26 U.S.C. § 52 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 52: Special rules
Special rules
Status: in_force

(a) Controlled group of corporations

For purposes of this subpart, all employees of all corporations which are members of the same controlled group of corporations shall be treated as employed by a single employer. In any such case, the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each such member shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit. For purposes of this subsection, the term "controlled group of corporations" has the meaning given to such term by section 1563(a), except that—

(1) "more than 50 percent" shall be substituted for "at least 80 percent" each place it appears in section 1563(a)(1), and

(2) the determination shall be made without regard to subsections (a)(4) and (e)(3)(C) of section 1563.

(b) Employees of partnerships, proprietorships, etc., which are under common control

For purposes of this subpart, under regulations prescribed by the Secretary—

(1) all employees of trades or business (whether or not incorporated) which are under common control shall be treated as employed by a single employer, and

(2) the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each trade or business shall be its proportionate share of the wages giving rise to such credit.

The regulations prescribed under this subsection shall be based on principles similar to the principles which apply in the case of subsection (a).

(c) Tax-exempt organizations

(1) In general

No credit shall be allowed under section 38 for any work opportunity credit determined under this subpart to any organization (other than a cooperative described in section 521) which is exempt from income tax under this chapter.

(2) Credit made available to qualified tax-exempt organizations employing qualified veterans

For credit against payroll taxes for employment of qualified veterans by qualified tax-exempt organizations, see section 3111(e).

(d) Estates and trusts

In the case of an estate or trust—

(1) the amount of the credit determined under this subpart for any taxable year shall be apportioned between the estate or trust and the beneficiaries on the basis of the income of the estate or trust allocable to each, and

(2) any beneficiary to whom any amount has been apportioned under paragraph (1) shall be allowed, subject to section 38(c), a credit under section 38(a) for such amount.

(e) Limitations with respect to certain persons

Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, in the case of—

(1) a regulated investment company or a real estate investment trust subject to taxation under subchapter M (section 851 and following), and

(2) a cooperative organization described in section 1381(a),

rules similar to the rules provided in subsections (e) and (h) of section 46 (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990) shall apply in determining the amount of the credit under this subpart.

(Added Pub. L. 95–30, title II, §202(b), May 23, 1977, 91 Stat. 143; amended Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §321(c)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2835; Pub. L. 96–222, title I, §103(a)(5), Apr. 1, 1980, 94 Stat. 209; Pub. L. 97–354, §5(a)(11), Oct. 19, 1982, 96 Stat. 1693; Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §474(p)(4)–(7), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 838; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11813(b)(4), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–551; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1616(b)(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1856; Pub. L. 105–34, title XVI, §1601(b), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 1087; Pub. L. 112–56, title II, §261(e)(1), Nov. 21, 2011, 125 Stat. 730.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (e), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–508, which was approved Nov. 5, 1990.

Amendments

2011—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 112–56 designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

1997—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 105–34 substituted "work opportunity credit" for "targeted jobs credit".

1996—Subsec. (e)(1) to (3). Pub. L. 104–188 redesignated pars. (2) and (3) as (1) and (2), respectively, and struck out former par. (1) which read as follows: "an organization to which section 593 (relating to reserves for losses on loans) applies,".

1990—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 101–508 substituted "section 46 (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990)" for "section 46" in concluding provisions.

1984—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–369, §474(p)(4), substituted "the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a) with respect to each such member" for "the credit (if any) allowable by section 44B to each such member".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 98–369, §474(p)(5), substituted "the credit (if any) determined under section 51(a)" for "the credit (if any) allowable by section 44B".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–369, §474(p)(6), substituted "credit shall be allowed under section 38 for any targeted jobs credit determined under this subpart" for "credit shall be allowed under section 44B".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 98–369, §474(p)(7), substituted ", subject to section 38(c), a credit under section 38(a)" for ", subject to section 53 a credit under section 44B".

1982—Subsecs. (d) to (f). Pub. L. 97–354 struck out subsec. (d) relating to apportionment of credit among shareholders, and redesignated subsecs. (e) and (f) as (d) and (e), respectively.

1980—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 96–222 substituted "subsections (e) and (h) of section 46" for "section 46(e)".

1978—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 95–600, §321(c)(1)(B), substituted "proportionate share of the wages" for "proportionate contribution to the increase in unemployment insurance wages".

Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 95–600, §321(c)(1)(A), struck out subsec. (c) which related to dispositions by an employer, and redesignated subsecs. (d) and (f) as (c) and (d), respectively.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 95–600, §321(c)(1)(A), (C), redesignated subsec. (g) as (e) and struck out par. (3) which provided that the $100,000 amount specified in section 51(d) applicable to such estate or trust be reduced to an amount which bears the same ratio to $100,000 as the portion of the credit allocable to the estate or trust under paragraph (1) bears to the entire amount of such credit. Former subsec. (e), which related to a change in status from self-employed to employee, was struck out.

