "provide that no juvenile shall be detained or confined in any jail or lockup for adults, except that the Administrator shall, through 1997, promulgate regulations which make exceptions with regard to the detention of juveniles accused of nonstatus offenses who are awaiting an initial court appearance pursuant to an enforceable State law requiring such appearances within twenty-four hours (except in the case of Alaska where such time limit may be forty-eight hours in fiscal years 2000 through 2002) after being taken into custody (excluding weekends and holidays) provided that such exceptions are limited to areas that are in compliance with paragraph (13) and—

"(A)(i) are outside a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area; and

"(ii) have no existing acceptable alternative placement available;

"(B) are located where conditions of distance to be traveled or the lack of highway, road, or other ground transportation do not allow for court appearances within 24 hours, so that a brief (not to exceed 48 hours) delay is excusable; or

"(C) are located where conditions of safety exist (such as severely adverse, life-threatening weather conditions that do not allow for reasonably safe travel), in which case the time for an appearance may be delayed until 24 hours after the time that such conditions allow for reasonably safe travel;".

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (16) as (15). Former par. (15) redesignated (14).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(L), substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), and (13)" for "paragraph (12)(A), paragraph (13), and paragraph (14)" and "paragraphs (11) and (12)" for "paragraph (12)(A) and paragraph (13)".

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (17) as (16). Former par. (16) redesignated (15).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(M), substituted "disability" for "mentally, emotionally, or physically handicapping conditions".

Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated pars. (18) and (19) as (17) and (18), respectively. Former par. (17) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (20) as (19). Former par. (19) redesignated (18).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(N), amended par. (19) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (19) read as follows: "provide that fair and equitable arrangements shall be made to protect the interests of employees affected by assistance under this chapter and shall provide for the terms and conditions of such protective arrangements established pursuant to this section, and such protective arrangements shall, to the maximum extent feasible, include, without being limited to, such provisions as may be necessary for—

"(A) the preservation of rights, privileges, and benefits (including continuation of pension rights and benefits) under existing collective-bargaining agreements or otherwise;

"(B) the continuation of collective-bargaining rights;

"(C) the protection of individual employees against a worsening of their positions with respect to their employment;

"(D) assurances of employment to employees of any State or political subdivision thereof who will be affected by any program funded in whole or in part under provisions of this chapter; and

"(E) training or retraining programs;".

Subsec. (a)(20), (21). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated pars. (21) and (22) as (20) and (21), respectively. Former par. (20) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (23) as (22). Former par. (22) redesignated (21).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(O), amended par. (22) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (22) read as follows: "provide that the State agency designated under paragraph (1) will from time to time, but not less often than annually, review its plan and submit to the Administrator an analysis and evaluation of the effectiveness of the programs and activities carried out under the plan, and any modifications in the plan, including the survey of State and local needs, which it considers necessary;".

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (24) as (23). Former par. (23) redesignated (22).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(P), amended par. (23) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (23) read as follows: "address efforts to reduce the proportion of juveniles detained or confined in secure detention facilities, secure correctional facilities, jails, and lockups who are members of minority groups if such proportion exceeds the proportion such groups represent in the general population;".

Subsec. (a)(24). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (25) as (24). Former par. (24) redesignated (23).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(Q), amended par. (24) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (24) read as follows: "contain such other terms and conditions as the Administrator may reasonably prescribe to assure the effectiveness of the programs assisted under this subchapter; and".

Subsec. (a)(25). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(T), added par. (25).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(S), redesignated par. (25) as (24).

Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(R), substituted "fiscal year 2000" for "fiscal year 1992" and a semicolon for period at end.

Subsec. (a)(26) to (28). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(1)(T), added pars. (26) to (28).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(2), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows:

"(1) Subject to paragraph (2), the Administrator shall approve any State plan and any modification thereof that meets the requirements of this section.

