22 U.S.C. § 5821 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 67: FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT / Subchapter II: BUSINESS AND COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 5821: American Business Centers
American Business Centers
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

The President is authorized and encouraged to establish American Business Centers in the independent states of the former Soviet Union receiving assistance under chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.] where the President determines that such centers can be cost-effective in promoting the objectives described in section 498 of that Act [22 U.S.C. 2295] and United States economic interests and in establishing commercial partnerships between the people of the United States and the peoples of the independent states.

(b) Environmental business centers and agribusiness centers

For purposes of this section, the term "American Business Centers" includes the following:

(1) Environmental business centers in those independent states that offer promising market possibilities for the export of United States environmental goods and services. To the maximum extent practicable, these environmental business centers should be established as a component of other centers.

(2) Agribusiness centers that include the participation of private United States agribusinesses or agricultural cooperatives, private nonprofit organizations, State universities and land grant colleges, and financial institutions, that make appropriate contributions of equipment, materials, and personnel for the operation of such centers. The purposes of these agribusiness centers shall be—

(A) to enhance the ability of farmers and other agribusiness practitioners in the independent states to better meet the needs of the people of the independent states;

(B) to assist the transition from a command and control system in agriculture to a free market system; and

(C) to facilitate the demonstration and use of United States agricultural equipment and technology.

(c) Additional policy guidance

To the maximum extent possible, and consistent with the particular purposes of the specific types of centers, the President should direct that—

(1) the American Business Centers established pursuant to this section place special emphasis on assistance to United States small- and medium-sized businesses to facilitate their entry into the commercial markets of the independent states;

(2) such centers offer office space, business facilities, and market analysis services to United States firms, trade associations, and State economic development offices on a user-fee basis that minimizes the cost of operating such centers;

(3) such centers serve as a repository for commercial, legal, and technical information, including environmental and export control information;

(4) such centers identify existing or potential counterpart businesses or organizations that may require specific technical coordination or assistance;

(5) such centers be established in several sites in the independent states; and

(6) host countries be asked to make appropriate contributions of real estate and personnel for the establishment and operation of such centers.

(d) Funding

(1) Reimbursement agreement

Not later than 90 days after October 24, 1992, the Administrator of the Agency for International Development shall conclude a reimbursement agreement with the Secretary of Commerce for the Department of Commerce's services in establishing and operating American Business Centers pursuant to this section.

(2) Authorization of appropriations

Of the amount authorized to be appropriated to carry out chapter 11 of part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2295 et seq.], up to $12,000,000 for fiscal year 1993 are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section, in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purpose.

(Pub. L. 102–511, title III, §301, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3332.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d)(2), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 11 of part I of the Act is classified generally to part XI (§2295 et seq.) of subchapter I of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under subsec. (a) delegated to Secretary of State except that functions of President under this section, insofar as relating to determinations and directives, delegated to Coordinator, see sections 2(b) and 3(a) of Ex. Ord. No. 12884, Dec. 1, 1993, 58 F.R. 64099, as amended, set out as a note under section 5812 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2679c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2679c: Prohibition on discriminatory contracts
Prohibition on discriminatory contracts
Status: in_force

(a) Prohibition

(1) Except for real estate leases and as provided in subsection (b), the Department of State may not enter into any contract that expends funds appropriated to the Department of State for an amount in excess of the small purchase threshold (as defined in section 134 of title 41— 1

(A) with a foreign person that complies with the Arab League boycott of Israel, or

(B) with any foreign or United States person that discriminates in the award of subcontracts on the basis of religion.

(2) For purposes of this section—

(A) a foreign person complies with the boycott of Israel by Arab League countries when that foreign person takes or knowingly agrees to take any action, with respect to the boycott of Israel by Arab League countries, which section 4607(a) 2 of title 50 prohibits a United States person from taking, except that for purposes of this paragraph, the term "United States person" as used in subparagraphs (B) and (C) of section 4607(a)(1) 2 of title 50 shall be deemed to mean "person"; and

(B) the term "foreign person" means any person other than a United States person as defined in section 4618(2) 2 of title 50.

(3) For purposes of paragraph (1), a foreign person shall be deemed not to comply with the boycott of Israel by Arab League countries if that person, or the Secretary of State or his designee on the basis of available information, certifies that the person violates or otherwise does not comply with the boycott of Israel by Arab League countries by taking any actions prohibited by section 4607(a) 2 of title 50. Certification by the Secretary of State or his designee may occur only 30 days after notice has been given to the Congress that this certification procedure will be utilized at a specific overseas mission.

(b) Waiver by Secretary of State

The Secretary of State may waive the requirements of this section on a country-by-country basis for a period not to exceed one year upon certification to the Congress by the Secretary that such waiver is in the national interest and is necessary to carry on diplomatic functions of the United States. Each such certification shall include a detailed justification for the waiver with respect to each such country.

(c) Responses to contract solicitations

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Secretary of State shall ensure that any response to a solicitation for a bid or a request for a proposal, with respect to a contract covered by subsection (a), includes the following clause, in substantially the following form:

"arab league boycott of israel

"(a) Definitions.—As used in this clause—

"(1) the term 'foreign person' means any person other than a United States person as defined in paragraph (2); and

"(2) the term 'United States person' means any United States resident or national (other than an individual resident outside the United States and employed by other than a United States person), any domestic concern (including any permanent domestic establishment of any foreign concern), and any foreign subsidiary or affiliate (including any permanent foreign establishment) of any domestic concern which is controlled in fact by such domestic concern, as determined under regulations of the President.

"(b) Certification.—By submitting this offer, the Offeror certifies that it is not—

"(1) taking or knowingly agreeing to take any action, with respect to the boycott of Israel by Arab League countries, which section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2407(a)) prohibits a United States person from taking; or

"(2) discriminating in the award of subcontracts on the basis of religion."

(2) An Offeror would not be required to include the certification required by paragraph (1), if the Offeror is deemed not to comply with the Arab League boycott of Israel by the Secretary of State or a designee on the basis of available information. Certification by the Secretary of State or a designee may occur only 30 days after notice has been given to the Congress that this certification procedure will be utilized at a specific overseas mission.

(3) The Secretary of State shall ensure that all State Department contract solicitations include a detailed explanation of the requirements of section 4607(a) 2 of title 50.

(d) Review and termination

(1) The Department of State shall conduct reviews of the certifications submitted pursuant to this section for the purpose of assessing the accuracy of the certifications.

(2) Upon complaint of any foreign or United States person of a violation of the certification as required by this section, filed with the Secretary of State, the Department of State shall investigate such complaint, and if such complaint is found to be correct and a violation of the certification has been found, all contracts with such violator shall be terminated for default as soon as practicable, and, for a period of two years thereafter, the State Department shall not enter into any contracts with such a violator.

(Pub. L. 103–236, title V, §565, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 484; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, §1336(3), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–790.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4607(a) of title 50, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2)(A), (3) and (c)(3), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.

Section 4618(2) of title 50, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.

Section 8(a) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2407(a)), referred to in subsec. (c)(1) in the quoted clause, is section 8(a) of Pub. L. 96–72, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 521, which was editorially transferred to section 4607(a) of Title 50, War and National Defense, and was subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.

Codification

In subsec. (a)(1), "section 134 of title 41" substituted for "section 4(11) of the Office of Federal Procurement Policy Act (41 U.S.C. 403(11))" on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, §6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 105–277 struck out heading and text of subsec. (e). Text read as follows: "The provisions of this section shall apply to the United States Information Agency in the same manner and extent to which such provisions apply to the Department of State. In the application of this section to the United States Information Agency, the Director of the United States Information Agency or a designee shall have the authorities and responsibilities of the Secretary of State."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Oct. 1, 1999, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6531 of this title.

Short Title

Pub. L. 103–236, title V, §561, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 483, provided that: "This part [part C (§§561–565) of title V of Pub. L. 103–236, enacting this section and provisions set out as a note under section 2751 of this title] may be cited as the 'Anti-Economic Discrimination Act of 1994'."

1 So in original. Probably should be "41)—".

2 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 4046 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY / Section 4046: Computation of annuities
Computation of annuities
Status: in_force

(a) 1 Measurements; reduction for special contributions; Foreign Service investigator/inspectors

(1) The annuity of a participant shall be equal to 2 percent of his or her average basic salary for the highest 3 consecutive years of service multiplied by the number of years, not exceeding 35, of service credit obtained in accordance with sections 4056 and 4057 of this title, except that the highest 3 years of service shall be used in computing the annuity of any participant who serves an assignment in a position, as described in section 3942(b) of this title, to which the participant was appointed by the President and whose continuity of service in that position is interrupted prior to retirement by appointment or assignment to any other position determined by the Secretary of State to be of comparable importance. In determining the aggregate period of service upon which the annuity is to be based, the fractional part of a month, if any, shall not be counted. The annuity shall be reduced by 10 percent of any special contribution described in section 4045(d) of this title which is due for service for which no contributions were made and which remains unpaid unless the participant elects to eliminate the service involved for purposes of annuity computation.

(2) Notwithstanding the percentage limitation contained in paragraph (1) of this subsection—

(A) utilizing the definition of average pay contained in section 8331(4) of title 5, the annuity of a Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector of the Office of the Inspector General, Agency for International Development, who was appointed to a law enforcement position, as defined in section 8331(20) of title 5, prior to January 1, 1984, and would have been eligible to retire pursuant to section 8336(c) of that title, after attaining 50 years of age and completing 20 years as a law enforcement officer had the employee remained in the civil service shall be computed in the same manner as that of a law enforcement officer pursuant to section 8339(d) of that title, except as provided in paragraph (3); and

(B) the annuity of a Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector of such office, who was appointed to a law enforcement position as defined in section 8401(17) of that title on or after January 1, 1984, and who would have been eligible to retire pursuant to section 8412(d) of that title, after attaining 50 years of age and completing 20 years of service as such a law enforcement officer, had the employee remained in the civil service, shall be computed in the same manner as that of a law enforcement officer pursuant to section 8415(e) of that title.

(3) The annuity of a Foreign Service investigator/inspector of the Office of the Inspector General, Agency for International Development, appointed to a law enforcement position prior to January 1, 1984, who exercised election rights under section 4071i of this title, shall be computed as follows: for the period prior to election the annuity shall be computed in accordance with section 8339(d) of title 5; for the period following election the annuity shall be computed in accordance with section 8415(e) of that title.

(4) All service in a law enforcement position, as defined in section 8331(20) or 8401(17) of that title, as applicable, in any agency or combination of agencies shall be included in the computation of time for purposes of this paragraph.

(5) The annuity of a Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector of the Office of the Inspector General of the Agency for International Development who has not completed 20 years of service as a law enforcement officer, as defined in section 8331(20) or 8401(17) of that title, shall be computed in accordance with paragraph (1).

(6)(A) The annuity of a special agent under this part shall be computed under paragraph (1) except that, in the case of a special agent described in subparagraph (B), paragraph (1) shall be applied by substituting for "2 percent"—

(i) the percentage under subparagraph (A) of section 8339(d)(1) of title 5 for so much of the participant's total service as is specified thereunder; and

(ii) the percentage under subparagraph (B) of section 8339(d)(1) of title 5 for so much of the participant's total service as is specified thereunder.

(B) A special agent described in this subparagraph is any such agent or former agent who—

(i)(I) retires voluntarily or involuntarily under section 4007, 4008, 4010a, 4051, 4052, or 4053 of this title, under conditions authorizing an immediate annuity, other than for cause on charges of misconduct or delinquency, or retires for disability under section 4048 of this title; and

(II) at the time of retirement—

(aa) if voluntary, is at least 50 years of age and has completed at least 20 years of service as a special agent; or

(bb) if involuntary or disability, has completed at least 20 years of service as a special agent; or

(ii) dies in service after completing at least 20 years of service as a special agent, when an annuity is payable under section 4049 of this title.

(C) For purposes of subparagraph (B), included with the years of service performed by an individual as a special agent shall be any service performed by such individual as a law enforcement officer (within the meaning of section 8331(20) or section 8401(17) of title 5), or a member of the Capitol Police.

(D)(i) In this subparagraph—

(I) the term "affected special agent" means an individual covered under this subchapter who—

(aa) is performing service as a special agent;

(bb) while on duty as a special agent, becomes ill or is injured as a direct result of the performance of such duties before the date on which the individual becomes entitled to an annuity under section 4051 of this title;

(cc) because of the illness or injury described in item (bb), is permanently unable to render useful and efficient service in the employee's covered position, as determined by the Secretary; and

(dd) is appointed to a position in the Foreign Service that is not a covered position; and

(II) the term "covered position" means a position as—

(aa) a law enforcement officer described in section 8331(20) or 8401(17) of title 5;

(bb) a customs and border protection officer described in section 8331(31) or 8401(36) of title 5;

(cc) a firefighter described in section 8331(21) or 8401(14) of title 5;

(dd) an air traffic controller described in section 8331(30) or 8401(35) of title 5;

(ee) a nuclear materials courier described in section 8331(27) or 8401(33) of title 5;

(ff) a member of the United States Capitol Police;

(gg) a member of the Supreme Court Police;

(hh) an employee of the Agency designated under section 2152(a) of title 50; or

(ii) a special agent.

(ii) Unless an affected special agent files an election described in clause (iv), creditable service by the affected special agent in a position described in clause (i)(I)(dd) shall be treated as creditable service as a special agent for purposes of this subchapter, including determining the amount to be deducted and withheld from the pay of the individual under section 4045 of this title.

(iii) Clause (ii) shall only apply if the special agent transitions to a position described in clause (i)(I)(dd) without a break in service exceeding 3 days.

(iv) The service of an affected employee shall no longer be eligible for treatment under clause (ii) if such service occurs after the employee is transferred to a supervisory or administrative position related to the activities of the former covered position of the employee.

(v) In accordance with procedures established by the Secretary, an affected special agent may file an election to have any creditable service performed by the affected special agent treated in accordance with this part, without regard to clause (ii).

(7) In the case of a special agent who becomes or became subject to part II—

(A) for purposes of paragraph (6)(B), any service performed by the individual as a special agent (whether under this part or under part II), as a law enforcement officer (within the meaning of section 8331(20) or section 8401(17) of title 5), or as a member of the Capitol Police shall be creditable; and

(B) if the individual satisfies paragraph (6)(B), the portion of such individual's annuity which is attributable to service under the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System or the Civil Service Retirement System shall be computed in conformance with paragraph (6).

(8) For purposes of paragraphs (2), (3), (4), and (6) of this subsection, the term "basic pay" includes pay as provided in accordance with section 3972 of this title or section 5545(c)(2) of title 5.

(9) For purposes of any annuity computation under this subsection, the basic salary or basic pay of any member of the Service whose official duty station is outside the continental United States shall be considered to be the salary or pay that would have been paid to the member had the member's official duty station been Washington, D.C., including locality-based comparability payments under section 5304 of title 5 that would have been payable to the member if the member's official duty station had been Washington, D.C.

(b) Married participants

(1)(A) Except to the extent provided otherwise under a written election under subparagraph (B) or (C), if at the time of retirement a participant or former participant is married (or has a former spouse who has not remarried before attaining age 60), the participant shall receive a reduced annuity and provide a survivor annuity for his or her spouse under this subsection or former spouse under section 4054(b) of this title, or a combination of such annuities, as the case may be.

(B) At the time of retirement, a married participant or former participant and his or her spouse may jointly elect in writing to waive a survivor annuity for that spouse under this section (or under section 4054(b) of this title if the spouse later qualifies as a former spouse under section 4044(6) of this title), or to reduce such survivor annuity under this section (or section 4054(b) of this title) by designating a portion of the annuity of the participant as the base for the survivor benefit. In the event the marriage is dissolved following an election for such a reduced annuity and the spouse qualifies as a former spouse, the base used in calculating any annuity of the former spouse under section 4054(b) of this title may not exceed the portion of the participant's annuity designated under this subparagraph.

(C) If a participant or former participant has a former spouse, the participant and such former spouse may jointly elect by spousal agreement under section 4060(b)(1) of this title to waive a survivor annuity under section 4054(b) of this title for that former spouse if the election is made (i) before the end of the 24-month period after the divorce or annulment involving that former spouse becomes final or (ii) at the time of retirement, whichever occurs first.

(D) The Secretary of State may prescribe regulations under which a participant or former participant may make an election under subparagraph (B) or (C) without the participant's spouse or former spouse if the participant establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary of State that the participant does not know, and has taken all reasonable steps to determine, the whereabouts of the spouse or former spouse.

(2) The annuity of a participant or former participant providing a survivor benefit under this section (or section 4054(b) of this title), excluding any portion of the annuity not designated or committed as a base for any survivor annuity, shall be reduced by 2½ percent of the first $3,600 plus 10 percent of any amount over $3,600. The reduction under this paragraph shall be calculated before any reduction under section 4054(a)(5) of this title.