Subsecs. (f) to (h). Pub. L. 95–600, §321(c)(1)(A), redesignated subsecs. (f) to (h) as (d) to (f), respectively.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 95–600, §321(c)(1)(A)(i), struck out subsec. (i) which related to a $50,000 limitation in the case of married individuals filing separate returns.

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95–600, §321(c)(1)(A)(i), struck out subsec. (j) which related to certain short taxable years.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2011 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 112–56 applicable to individuals who begin work for the employer after Nov. 21, 2011, see section 261(g) of Pub. L. 112–56, set out as a note under section 51 of this title.

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 effective as if included in the provisions of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Pub. L. 104–188, to which it relates, see section 1601(j) of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 104–188 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1995, see section 1616(c) of Pub. L. 104–188, set out as a note under section 593 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1990, but not applicable to any transition property (as defined in section 49(e) of this title), any property with respect to which qualified progress expenditures were previously taken into account under section 46(d) of this title, and any property described in section 46(b)(2)(C) of this title, as such sections were in effect on Nov. 4, 1990, see section 11813(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–369 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 475(a) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 21 of this title.

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–354 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 6(a) of Pub. L. 97–354, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1361 of this title.

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–222 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if it had been included in the provisions of the Revenue Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–600, to which such amendment relates, see section 201 of Pub. L. 96–222, set out as a note under section 32 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–600 applicable to amounts paid or incurred after Dec. 31, 1978, in taxable years ending after such date, see section 321(d)(1) of Pub. L. 95–600, set out as a note under section 51 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, and to credit carrybacks from such years, see section 202(e) of Pub. L. 95–30, set out as a note under section 51 of this title.

Savings Provision

For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 3125 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 21 / Subchapter C / Section 3125: Returns in the case of governmental employees in States, Guam, American Samoa, and the District of Columbia
Returns in the case of governmental employees in States, Guam, American Samoa, and the District of Columbia
Status: in_force

(a) States

Except as otherwise provided in this section, in the case of the taxes imposed by sections 3101(b) and 3111(b) with respect to service performed in the employ of a State or any political subdivision thereof (or any instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing which is wholly owned thereby), the return and payment of such taxes may be made by the head of the agency or instrumentality having the control of such service, or by such agents as such head may designate. The person making such return may, for convenience of administration, make payments of the tax imposed under section 3111 with respect to the service of such individuals without regard to the contribution and benefit base limitation in section 3121(a)(1).

(b) Guam

The return and payment of the taxes imposed by this chapter on the income of individuals who are officers or employees of the Government of Guam or any political subdivision thereof or of any instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing which is wholly owned thereby, and those imposed on such Government or political subdivision or instrumentality with respect to having such individuals in its employ, may be made by the Governor of Guam or by such agents as he may designate. The person making such return may, for convenience of administration, make payments of the tax imposed under section 3111 with respect to the service of such individuals without regard to the contribution and benefit base limitation in section 3121(a)(1).

(c) American Samoa

The return and payment of the taxes imposed by this chapter on the income of individuals who are officers or employees of the Government of American Samoa or any political subdivision thereof or of any instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing which is wholly owned thereby, and those imposed on such Government or political subdivision or instrumentality with respect to having such individuals in its employ, may be made by the Governor of American Samoa or by such agents as he may designate. The person making such return may, for convenience of administration, make payments of the tax imposed under section 3111 with respect to the service of such individuals without regard to the contribution and benefit base limitation in section 3121(a)(1).

(d) District of Columbia

In the case of the taxes imposed by this chapter with respect to service performed in the employ of the District of Columbia or in the employ of any instrumentality which is wholly owned thereby, the return and payment of the taxes may be made by the Mayor of the District of Columbia or such agents as he may designate. The person making such return may, for convenience of administration, make payments of the tax imposed by section 3111 with respect to such service without regard to the contribution and benefit base limitation in section 3121(a)(1).

(Added Pub. L. 86–778, title I, §103(q)(1), Sept. 13, 1960, 74 Stat. 939; amended Pub. L. 89–97, title III, §§317(c)(1), (2), 320(b)(4), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 389, 393; Pub. L. 90–248, title I, §108(b)(4), Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 835; Pub. L. 92–5, title II, §203(b)(4), Mar. 17, 1971, 85 Stat. 11; Pub. L. 92–336, title II, §203(b)(4), July 1, 1972, 86 Stat. 419; Pub. L. 93–66, title II, §203(b)(4), (d), July 9, 1973, 87 Stat. 153; Pub. L. 93–233, §5(b)(4), (d), Dec. 31, 1973, 87 Stat. 954; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1903(a)(5), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1807; Pub. L. 99–272, title XIII, §13205(a)(2)(A)(i), (ii), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 315; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11331(d)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–468; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13207(d)(4), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 468.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 3125 was renumbered section 3128 of this title.