"(2) Failure to achieve compliance with the subsection (a)(12)(A) requirement within the 3-year time limitation shall terminate any State's eligibility for funding under this part for a fiscal year beginning before January 1, 1993, unless the Administrator determines that the State is in substantial compliance with the requirement, through achievement of deinstitutionalization of not less than 75 percent of such juveniles or through removal of 100 percent of such juveniles from secure correctional facilities, and has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance within a reasonable time not exceeding 2 additional years.

"(3) If a State fails to comply with the requirements of subsection (a), (12)(A), (13), (14), or (23) of this section in any fiscal year beginning after January 1, 1993—

"(A) subject to subparagraph (B), the amount allotted under section 5632 of this title to the State for that fiscal year shall be reduced by 25 percent for each such paragraph with respect to which noncompliance occurs; and

"(B) the State shall be ineligible to receive any allotment under that section for such fiscal year unless—

"(i) the State agrees to expend all the remaining funds the State receives under this part (excluding funds required to be expended to comply with section 5632(c) and (d) of this title and with subsection (a)(5)(C) of this section) for that fiscal year only to achieve compliance with any such paragraph with respect to which the State is in noncompliance; or

"(ii) the Administrator determines, in the discretion of the Administrator, that the State—

"(I) has achieved substantial compliance with each such paragraph with respect to which the State was not in compliance; and

"(II) has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance within a reasonable time."

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(3), substituted "allocation" for "allotment" and substituted "paragraphs (11), (12), (13), and (22) of subsection (a)" for "subsection (a)(12)(A), (13), (14) and (23)" in two places.

Subsecs. (e), (f). Pub. L. 107–273, §12209(4), added subsecs. (e) and (f).

2000—Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 106–554 inserted "(except in the case of Alaska where such time limit may be forty-eight hours in fiscal years 2000 through 2002)" after "twenty-four hours" in introductory provisions.

1998—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(i)], substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government" after "participation of" and "units of local government" for "local governments" after "requests of".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(ii)], substituted "units of local government" for "units of general local government" in subpar. (A) and "unit of local government" for "unit of general local government" in subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(iii)], substituted "unit of local government" for "unit of general local government".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 105–277, §101(b) [title I, §129(a)(2)(C)(iv)], substituted "unit of local government" for "unit of general local government" in introductory provisions.

1996—Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 104–294 substituted "similar State law)" for "similar State law)."

1994—Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 103–322 substituted "(other than an offense that constitutes a violation of a valid court order or a violation of section 922(x) of title 18 or a similar State law)." for "which do not constitute violations of valid court orders".

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(I), substituted "programs and challenge activities subsequent to State participation in part E of this subchapter. The State" for "programs, and the State" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(II), made technical amendment to reference to section 5671 of this title to reflect renumbering of corresponding section of original act.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(III), amended par. (3) generally, revising and restating as subpars. (A) to (E) provisions formerly appearing in text containing unindented subpars. (A) to (F).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(IV), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A), redesignated former cls. (A) to (C) as (i) to (iii), respectively, inserted "(including educational needs)" after "delinquency prevention needs" in two places in cl. (i), and added subpars. (B) to (D).

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(V), inserted "recreation," after "special education,".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(VI), amended par. (10) generally, revising and restating as introductory provisions and subpars. (A) to (O) provisions of former introductory provisions and subpars. (A) to (L).

Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(VII), inserted "or alien juveniles in custody," after "court orders,".

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(VIII), struck out "regular" before "contact with" and inserted "or with the part-time or full-time security staff (including management) or direct-care staff of a jail or lockup for adults".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(IX)(bb), (cc), in introductory provisions substituted "1997" for "1993" and "areas that are in compliance with paragraph (13) and" for "areas which", added subpars. (A) to (C), and struck out former subpars. (A) to (C) which read as follows:

"(A) are outside a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area,

"(B) have no existing acceptable alternative placement available, and

"(C) are in compliance with the provisions of paragraph (13);".

Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(IX)(aa), which directed the amendment of par. (14) by striking out "; beginning after the five-year period following December 8, 1980," was executed by striking out ", beginning after the five-year period following December 8, 1980," after "provide that" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(16). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(X), amended par. (16) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (16) read as follows: "provide assurance that assistance will be available on an equitable basis to deal with disadvantaged youth including, but not limited to, females, minority youth, and mentally retarded and emotionally or physically handicapped youth;".

Subsec. (a)(17). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(XI), substituted "the families" for "and maintain the family units" and "delinquency (which" for "delinquency. Such" and inserted before semicolon "and the provision of family counseling during the incarceration of juvenile family members and coordination of family services when appropriate and feasible)".

Subsec. (a)(25). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(i)(XII)–(XIV), added par. (25).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(ii), amended subsec. (c) generally, revising and restating as pars. (1) to (3) provisions of former pars. (1) to (4).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(A)(iii), inserted ", excluding funds the Administrator shall make available to satisfy the requirement specified in section 5632(d) of this title," and substituted "activities of the kinds described in subsection (a)(12)(A), (13), (14) and (23)" for "the purposes of subsection (a)(12)(A), subsection (a)(13), or subsection (a)(14)" and "subsection (a)(12)(A), (13), (14) and (23)" for "subsection (a)(12)(A) and subsection (a)(13)".

1988—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §7263(b)(1), made technical amendment to reference to section 5671 of this title to reflect renumbering of corresponding section of original act.

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(a)(1), substituted in introductory provisions "shall be expended" for "shall be expended through", in subpar. (A) substituted "through programs" for "programs" and struck out "and" at end, in subpar. (B) substituted "through programs" for "programs" and inserted "and" after semicolon, and added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (a)(8)(A). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(a)(2), substituted "relevant jurisdiction (including any geographical area in which an Indian tribe performs law enforcement functions)" for "relevant jurisdiction" and "juvenile crime problems (including the joining of gangs that commit crimes)" for "juvenile crime problems" in two places.

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(b), substituted "1993" for "1989", substituted a semicolon for the period at end of subpar. (iii), and redesignated subpars. (i) to (iii) as subpars. (A) to (C), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(23), (24). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(c), added par. (23) and redesignated former par. (23) as (24).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(d)(1)–(3), designated existing provisions as par. (1), substituted "part" for "subpart", and struck out last sentence which read as follows: "Failure to achieve compliance with the requirements of subsection (a)(14) of this section, within the 5-year time limitation shall terminate any State's eligibility for funding under this subpart, unless the Administrator determines that (1) the State is in substantial compliance with such requirements through the achievement of not less than 75 percent removal of juveniles from jails and lockups for adults; and (2) the State has made, through appropriate executive or legislative action, an unequivocal commitment to achieving full compliance within a reasonable time, not to exceed 3 additional years."

Subsec. (c)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 100–690, §7258(d)(4), added pars. (2) to (4).

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(9), (10), struck out provision after numbered paragraphs which read as follows: "such plan may at the discretion of the Associate Administrator be incorporated into the plan specified in section 3743 of this title. Such plan shall be modified by the State, as soon as practicable after December 8, 1980, in order to comply with the requirements of paragraph (14)."

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(1), substituted "agency described in section 5671(c)(1) of this title" for "criminal justice council established by the State under section 3742(b)(1) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(2), struck out "(hereafter referred to in this part as the 'State criminal justice council')" before "has or will have authority".

Subsec. (a)(3)(C). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(A), in amending subpar. (C) generally, designated provisions following "representatives of private organizations" as cl. (i) and inserted ", including those with a special focus on maintaining and strengthening the family unit", designated provisions following "which utilize" as cl. (ii) and inserted "representatives of organizations which", added cl. (iii), designated provisions following "business groups" as cl. (iv), designated the remainder of subpar. (C) as cl. (v) and substituted "family, school violence and vandalism, and learning disabilities," for "school violence and vandalism and the problem of learning disabilities; and organizations which represent employees affected by this chapter,".

Subsec. (a)(3)(F). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(B)(i), substituted "agency designated under paragraph (1)" for "criminal justice council" in three places.