(3)(A) If a former participant entitled to receive a reduced annuity under this subsection dies and is survived by a spouse, a survivor annuity shall be paid to the surviving spouse equal to 55 percent of the full amount of the participant's annuity computed under subsection (a), or 55 percent of any lesser amount elected as the base for the survivor benefit under paragraph (1)(B).

(B) Notwithstanding subparagraph (A), the amount of the annuity calculated under subparagraph (A) for a surviving spouse in any case in which there is also a surviving former spouse of the participant who qualifies for an annuity under section 4054(b) of this title may not exceed 55 percent of the portion (if any) of the base for survivor benefits which remains available under section 4054(b)(4)(B) of this title.

(C) An annuity payable from the Fund under this part to a surviving spouse under this paragraph shall commence on the day after the participant dies and shall terminate on the last day of the month before the surviving spouse's death or remarriage before attaining age 60. If such a survivor annuity is terminated because of remarriage, it shall be restored at the same rate commencing on the date such remarriage is terminated if any lump sum paid upon termination of the annuity is returned to the Fund.

(c) Surviving children

(1) If an annuitant who was a participant dies and is survived by a spouse or a former spouse who is the natural or adoptive parent of a surviving child of the annuitant and by a child or children, in addition to the annuity payable to the surviving spouse, there shall be paid to or on behalf of each child an annuity equal to the smaller of—

(A) $900, or

(B) $2,700 divided by the number of children.

(2) If an annuitant who was a participant dies and is not survived by a spouse or a former spouse who is the natural or adoptive parent of a surviving child of the annuitant but by a child or children, each surviving child shall be paid an annuity equal to the smaller of—

(A) $1,080, or

(B) $3,240 divided by the number of children.

(3) The amounts specified in this subsection are subject to—

(A) cost-of-living adjustments as specified under section 4066(c)(3) of this title, and

(B) the minimum specified in subsection (l)(2) of this section.

(d) Recomputation for remaining children

On the death of the surviving spouse or former spouse or termination of the annuity of a child, the annuity of any other child or children shall be recomputed and paid as though the spouse, former spouse, or child had not survived the participant. If the annuity to a surviving child who has not been receiving an annuity is initiated or resumed, the annuities of any other children shall be recomputed and paid from that date as though the annuities to all currently eligible children in the family were then being initiated.

(e) Payment period for child

The annuity payable to a child under subsection (c) or (d) shall begin on the day after the participant dies, or if the child is not then qualified, on the first day of the month in which the child becomes eligible. The annuity of a child shall terminate on the last day of the month which precedes the month in which eligibility ceases.

(f) Unmarried participants

At the time of retirement an unmarried participant who does not have a former spouse for whose benefit a reduction is made under subsection (b) may elect to receive a reduced annuity and to provide for an annuity equal to 55 percent of the reduced annuity payable after his or her death to a beneficiary whose name is designated in writing to the Secretary of State. The annuity payable to a participant making such election shall be reduced by 10 percent of an annuity computed under subsection (a) and by 5 percent of an annuity so computed for each full 5 years the designated beneficiary is younger than the retiring participant, but such total reduction shall not exceed 40 percent. No such election of a reduced annuity payable to a beneficiary shall be valid until the participant has satisfactorily passed a physical examination as prescribed by the Secretary of State. The annuity payable to a beneficiary under this subsection shall begin on the day after the annuitant dies and shall terminate on the last day of the month preceding the death of the beneficiary. An annuity which is reduced under this subsection (or any similar prior provision of law) shall, effective the first day of the month following the death of the beneficiary named under this subsection, be recomputed and paid as if the annuity had not been so reduced.

(g) Marriage after retirement

A participant or former participant who was unmarried at retirement and who later marries may, within one year after such marriage, irrevocably elect in writing to receive a reduced annuity and to provide a survivor annuity for the spouse (if such spouse qualifies as a surviving spouse under section 4044(13) of this title). Receipt by the Secretary of State of notice of an election under this subsection voids prospectively any election previously made under subsection (f). The reduction in annuity required by an election under this subsection shall be computed and the amount of the survivor annuity shall be determined in accordance with subsections (b)(2) and (3). The annuity reduction or recomputation shall be effective the first day of the month beginning one year after the date of marriage.

(h) Election of benefits

A surviving spouse or surviving former spouse of any participant or former participant shall not become entitled to a survivor annuity or to the restoration of a survivor annuity payable from the Fund under this part unless the survivor elects to receive it instead of any other survivor annuity to which he or she may be entitled under this or any other retirement system for Government employees on the basis of a marriage to someone other than that participant.

(i) Reversion to retired status

(1) Any married annuitant who reverts to retired status with entitlement to a supplemental annuity under section 4063 of this title shall, unless the annuitant and his or her spouse jointly elect in writing to the contrary at that time, have the supplemental annuity reduced by 10 percent to provide a supplemental survivor annuity for his or her spouse. Such supplemental survivor annuity shall be equal to 55 percent of the supplemental annuity of the annuitant and shall be payable to a surviving spouse to whom the annuitant was married at the time of reversion to retired status or whom the annuitant subsequently married.

(2) The Secretary of State shall issue regulations to provide for the application of paragraph (1) of this subsection and of section 4063 of this title in any case in which an annuitant has a former spouse who was married to the participant at any time during a period of recall service and who qualifies for an annuity under this part.

(j) Recomputation upon dissolution of marriage; election after remarriage

An annuity which is reduced under this section or any similar prior provision of law to provide a survivor benefit for a spouse shall, if the marriage of the participant to such spouse is dissolved, be recomputed and paid for each full month during which an annuitant is not married (or is remarried if there is no election in effect under the following sentence) as if the annuity had not been so reduced, subject to any reduction required to provide a survivor benefit under section 4054(b) or (c) of this title. Upon remarriage the retired participant may irrevocably elect, by means of a signed writing received by the Secretary within one year after such remarriage, to receive during such marriage a reduction in annuity for the purpose of allowing an annuity for the new spouse of the annuitant in the event such spouse survives the annuitant. Such reduction shall be equal to the reduction in effect immediately before the dissolution of the previous marriage (unless such reduction is adjusted under section 4054(b)(5) of this title), and shall be effective the first day of the first month beginning one year after the date of remarriage. A survivor annuity elected under this subsection shall be treated in all respects as a survivor annuity under subsection (b).

(k) Informing of rights by Secretary

The Secretary of State shall, on an annual basis—

(1) inform each participant of his or her right of election under subsections (g) and (j); and

(2) to the maximum extent practicable, inform spouses or former spouses of participants or former participants of their rights under this section and section 4054 of this title.

(l) Repealed. Pub. L. 100–238, title II, §217(c)(1), Jan. 8, 1988, 101 Stat. 1775

(m) Offset of Social Security benefits

The retirement, disability, or survivor annuity payable to any person based on the service of an individual subject to section 4045(h) of this title beginning with the first day of the month for which such person first becomes—

(1) eligible for an annuity under this part based on the service of such individual, and

(2) entitled, or would, upon proper application, be entitled to old age, disability, or survivor benefits under title II of the Social Security Act [42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.], based on the service of such individual under this part,

shall be computed as if section 8349 of title 5 were applicable.

(n) 18-month period to elect survivor annuity

(1)(A) A participant—

(i) who, at the time of retirement, is married; and

(ii) who elects at such time (in accordance with subsection (b)) to waive a survivor annuity,

may, during the 18-month period beginning on the date of the retirement of such participant, elect to have a reduction under subsection (b) made in the annuity of the participant (or in such portion thereof as the participant may designate) in order to provide a survivor annuity for the spouse of such participant.

(B) A participant—

(i) who, at the time of retirement, is married, and

(ii) who at such time designates (in accordance with subsection (b)) that a limited portion of the annuity of such participant is to be used as the base for a survivor annuity,

may, during the 18-month period beginning on the date of the retirement of such participant, elect to have a greater portion of the annuity of such participant so used.

(2)(A) An election under subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) of this subsection shall not be considered effective unless the amount specified in subparagraph (B) of this paragraph is deposited into the Fund before the expiration of the applicable 18-month period under paragraph (1).

(B) The amount to be deposited with respect to an election under this subsection is an amount equal to the sum of—

(i) the additional cost to the System which is associated with providing a survivor annuity under subsection (b) of this section and results from such election taking into account (I) the difference (for the period between the date on which the annuity of the former participant commences and the date of the election) between the amount paid to such former participant under this part and the amount which would have been paid if such election had been made at the time the participant or former participant applied for the annuity, and (II) the costs associated with providing the later election; and

(ii) interest on the additional cost determined under clause (i)(I) of this subparagraph computed using the interest rate specified or determined under section 4045(d)(3) of this title for the calendar year in which the amount to be deposited is determined.

(3) An election by a participant under this subsection voids prospectively any election previously made in the case of such participant under subsection (b).

(4) An annuity which is reduced in connection with an election under this subsection shall be reduced by the same percentage reductions as were in effect at the time of the retirement of the participant whose annuity is so reduced.

(5) Rights and obligations resulting from the election of a reduced annuity under this subsection shall be the same as the rights and obligations which would have resulted had the participant involved elected such annuity at the time of retiring.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §806, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2106; Pub. L. 99–335, title IV, §§402(a)(2), (3), 406, 407, June 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 609–611; Pub. L. 99–556, title IV, §402, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3136; Pub. L. 100–238, title II, §§213, 214(a), 217(c)(1), Jan. 8, 1988, 101 Stat. 1774, 1775; Pub. L. 101–513, title V, §587(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2055; Pub. L. 102–499, §4(d), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3266; Pub. L. 105–382, §2(d)(1)–(3)(A), Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3407, 3408; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §322(a)(1), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1383; Pub. L. 112–96, title V, §5001(c)(2)(E), Feb. 22, 2012, 126 Stat. 200; Pub. L. 117–225, §3(d), Dec. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 2297.)

Amendment of Section

Section 1(b) and (c) of Ex. Ord. No. 12446, Oct. 17, 1983, 48 F.R. 48443, set out as a note under section 4067 of this title, provided that subsection (a) of this section, applicable (i) to contributions for civilian service performed on or after the first day of Nov. 1983, (ii) to contributions for prior refunds to participants for which application is received by the employing agency on and after such first day of Nov. 1983, and (iii) to excess contributions under section 4055(h) of this title and voluntary contributions under section 4065(a) of this title from the first day of Nov. 1983, is deemed to be amended to exclude from the computation of creditable civilian service under section 4056(a) of this title any period of civilian service for which retirement deductions or contributions have not been made under section 4045(d) of this title unless—

(1) the participant makes a contribution for such period as provided in such section 4045(d) of this title; or

(2) no contribution is required for such service as provided under section 4045(f) of this title as deemed to be amended by this Order, or under any other statute.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Social Security Act, referred to in subsec. (m)(2), is act Aug. 14, 1935, ch. 531, 49 Stat. 620. Title II of the Social Security Act is classified generally to subchapter II (§401 et seq.) of chapter 7 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1305 of Title 42 and Tables.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(6)(D). Pub. L. 117–225 added subpar. (D).

2012—Subsec. (a)(2)(B), (3). Pub. L. 112–96 substituted "section 8415(e)" for "section 8415(d)".

2002—Subsec. (a)(9). Pub. L. 107–228 added par. (9).

1998—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 105–382, §2(d)(1), added par. (6). Former par. (6) redesignated (7).

Subsec. (a)(7). Pub. L. 105–382, §2(d)(2)(B), added par. (7). Former par. (7) redesignated (8).

Subsec. (a)(8). Pub. L. 105–382, §2(d)(2)(A), (3)(A), redesignated par. (7) as (8) and substituted "(4), and (6)" for "and (4)".

1992—Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 102–499 substituted "section 5545(c)(2)" for "section 5545(a)(2)".

1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–513 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added pars. (2) to (6).

1988—Subsec. (b)(1)(C). Pub. L. 100–238, §213(a), substituted "24-month" for "12-month".

Subsec. (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 100–238, §214(a)(1), inserted "or a former spouse who is the natural or adoptive parent of a surviving child of the annuitant" after "survived by a spouse".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 100–238, §214(a)(2), amended first sentence generally. Prior to amendment, first sentence read as follows: "If a surviving spouse dies or the annuity of a child is terminated, the annuities of any remaining children shall be recomputed and paid as though such spouse or child had not survived the participant."

Subsec. (i)(2). Pub. L. 100–238, §213(b), substituted "this part" for "section 4054(b) of this title".

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 100–238, §217(c)(1), struck out subsec. (l) which set minimum rates for annuities paid under this part.

1986—Subsecs. (b)(3)(C), (h). Pub. L. 99–335, §402(a)(3), inserted "under this part" after "payable from the Fund".

Subsec. (l)(1), (2). Pub. L. 99–335, §402(a)(2), substituted "part" for "subchapter".

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 99–556, §402, amended subsec. (m) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (m) read as follows: "The annuity or survivor annuity payable to any individual subject to section 4045(h) of this title beginning with the first month for which such individual both—

"(1) attains the minimum age for old-age benefits under title II of the Social Security Act, and

"(2) first becomes entitled, or would upon proper application become entitled, for disability or survivor benefits under title II of the Social Security Act based on the service of any individual under this part,

shall be computed as if section 8349 of title 5 were applicable."

Pub. L. 99–335, §406, added subsec. (m).

Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 99–335, §407, added subsec. (n).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–225 effective Dec. 9, 2022, and applicable to an individual who suffers an illness or injury described in certain Code provisions on or after the date that is 2 years after Dec. 9, 2022, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 117–225, set out as a note under section 8336 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §322(c)(1), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1385, provided that: "The amendments made by subsections (a)(1) [amending this section] and (b)(1) [amending section 4071d of this title] shall apply to service performed on or after the first day of the first pay period beginning on or after the date that is 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002]."

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–382 effective Nov. 13, 1998, with provisions relating to applicability with respect to certain individuals, see section 4 of Pub. L. 105–382, as amended, set out as a note under section 4044 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–238 effective 90 days after Jan. 8, 1988, see section 261(a) of Pub. L. 100–238, set out as a note under section 4054 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendments

Pub. L. 99–556, title IV, §408, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3139, provided that: "This title and the amendments made by this title [enacting section 4069 of this title and amending this section and sections 4064, 4071c, 4071d, and 4071j of this title] shall take effect on January 1, 1987. The amendment made by section 403 [amending section 4064 of this title] shall apply to any individual in a reemployed status on or after January 1, 1987."

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–335 effective Jan. 1, 1987, see section 702(a) of Pub. L. 99–335, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8401 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Pub. L. 99–335, title IV, §417, June 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 622, provided that:

"(a) Regulations.—Notwithstanding section 702 of this Act [5 U.S.C. 8401 note], the authority of the Secretary of State to issue regulations under subchapter II of title 8 [probably means subchapter II of chapter 8 of title I] of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [part II of this subchapter] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [June 6, 1986].

"(b) 18-Month Period to Elect Survivor Annuity.—(1) Notwithstanding section 702 of this Act, the amendment made by section 407 [enacting subsec. (n) of this section] shall take effect 3 months after the date of enactment of this Act.

"(2)(A) Subject to subparagraph (B), the amendment made by section 407 shall apply with respect to participants and former participants who retire before, on, or after such amendment first takes effect.

"(B) For the purpose of applying the provisions of paragraph (1) of section 806(n) of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (as added by section 407) to former participants who retire before the date on which the amendment first takes effect—

"(i) the period referred to in subparagraph (A) or (B) of such paragraph (as the case may be) shall be considered to begin on the date on which such amendment first becomes effective; and

"(ii) the amount referred to in paragraph (2) of such section 806(n) shall be computed without regard to the provisions of subparagraph (B)(ii) of such paragraph (relating to interest).

"(3) For purposes of this subsection, the term 'participant' has the meaning given that term in section 803 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4043)."

Regulations

For provisions relating to promulgation of regulations to carry out the amendments made by Pub. L. 117–225, see section 3(e) of Pub. L. 117–225, set out as a note under section 8336 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Election To Provide Survivor Annuity for Certain Spouses Acquired before Effective Date of Foreign Service Act of 1980

Pub. L. 100–238, title II, §203, Jan. 8, 1988, 101 Stat. 1769, provided that:

"(a) Election.—A former participant who married his or her current spouse before the effective date of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [see Effective Date note set out under section 3901 of this title] and who married such spouse after retirement under the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System and who was unable to provide a survivor annuity for such spouse because—

"(1) the participant was married at the time of retirement and elected not to provide a survivor annuity for that spouse at the time of retirement, or

"(2) subject to subsection (e), the participant failed to notify the Secretary of State of the participant's post-retirement marriage within one year after the marriage,

may make the election described in subsection (b).