Amendments

1993—Pub. L. 103–66 which directed the amendment of this section by substituting "contribution and benefit base limitation" for "applicable contribution base limitation" without specifying where the substitution was to be made, was executed by making the substitution in subsecs. (a) to (d) to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1990—Pub. L. 101–508 substituted "applicable contribution base limitation" for "contribution and benefit base limitation" in subsecs. (a) to (d).

1986—Pub. L. 99–272 inserted "States" in section catchline, added subsec. (a), and redesignated former subsecs. (a) to (c) as (b) to (d), respectively.

1976—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455 substituted "Mayor of the District of Columbia or such agents as he may designate" for "Commissioners of the District of Columbia or such agents as they may designate".

1973—Pub. L. 93–233, §5(b)(4), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1973, substituted "$13,200" for "$12,600" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 93–233, §5(d), applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973 (as provided in section 5(e) of Pub. L. 93–233, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42), amended section 203(b)(4)(C) of Pub. L. 92–336 (set out as 1973 Amendment note hereunder) substituting "$13,200" for "$12,600".

Pub. L. 93–66, §203(b)(4), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1973, substituted "$12,600" for "$12,000" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 93–66, §203(d), applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973 (as provided in section 203(e) of Pub. L. 93–66, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42), amended section 203(b)(4)(C) of Pub. L. 92–336 (set out as 1972 Amendment note hereunder) substituting "$12,600" for "$12,000".

1972—Pub. L. 92–336, §203(b)(4)(A), substituted "$10,800" for "$9,000" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 92–336, §203(b)(4)(B), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1973, substituted "$12,000" for "$10,800" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 92–336, §203(b)(4)(C), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1974, substituted "contribution and benefit base" for "$12,000".

1971—Pub. L. 92–5 substituted "$9,000" for "$7,800" wherever appearing.

1968—Pub. L. 90–248 substituted "$7,800" for "$6,600" wherever appearing.

1965—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 89–97, §320(b)(4), substituted "$6,600" for "$4,800".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 89–97, §317(c)(1), added subsec. (c) and inserted reference to District of Columbia in section catchline.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to 1994 and later calendar years, see section 13207(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 1402 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to 1991 and later calendar years, see section 11331(e) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 1402 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–272 applicable to services performed after Mar. 31, 1986, see section 13205(d)(1) of Pub. L. 99–272, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date of 1973 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–233 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973, see section 5(e) of Pub. L. 93–233, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–66 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973, see section 203(e) of Pub. L. 93–66, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42.

Effective Date of 1972 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 92–336 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after December 1972, see section 203(c) of Pub. L. 92–336, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date of 1971 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 92–5 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after December 1971, see section 203(c) of Pub. L. 92–5, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 90–248 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after December 1967, see section 108(c) of Pub. L. 90–248, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date of 1965 Amendment

Amendment by section 317(c)(1), (2) of Pub. L. 89–97 applicable with respect to services performed after quarter ending September 30, 1965, and after quarter in which Secretary of the Treasury receives a certification from Commissioners of District of Columbia expressing their desire to have insurance system established by section 401 et seq. and 1395c et seq. of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, extended to officers and employees coming under provisions of such amendments, see section 317(g) of Pub. L. 89–97, set out as a note under section 410 of Title 42.

Amendment by section 320(b)(4) of Pub. L. 89–97 applicable with respect to remuneration paid after December 1965, see section 320(c) of Pub. L. 89–97, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable only with respect to (1) service in the employ of the Government of Guam or any political subdivision thereof, or any instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing wholly owned thereby, which is performed after 1960 and after the calendar quarter in which the Secretary of the Treasury receives a certification by the Governor of Guam that legislation has been enacted by the Government of Guam expressing its desire to have the insurance system established by title II of the Social Security Act (42 U.S.C. 401 et seq.) extended to the officers and employees of such Government and such political subdivisions and instrumentalities, and (2) service in the employ of the Government of American Samoa or any political subdivision thereof or any instrumentality of any one or more of the foregoing wholly owned thereby, which is performed after 1960 and after the calendar quarter in which the Secretary of the Treasury receives a certification by the Governor of American Samoa that the Government of American Samoa desires to have the insurance system established by title II of the Social Security Act extended to the officers and employees of such Government and such political subdivisions and instrumentalities, see section 103(v)(1) of Pub. L. 86–778, set out as an Effective Date of 1960 Amendment note under section 402 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
26 U.S.C. § 179A (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 179A: Repealed. Pub. L. 113-295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(34)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4042
Repealed. Pub. L. 113-295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(34)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4042
Status: repealed