Subsec. (a)(3)(F)(ii). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(B)(ii), substituted "paragraphs (12), (13), and (14)" for "paragraph (12)(A) and paragraph (13)".

Subsec. (a)(3)(F)(iv). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(3)(B)(iii), substituted "paragraphs (12), (13), and (14)" for "paragraph (12)(A) and paragraph (13)" and struck out "in advising on the State's maintenance of effort under section 3793a of this title," before "and in review".

Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(4), inserted "special education,".

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(A), in provisions preceding subpar. (A), substituted "programs for juveniles, including those processed in the criminal justice system," for "programs for juveniles" and "provide for effective rehabilitation, and facilitate the coordination of services between the juvenile justice and criminal justice systems" for "and provide for effective rehabilitation".

Subsec. (a)(10)(E). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(B), inserted ", including programs to counsel delinquent youth and other youth regarding the opportunities which education provides".

Subsec. (a)(10)(F). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(C), inserted "and their families".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H)(iii). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(D)(i), substituted "National Advisory Committee for Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention made before October 12, 1984, standards for the improvement of juvenile justice within the State;" for "Advisory Committee, standards for the improvement of juvenile justice within the State; or".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H)(v). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(D)(ii), (iii), added cl. (v).

Subsec. (a)(10)(I). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(E), struck out "and" at end.

Subsec. (a)(10)(J). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(F), struck out "juvenile gangs and their members" and inserted "gangs whose membership is substantially composed of juveniles".

Subsec. (a)(10)(K), (L). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(5)(G), added subpars. (K) and (L).

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(6), in amending par. (14) generally, inserted ", through 1989," after "shall" and substituted provisions relating to exceptions for former provisions which related to the special needs of areas characterized by low population density with respect to the detention of juveniles and exceptions for temporary detention in adult facilities of juveniles accused of serious crimes against persons.

Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), (12), added par. (17) and redesignated former par. (17) as (18). Former par. (18) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated par. (18) as (19). Former par. (19) redesignated (20).

Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(7), in provisions preceding (A), substituted "shall be" for "are" after "arrangements" and substituted "chapter and shall provide for the terms and conditions of such protective arrangements established pursuant to this section, and such" for "chapter. Such", inserted "and" at end of subpar. (D), substituted a semicolon for the period at end of subpar. (E), and struck out last sentence, which read as follows: "The State plan shall provide for the terms and conditions of the protection arrangements established pursuant to this section;".

Subsec. (a)(20), (21). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated pars. (19) and (20) as (20) and (21), respectively. Former par. (21) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated par. (21) as (22). Former par. (22) redesignated (23).

Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(8), substituted "agency designated under paragraph (1)" for "criminal justice council".

Subsec. (a)(23). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(a)(11), redesignated par. (22) as (23).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(b), substituted "agency designated under subsection (a)(1)" for "criminal justice council designated pursuant to section 5633(a) of this title" and "subsection (a)" for "section 5633(a) of this title".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(c), substituted "3" for "2" before "additional years".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–473, §626(d), made a conforming amendment to the reference to sections 3783, 3784, and 3785 of this title to reflect the renumbering of the corresponding sections of the original act.

1980—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(1), in provisions preceding par. (1), provided for 3-year, rather than annual, plans and annually submitted performance reports which describe the progress in implementing programs contained in the original plan and the status of compliance with State plan requirements.

Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(B), 19(g)(11), in provisions following par. (22), substituted reference to section 3743 of this title for reference to section 3733(a) of this title and inserted provision that plans be modified by States as soon as possible after Dec. 8, 1980, in order to comply with the requirements of par. (14).

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(1), substituted "State criminal justice council established by the State under section 3742(b)(1) of this title" for "State planning agency established by the State under section 3723 of this title".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(2), substituted "criminal justice council" for "planning agency".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(2), 19(g)(3), provided that State advisory groups shall consist of between 15 and 33 members rather than between 21 and 33 members and substituted "juvenile delinquency" for "a juvenile delinquency".