"(b) Election Described.—

"(1) The election referred to in subsection (a) is an election in writing—

"(A) to provide for a survivor annuity for such spouse under section 806(g) of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4046(g));

"(B) to have his or her annuity reduced under section 806(b)(2) of such Act; and

"(C) to deposit in the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability Fund an amount determined by the Secretary of State, as nearly as may be administratively feasible, to reflect the amount by which such participant's annuity would have been reduced had the election been continuously in effect since the annuity commenced, plus interest computed under paragraph (2).

"(2) For the purposes of paragraph (1), the annual rate of interest shall be 6 percent for each year during which the annuity would have been reduced if the election had been in effect on and after the date the annuity commenced.

"(c) Offset.—If the participant does not make the deposit referred to in subsection (b)(1)(C), the Secretary of State shall collect such amount by offset against such participant's annuity, up to a maximum of 25 percent of the net annuity otherwise payable to such participant. Such participant is deemed to consent to such offset.

"(d) Notice.—The Secretary of State shall provide for notice to the general public of the right to make an election under this section.

"(e) Proof of Attempted Election.—In any case in which subsection (a)(2) applies, the retired employee or Member shall provide the Secretary of State with such documentation as the Secretary of State shall decide is appropriate, to show that such participant attempted to elect a reduced annuity with survivor benefit for his or her current spouse and that such election was rejected by the Secretary of State because it was untimely filed.

"(f) Deposit.—A deposit required by this subsection may be made by the surviving spouse of the participant.

"(g) Limitation.—The election authorized in subsection (a) may only be made within one year after the date of enactment of this title [Jan. 8, 1988] in accordance with procedures prescribed by the Secretary of State.

"(h) Definitions.—For the purposes of this section, the terms 'participant' and 'surviving spouse' have the same meaning given such terms in subchapter I of chapter 8 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 [this part]."

1 See Amendment of Section note below.
22 U.S.C. § 1457 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 18: UNITED STATES INFORMATION AND EDUCATIONAL EXCHANGE PROGRAMS / Subchapter IV: PARTICIPATION BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES / Section 1457: Rendition of technical and other services to foreign governments; limitations
Rendition of technical and other services to foreign governments; limitations
Status: in_force

A Government agency, at the request of the Secretary, may perform such technical or other services as such agency may be competent to render for the government of another country desirous of obtaining such services, upon terms and conditions which are satisfactory to the Secretary and to the head of the Government agency, when it is determined by the Secretary that such services will contribute to the purposes of this chapter. However, nothing in this chapter shall authorize the performance of services relating to the organization, training, operation, development, or combat equipment of the armed forces of a foreign government.

(Jan. 27, 1948, ch. 36, title IV, §402, 62 Stat. 9.)
22 U.S.C. § 6021 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69A: CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) / Section 6021: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

The Congress makes the following findings:

(1) The economy of Cuba has experienced a decline of at least 60 percent in the last 5 years as a result of—

(A) the end of its subsidization by the former Soviet Union of between 5 billion and 6 billion dollars annually;

(B) 36 years of communist tyranny and economic mismanagement by the Castro government;

(C) the extreme decline in trade between Cuba and the countries of the former Soviet bloc; and

(D) the stated policy of the Russian Government and the countries of the former Soviet bloc to conduct economic relations with Cuba on strictly commercial terms.

(2) At the same time, the welfare and health of the Cuban people have substantially deteriorated as a result of this economic decline and the refusal of the Castro regime to permit free and fair democratic elections in Cuba.

(3) The Castro regime has made it abundantly clear that it will not engage in any substantive political reforms that would lead to democracy, a market economy, or an economic recovery.

(4) The repression of the Cuban people, including a ban on free and fair democratic elections, and continuing violations of fundamental human rights, have isolated the Cuban regime as the only completely nondemocratic government in the Western Hemisphere.

(5) As long as free elections are not held in Cuba, the economic condition of the country and the welfare of the Cuban people will not improve in any significant way.

(6) The totalitarian nature of the Castro regime has deprived the Cuban people of any peaceful means to improve their condition and has led thousands of Cuban citizens to risk or lose their lives in dangerous attempts to escape from Cuba to freedom.

(7) Radio Marti and Television Marti have both been effective vehicles for providing the people of Cuba with news and information and have helped to bolster the morale of the people of Cuba living under tyranny.

(8) The consistent policy of the United States towards Cuba since the beginning of the Castro regime, carried out by both Democratic and Republican administrations, has sought to keep faith with the people of Cuba, and has been effective in sanctioning the totalitarian Castro regime.

(9) The United States has shown a deep commitment, and considers it a moral obligation, to promote and protect human rights and fundamental freedoms as expressed in the Charter of the United Nations and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

(10) The Congress has historically and consistently manifested its solidarity and the solidarity of the American people with the democratic aspirations of the Cuban people.

(11) The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 [22 U.S.C. 6001 et seq.] calls upon the President to encourage the governments of countries that conduct trade with Cuba to restrict their trade and credit relations with Cuba in a manner consistent with the purposes of that Act.

(12) Amendments to the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] made by the FREEDOM Support Act require that the President, in providing economic assistance to Russia and the emerging Eurasian democracies, take into account the extent to which they are acting to "terminate support for the communist regime in Cuba, including removal of troops, closing military facilities, and ceasing trade subsidies and economic, nuclear, and other assistance".

(13) The Cuban Government engages in the illegal international narcotics trade and harbors fugitives from justice in the United States.

(14) The Castro government threatens international peace and security by engaging in acts of armed subversion and terrorism such as the training and supplying of groups dedicated to international violence.

(15) The Castro government has utilized from its inception and continues to utilize torture in various forms (including by psychiatry), as well as execution, exile, confiscation, political imprisonment, and other forms of terror and repression, as means of retaining power.

(16) Fidel Castro has defined democratic pluralism as "pluralistic garbage" and continues to make clear that he has no intention of tolerating the democratization of Cuban society.

(17) The Castro government holds innocent Cubans hostage in Cuba by no fault of the hostages themselves solely because relatives have escaped the country.

(18) Although a signatory state to the 1928 Inter-American Convention on Asylum and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (which protects the right to leave one's own country), Cuba nevertheless surrounds embassies in its capital by armed forces to thwart the right of its citizens to seek asylum and systematically denies that right to the Cuban people, punishing them by imprisonment for seeking to leave the country and killing them for attempting to do so (as demonstrated in the case of the confirmed murder of over 40 men, women, and children who were seeking to leave Cuba on July 13, 1994).

(19) The Castro government continues to utilize blackmail, such as the immigration crisis with which it threatened the United States in the summer of 1994, and other unacceptable and illegal forms of conduct to influence the actions of sovereign states in the Western Hemisphere in violation of the Charter of the Organization of American States and other international agreements and international law.

(20) The United Nations Commission on Human Rights has repeatedly reported on the unacceptable human rights situation in Cuba and has taken the extraordinary step of appointing a Special Rapporteur.

(21) The Cuban Government has consistently refused access to the Special Rapporteur and formally expressed its decision not to "implement so much as one comma" of the United Nations Resolutions appointing the Rapporteur.

(22) The United Nations General Assembly passed Resolution 47–139 on December 18, 1992, Resolution 48–142 on December 20, 1993, and Resolution 49–200 on December 23, 1994, referencing the Special Rapporteur's reports to the United Nations and condemning violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms in Cuba.

(23) Article 39 of Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter provides that the United Nations Security Council "shall determine the existence of any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken . . ., to maintain or restore international peace and security.".

(24) The United Nations has determined that massive and systematic violations of human rights may constitute a "threat to peace" under Article 39 and has imposed sanctions due to such violations of human rights in the cases of Rhodesia, South Africa, Iraq, and the former Yugoslavia.

(25) In the case of Haiti, a neighbor of Cuba not as close to the United States as Cuba, the United States led an effort to obtain and did obtain a United Nations Security Council embargo and blockade against that country due to the existence of a military dictatorship in power less than 3 years.

(26) United Nations Security Council Resolution 940 of July 31, 1994, subsequently authorized the use of "all necessary means" to restore the "democratically elected government of Haiti", and the democratically elected government of Haiti was restored to power on October 15, 1994.

(27) The Cuban people deserve to be assisted in a decisive manner to end the tyranny that has oppressed them for 36 years, and the continued failure to do so constitutes ethically improper conduct by the international community.

(28) For the past 36 years, the Cuban Government has posed and continues to pose a national security threat to the United States.

(Pub. L. 104–114, §2, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 786.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, referred to in par. (11), is title XVII of div. A of Pub. L. 102–484, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2575, which is classified principally to chapter 69 (§6001 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6001 of this title and Tables.

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in par. (12), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, which is classified principally to chapter 32 (§2151 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

The FREEDOM Support Act, referred to in par. (12), is Pub. L. 102–511, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3320, also known as the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5801 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

Pub. L. 104–114, §1(a), Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 785, provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and sections 1643l and 1643m of this title, amending sections 2295a, 2295b, 2370, 6003, and 6004 of this title, section 1611 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, and section 4315 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing sections 1465 to 1465f, 1465aa to 1465ff, 6003, and 6005 of this title, amending provisions set out as a note under section 1446g of Title 7, Agriculture, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 1465, 1465c, and 1465aa of this title] may be cited as the 'Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996'."
22 U.S.C. § 10431 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 111: AUSTRALIA, UNITED KINGDOM, AND UNITED STATES (AUKUS) SECURITY PARTNERSHIP / Subchapter III: AUKUS SUBMARINE TRANSFER AUTHORIZATION ACT / Section 10431: Authorization of sales of Virginia Class submarines to Australia
Authorization of sales of Virginia Class submarines to Australia
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Effective beginning on the date that is one year after December 22, 2023, the President is authorized to transfer up to two Virginia Class submarines from the inventory of the Department of the Navy to the Government of Australia on a sale basis, and transfer not more than one additional Virginia Class submarine to the Government of Australia on a sale basis pursuant to section 21 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2761) during the 20-year period beginning on December 22, 2023, to implement the trilateral security partnership between Australia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (in this section referred to as the "AUKUS partnership").

(b) Provisions of law superseded

The transfer of a vessel authorized under subsection (a) shall not be subject to the requirements of—

(1) section 36 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2776); or

(2) section 8677 of title 10.

(c) Costs of transfers

Any expense incurred by the United States in connection with a transfer of a vessel authorized under subsection (a) shall be charged to the Government of Australia notwithstanding section 2321j(e) of this title.

(d) Certifications and other requirements

(1) In general

Not later than 270 days prior to the transfer of a vessel authorized under subsection (a), the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a certification that—

(A) the transfer of such vessels—

(i) will not degrade the United States undersea capabilities;

(ii) is consistent with United States foreign policy and national security interests; and

(iii) is in furtherance of the AUKUS partnership;

(B) the United States is making sufficient submarine production and maintenance investments to meet the combination of United States military requirements and the requirements under subparagraph (A);

(C) the Government of Australia has provided the appropriate funds and support for the additional capacity required to meet the requirements identified in this section; and

(D) the Government Australia has the capability to host and fully operate the vessels authorized to be transferred.

(2) Waiver of chief of naval operations certification

The requirement for the Chief of Naval Operations to make a certification under section 8678 of title 10 shall not apply to the transfer of a vessel authorized under subsection (a).

(3) Required mutual defense agreement

(A) In general

The President may not provide for the transfer of a vessel authorized under subsection (a) unless the United States and Australia have entered into a mutual defense agreement that meets the requirements of subparagraph (B) and such agreement is in effect.

(B) Requirements

A mutual defense agreement meets the requirements described in this subparagraph if the agreement—

(i) provides a clear legal framework for the sole purpose of Australia's acquisition of conventionally armed, nuclear-powered submarines; and

(ii) meets the highest nonproliferation standards for the exchange of nuclear materials, technology, equipment, and information between the United States and Australia.

(4) Subsequent sales

A transfer of vessel that is a Virginia class submarine on a sale basis other than a transfer described in subsection (a) may occur only if such transfer is explicitly authorized pursuant to a law enacted after December 22, 2023.

(e) Crediting of receipts

(1) In general

Notwithstanding any provision of law pertaining to the crediting of amounts received from a sale under the terms of section 21 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2761), any receipt of the United States as a result of a transfer of a vessel authorized under subsection (a) shall—

(A) be credited, at the discretion of the President to—

(i) the appropriation, fund, or account used in incurring the original obligation;

(ii) an appropriate appropriation, fund, or account currently available for the purposes for which the expenditures for the original acquisition of submarines transferred under this section were made; or

(iii) any other appropriation, fund, or account available for the improvement of the United States submarine industrial base; and

(B) remain available for obligation until expended for the same purpose as the appropriation to which the receipt is credited.

(2) Notifications and report

(A) Initial notification

Not later than 30 days before the date of the delivery of the first vessel authorized to be transferred under subsection (a), the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees and leadership of the following:

(i) The Government of Australia has achieved Submarine Rotational Forces-West full operational capability to support 4 rotationally deployed Virginia class submarines and one Astute class submarine, including having demonstrated the domestic capacity to fully perform all the associated activities necessary for the safe hosting and operation of nuclear-powered submarines.

(ii) The Government of Australia has achieved sovereign-ready initial operational capability to support a Royal Australian Navy Virginia class submarine, including having demonstrated the domestic capacity to fully perform all the associated—

(I) activities necessary for the safe hosting and operation of nuclear-powered submarines;

(II) crewing;

(III) operations;

(IV) regulatory and emergency procedures, including those specific to nuclear power plants; and

(V) detailed planning for enduring Virginia class submarine ownership, including each significant event leading up to and including nuclear defueling.

(B) Notification

Not later than 30 days after the date of a transfer of any vessel authorized under subsection (a), and upon any transfer or depositing of funds received pursuant to such a transfer, the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees and leadership of—

(i) the amount of funds received pursuant to the transfer; and

(ii) the specific account or fund into which the funds described in clause (i) are deposited.

(C) Report

Not later than 30 days after the receipt of funds as described in subparagraph (B), the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a report on the matters described in clauses (i) and (ii) of subparagraph (A).

(f) Applicability of existing law to transfer of special nuclear material and utilization facilities for military applications

(1) In general

With respect to any special nuclear material for use in utilization facilities or any portion of a vessel transferred under the authority of subsection (a) constituting utilization facilities for military applications under section 2121 of title 42, the transfer of such material or such facilities shall only occur in accordance with such section 2121 of title 42.

(2) Use of funds

The President may use proceeds from a transfer described in subparagraph (1) for the acquisition of submarine naval nuclear propulsion plants and the nuclear fuel to replace the propulsion plants and fuel transferred to the Government of Australia.

(g) Omitted

(h) Transfer or export of defense services

(1) In general

The President may transfer or authorize the export of defense services (as such term is defined in section 47 of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2794)) to the Government of Australia and the Government of the United Kingdom necessary or incidental to support the transfer and operation of vessels authorized under subsection (a).

(2) Authority to export to Australian and United Kingdom private and public-sector personnel

The transfer or export of defense services under this subsection may be directly exported to private and public-sector personnel of Australia or to private and public-sector personnel of the United Kingdom to support the development of the Australian submarine industrial base necessary for submarine security activities between members of the AUKUS partnership, including in the case in which such private and public-sector personnel are not officers, employees, or agents of the Government of Australia or the Government of the United Kingdom.

(3) Application of requirements for retransfer and reexport

Any person who receives any defense service transferred or exported under paragraph (1) may retransfer or reexport such service to other persons only in accordance with the requirements of the Arms Export Control Act (22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.).

(4) Security controls

(A) In general

Any defense service transferred or exported under paragraph (1) shall be subject to appropriate security controls to ensure that any sensitive information conveyed by such transfer or export is protected from disclosure to persons unauthorized by the United States to receive such information.

(B) Certification

Not later than 30 days before the first transfer or export of a defense service under paragraph (1), and annually thereafter, the President shall certify to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives that the controls described in subparagraph (A) will protect the information described in such subparagraph for the defense services so transferred or exported.

(i) Report

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after December 22, 2023, and annually thereafter for 15 years, the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees and leadership a report describing—

(A) the status of the transfer of vessels authorized under subsection (a);

(B) the implementation of submarine security cooperation under the AUKUS partnership and challenges towards its implementation;

(C) expansion of the public and private Virginia class submarine production and repair facilities, to include proposed work conducted in Australia and the United Kingdom to meet the additional work required by commitments under the AUKUS partnership;

(D) an annual procurement schedule for the total quantity of submarines the Department of Defense plans to procure over the 15 years following December 22, 2023; and

(E) a list of transfers or exports of defense services authorized under subsection (h) and the private-sector personnel of Australia or the private-sector personnel of the United Kingdom to whom the defense services were exported.

(2) Form

The report required by this subsection shall be submitted in classified form.

(Pub. L. 118–31, div. A, title XIII, §1352, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 514.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (h)(3), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§2751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is comprised of section 1352 of Pub. L. 118–31. Subsec. (g) of section 1352 of Pub. L. 118–31 amended section 8680 of Title 10, Armed Forces.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions and authorities vested in the President under subsecs. (e)(2)(B), (C) and (g) of this section delegated to Secretary of Defense, in consultation with Secretary of Energy, and under subsecs. (d)(1), (e)(2)(A), (h)(4), and (i) of this section to Secretary of Defense, in consultation with Secretaries of State and Energy, by Memorandum of President of the United States, §1(a), (b), (c)(iii)–(v), July 9, 2024, 89 F.R. 57337, set out in a note under section 10413 of this title.

Delegation of Functions and Authorities Under Sections 1352 and 1353 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024

Memorandum of President of the United States, Dec. 11, 2024, 89 F.R. 101835, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State[,] the Secretary of Defense[,] the Secretary of Energy[, and] the Director of the Office of Management and Budget

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3, United States Code:

Section 1. (a) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretaries of Defense and Energy, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 1352(a) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2024 (Public Law 118–31) (the "Act") [22 U.S.C. 10431(a)].

(b) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretaries of State and Energy and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 1352(e)(1)(A) of the Act.

(c) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of Energy, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense and the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the functions and authorities vested in the President by section 1352(f)(2) of the Act.

(d) I hereby delegate to the Secretary of Defense for funds transferred to Department of Defense accounts and to the Secretary of Energy for funds transferred to Department of Energy accounts, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 1353(c), 1353(e)(1)(D), and 1353(e)(3) of the Act [22 U.S.C. 10432(c), (e)(1)(D), (e)(3)].

(e) I hereby delegate to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, in consultation with the Secretaries of Defense and Energy, as appropriate, the functions and authorities vested in the President by sections 1353(a), 1353(e)(1)(A), 1353(e)(2), and 1353(f)(1) of the Act.

Sec. 2. The delegation in this memorandum shall apply to any provision of any future public law that is the same or substantially the same as the provision referenced in this memorandum.

Sec. 3. The Secretary of Defense is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

J.R. Biden, Jr.
22 U.S.C. § 2212 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2212: Development credits for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises
Development credits for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises
Status: in_force

(a) Findings and policy

Congress finds and declares that—

(1) the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises is a vital factor in the stable growth of developing countries and in the development and stability of a free, open, and equitable international economic system; and

(2) it is, therefore, in the best interests of the United States to assist the access to financial services and the development of micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises in developing countries and to engage the United States private sector in that process.

(b) Program

To carry out the policy set forth in subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide assistance to increase the availability of financial services to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households lacking full access to credit and other financial services, including through—

(1) loans and guarantees to financial intermediaries for the purpose of expanding the availability of savings and credit to poor and low-income households;

(2) training programs for financial intermediaries in order to enable them to better meet the financial services needs of their clients; and

(3) training programs for clients in order to enable them to make better use of credit, increase their financial literacy, and to better manage their enterprises to improve their quality of life.

(c) Eligibility criteria

The Administrator of the Agency shall establish criteria for determining which financial intermediaries described in subsection (b)(1) are eligible to carry out activities, with respect to micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households, assisted under this section. Such criteria may include the following:

(1) The extent to which the recipients of financial services from the entity do not have access to the local formal financial sector.

(2) The extent to which the recipients of financial services from the entity are among the poorest people in the country.

(3) The extent to which the entity is oriented toward working directly with poor women.

(4) The extent to which the entity recovers its cost of lending.

(5) The extent to which the entity implements a plan to become financially sustainable.

(d) Additional requirement

Assistance provided under this section may only be used to support programs for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households and may not be used to support programs not directly related to the purposes described in subsection (b).

(e) Procurement provision

Assistance may be provided under this section without regard to section 2354(a) of this title.

(f) Availability of funds

(1) In general

Of the amounts authorized to be available to carry out subchapter I of this chapter, there are authorized to be available such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2009 to carry out this section.

(2) Coverage of subsidy costs

Amounts authorized to be available under paragraph (1) shall be made available to cover the subsidy cost, as defined in section 661a(5) of title 2, for activities under this section.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §256, formerly §108, as added Pub. L. 98–151, §101(b)(2), Nov. 14, 1983, 97 Stat. 972; amended Pub. L. 99–83, title III, §308, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 215; Pub. L. 100–418, title II, §2211, Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1335; Pub. L. 106–309, title I, §106, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1085; Pub. L. 108–31, §2, June 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 775; renumbered §256 and amended Pub. L. 108–484, §4(a), (b), (c)(3), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3926, 3927; Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f), Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5514.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 2151f of this title.

Section 256, formerly 108, of Pub. L. 87–195 is based on section 407 of title IV of H.R. 2992, Ninety-eighth Congress, as reported May 17, 1983, and enacted into law by Pub. L. 98–151.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2212, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §252, as added Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, §106, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 258; amended Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, §106(b), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 383; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, §105, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. I, §105, Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 655; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. I, §105(b), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 799; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, §106(b), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 451; Pub. L. 90–554, pt. I, §105, Oct. 8, 1968, 82 Stat. 961; Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §106, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 818; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. I, §105, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 23; Pub. L. 93–189, §7, Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 718, related to authorization of appropriations for Alliance for Progress, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–424, title I, §102(g)(1)(A), title VI, §605, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 942, 961, effective Oct. 1, 1978.

Amendments

2019—Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(1), substituted "Development credits for micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises" for "Microenterprise development credits" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(2)(A), substituted "micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises" for "micro- and small enterprises".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(2)(B), substituted "micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises" for "microenterprises".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(3)(A), substituted "micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households lacking full access to credit and other financial services" for "microenterprise households lacking full access to credit" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (b)(1), (2). Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(3)(B), substituted "financial intermediaries" for "microfinance institutions".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(4), (5), in introductory provisions, substituted "financial intermediaries" for "microfinance institutions" and "micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households" for "microenterprise households".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 115–428, §4(f)(5), substituted "micro, small, and medium-sized enterprises and households" for "microenterprise households".

2004—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–484, §4(c)(3)(A), substituted "Administrator of the Agency" for "Administrator of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–484, §4(c)(3)(B), substituted "subchapter I of this chapter" for "section 2152a of this title" and "such sums as may be necessary for each of the fiscal years 2005 through 2009" for "$1,500,000 for each of fiscal years 2001 through 2004".

2003—Pub. L. 108–31, §2(f), substituted "Microenterprise development credits" for "Micro- and small enterprise development credits" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 108–31, §2(a), substituted "the access to financial services and the development of microenterprises" for "the development of the enterprises of the poor".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–31, §2(b), amended heading and text of subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "To carry out the policy set forth in subsection (a) of this section, the President is authorized to provide assistance to increase the availability of credit to micro- and small enterprises lacking full access to credit, including through—

"(1) loans and guarantees to credit institutions for the purpose of expanding the availability of credit to micro- and small enterprises;

"(2) training programs for lenders in order to enable them to better meet the credit needs of microentrepreneurs; and

"(3) training programs for microentrepreneurs in order to enable them to make better use of credit and to better manage their enterprises."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 108–31, §2(c)(1), substituted "microfinance institutions" for "credit institutions" and "microenterprise households" for "micro- and small enterprises" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(1), (2). Pub. L. 108–31, §2(c)(2), substituted "financial services" for "credit".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–31, §2(d), substituted "programs for microenterprise households" for "micro- and small enterprise programs".

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 108–31, §2(e), substituted "for each of fiscal years 2001 through 2004" for "for each of fiscal years 2001 and 2002".

2000—Pub. L. 106–309 amended section catchline and text generally, substituting provisions promoting micro- and small enterprise development credits for provisions relating to the establishment, funding and uses of a private sector revolving fund to aid developing countries.

1988—Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 100–418 added subsec. (i).

1985—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–83 substituted "each of the fiscal years 1986 and 1987, up to $18,000,000" for "fiscal year 1984, up to $20,000,000".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter II

References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§2346 et seq.), VI (§2348 et seq.), and VIII (§2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226 set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title.

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.

Report to Congress

Pub. L. 108–31, §4, June 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 778, as amended by Pub. L. 108–484, §8(b), Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3931, provided that: "Not later than September 30, 2005, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall submit to Congress a report that documents the process of developing and applying poverty assessment procedures with its partners."

Findings and Declarations of Policy of 2000 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–309, title I, §102, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1079, provided that: "Congress makes the following findings and declarations:

"(1) According to the World Bank, more than 1,200,000,000 people in the developing world, or one-fifth of the world's population, subsist on less than $1 a day.

"(2) Over 32,000 of their children die each day from largely preventable malnutrition and disease.

"(3)(A) Women in poverty generally have larger work loads and less access to educational and economic opportunities than their male counterparts.

"(B) Directly aiding the poorest of the poor, especially women, in the developing world has a positive effect not only on family incomes, but also on child nutrition, health and education, as women in particular reinvest income in their families.

"(4)(A) The poor in the developing world, particularly women, generally lack stable employment and social safety nets.

"(B) Many turn to self-employment to generate a substantial portion of their livelihood. In Africa, over 80 percent of employment is generated in the informal sector of the self-employed poor.

"(C) These poor entrepreneurs are often trapped in poverty because they cannot obtain credit at reasonable rates to build their asset base or expand their otherwise viable self-employment activities.

"(D) Many of the poor are forced to pay interest rates as high as 10 percent per day to money lenders.

"(5)(A) The poor are able to expand their incomes and their businesses dramatically when they can access loans at reasonable interest rates.

"(B) Through the development of self-sustaining microfinance programs, poor people themselves can lead the fight against hunger and poverty.

"(6)(A) On February 2–4, 1997, a global Microcredit Summit was held in Washington, District of Columbia, to launch a plan to expand access to credit for self-employment and other financial and business services to 100,000,000 of the world's poorest families, especially the women of those families, by 2005. While this scale of outreach may not be achievable in this short time-period, the realization of this goal could dramatically alter the face of global poverty.

"(B) With an average family size of five, achieving this goal will mean that the benefits of microfinance will thereby reach nearly half of the world's more than 1,000,000,000 absolute poor people.

"(7)(A) Nongovernmental organizations, such as those that comprise the Microenterprise Coalition (such as the Grameen Bank (Bangladesh), K–REP (Kenya), and networks such as Accion International, the Foundation for International Community Assistance (FINCA), and the credit union movement) are successful in lending directly to the very poor.

"(B) Microfinance institutions such as BRAC (Bangladesh), BancoSol (Bolivia), SEWA Bank (India), and ACEP (Senegal) are regulated financial institutions that can raise funds directly from the local and international capital markets.

"(8)(A) Microenterprise institutions not only reduce poverty, but also reduce the dependency on foreign assistance.

"(B) Interest income on the credit portfolio is used to pay recurring institutional costs, assuring the long-term sustainability of development assistance.

"(9) Microfinance institutions leverage foreign assistance resources because loans are recycled, generating new benefits to program participants.

"(10)(A) The development of sustainable microfinance institutions that provide credit and training, and mobilize domestic savings, is a critical component to a global strategy of poverty reduction and broad-based economic development.

"(B) In the efforts of the United States to lead the development of a new global financial architecture, microenterprise should play a vital role. The recent shocks to international financial markets demonstrate how the financial sector can shape the destiny of nations. Microfinance can serve as a powerful tool for building a more inclusive financial sector which serves the broad majority of the world's population including the very poor and women and thus generate more social stability and prosperity.

"(C) Over the last two decades, the United States has been a global leader in promoting the global microenterprise sector, primarily through its development assistance programs at the United States Agency for International Development. Additionally, the Department of the Treasury and the Department of State have used their authority to promote microenterprise in the development programs of international financial institutions and the United Nations.

"(11)(A) In 1994, the United States Agency for International Development launched the 'Microenterprise Initiative' in partnership with the Congress.

"(B) The initiative committed to expanding funding for the microenterprise programs of the Agency, and set a goal that, by the end of fiscal year 1996, one-half of all microenterprise resources would support programs and institutions that provide credit to the poorest, with loans under $300.

"(C) In order to achieve the goal of the microcredit summit, increased investment in microfinance institutions serving the poorest will be critical.

"(12) Providing the United States share of the global investment needed to achieve the goal of the microcredit summit will require only a small increase in United States funding for international microcredit programs, with an increased focus on institutions serving the poorest.

"(13)(A) In order to reach tens of millions of the poorest with microcredit, it is crucial to expand and replicate successful microfinance institutions.

"(B) These institutions need assistance in developing their institutional capacity to expand their services and tap commercial sources of capital.

"(14) Nongovernmental organizations have demonstrated competence in developing networks of local microfinance institutions and other assistance delivery mechanisms so that they reach large numbers of the very poor, and achieve financial sustainability.

"(15) Recognizing that the United States Agency for International Development has developed very effective partnerships with nongovernmental organizations, and that the Agency will have fewer missions overseas to carry out its work, the Agency should place priority on investing in those nongovernmental network institutions that meet performance criteria through the central funding mechanisms of the Agency.

"(16) By expanding and replicating successful microfinance institutions, it should be possible to create a global infrastructure to provide financial services to the world's poorest families.

"(17)(A) The United States can provide leadership to other bilateral and multilateral development agencies as such agencies expand their support to the microenterprise sector.

"(B) The United States should seek to improve coordination among G–7 countries in the support of the microenterprise sector in order to leverage the investment of the United States with that of other donor nations.

"(18) Through increased support for microenterprise, especially credit for the poorest, the United States can continue to play a leadership role in the global effort to expand financial services and opportunity to 100,000,000 of the poorest families on the planet."

Purposes of 2000 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–309, title I, §103, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1081, as amended by Pub. L. 108–31, §1(a), June 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 775, provided that: "The purposes of this title [see Short Title of 2000 Amendments note set out under section 2151 of this title] are—

"(1) to make microenterprise development an important element of United States foreign economic policy and assistance;

"(2) to provide for the continuation and expansion of the commitment of the United States Agency for International Development to the development of microenterprise institutions as outlined in its 1994 Microenterprise Initiative;

"(3) to support and develop the capacity of United States and indigenous nongovernmental organization intermediaries to provide credit, savings, training, technical assistance, and business development services to microenterprise households;

"(4) to emphasize financial services and substantially increase the amount of assistance devoted to both financial services and complementary business development services designed to reach the poorest people in developing countries, particularly women;

"(5) to encourage the United States Agency for International Development to coordinate microenterprise policy, in consultation with the Department of the Treasury and the Department of State, and to provide global leadership among bilateral and multilateral donors in promoting microenterprise for the very poor; and

"(6) to ensure that in the implementation of this title at least 50 percent of all microenterprise assistance under this title, and the amendments made under this title, shall be targeted to the very poor."

Definitions

Pub. L. 106–309, title I, §104, Oct. 17, 2000, 114 Stat. 1082, as amended by Pub. L. 108–31, §1(b), June 17, 2003, 117 Stat. 775, provided that: "In this title [see Short Title of 2000 Amendments note set out under section 2151 of this title]:

"(1) Business development services.—The term 'business development services' means support for the growth of microenterprises through training, technical assistance, marketing assistance, improved production technologies, and other services.

"(2) Microenterprise institution.—The term 'microenterprise institution' means an institution that provides services, including microfinance, training, or business development services, to microentrepreneurs and their households.

"(3) Microfinance institution.—The term 'microfinance institution' means an institution that directly provides, or works to expand, the availability of credit, savings, and other financial services to microentrepreneurs.

"(4) Practitioner institution.—The term 'practitioner institution' means any institution that provides services, including microfinance, training, or business development services, for microentrepreneurs, or provides assistance to microenterprise institutions.

"(5) Very poor.—The term 'very poor' means individuals—

"(A) living in the bottom 50 percent below the poverty line established by the national government of the country in which those individuals live; or

"(B) living on the equivalent of less than $1 per day."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 1261 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 15: THE REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES / Subchapter I: LAWS AND OBLIGATIONS OF UNITED STATES / Section 1261: Omitted
Omitted
Status: omitted

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section 1261, act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title II, §211, 60 Stat. 144, related to amount and allocation of quotas for refined and unrefined Philippine sugar, between the period Jan. 1, 1946 and July 3, 1974.

Section 1262, act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title II, §212, 60 Stat. 145, related to amount and allocation of quotas for Philippine cordage, between the period Jan. 1, 1946 and July 3, 1974.

Section 1263, act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title II, §213, 60 Stat. 145, related to quota on Philippine rice, between the period Jan. 1, 1946 and July 3, 1974.

Section 1264, act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title II, §214, 60 Stat. 146, related to duty-free quotas on cigars, scrap tobacco, coconut oil and buttons of pearl or shell, between the period Jan. 1, 1946 and July 3, 1974.