Subsec. (a)(3)(B). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(3), provided that locally elected officials be included on State advisory groups and made clear that special education departments be included along with other public agencies for representation on State advisory groups.

Subsec. (a)(3)(E). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(4), provided that one-fifth of the members of State advisory groups be under 24 years of age at the time of their appointment, rather than one-third under 26 years of age.

Subsec. (a)(3)(F). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(5), (6), 19(g)(4), substituted in cl. (i) "criminal justice council" for "planning agency", in cl. (ii) provision that the State advisory groups submit recommendations to the Governor and the legislature at least annually regarding matters related to its functions for provision that the State advisory groups advise the Governor and the legislature on matters related to its functions as requested, in cl. (iii) "criminal justice council" for "planning agency other than those subject to review by the State's judicial planning committee established pursuant to section 3723(c) of this title", in cl. (iv) "criminal justice council and local criminal justice advisory" for "planning agency and regional planning unit supervisory" and "section 3793a of this title" for "sections 3768(b) and 5671(b) of this title", and added cl. (v).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(7), provided that State juvenile justice plan requirements conform to State criminal justice application requirements and required a State concentration of effort to coordinate State juvenile delinquency programs and policy.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(8)(A)–(C), in provisions preceding subpar. (A), clarified that the advanced techniques described in this paragraph are to be used to provide community-based alternatives to "secure" juvenile detention and correctional facilities and that advanced techniques can be used for the purpose of providing programs for juveniles who have committed serious crimes, particularly programs designed to improve sentencing procedures, provide resources necessary for informed dispositions, and provide for effective rehabilitation.

Subsec. (a)(10)(A). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(9), inserted provisions for inclusion of education and special education programs among community-based programs and services.

Subsec. (a)(10)(E). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(10), clarified that educational programs included as advanced techniques should be designed to encourage delinquent and other youth to remain in school.

Subsec. (a)(10)(H). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(11), provided that statewide programs through the use of subsidies or other financial incentives to units of local government be designed to (1) remove juveniles from jails and lock-ups for adults, (2) replicate juvenile programs designed as exemplary by the National Institute of Justice, (3) establish and adopt standards for the improvement of juvenile justice within the State, or, (4) increase the use of nonsecure, community-based facilities and discourage the use of secure incarceration and detention.

Subsec. (a)(10)(I). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(12), revised subpar. (I) to provide that advanced technique programs designed to develop and implement projects relating to juvenile delinquency and learning disabilities include on-the-job training programs to assist law enforcement and juvenile justice personnel to more effectively recognize and provide for learning disabled and other handicapped juveniles.

Subsec. (a)(10)(J). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(8)(D), added subpar. (J).

Subsec. (a)(11). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(5), substituted "provide" for "provides".

Subsec. (a)(12)(A). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(13), clarified that juveniles who are charged with or who have committed offenses that would not be criminal if committed by an adult shall not be placed in secure detention facilities or secure correctional facilities rather than simply, as formerly, juvenile detention or correctional facilities.

Subsec. (a)(12)(B). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(6), substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(15)(A), added par. (14). Former par. (14) redesignated (15).

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(14), (15)(A), 19(g)(7), redesignated former par. (14) as (15) and in par. (15) as so redesignated, provided that the annual reporting requirements of the results of the monitoring required by this section can be waived for States which have complied with the requirements of par. (12)(A), par. (13), and par. (14), and which have enacted legislation, conforming to those requirements, which contains, in the opinion of the Administrator, sufficient enforcement mechanisms to ensure that such legislation will be administered effectively and substituted "to the Administrator" for "to the Associate Administrator". Former par. (15) redesignated (16).

Subsec. (a)(16), (17). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(15)(A), redesignated former pars. (15) and (16) as (16) and (17), respectively. Former par. (17) redesignated (18).