Section 1265, act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title II, §215, 60 Stat. 147, which related to enactment of laws and regulations necessary to put into effect allocations of quotas, was omitted on authority of former section 1345 of this title which nullified subchapter I of this chapter upon expiration of the revised agreement between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines which occurred on July 4, 1974.

Section 1266, act Apr. 30, 1946, ch. 244, title II, §216, 60 Stat. 147, related to transfers and assignments of quota allotments. See note above for section 1265 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6445 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 73: INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM / Subchapter III: PRESIDENTIAL ACTIONS / Section 6445: Description of Presidential actions
Description of Presidential actions
Status: in_force

(a) Description of Presidential actions

Except as provided in subsection (d), the Presidential actions referred to in this subsection are the following:

(1) A private demarche.

(2) An official public demarche.

(3) A public condemnation.

(4) A public condemnation within one or more multilateral fora.

(5) The delay or cancellation of one or more scientific exchanges.

(6) The delay or cancellation of one or more cultural exchanges.

(7) The denial of one or more working, official, or state visits.

(8) The delay or cancellation of one or more working, official, or state visits.

(9) The withdrawal, limitation, or suspension of United States development assistance in accordance with section 2151n of this title.

(10) Directing the Export-Import Bank of the United States, the United States International Development Finance Corporation, or the Trade and Development Agency not to approve the issuance of any (or a specified number of) guarantees, insurance, extensions of credit, or participations in the extension of credit with respect to the specific government, agency, instrumentality, or official found or determined by the President to be responsible for violations under section 6441 or 6442 of this title.

(11) The withdrawal, limitation, or suspension of United States security assistance in accordance with section 2304 of this title.

(12) Consistent with section 262d of this title, directing the United States executive directors of international financial institutions to oppose and vote against loans primarily benefiting the specific foreign government, agency, instrumentality, or official found or determined by the President to be responsible for violations under section 6441 or 6442 of this title.

(13) Ordering the heads of the appropriate United States agencies not to issue any (or a specified number of) specific licenses, and not to grant any other specific authority (or a specified number of authorities), to export any goods or technology to the specific foreign government, agency, instrumentality, or official found or determined by the President to be responsible for violations under section 6441 or 6442 of this title, under—

(A) the Export Administration Act of 1979;

(B) the Arms Export Control Act [22 U.S.C. 2751 et seq.];

(C) the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.]; or

(D) any other statute that requires the prior review and approval of the United States Government as a condition for the export or reexport of goods or services.

(14) Prohibiting any United States financial institution from making loans or providing credits totaling more than $10,000,000 in any 12-month period to the specific foreign government, agency, instrumentality, or official found or determined by the President to be responsible for violations under section 6441 or 6442 of this title.

(15) Prohibiting the United States Government from procuring, or entering into any contract for the procurement of, any goods or services from the foreign government, entities, or officials found or determined by the President to be responsible for violations under section 6441 or 6442 of this title.

(b) Commensurate action

Except as provided in subsection (d), the President may substitute any other action authorized by law for any action described in paragraphs (1) through (15) of subsection (a) if such action is commensurate in effect to the action substituted and if the action would further the policy of the United States set forth in section 6401(b) of this title. The President shall seek to take all appropriate and feasible actions authorized by law to obtain the cessation of the violations. If commensurate action is taken, the President shall report such action, together with an explanation for taking such action, to the appropriate congressional committees.

(c) Binding agreements

The President may negotiate and enter into a binding agreement with a foreign government that obligates such government to cease, or take substantial steps to address and phase out, the act, policy, or practice constituting the violation of religious freedom. The entry into force of a binding agreement for the cessation of the violations shall be a primary objective for the President in responding to a foreign government that has engaged in or tolerated particularly severe violations of religious freedom.

(d) Exceptions

Any action taken pursuant to subsection (a) or (b) may not prohibit or restrict the provision of medicine, medical equipment or supplies, food, or other humanitarian assistance.

(Pub. L. 105–292, title IV, §405, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2806; Pub. L. 115–254, div. F, title VI, §1470(o), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3518.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Export Administration Act of 1979, referred to in subsec. (a)(13)(A), is Pub. L. 96–72, Sept. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 503, which was classified principally to chapter 56 (§4601 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232, except for sections 11A, 11B, and 11C thereof (50 U.S.C. 4611, 4612, 4613).

The Arms Export Control Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(13)(B), is Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1320, which is classified principally to chapter 39 (§2751 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (a)(13)(C), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, §1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(10). Pub. L. 115–254 substituted "United States International Development Finance Corporation" for "Overseas Private Investment Corporation".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–254 effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title, see section 1470(w) of Pub. L. 115–254, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.
22 U.S.C. § 289c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XIX: INTERNATIONAL REFUGEE ORGANIZATION / Section 289c: Transfer of funds; furnishing supplies and services; accounting for reimbursements
Transfer of funds; furnishing supplies and services; accounting for reimbursements
Status: in_force

(a) Sums from the appropriations made pursuant to subsection (a) of section 289b of this title may be transferred to any department, agency, or independent establishment of the Government to carry out the purposes of such subsection, and such sums shall be available for obligation and expenditure in accordance with the laws governing obligations and expenditures of the department, agency, independent establishment, or organizational unit thereof concerned, and without regard to section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41.

(b) Upon request of the Organization, any department, agency, or independent establishment of the Government (upon receipt of advancements or reimbursements for the cost and necessary expenses) may furnish supplies, or if advancements are made may procure and furnish supplies, and may furnish or procure and furnish services, to the Organization. When reimbursement is made it shall be credited, at the option of the department, agency, or independent establishment concerned, either to the appropriation, fund, or account utilized in incurring the obligation, or to an appropriate appropriation fund, or account which is current at the time of such reimbursement.

(July 1, 1947, ch. 185, §4, 61 Stat. 215; Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 654.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

In subsec. (a), "section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41" substituted for "sections 3709 and 3648 of the Revised Statutes, as amended (U.S.C., 1940 edition, title 41, sec. 5, and title 31, sec. 529)" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, which Act enacted Title 31, Money and Finance, and Pub. L. 111–350, §6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.

Amendments

1966—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–554 struck out proviso which excepted certain personnel from the ceiling imposed by section 947 of former title 5.
22 U.S.C. § 6005 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69: CUBAN DEMOCRACY / Section 6005: Sanctions
Sanctions
Status: in_force

(a) Prohibition on certain transactions between certain United States firms and Cuba

(1) Prohibition

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no license may be issued for any transaction described in section 515.559 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on July 1, 1989.

(2) Applicability to existing contracts

Paragraph (1) shall not affect any contract entered into before October 23, 1992.

(b) Prohibitions on vessels

(1) Vessels engaging in trade

Beginning on the 61st day after October 23, 1992, a vessel which enters a port or place in Cuba to engage in the trade of goods or services may not, within 180 days after departure from such port or place in Cuba, load or unload any freight at any place in the United States, except pursuant to a license issued by the Secretary of the Treasury.

(2) Vessels carrying goods or passengers to or from Cuba

Except as specifically authorized by the Secretary of the Treasury, a vessel carrying goods or passengers to or from Cuba or carrying goods in which Cuba or a Cuban national has any interest may not enter a United States port.

(3) Inapplicability of ship stores general license

No commodities which may be exported under a general license described in section 771.9 of title 15, Code of Federal Regulations, as in effect on May 1, 1992, may be exported under a general license to any vessel carrying goods or passengers to or from Cuba or carrying goods in which Cuba or a Cuban national has an interest.

(4) Definitions

As used in this subsection—

(A) the term "vessel" includes every description of water craft or other contrivance used, or capable of being used, as a means of transportation in water, but does not include aircraft;

(B) the term "United States" includes the territories and possessions of the United States and the customs waters of the United States (as defined in section 1401 of title 19; and

(C) the term "Cuban national" means a national of Cuba, as the term "national" is defined in section 515.302 of title 31, Code of Federal Regulations, as of August 1, 1992.

(c) Restrictions on remittances to Cuba

The President shall establish strict limits on remittances to Cuba by United States persons for the purpose of financing the travel of Cubans to the United States, in order to ensure that such remittances reflect only the reasonable costs associated with such travel, and are not used by the Government of Cuba as a means of gaining access to United States currency.

(d) Clarification of applicability of sanctions

The prohibitions contained in subsections (a), (b), and (c) shall not apply with respect to any activity otherwise permitted by section 6004 of this title or section 6006 of this title or any activity which may not be regulated or prohibited under section 5(b)(4) of the Trading With the Enemy Act [50 U.S.C. 4305(b)(4)].

(Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XVII, §1706, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2578.)

Repeal of Section

Pub. L. 104–114, title II, §204(d)(3), Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 810, provided that on date on which President submits determination under section 6063(c)(3) of this title that democratically elected government in Cuba is in power, this section is repealed.
22 U.S.C. § 10004 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 107: SUDAN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND FISCAL TRANSPARENCY / Section 10004: Support for development programs
Support for development programs
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Notwithstanding any other provision of law (other than the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 [22 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.] and the Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008), the President is authorized to provide assistance under part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq. and 2346 et seq.) and under the Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018 (22 U.S.C. 9601 et seq.) for programs in Sudan—

(1) to increase agricultural and livestock productivity;

(2) to promote economic growth, increase private sector productivity and advance market-based solutions to address development challenges;

(3) to support women's economic empowerment and economic opportunities for youth and previously marginalized populations;

(4) to improve equal access to quality basic education;

(5) to support the capacity of universities to equip students to participate in a pluralistic and global society through virtual exchange and other programs;

(6) to improve access to water, sanitation, and hygiene projects;

(7) to build the capacity of national and subnational government officials to support the transparent management of public resources, promote good governance through combating corruption and improving accountability, increase economic productivity, and increase domestic resource mobilization; and

(8) to support other related economic assistance programs and activities.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

Of the amounts authorized to be appropriated to carry out part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq. and 2346 et seq.) for fiscal years 2021 and 2022, $80,000,000 is authorized to be appropriated for each such fiscal year to carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, §1265, Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 3970.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, referred to in subsec. (a), is div. A of Pub. L. 106–386, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1466, which is classified principally to chapter 78 (§7101 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7101 of this title and Tables.

The Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2008, referred to in subsec. (a), is title IV of Pub. L. 110–457, Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5087, which is classified principally to sections 2370c to 2370c–2 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 2008 Amendment note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Part I and chapter 4 of part II of the Act are classified generally to part I (§2151 et seq.) of subchapter I and part IV (§2346 et seq.) of subchapter II, respectively, of chapter 32 of this title. For provisions deeming references to part I of subchapter I to include a reference to section 2293 of this title, see section 2293(d)(1) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

The Better Utilization of Investments Leading to Development Act of 2018, referred to in subsec. (a), is div. F of Pub. L. 115–254, Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3485, also known as the BUILD Act of 2018. Div. F is classified principally to chapter 103 of this title. For complete classification of div. F to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 9601 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 6022 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69A: CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) / Section 6022: Purposes
Purposes
Status: in_force

The purposes of this chapter are—

(1) to assist the Cuban people in regaining their freedom and prosperity, as well as in joining the community of democratic countries that are flourishing in the Western Hemisphere;

(2) to strengthen international sanctions against the Castro government;

(3) to provide for the continued national security of the United States in the face of continuing threats from the Castro government of terrorism, theft of property from United States nationals by the Castro government, and the political manipulation by the Castro government of the desire of Cubans to escape that results in mass migration to the United States;

(4) to encourage the holding of free and fair democratic elections in Cuba, conducted under the supervision of internationally recognized observers;

(5) to provide a policy framework for United States support to the Cuban people in response to the formation of a transition government or a democratically elected government in Cuba; and

(6) to protect United States nationals against confiscatory takings and the wrongful trafficking in property confiscated by the Castro regime.

(Pub. L. 104–114, §3, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 788.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 104–114, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 785, known as the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6021 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 7109a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 78: TRAFFICKING VICTIMS PROTECTION / Section 7109a: Research on domestic and international trafficking in persons
Research on domestic and international trafficking in persons
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The President, acting through the Council of Economic Advisors, the National Research Council of the National Academies, the Secretary of Labor, the Secretary of Health and Human Services, the Attorney General, the Secretary of State, the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall carry out research, including by providing grants to nongovernmental organizations, as well as relevant United States Government agencies and international organizations, which furthers the purposes of this chapter and provides data to address the problems identified in the findings of this chapter. Such research initiatives shall, to the maximum extent practicable, include, but not be limited to, the following:

(1) The economic causes and consequences of trafficking in persons.

(2) The effectiveness of programs and initiatives funded or administered by Federal agencies to prevent trafficking in persons and to protect and assist victims of trafficking.

(3) The interrelationship between trafficking in persons and global health risks, particularly HIV/AIDS.

(4) Subject to subsection (b), the interrelationship between trafficking in persons and terrorism, including the use of profits from trafficking in persons to finance terrorism.

(5) An effective mechanism for quantifying the number of victims of trafficking on a national, regional, and international basis, which shall include, not later than 2 years after December 23, 2008, the establishment and maintenance of an integrated database within the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center.

(6) The abduction and enslavement of children for use as soldiers, including steps taken to eliminate the abduction and enslavement of children for use as soldiers and recommendations for such further steps as may be necessary to rapidly end the abduction and enslavement of children for use as soldiers.

(b) Role of Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center

(1) In general

The research initiatives described in paragraphs (4) and (5) of subsection (a) shall be carried out by the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center, established under section 1777 of title 8.

(2) Database

The database described in subsection (a)(5) shall be established by combining all applicable data collected by each Federal department and agency represented on the Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking, consistent with the protection of sources and methods, and, to the maximum extent practicable, applicable data from relevant international organizations, to—

(A) improve the coordination of the collection of data related to trafficking in persons by each agency of the United States Government that collects such data;

(B) promote uniformity of such data collection and standards and systems related to such collection;

(C) undertake a meta-analysis of patterns of trafficking in persons, slavery, and slave-like conditions to develop and analyze global trends in human trafficking;

(D) identify emerging issues in human trafficking and establishing integrated methods to combat them; and

(E) identify research priorities to respond to global patterns and emerging issues.

(3) Consultation

The database established in accordance with paragraph (2) shall be maintained in consultation with the Director of the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons of the Department of State.

(4) Authorization of appropriations

There are authorized to be appropriated $1,000,000 to the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center for each of the fiscal years 2022 through 2027 to carry out the activities described in this subsection.

(c) Definitions

In this section:

(1) AIDS

The term "AIDS" means the acquired immune deficiency syndrome.

(2) HIV

The term "HIV" means the human immunodeficiency virus, the pathogen that causes AIDS.

(3) HIV/AIDS

The term "HIV/AIDS" means, with respect to an individual, an individual who is infected with HIV or living with AIDS.

(Pub. L. 106–386, div. A, §112A, as added Pub. L. 108–193, §6(g)(1), Dec. 19, 2003, 117 Stat. 2883; amended Pub. L. 109–164, title I, §104(c)(1), Jan. 10, 2006, 119 Stat. 3564; Pub. L. 110–457, title I, §108(a), Dec. 23, 2008, 122 Stat. 5050; Pub. L. 113–4, title XII, §1251(1), Mar. 7, 2013, 127 Stat. 155; Pub. L. 115–393, title III, §301(a)(1), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5271; Pub. L. 117–347, title I, §105(d)(1), Jan. 5, 2023, 136 Stat. 6204.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this division" meaning division A of Pub. L. 106–386, Oct. 28, 2000, 114 Stat. 1466, known as the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of division A to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 7101 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 117–347 substituted "2022 through 2027" for "2018 through 2021".

2018—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 115–393 substituted "2018 through 2021" for "2014 through 2017".

2013—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 113–4 substituted "$1,000,000" for "$2,000,000" and "2014 through 2017" for "2008 through 2011".

2008—Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 110–457, §108(a)(1), amended par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "An effective mechanism for quantifying the number of victims of trafficking on a national, regional, and international basis."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–457, §108(a)(2), amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The research initiatives described in subsection (a)(4) of this section shall be carried out by the Human Smuggling and Trafficking Center (established pursuant to section 1777 of title 8)."

2006—Pub. L. 109–164 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted subsec. heading, substituted "the Director of National Intelligence" for "the Director of Central Intelligence" in introductory provisions, inserted ", particularly HIV/AIDS" before period at end of par. (3), and added pars. (4) to (6) and subsecs. (b) and (c).

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see section 6 of Ex. Ord. No. 13257, Feb. 13, 2002, 67 F.R. 7259, as amended, set out as a note under section 7103 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 191 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 3: UNITED STATES COURT FOR CHINA / Section 191: Repealed. June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §39, 62 Stat. 992, eff. Sept. 1, 1948
Repealed. June 25, 1948, ch. 646, §39, 62 Stat. 992, eff. Sept. 1, 1948
Status: repealed

Section 191, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §1, 34 Stat. 814; June 24, 1936, ch. 757, 49 Stat. 1909, related to establishment of court.

Section 192, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §2, 34 Stat. 814, related to jurisdiction of consular courts.

Section 193, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §2, 34 Stat. 814, related to administration of estates of decedents.

Section 194, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §3, 34 Stat. 815; Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, §291, 36 Stat. 1167; Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, §1, 45 Stat. 54, related to appeals and writs of error.

Section 195, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §4, 34 Stat. 815, related to law applicable to determination of cases.

Section 196, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §5, 34 Stat. 816, related to procedure generally.

Section 197, acts June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §6, 34 Stat. 816; May 29, 1928, ch. 904, §§1, 2, 45 Stat. 997, related to officers of court.

Section 197a, act May 29, 1928, ch. 904, §§1, 2, 45 Stat. 997, related to salaries of judge.

Section 197b, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §11, as added Aug. 7, 1935, ch. 452, §1, 49 Stat. 539, related to appointment and compensation of special judge.

Section 197c, acts Mar. 2, 1909, ch. 235, 35 Stat. 679; Mar. 4, 1915, ch. 145, 38 Stat. 1122, related to vice consul at Shanghai exercising judicial functions.

Section 198, act June 4, 1920, ch. 223, 41 Stat. 746, related to commissioner for court.

Section 198a, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §10, as added Aug. 7, 1935, ch. 452, §1, 49 Stat. 538, related to commissioner for the court.

Section 199, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §7, 34 Stat. 816, related to tenure of office of judge.

Section 200, act June 30, 1906, ch. 3934, §8, 34 Stat. 816, related to bond of marshal.
22 U.S.C. § 7513 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 82: AFGHANISTAN FREEDOM SUPPORT / Subchapter I: ECONOMIC AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR AFGHANISTAN / Section 7513: Authorization of assistance
Authorization of assistance
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the President is authorized to provide assistance for Afghanistan for the following activities:

(1) Urgent humanitarian needs

To assist in meeting the urgent humanitarian needs of the people of Afghanistan, including assistance such as—

(A) emergency food, shelter, and medical assistance;

(B) clean drinking water and sanitation;

(C) preventative health care, including childhood vaccination, therapeutic feeding, maternal child health services, and infectious diseases surveillance and treatment;

(D) family tracing and reunification services; and

(E) clearance of landmines and other unexploded ordinance.1

(2) Repatriation and resettlement of refugees and internally displaced persons

To assist refugees and internally displaced persons as they return to their home communities in Afghanistan and to support their reintegration into those communities, including assistance such as—

(A) assistance identified in paragraph (1);

(B) assistance to communities, including those in neighboring countries, that have taken in large numbers of refugees in order to rehabilitate or expand social, health, and educational services that may have suffered as a result of the influx of large numbers of refugees;

(C) assistance to international organizations and host governments in maintaining security by screening refugees to ensure the exclusion of armed combatants, members of foreign terrorist organizations, and other individuals not eligible for economic assistance from the United States; and

(D) assistance for voluntary refugee repatriation and reintegration inside Afghanistan and continued assistance to those refugees who are unable or unwilling to return, and humanitarian assistance to internally displaced persons, including those persons who need assistance to return to their homes, through the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and other organizations charged with providing such assistance.

(3) Counternarcotics efforts

(A) To assist in the eradication of poppy cultivation, the disruption of heroin production, and the reduction of the overall supply and demand for illicit narcotics in Afghanistan and the region, with particular emphasis on assistance to—

(i) eradicate opium poppy, promote alternatives to poppy cultivation, including the introduction of high value crops that are suitable for export and the provision of appropriate technical assistance and credit mechanisms for farmers, purchase nonopium products from farmers in opium-growing areas, quick-impact public works programs to divert labor from narcotics production, develop projects directed specifically at narcotics production, processing, or trafficking areas to provide incentives to cooperation in narcotics suppression activities, and related programs;

(ii) establish or provide assistance to one or more entities within the Government of Afghanistan, including the Afghan State High Commission for Drug Control, and to provide training and equipment for the entities, to help enforce counternarcotics laws in Afghanistan and limit illicit narcotics growth, production, and trafficking in Afghanistan, and to create special counternarcotics courts, prosecutors, and places of incarceration;

(iii) train and provide equipment for customs, police, and other border control entities in Afghanistan and the region relating to illicit narcotics interdiction and relating to precursor chemical controls and interdiction to help disrupt heroin production in Afghanistan and the region, in particular, notwithstanding section 2420 of this title, by providing non-lethal equipment, training (including training in internationally recognized standards of human rights, the rule of law, anti-corruption, and the promotion of civilian police roles that support democracy), and payments, during fiscal years 2005 through 2008, for salaries for special counternarcotics police and supporting units;

(iv) continue the annual opium crop survey and strategic studies on opium crop planting and farming in Afghanistan;

(v) reduce demand for illicit narcotics among the people of Afghanistan, including refugees returning to Afghanistan; and

(vi) assist the Afghan National Army with respect to any of the activities under this paragraph.

(B) For each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2006, $15,000,000 is authorized to be appropriated to the President to be made available for a contribution to the United Nations Drug Control Program for the purpose of carrying out activities described in clauses (i) through (v) of subparagraph (A). Amounts made available under the preceding sentence are in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

(4) Reestablishment of food security, rehabilitation of the agriculture sector, improvement in health conditions, and the reconstruction of basic infrastructure

To assist in expanding access to markets in Afghanistan, to increase the availability of food in markets in Afghanistan, to rehabilitate the agriculture sector in Afghanistan by creating jobs for former combatants, returning refugees, and internally displaced persons, to improve health conditions, and assist in the rebuilding of basic infrastructure in Afghanistan, including assistance such as—

(A) rehabilitation of the agricultural infrastructure, including irrigation systems and rural roads;

(B) extension of credit;

(C) provision of critical agricultural inputs, such as seeds, tools, and fertilizer, and strengthening of seed multiplication, certification, and distribution systems;

(D) improvement in the quantity and quality of water available through, among other things, rehabilitation of existing irrigation systems and the development of local capacity to manage irrigation systems;

(E) livestock rehabilitation through market development and other mechanisms to distribute stocks to replace those stocks lost as a result of conflict or drought;

(F) mine awareness and demining programs and programs to assist mine victims, war orphans, and widows;

(G) programs relating to infant and young child feeding, immunizations, vitamin A supplementation, and prevention and treatment of diarrheal diseases and respiratory infections;

(H) programs to improve maternal and child health and reduce maternal and child mortality;

(I) programs to improve hygienic and sanitation practices and for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis and malaria;

(J) programs to reconstitute the delivery of health care, including the reconstruction of health clinics or other basic health infrastructure, with particular emphasis on health care for children who are orphans;

(K) programs for housing (including repairing homes damaged during military operations), rebuilding urban infrastructure, and supporting basic urban services;

(L) disarmament, demobilization, and reintegration of armed combatants into society, particularly child soldiers; and

(M) assistance in identifying and surveying key road and rail routes that are essential for economic renewal in Afghanistan and the region and support for the establishment of a customs service and training for customs officers.

(5) Education, the rule of law, and related issues

(A) Education

To assist in the development of the capacity of the Government of Afghanistan to provide education to the people of Afghanistan, including assistance such as—

(i) support for an educated citizenry through improved access to basic education, with particular emphasis on basic education for children, especially orphans;

(ii) programs to enable the Government of Afghanistan to recruit and train teachers, with special focus on the recruitment and training of female teachers;

(iii) programs to enable the Government of Afghanistan to develop school curricula that incorporate relevant information such as landmine awareness, food security and agricultural education, civic education, and human rights education, including education relating to religious freedom;

(iv) programs to construct, renovate, or rebuild, and to equip and provide teacher training, for primary schools, secondary schools, and universities; and

(v) programs to increase educational exchanges and partnerships between the United States and Afghanistan.

(B) Rule of law

To assist in the development of the rule of law and good governance and reduced corruption in Afghanistan, including assistance such as—

(i) support for the activities of the Government of Afghanistan to implement its constitution, to develop modern legal codes and court rules, to provide for the creation of legal assistance programs, and other initiatives to promote the rule of law in Afghanistan;

(ii) support for improvements in the capacity and physical infrastructure of the justice system in Afghanistan, such as for professional training (including for women) to improve the administration of justice, for programs to enhance prosecutorial and judicial capabilities and to protect participants in judicial cases, for improvements in the instruction of law enforcement personnel (including human rights training), and for the promotion of civilian police roles that support democracy;

(iii) support for rehabilitation and rebuilding of courthouses and detention facilities;

(iv) support for the effective administration of justice at the national, regional, and local levels, including programs to improve penal institutions and the rehabilitation of prisoners, and to establish a responsible and community-based police force;

(v) support to increase the transparency, accountability, and participatory nature of governmental institutions, including programs designed to combat corruption and other programs for the promotion of good governance, such as the development of regulations relating to financial disclosure for public officials, political parties, and candidates for public office, and transparent budgeting processes and financial management systems;

(vi) support for establishment of a central bank and central budgeting authority;

(vii) support for international organizations that provide civil advisers to the Government of Afghanistan; and

(viii) support for Afghan and international efforts to investigate human rights atrocities committed in Afghanistan by the Taliban regime, opponents of such regime, and terrorist groups operating in Afghanistan, including the collection of forensic evidence relating to such atrocities.

(C) Civil society and democracy

To support the development of democratic institutions in Afghanistan, including assistance for—

(i) international monitoring and observing of, and the promotion of, free and fair elections;

(ii) strengthening democratic political parties;

(iii) international exchanges and professional training for members or officials of government, political, and civic or other nongovernmental entities;

(iv) national, regional, and local elections and political party development;

(v) an independent media;

(vi) programs that support the expanded participation of women and members of all ethnic groups in government at national, regional, and local levels; and

(vii) programs to strengthen civil society organizations that promote human rights, including religious freedom, freedom of expression, and freedom of association, and support human rights monitoring.

(D) Protection of sites

To provide for the protection of Afghanistan's culture, history, and national identity, including the rehabilitation of Afghanistan's museums and sites of cultural significance.

(6) Market economy

To support the establishment of a market economy, the establishment of private financial institutions, the adoption of policies to promote foreign direct investment, the development of a basic telecommunication infrastructure, and the development of trade and other commercial links with countries in the region and with the United States, including policies to—

(A) encourage the return of Afghanistan citizens or nationals living abroad who have marketable and business-related skills;

(B) establish financial institutions, including credit unions, cooperatives, and other entities providing microenterprise credits and other income-generation programs for the poor, with particular emphasis on women;

(C) facilitate expanded trade with countries in the region;

(D) promote and foster respect for basic workers' rights and protections against exploitation of child labor;

(E) develop handicraft and other small-scale industries; and

(F) provide financing programs for the reconstruction of Kabul and other major cities in Afghanistan.

(7) Assistance to women and girls

(A) Assistance objectives

To assist women and girls in Afghanistan in the areas of political and human rights, health care, education, training, security, and shelter, with particular emphasis on assistance—

(i) to support construction of, provide equipment and medical supplies to, and otherwise facilitate the establishment and rehabilitation of, health care facilities in order to improve the health care of women, children, and infants;

(ii) to expand immunization programs for women and children;

(iii) to establish, maintain, and expand primary and secondary schools for girls that include mathematics, science, and languages in their primary curriculum;

(iv) to develop and expand technical and vocational training programs and income-generation projects for women;

(v) to provide special educational opportunities for girls whose schooling was ended by the Taliban, and to support the ability of women to have access to higher education;

(vi) to develop and implement programs to protect women and girls against sexual and physical abuse, abduction, trafficking, exploitation, and sex discrimination in the delivery of humanitarian supplies and services;

(vii) to provide emergency shelters for women and girls who face danger from violence;

(viii) to direct humanitarian assistance to widows, who make up a very large and needy population in war-torn Afghanistan;

(ix) to support the work of women-led and local nongovernmental organizations with demonstrated experience in delivering services to Afghan women and children;

(x) to disseminate information throughout Afghanistan on the rights of women and on international standards of human rights, including the rights of religious freedom, freedom of expression, and freedom of association;

(xi) to provide women's rights and human rights training for military, police, and legal personnel; and

(xii) to support the Afghan Independent Human Rights Commission in programs to promote women's rights and human rights, including the rights of religious freedom, freedom of expression, and freedom of association, and in the investigation and monitoring of women's rights and human rights abuses.

(B) Availability of funds

For each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2006—

(i) $15,000,000 is authorized to be appropriated to the President to be made available to the Afghan Ministry of Women's Affairs; and

(ii) $5,000,000 is authorized to be appropriated to the President to be made available to the National Human Rights Commission of Afghanistan.

(C) Relation to other available funds

Amounts made available under subparagraph (B) are in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

(b) Limitation

(1) In general

Amounts made available to carry out this subchapter (except amounts made available for assistance under paragraphs (1) through (3) and subparagraphs (F) through (I) of paragraph (4) of subsection (a)) may be provided only if the President first determines and certifies to Congress with respect to the fiscal year involved that progress is being made toward adopting a constitution and establishing a democratically elected government for Afghanistan that respects human rights.

(2) Waiver

(A) In general

The President may waive the application of paragraph (1) if the President first determines and certifies to Congress that it is important to the national interest of the United States to do so.

(B) Contents of certification

A certification transmitted to Congress under subparagraph (A) shall include a written explanation of the basis for the determination of the President to waive the application of paragraph (1).

(c) Enterprise fund

(1) Authorization of appropriations

In addition to funds otherwise available for such purpose, there are authorized to be appropriated to the President for an enterprise fund for Afghanistan $300,000,000. The provisions contained in section 5421 of this title (excluding the authorizations of appropriations provided in subsection (b) of that section) shall apply with respect to such enterprise fund and to funds made available to such enterprise fund under this subsection.

(2) Availability of funds

Amounts appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended.

(d) Monitoring of assistance for Afghanistan

(1) Report

(A) In general

The Secretary of State, in consultation with the Administrator for the United States Agency for International Development, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives a report on the obligations of United States assistance for Afghanistan from all United States Government departments and agencies.

(B) Contents

Each such report shall set forth, for the preceding annual period and cumulatively, a description of—

(i) the activities and the purposes for which funds were obligated;

(ii) the source of the funds stated specifically by fiscal year, agency, and program;

(iii) the participation of each United States Government department or agency; and

(iv) such other information as the Secretary considers appropriate to fully inform Congress on such matters.

(C) Additional requirements

The first report submitted under this paragraph shall include a cumulative account of information described in subparagraph (B) from all prior periods beginning with fiscal year 2001. The first report under this paragraph shall be submitted not later than March 15, 2005. Subsequent reports shall be submitted every 12 months thereafter and may be included in the report required under section 7536(c)(2) 2 of this title.

(2) Submission of information for report

The head of each United States Government agency referred to in paragraph (1) shall provide on a timely basis to the Secretary of State such information as the Secretary may reasonably require to allow the Secretary to prepare and submit the report required under paragraph (1).

(Pub. L. 107–327, title I, §103, Dec. 4, 2002, 116 Stat. 2799; Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7104(e)(1)(B), (f)(2)–(g), (j)(1), (k)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3782, 3783, 3785, 3787, 3788.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 7536 of this title, referred to in subsec. (d)(1)(C), was omitted from the Code.

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(e)(1)(B), substituted "any other" for "section 512 of Public Law 107–115 or any other similar" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(j)(1)(A), substituted "promote alternatives to poppy cultivation, including the introduction of high value crops that are suitable for export and the provision of appropriate technical assistance and credit mechanisms for farmers," for "establish crop substitution programs,".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(j)(1)(B), inserted ", and to create special counternarcotics courts, prosecutors, and places of incarceration" before semicolon at end.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(iii). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(j)(1)(C), inserted before semicolon at end ", in particular, notwithstanding section 2420 of this title, by providing non-lethal equipment, training (including training in internationally recognized standards of human rights, the rule of law, anti-corruption, and the promotion of civilian police roles that support democracy), and payments, during fiscal years 2005 through 2008, for salaries for special counternarcotics police and supporting units".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(vi). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(j)(1)(D)–(F), added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (a)(4)(M). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(f)(3), added subpar. (M).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(f)(2), amended heading and text of par. (5) generally, substituting provisions relating to education, the rule of law, and related issues, for provisions relating to reestablishment of Afghanistan as a viable nation-state.

Subsec. (a)(7)(A)(xii). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(k)(2), substituted "Afghan Independent" for "National".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 108–458, §7104(g), added subsec. (d).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

Plan Required To Promote Security of Afghan Women and Girls

Pub. L. 114–328, div. A, title XV, §1521(c)(2), Dec. 23, 2016, 130 Stat. 2576, provided that:

"(A) In general.—The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State, shall support, to the extent practicable, the efforts of the Government of Afghanistan to promote the security of Afghan women and girls during and after the security transition process through the development and implementation by the Government of Afghanistan of an Afghan-led plan that should include the elements described in this paragraph.