Subsec. (a)(18). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(A), 19(g)(8), redesignated former par. (17) as (18) and, in subpar. (A) of par. (18) as so redesignated, substituted "preservation of rights" for "preservation or rights". Former par. (18) redesignated (19).

Subsec. (a)(19), (20). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(a)(15)(A), redesignated former pars. (18) and (19) as (19) and (20), respectively.

Subsec. (a)(21). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(A), 19(g)(9), redesignated former par. (20) as (21) and substituted "State criminal justice council will from time to time, but not less often than annually, review its plan and submit to the Administrator" for "State planning agency will from time to time, but not less often than annually, review its plan and submit to the Associate Administrator". Former par. (21) redesignated (22).

Subsec. (a)(22). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(a)(15)(A), 19(g)(10), redesignated former par. (21) as (22) and substituted "Administrator" for "Associate Administrator".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–509, §19(g)(12), substituted "criminal justice council" for "planning agency".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–509, §11(b), made conforming amendment, redefined "substantial compliance" with regard to subsection (a)(12)(A) of this section to include either 75 percent deinstitutionalization of juveniles who are charged with or who have committed offenses that would not be criminal if committed by an adult, or such nonoffenders as dependent or neglected children or the removal of 100 percent of such juveniles from secure correctional facilities, and inserted provision at end defining substantial compliance with regard to subsec. (a)(14) of this section.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 96–509, §§11(c), 19(g)(13), substituted reference to sections 3783, 3784, and 3785 of this title for reference to sections 3757, 3758, and 3759 of this title and provided that redistributed allotments be used for the purposes of subsections (a)(12)(A), (a)(13) or (a)(14) of this section, and further provided that the Administrator shall make such reallocated funds available on an equitable basis to States that have achieved full compliance with the requirements under subsecs. (a)(12)(A) and (a)(13) of this section.

1977—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(1), in introductory text substituted provisions relating to functions under subpar. (F) and participation in the development and review of the plan, for provisions relating to advisement of the State planning agency and its supervisory board, in subpar. (C) inserted provision relating to representatives from business groups and businesses, and in subpar. (E) inserted requirement for at least three of the members to be or have been under the jurisdiction of the juvenile justice system, and added subpar. (F).

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 95–115. §4(c)(2), inserted provisions relating to grants or contracts with local private agencies or the advisory group, and substituted "units of general local government or combinations thereof in" for "local governments in".

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(3), substituted provisions relating to requirements respecting expenditure of funds through programs of units of general local government or combinations thereof and programs of local private agencies, for provisions relating to requirements respecting expenditure of funds through programs of local government.

Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(4), inserted provision relating to regional planning agency and "unit of general" before "local government".

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(5), inserted provisions relating to programs and projects developed under the study.

Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(i), (B), inserted provisions relating to availability of funds to the State advisory group and provisions expanding authorized use of funds to include encouragement of diversity of alternatives within the juvenile justice system and adoption of juvenile justice standards, and substituted reference to unit of general local government or combination of such unit with the State, for reference to local government.

Subsec. (a)(10)(A). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(ii), inserted "twenty-four hour intake screening, volunteer and crisis home programs, day treatment, and home probation," after "health services,".

Subsec. (a)(10)(C). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(iii), substituted "other youth to help prevent delinquency" for "youth in danger of becoming delinquent".

Subsec. (a)(10)(D). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(iv), substituted provisions relating to programs stressing advocacy activities, for provisions relating to programs of drug and alcohol abuse education and prevention and programs for treatment and rehabilitation of drug addicted youth and drug dependent youth as defined in section 201(q) of this title.

Subsec. (a)(10)(G). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(v), inserted "traditional youth" after "reached by".

Subsec. (a)(10)(H). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(vi), substituted "are" for "that may include but are not limited to programs".

Subsec. (a)(10)(I). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(A)(vii), added subpar. (I).

Subsec. (a)(12). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(7), redesignated existing provisions as subpar. (A), substituted provisions relating to detention requirements respecting programs within three years after submission of the initial plan, for provisions relating to detention requirements respecting programs within two years after submission of the plan, and added subpar. (B).