"(B) Training.—The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and working with the NATO-led Resolute Support mission, should encourage the Government of Afghanistan to develop—

"(i) measures for the evaluation of the effectiveness of existing training for Afghan National Security Forces on this issue;

"(ii) a plan to increase the number of female security officers specifically trained to address cases of gender-based violence, including ensuring the Afghan National Police's Family Response Units have the necessary resources and are available to women across Afghanistan;

"(iii) mechanisms to enhance the capacity for units of National Police's Family Response Units to fulfill their mandate as well as indicators measuring the operational effectiveness of these units;

"(iv) a plan to address the development of accountability mechanisms for Afghanistan National Army and Afghanistan National Police personnel who violate codes of conduct relating to the human rights of women and girls, including female members of the Afghan National Security Forces;

"(v) a plan to address the development of accountability mechanisms for Afghanistan National Army and Afghanistan National Police personnel who violate codes of conduct relating to protecting children from sexual abuse; and

"(vi) a plan to develop training for the Afghanistan National Army and the Afghanistan National Police to increase awareness and responsiveness among Afghanistan National Army and Afghanistan National Police personnel regarding the unique security challenges women confront when serving in those forces.

"(C) Enrollment and treatment.—The Secretary of Defense, with the concurrence of the Secretary of State and in cooperation with the Afghan Ministries of Defense and Interior, shall seek to assist the Government of Afghanistan in including as part of the plan developed under subparagraph (A) the development and implementation of a plan to increase the number of female members of the Afghanistan National Army and the Afghanistan National Police and to promote their equal treatment, including through such steps as providing appropriate equipment, modifying facilities, and ensuring literacy and gender awareness training for recruits.

"(D) Allocation of funds.—

"(i) In general.—Of the funds available to the Department of Defense for the Afghan Security Forces Fund for fiscal year 2017, it is the goal that $25,000,000, but in no event less than $10,000,000, shall be used for—

"(I) the recruitment, integration, retention, training, and treatment of women in the Afghan National Security Forces; and

"(II) the recruitment, training, and contracting of female security personnel for future elections.

"(ii) Types of programs and activities.—Such programs and activities may include—

"(I) efforts to recruit women into the Afghan National Security Forces, including the special operations forces;

"(II) programs and activities of the Afghan Ministry of Defense Directorate of Human Rights and Gender Integration and the Afghan Ministry of Interior Office of Human Rights, Gender and Child Rights;

"(III) development and dissemination of gender and human rights educational and training materials and programs within the Afghan Ministry of Defense and the Afghan Ministry of Interior;

"(IV) efforts to address harassment and violence against women within the Afghan National Security Forces;

"(V) improvements to infrastructure that address the requirements of women serving in the Afghan National Security Forces, including appropriate equipment for female security and police forces, and transportation for policewomen to their station;

"(VI) support for Afghanistan National Police Family Response Units; and

"(VII) security provisions for high-profile female police and army officers."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title XV, §1531(c)(2), Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1089.

Authority To Establish a Program To Develop and Carry Out Infrastructure Projects in Afghanistan

Pub. L. 111–383, div. A, title XII, §1217, Jan. 7, 2011, 124 Stat. 4393, as amended by Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, §1217, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1632; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1219, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1991; Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, §1215(a), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 907; Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(e), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1851, provided that:

"(a) Authority.—The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State are authorized to establish a program to develop and carry out infrastructure projects in Afghanistan in accordance with the requirements of this section.

"(b) Formulation and Execution of Program.—

"(1) In general.—The Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense shall jointly develop any project under the program authorized under subsection (a). Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall implement any project under the program authorized under subsection (a).

"(2) Exception.—The Secretary of Defense shall implement a project under the program authorized under subsection (a) if the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State jointly determine that the Secretary of Defense should implement the project.

"(c) Types of Projects.—Infrastructure projects under the program authorized under subsection (a) may include—

"(1) water, power, and transportation projects; and

"(2) other projects in support of the counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.

"(d) Authority in Addition to Other Authorities.—The authority to establish the program and develop and carry out infrastructure projects under subsection (a) is in addition to any other authority to provide assistance to foreign countries.

"(e) Applicability of Certain Administrative Provisions.—

"(1) In general.—The administrative provisions of chapter 2 of part III of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2381 et seq.) shall apply to funds made available to the Secretary of State for purposes of carrying out infrastructure projects under the program authorized under subsection (a) to the same extent and in the same manner as such administrative provisions apply to funds made available to carry out part I of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.).

"(2) Gifts, etc.—The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State may accept and use in furtherance of the purposes of this section, money, funds, property, and services of any kind made available by gift, devise, bequest, grant, or otherwise for such purposes.

"(f) Funding.—

"(1) In general.—Subject to paragraph (2), to carry out the program authorized under subsection (a), the Secretary of Defense may use amounts as follows:

"(A) Up to $400,000,000 made available to the Department of Defense for operation and maintenance for fiscal year 2012.

"(B) Up to $350,000,000 made available to the Department of Defense for operation and maintenance for fiscal year 2013.

"(C) Up to $250,000,000 made available to the Department of Defense for operation and maintenance for fiscal year 2014.

"(2) Limitation.—The Secretary of Defense may use not more than 50 percent of the amount specified in paragraph (1) for a fiscal year after fiscal year 2011 to carry out the program authorized under subsection (a) until the Secretary of Defense, in consultation with the Secretary of State, submits to the appropriate congressional committees a plan for the allocation and use of funds under the program for such fiscal year, including for each project, or phase of a project, to be initiated during such fiscal year the following:

"(A) An estimate of the financial and other requirements necessary to sustain such project on an annual basis after the completion of such project.

"(B) An assessment whether the Government of Afghanistan is committed to and has the capacity to maintain and use such project after its completion.

"(C) An assessment of the capability of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF) to provide security for such project after January 1, 2015, including an estimate of the ANSF force levels, if any, required to secure such project. Such assessment should include the estimated costs of providing security and whether or not the Government of Afghanistan is committed to providing such security.

"(D) A description of any arrangements for the sustainment of such project following its completion if the Government of Afghanistan lacks the capacity (in either financial or human resources) to maintain such project.

"(3) Availability.—Funds made available by paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available as follows:

"(A) In the case of funds for fiscal year 2011, until September 30, 2012.

"(B) In the case of funds for fiscal year 2012, until September 30, 2013.

"(C) In the case of funds for fiscal year 2013, until September 30, 2014.

"(D) In the case of funds for fiscal year 2014, until September 30, 2015.

"(g) Congressional Notification.—The Secretary of Defense shall notify the appropriate congressional committees not less than 15 days before obligating or expending funds to carry out a project or transferring funds to the Secretary of State for the purpose of implementing a project under the program authorized under subsection (a). Such notification shall be in writing and contain a description of the details of the proposed project, including—

"(1) a plan for the sustainment of the project; and

"(2) a description of how the project supports the counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.

"(h) Return of Unexpended Funds.—

"(1) In general.—Any unexpended funds transferred to the Secretary of State for the purpose of implementing a project under the program authorized under subsection (a) shall be returned to the Secretary of Defense if the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, determines that the project cannot be implemented for any reason or that the project no longer supports the counterinsurgency strategy in Afghanistan.

"(2) Availability.—Any funds returned to the Secretary of Defense under this subsection shall be available for use under this section and shall be treated in the same manner as funds not transferred to the Secretary of State.

"[(i) Repealed. Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title VIII, §813(e), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 1851.]

"(j) Definition.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

"(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Foreign Relations, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate."

[Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XII, §1215(b), Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 908, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending section 1217 of Pub. L. 111–383, set out above] shall take effect on October 1, 2013."]

Performance Monitoring System for United States-Led Provincial Reconstruction Teams in Afghanistan

Pub. L. 110–417, [div. A], title XII, §1215, Oct. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 4632, provided that:

"(a) In General.—The President, acting through the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State, shall develop and implement a system to monitor the performance of United States-led Provincial Reconstruction Teams (PRTs) in Afghanistan.

"(b) Elements of Performance Monitoring System.—The performance monitoring system required under subsection (a) shall include—

"(1) PRT-specific work plans that incorporate the long-term strategy, mission, and clearly defined objectives required by section 1230(c)(3) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 386), and include plans for developing the capacity of national, provincial, and local government and other civil institutions in Afghanistan to assume increasing responsibility for the formulation, implementation, and oversight of reconstruction and development activities; and

"(2) comprehensive performance indicators and measures of progress toward sustainable long-term security and stability in Afghanistan, and include performance standards and progress goals together with a notional timetable for achieving such goals, consistent with the requirements of section 1230(d) of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2008 (Public Law 110–181; 122 Stat. 388).

"(c) Report.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 14, 2008], the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of the performance monitoring system required under subsection (a).

"(d) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(1) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and

"(2) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate."

Declarations of Policy

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7104(e)(1)(A), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3781, provided that: "Congress reaffirms the authorities contained in title I of the Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002 (22 U.S.C. 7501 [7511] et seq.), relating to economic and democratic development assistance for Afghanistan."

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7104(f)(1), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3783, provided that: "Congress declares that, although Afghanistan has adopted a new constitution and made progress on primary education, the United States must invest in a concerted effort in Afghanistan to improve the rule of law, good governance, and effective policing, to accelerate work on secondary and university education systems, and to establish new initiatives to increase the capacity of civil society."

Relief for Afghan Women and Children

Pub. L. 107–81, Dec. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 811, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the 'Afghan Women and Children Relief Act of 2001'.

"SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

"Congress makes the following findings:

"(1) In Afghanistan, Taliban restrictions on women's participation in society make it nearly impossible for women to exercise their basic human rights. The Taliban restrictions on Afghan women's freedom of expression, association, and movement deny women full participation in society and, consequently, from effectively securing basic access to work, education, and health care.

"(2) Afghanistan has one of the highest infant (165 of 1000) and child (257 of 1000) mortality rates in the world.

"(3) Only 5 percent of rural and 39 percent of urban Afghans have access to safe drinking water.

"(4) It is estimated that 42 percent of all deaths in Afghanistan are due to diarrheal diseases caused by contaminated food and water.

"(5) Over one-third of Afghan children under 5 years of age suffer from malnutrition, 85,000 of whom die annually.

"(6) Seventy percent of the health care system in Afghanistan is dependent on foreign assistance.

"(7) As of May 1998, only 20 percent of hospital medical and surgical beds dedicated to adults were available for women, and thousands of Afghan women and girls are routinely denied health care.

"(8) Women are forbidden to leave their homes without being escorted by a male relative. This prevents many women from seeking basic necessities like health care and food for their children. Doctors, virtually all of whom are male, are also not permitted to provide certain types of care not deemed appropriate by the Taliban.

"(9) Before the Taliban took control of Kabul, schools were coeducational, with women accounting for 70 percent of the teaching force. Women represented about 50 percent of the civil service corps, and 40 percent of the city's physicians were women. Today, the Taliban prohibits women from working as teachers, doctors, and in any other occupation.

"(10) The Taliban prohibit [sic] girls and women from attending school. In 1998, the Taliban ordered the closing of more than 100 privately funded schools where thousands of young women and girls were receiving education and training in skills that would have helped them support themselves and their families.

"(11) Of the many tens of thousands of war widows in Afghanistan, many are forced to beg for food and to sell their possessions because they are not allowed to work.

"(12) Resistance movements courageously continue to educate Afghan girls in secrecy and in foreign countries against Taliban law.

"SEC. 3. AUTHORIZATION OF ASSISTANCE.

"(a) In General.—Subject to subsection (b), the President is authorized, on such terms and conditions as the President may determine, to provide educational and health care assistance for the women and children living in Afghanistan and as refugees in neighboring countries.

"(b) Implementation.—(1) In providing assistance under subsection (a), the President shall ensure that such assistance is provided in a manner that protects and promotes the human rights of all people in Afghanistan, utilizing indigenous institutions and nongovernmental organizations, especially women's organizations, to the extent possible.

"(2) Beginning 6 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 12, 2001], and at least annually for the 2 years thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit a report to the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives describing the activities carried out under this Act and otherwise describing the condition and status of women and children in Afghanistan and the persons in refugee camps while United States aid is given to displaced Afghans.

"(c) Availability of Funds.—Funds made available under the 2001 Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Recovery from and Response to Terrorist Attacks on the United States (Public Law 107–38) [115 Stat. 220], shall be available to carry out this Act."

1 So in original. Probably should be "ordnance."

2 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 2103 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 30: INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN HEALTH AND MEDICAL RESEARCH / Section 2103: Authority of President
Authority of President
Status: in_force

(a) Use of foreign currencies and credits

It is the sense of Congress that the President should use his authority under the Constitution and laws of the United States to accomplish the purposes of section 2101 of this title and in accomplishing such purposes (1) use to the fullest extent practicable foreign currencies or credits available for utilization by the United States, (2) enter into agreements to use foreign currencies and credits available to other nations for use with the agreement of the United States, and (3) use any other foreign currencies and credits which may be made available by participating foreign countries.

(b) Disease and health deficiency investigations, experiments, and studies; rehabilitation

To carry out the purposes of section 2101 of this title the President, in cooperation with participating foreign countries, is authorized to encourage, support, and promote the planning and conduct of, and training for, research investigations, experiments, and studies in the United States and in participating foreign countries relating to the causes, diagnosis, treatment, control, and prevention of diseases and impairments of mankind (including nutritional and other health deficiencies) or to the rehabilitation of the handicapped.

(c) Fellowships; equipment; technical assistance; interchange of scientists and experts; compensation and travel expenses; health science programs and projects; meetings and conferences; scientific publications

To carry out his responsibilities under this chapter the President may—

(1) establish and maintain fellowships in participating foreign countries;

(2) make financial grants to establish and maintain fellowships, and for other purposes, to public institutions and agencies and to nonprofit private institutions and agencies, and to individuals in participating foreign countries, or contract with such institutions, agencies, or individuals without regard to section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41;

(3) make grants or loans of equipment, medical, biological, physical, or chemical substances or other materials, for use by such institutions, agencies, or individuals;

(4) furnish technical assistance and advice to such institutions or agencies and in carrying out such purposes may pay the compensation and expenses of scientists and experts from the United States and other participating foreign countries;

(5) facilitate the interchange among participating foreign countries of scientists and experts (including the payment of travel and subsistence for such scientists and experts when away from their places of residence);

(6) cooperate and assist in the planning and conduct of research, research planning, and research training programs and projects by groups engaged in, or concerned with, research or research training endeavors in the health sciences, and, through financial grants or other appropriate means, assist in special research, research planning, or research training projects conducted by or under the auspices of such groups where they can effectively carry out such activities contemplated by this joint resolution;

(7) encourage and support international communication in the sciences relating to health by means of calling or cooperating in the convening, and financing or contributing to the financing of the expenses of, international scientific meetings and conferences; and provide, or arrange for the provision of, translating and other services, and issue or finance publications, leading to a more effective dissemination of relevant scientific information with respect to research conducted in the United States or participating foreign countries.

(d) Programs of an operational nature excepted from assistance

The activities authorized in this section shall not extend to the support of public health, medical care, or other programs of an operational nature as contrasted with research and research training nor shall any of the grants authorized by this section include grants for the improvement or extension of public health administration in other countries except for necessary research and research training in the science of public health and public health administration.

(e) Consultants; advisory committees; compensation and travel expenses

The President is authorized, to the extent he deems it necessary to carry out the purposes of section 2101 of this title, to employ experts and consultants or organizations thereof, as authorized by section 3109 of title 5 and create a committee or committees to be composed entirely of persons who are citizens of the United States to advise him in the administration of this chapter, individuals so employed and members of committees shall be entitled to receive compensation at a rate to be fixed by the President, but not to exceed $50 per diem, including travel time, and while away from their homes or regular places of business they may be allowed travel expenses, including per diem in lieu of subsistence, as authorized by section 5703 of title 5 for persons in the Government service employed intermittently.

(f) Delegation of authority; regulations

The President may delegate any authority vested in him by this section to the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. The Secretary may from time to time issue such regulations as may be necessary to carry out any authority which is delegated to him under this section, and may delegate performance of any such authority to the Surgeon General of the Public Health Service, the Director of the Office of Vocational Rehabilitation, the Chief of the Children's Bureau, or other subordinates acting under his direction.

(g) Use of foreign currencies and credits

In order to carry out the purposes of section 2101 of this title, and subject to section 1306 of title 31, the President may use or enter into agreements with foreign nations or organizations of nations to use the foreign currencies which accrue under title I of the Food for Peace Act [7 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.], and the Mutual Security Act of 1954, or which are otherwise available for utilization by the United States. The President is authorized to agree to the utilization by foreign nations, for programs designed to carry out the purposes of section 2101 of this title in cooperation with the United States, of amounts deposited in special accounts pursuant to section 142(b) 1 of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, to the extent that the amounts in such accounts exceed the requirements of other programs covered by such section 142(b). Such utilization of amounts in special accounts shall be without regard to the second proviso in clause (iii) of such section 142(b).

(h) Repealed. Pub. L. 105–362, title VI, §601(a)(2)(F), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3286

(i) Definitions

For the purposes of this section—

(1) the term "health research" shall include, but not be limited to, research, investigations, and studies relating to causes and methods of prevention of accidents, including but not limited to highway and aviation accidents.

(2) the term "participating foreign countries" means those foreign countries which cooperate with the United States in carrying out the purposes of this section.

(Pub. L. 86–610, §5, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 105–362, title VI, §601(a)(2)(F), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3286; Pub. L. 110–246, title III, §3001(b)(1)(A), (2)(P), June 18, 2008, 122 Stat. 1820.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (e), was in the original "this joint resolution", which enacted this chapter and section 308 of the Public Health Service Act (act July 1, 1944, ch. 373, 58 Stat. 682). Such section 308 was redesignated section 307 by Pub. L. 93–353, July 23, 1974, title I, §106, 88 Stat. 367, and is classified to section 242l of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

The Food for Peace Act, referred to in subsec. (g), is act July 10, 1954, ch. 469, 68 Stat. 454, which is classified generally to chapter 41 (§1691 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. Title I of the Act is classified to subchapter II (§1701 et seq.) of chapter 41 of Title 7. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1691 of Title 7 and Tables.

The Mutual Security Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (g), is act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, 68 Stat. 832, as amended by acts July 8, 1955, ch. 301, 69 Stat. 283; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, §§2 to 11, 70 Stat. 555; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–141, 71 Stat. 355; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85–477, ch. 1, §§101 to 103, ch. II, §§201 to 205, ch. III, §301, ch. IV, §401, ch. V, §501, 72 Stat. 261; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86–108, §2, ch. 1, §101, ch. II, §§201 to 205(a) to (i), (k) to (n), ch. III, §301, ch. IV, §401(a) to (k), (m), 73 Stat. 246; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86–472, ch. I to V, 74 Stat. 134, which was principally classified to chapter 24 (§1750 et seq.) of this title and which was repealed by act July 18, 1956, ch. 627, §8(m), 70 Stat. 559, Pub. L. 85–141, §§2(e), 3, 4(b), 11(d), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 356, Pub. L. 86–108, ch. II, §§205(j), ch. IV, 401(1), July 24, 1959, 73 Stat. 250, Pub. L. 86–472, ch. II, §§203(d), 204(k), May 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 138, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460, Pub. L. 94–329, title II, §212(b)(1), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 745, Pub. L. 104–127, title II, §228, Apr. 4, 1996, 110 Stat. 963, except for sections 1754, 1783, 1796, 1853, 1928, and 1937 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1754 of this title and Tables.

Section 142(b) of the Mutual Security Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (g), was classified to section 1852 of this title, and was repealed by Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460.

Codification

In subsec. (c)(2), "section 3324(a) and (b) of title 31 and section 6101 of title 41" substituted for "sections 3648 and 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, which Act enacted Title 31, Money and Finance, and Pub. L. 111–350, §6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.

In subsec. (e), "section 3109 of title 5" and "section 5703 of title 5" substituted for "section 15 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (5 U.S.C. 55a)" and "section 5 of the Administrative Expenses Act of 1946 (5 U.S.C. 73b–2)", respectively, on authority of Pub. L. 89–554, §7(b), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 631, which Act enacted Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

In subsec. (g), "section 1306 of title 31" substituted for "section 1415 of the Supplemental Appropriation Act, 1953" on authority of Pub. L. 97–258, §4(b), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1067, which Act enacted Title 31, Money and Finance.

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 110–246 substituted "Food for Peace Act" for "Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954".

1998—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 105–362 struck out subsec. (h) which read as follows: "The President shall transmit to the Congress at the beginning of each regular session, a report summarizing activities under this section and making such recommendations as he may deem appropriate."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 110–246 effective May 22, 2008, see section 4(b) of Pub. L. 110–246, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8701 of Title 7, Agriculture.

Transfer of Functions

Office of Vocational Rehabilitation redesignated Vocational Rehabilitation Administration which by Department of Health, Education, and Welfare reorganization became Rehabilitation Services Administration. The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. §701 et seq.) established Rehabilitation Services Administration in Office of Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare. Functions and offices of Secretary and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare relating to Rehabilitation Act of 1973 transferred to Secretary and Department of Education by section 3441 of Title 20, Education. The Secretary and Department of Health, Education, and Welfare redesignated Secretary and Department of Health and Human Services by section 3508(b) of Title 20, Education.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 2348 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter II: MILITARY ASSISTANCE AND SALES / Section 2348: General authorization
General authorization
Status: in_force

The President is authorized to furnish assistance to friendly countries and international organizations, on such terms and conditions as he may determine, for peacekeeping operations and other programs carried out in furtherance of the national security interests of the United States. Such assistance may include reimbursement to the Department of Defense for expenses incurred pursuant to section 287d–1 of this title, except that such reimbursements may not exceed $5,000,000 in any fiscal year unless a greater amount is specifically authorized by this section.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. II, §551, as added Pub. L. 95–384, §12(a), Sept. 26, 1978, 92 Stat. 736; amended Pub. L. 96–92, §10(b), Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 705.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1979—Pub. L. 96–92 authorized reimbursement of Department of Defense for expenses incurred in furnishing assistance to the United States limited to $5,000,000 per fiscal year unless specifically authorized.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Required Notification and Reports Related to Peacekeeping Operations Account

Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXV, §6502, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2422, as amended by Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5594, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3392, provided that:

"(a) Congressional Notification.—Not later than 15 days prior to the obligation of amounts made available to provide assistance pursuant to section 551 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2348), the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a notification, in accordance with the applicable procedures under section 634A of such Act (22 U.S.C. 2394–1), that includes, with respect to such assistance, the following:

"(1) An itemized identification of each foreign country or entity the capabilities of which the assistance is intended to support.

"(2) An identification of the amount, type, and purpose of assistance to be provided to each such country or entity.

"(3) An assessment of the capacity of each such country or entity to effectively implement, benefit from, or use the assistance to be provided for the intended purpose identified under paragraph (2).

"(4) As applicable, a description of specific training on monitoring and adhering to international human rights and humanitarian law provided to the foreign country or entity receiving the assistance.

"(5) An identification of any implementers, including third party contractors or other such entities, and the anticipated timeline for implementing any activities to carry out the assistance.

"(6) As applicable, a description of plans to sustain and account for any military or security equipment and subsistence funds provided as an element of the assistance beyond the date of completion of such activities, including the estimated cost and source of funds to support such sustainment.

"(b) Reports.—

"(1) Annual report.—Not later than 90 days after the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2021], and annually thereafter for 5 years, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on any security assistance authorized under section 551 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2348) and made available, during the three fiscal years preceding the date on which the report is submitted, to foreign countries for any of the following purposes:

"(A) Building the capacity of the foreign military, border security, or law enforcement entities, of the country.

"(B) Strengthening the rule of law of the country.

"(C) Countering violent extremist ideology or recruitment within the country.

"(2) Matters.—Each report under paragraph (1) shall include, with respect to each foreign country that has received assistance as specified in such paragraph, the following:

"(A) An identification of the authority used to provide such assistance and a detailed description of the purpose of assistance provided.

"(B) An identification of the amount of such assistance and the program under which such assistance was provided.

"(C) A description of the arrangements to sustain any equipment provided to the country as an element of such assistance beyond the date of completion of the assistance, including the estimated cost and source of funds to support such sustainment.

"(D) An assessment of the impact of such assistance on the peacekeeping capabilities and security situation of the country, including with respect to the levels of conflict and violence, the local, political, and social dynamics, and the human rights record, of the country.

"(c) Coordination of Submission.—The Secretary of State is authorized to integrate the elements of the report required by subsection (b) into other reports required to be submitted annually to the appropriate congressional committees.

"(d) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives; and

"(2) the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and of the House of Representatives."

United States Proposal for the Early Warning System in Sinai

Pub. L. 94–110, Oct. 13, 1975, 89 Stat. 572, provided that:

"Whereas an agreement signed on September 4, 1975, by the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt and the Government of Israel may, when it enters into force, constitute a significant step toward peace in the Middle East;

"Whereas the President of the United States on September 1, 1975, transmitted to the Government of the Arab Republic of Egypt and to the Government of Israel identical proposals for United States participation in an early-warning system, the text of which has been submitted to the Congress, providing for the assignment of no more than two hundred United States civilian personnel to carry out certain specified noncombat functions and setting forth the terms and conditions thereof;

"Whereas that proposal would permit the Government of the United States to withdraw such personnel if it concludes that their safety is jeopardized or that continuation of their role is no longer necessary; and

"Whereas the implementation of the United States proposals for the early-warning system in Sinai may enhance the prospect of compliance in good faith with the terms of the Egyptian-Israeli agreements and thereby promote the cause of peace: Now, therefore, be it

"Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, That the President is authorized to implement the 'United States Proposal for the Early Warning System in Sinai': Provided, however, That United States civilian personnel assigned to Sinai under such proposal shall be removed immediately in the event of an outbreak of hostilities between Egypt and Israel or if the Congress by concurrent resolution determines that the safety of such personnel is jeopardized or that continuation of their role is no longer necessary. Nothing contained in this resolution shall be construed as granting any authority to the President with respect to the introduction of United States Armed Forces into hostilities or into situations wherein involvement in hostilities is clearly indicated by the circumstances which authority he would not have had in the absence of this joint resolution.

"Sec. 2. Any concurrent resolution of the type described in the first section of this resolution which is introduced in either House of Congress shall be privileged in the same manner and to the same extent as a concurrent resolution of the type described in section 5(c) of Public Law 93–148 [section 1544(c) of Title 50, War and National Defense] is privileged under section 7 of such law [section 1546 of title 50, War and National Defense].

"Sec. 3. The United States civilian personnel participating in the early warning system in Sinai shall include only individuals who have volunteered to participate in such system.

"Sec. 4. Whenever United States civilian personnel, pursuant to this resolution, participate in an early warning system, the President shall, so long as the participation of such personnel continues, submit written reports to the Congress periodically, but no less frequently than once every six months, on (1) the status, scope, and anticipated duration of their participation, and (2) the feasibility of ending or reducing as soon as possible their participation by substituting nationals of other countries or by making technological changes. The appropriate committees of the Congress shall promptly hold hearings on each report of the President and report to the Congress any findings, conclusions, and recommendations.

"Sec. 5. The authority contained in this joint resolution to implement the 'United States Proposal for the Early Warning System in Sinai' does not signify approval of the Congress of any other agreement, understanding, or commitment made by the executive branch."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.

Executive Order No. 11896

Ex. Ord. No. 11896, Jan. 13, 1976, 41 F.R. 2067, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12150, July 23, 1979, 44 F.R. 43455; Ex. Ord. No. 12227, July 22, 1980, 45 F.R. 49237; Ex. Ord. No. 12357, Apr. 6, 1982, 47 F.R. 15093, which established the United States Sinai Support Mission, was revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12553, Feb. 25, 1986, 51 F.R. 7237.
22 U.S.C. § 3224a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 47: NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION / Subchapter I: UNITED STATES INITIATIVES TO PROVIDE ADEQUATE NUCLEAR FUEL SUPPLY / Section 3224a: Studies and agreements by Secretary of Energy on multinational or international basis concerning spent fuel storage facilities and transportation systems; congressional consent; authorization of appropriations; limitations on use of funds; exceptions; special nuclear material for India
Studies and agreements by Secretary of Energy on multinational or international basis concerning spent fuel storage facilities and transportation systems; congressional consent; authorization of appropriations; limitations on use of funds; exceptions; special nuclear material for India
Status: in_force

Department of Energy is hereby authorized to undertake studies, in cooperation with other nations, on a multinational or international basis designed to determine the general feasibility of expanding capacity of existing spent fuel storage facilities; to enter into agreements, subject to the consent of the Congress (by joint or concurrent resolution or legislation hereafter enacted), with other nations or groups of nations, for providing appropriate support to increase international or multinational spent fuel storage capacity; to conduct studies on the feasibility of establishing regional storage sites; and to conduct studies on international transportation and storage systems. For the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section, there is included in subsection 101(20) of this Act authorization of appropriations in the amount of $20,000,000: Provided, That, notwithstanding any other provision of law, that none of the funds made available to the Secretary of Energy under any other authorization or appropriation Act shall be used, directly or indirectly, for the repurchase, transportation or storage of any foreign spent nuclear fuel (including any nuclear fuel irradiated in any nuclear power reactor located outside of the United States and operated by any foreign legal entity, government or nongovernment, regardless of the legal ownership or control of the fuel or the reactor, and regardless of the origin or licensing of the fuel or the reactor, but not including fuel irradiated in a research reactor, and not including fuel irradiated in a power reactor if the President determines that (1) use of funds for repurchase, transportation or storage of such fuel is required by an emergency situation, (2) it is in the interest of the common defense and security of the United States to take such action, and (3) he notifies the Congress of the determination and action, with a detailed explanation and justification thereof, as soon as possible) unless the President formally notifies, with the report information specified herein, the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of Representatives of such use of funds thirty calendar days, during such time as either House of Congress is in session, before the commitment, expenditure, or obligation of such funds: And provided further, That, notwithstanding any other provision of law, that none of the funds appropriated pursuant to this Act or any other funds made available to the Secretary of Energy under any other authorization or appropriation Act shall be used, directly or indirectly, for the repurchase, transportation, or storage of any such foreign spent nuclear fuel for storage or other disposition, interim or permanent, in the United States, unless the use of the funds for that specific purpose has been (1) previously and expressly authorized by Congress in legislation hereafter enacted, (2) previously and expressly authorized by a concurrent resolution, or (3) the President submits a plan for such use, with the report information specified herein, thirty days during which the Congress is in continuous session, as defined in the Impoundment Control Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 681 et seq.], prior to such use and neither House of Congress approves a resolution of disapproval of the plan prior to the expiration of the aforementioned thirty-day period. If such a resolution of disapproval has been introduced, but has not been reported by the Committee on or before the twentieth day after transmission of the Presidential message, a privileged motion shall be in order in the respective body to discharge the Committee from further consideration of the resolution and to provide for its immediate consideration, using the procedures specified for consideration of an impoundment resolution in section 1017 of the Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (31 U.S.C. 1407) [2 U.S.C. 688]. Any report or plan proposed under this proviso shall include information and any supporting documentation thereof relating to policy objectives, technical description and discussion, geographic information, cost data, justification and projections, legal and regulatory considerations, environmental impact information and any related bilateral or international agreements, arrangements or understandings: And provided further, That nothing contained in this section shall be construed in any executive branch action, administrative proceeding, regulatory proceeding, or legal proceeding as being intended to delay, modify, or reverse the Memorandum and Order of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of June 28, 1977, for the issuance of License No. XSNM–845 to the agent-applicant for the Government of India and the subsequent export thereby licensed of the special nuclear material to be used as fuel for the Tarapur Atomic Power Station or any other order of the Nuclear Regulatory Commission to issue a license for the export of special nuclear material and subsequent exports thereby licensed, or any consideration by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission of a license application for the export of special nuclear material.

(Pub. L. 95–238, title I, §107, Feb. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 55; Pub. L. 103–437, §9(c), Nov. 2, 1994, 108 Stat. 4588.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 101(20) of this Act, referred to in text, is section 101(20) of Pub. L. 95–238, title I, Feb. 25, 1978, 92 Stat. 48, which authorized appropriations for fuel cycle research and development and which was not classified to the Code. Pub. L. 95–238 is known as the Department of Energy Act of 1978—Civilian Applications.

The Impoundment Control Act of 1974, referred to in text, is parts A and B of title X of Pub. L. 93–344, July 12, 1974, 88 Stat. 332, which is classified principally to subchapters I (§681) and II (§682 et seq.) of chapter 17B of Title 2, The Congress. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 681 of Title 2 and Tables.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Department of Energy Act of 1978—Civilian Applications, and not as part of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

1994—Pub. L. 103–437 substituted "Science, Space, and Technology" for "Science and Technology".
22 U.S.C. § 3822 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3822: Foreign vessels
Foreign vessels
Status: in_force

With respect to a foreign vessel of a country which has inspection laws approximating those of the United States, any such vessel having an unexpired certificate of inspection duly issued by the authorities of such country shall not be subject to an inspection other than that necessary to determine whether the vessel, its boilers, and its lifesaving equipment are as stated in the certificate of inspection. A certificate of inspection may not be accepted as evidence of lawful inspection under this section unless similar privileges are granted to vessels of the United States under the laws of the country to which the vessel belongs.

(Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1812, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 493.)