Subsec. (a)(13). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(8), inserted "and youths within the purview of paragraph (12)" after "delinquent".

Subsec. (a)(14). Pub. L. 95–115, §§3(a)(3)(B), 4(c)(9), inserted "(A)" after "(12)" and "Associate" before "Administrator" and substituted "facilities, correctional facilities, and non-secure facilities" for "facilities, and correctional facilities".

Subsec. (a)(15). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(10), struck out "all" before "disadvantaged".

Subsec. (a)(19). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(11), struck out ", to the extent feasible and practical" before "the level".

Subsec. (a)(20), (21). Pub. L. 95–115, §3(a)(3)(B), inserted "Associate" before "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(12), substituted provisions relating to advice and recommendations for provisions relating to consultations.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(13), inserted provisions relating to failure to achieve compliance with the requirements of subsec. (a)(12)(A) within the three-year time limitation.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(14), inserted provision relating to the State choosing not to submit a plan and provision relating to reallocation of funds by the Administrator.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(15), struck out subsec. (e) which related to reallotment of funds in a State where the State plan fails to meet the requirements of this section as a result of oversight or neglect.

1976—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 94–503 substituted "(15), and (17)" for "and (15)" in provisions preceding par. (1).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–385 not applicable with respect to funds appropriated for any fiscal year that begins before Dec. 21, 2018, see section 3 of Pub. L. 115–385, set out as a note under section 11102 of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 107–273 effective on the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, and applicable only with respect to fiscal years beginning on or after the first day of the first fiscal year that begins after Nov. 2, 2002, see section 12223 of Pub. L. 107–273, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–294 effective Sept. 13, 1994, see section 604(d) of Pub. L. 104–294, set out as a note under section 13 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–690 effective Oct. 1, 1988, but amendment by section 7258(a) of Pub. L. 100–690 not applicable to a State with respect to a fiscal year beginning before Nov. 18, 1988, if the State plan is approved before such date by the Administrator for such fiscal year, see section 7296(a), (b)(1) of Pub. L. 100–690, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–473 effective Oct. 12, 1984, see section 670(a) of Pub. L. 98–473, set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–115 effective Oct. 1, 1977, see section 263(c) of Pub. L. 93–415, as added by Pub. L. 95–115 and repealed by Pub. L. 100–690, title VII, §7266(2), Nov. 18, 1988, 102 Stat. 4449, formerly set out as a note under section 11101 of this title.

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(3)(B), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1052, provided in part that the amendment of subsec. (a)(5) of this section by section 4(c)(3)(B) of Pub. L. 95–115 is effective Oct. 1, 1978.

Pub. L. 95–115, §4(c)(6)(B), Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1053, provided in part that the amendment of subsec. (a)(10) of this section by section 4(c)(6)(B) of Pub. L. 95–115 is effective Oct. 1, 1978.

Savings Provision

Pub. L. 102–586, §2(f)(3)(B), Nov. 4, 1992, 106 Stat. 4994, provided that: "Notwithstanding the amendment made by subparagraph (A)(ii) [amending this section], section 223(c)(3) of the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act of 1974 (42 U.S.C. 5633(c)(3)) [now 34 U.S.C. 11133(c)(3)], as in effect on the day prior to the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 4, 1992], shall remain in effect to the extent that it provides the Administrator authority to grant a waiver with respect to a fiscal year prior to a fiscal year beginning before January 1, 1993."

Termination of Advisory Committees

Advisory committees established after Jan. 5, 1973, to terminate not later than the expiration of the 2-year period beginning on the date of their establishment, unless, in the case of a committee established by the President or an officer of the Federal Government, such committee is renewed by appropriate action prior to the expiration of such 2-year period, or in the case of a committee established by the Congress, its duration is otherwise provided for by law. See section 1013 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1 So in original. The comma probably should be a semicolon.

2 So in original. Probably should be "to enhance".

3 See References in Text note below.