[§179A. Repealed. Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(34)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4042]

Section, added Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §1913(a)(1), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3016; amended Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(j)(2), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1881; Pub. L. 107–147, title VI, §606(a), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 60; Pub. L. 108–311, title III, §319(a), Oct. 4, 2004, 118 Stat. 1182; Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, §1348, Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1056, related to deduction for clean-fuel vehicles and certain refueling property. Repeal was executed to this section, which is in part VI of subchapter B of chapter 1, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, notwithstanding directory language of Pub. L. 113–295, which repealed section 179A in part VI of subchapter A of chapter 1.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as an Effective Date of 2014 Amendment note under section 1 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 5610 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5610: Disposal of forfeited equipment and material for distilling
Disposal of forfeited equipment and material for distilling
Status: in_force

All boilers, stills, or other vessels, tools and implements, used in distilling or processing, and forfeited under any of the provisions of this chapter, and all condemned material, together with any engine or other machinery connected therewith, and all empty barrels, and all grain or other material suitable for fermentation or distillation, shall be sold at public auction or otherwise disposed of as the court in which forfeiture was recovered shall in its discretion direct.

(Added Pub. L. 85–859, title II, §201, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1404; amended Pub. L. 96–39, title VIII, §807(a)(54), July 26, 1979, 93 Stat. 289.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5610, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 685, related to penalty for using unregistered materials for producing spirits, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859. See section 5603 of this title.

Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in prior section 5622, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 687, prior to the general revision of this chapter by Pub. L. 85–859.

Amendments

1979—Pub. L. 96–39 substituted "or processing" for "or rectifying".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1979 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–39 effective Jan. 1, 1980, see section 810 of Pub. L. 96–39, set out as a note under section 5001 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6603 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 67 / Section 6603: Deposits made to suspend running of interest on potential underpayments, etc.
Deposits made to suspend running of interest on potential underpayments, etc.
Status: in_force

(a) Authority to make deposits other than as payment of tax

A taxpayer may make a cash deposit with the Secretary which may be used by the Secretary to pay any tax imposed under subtitle A or B or chapter 41, 42, 43, or 44 which has not been assessed at the time of the deposit. Such a deposit shall be made in such manner as the Secretary shall prescribe.

(b) No interest imposed

To the extent that such deposit is used by the Secretary to pay tax, for purposes of section 6601 (relating to interest on underpayments), the tax shall be treated as paid when the deposit is made.

(c) Return of deposit

Except in a case where the Secretary determines that collection of tax is in jeopardy, the Secretary shall return to the taxpayer any amount of the deposit (to the extent not used for a payment of tax) which the taxpayer requests in writing.

(d) Payment of interest

(1) In general

For purposes of section 6611 (relating to interest on overpayments), except as provided in paragraph (4), a deposit which is returned to a taxpayer shall be treated as a payment of tax for any period to the extent (and only to the extent) attributable to a disputable tax for such period. Under regulations prescribed by the Secretary, rules similar to the rules of section 6611(b)(2) shall apply.

(2) Disputable tax

(A) In general

For purposes of this section, the term "disputable tax" means the amount of tax specified at the time of the deposit as the taxpayer's reasonable estimate of the maximum amount of any tax attributable to disputable items.

(B) Safe harbor based on 30-day letter

In the case of a taxpayer who has been issued a 30-day letter, the maximum amount of tax under subparagraph (A) shall not be less than the amount of the proposed deficiency specified in such letter.

(3) Other definitions

For purposes of paragraph (2)—

(A) Disputable item

The term "disputable item" means any item of income, gain, loss, deduction, or credit if the taxpayer—

(i) has a reasonable basis for its treatment of such item, and

(ii) reasonably believes that the Secretary also has a reasonable basis for disallowing the taxpayer's treatment of such item.

(B) 30-day letter

The term "30-day letter" means the first letter of proposed deficiency which allows the taxpayer an opportunity for administrative review in the Internal Revenue Service Independent Office of Appeals.

(4) Rate of interest

The rate of interest under this subsection shall be the Federal short-term rate determined under section 6621(b), compounded daily.

(e) Use of deposits

(1) Payment of tax

Except as otherwise provided by the taxpayer, deposits shall be treated as used for the payment of tax in the order deposited.

(2) Returns of deposits

Deposits shall be treated as returned to the taxpayer on a last-in, first-out basis.

(Added Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §842(a), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1598; amended Pub. L. 116–25, title I, §1001(b)(1)(D), July 1, 2019, 133 Stat. 985.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (d)(3)(B). Pub. L. 116–25 substituted "Internal Revenue Service Independent Office of Appeals" for "Internal Revenue Service Office of Appeals".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 108–357, title VIII, §842(c), Oct. 22, 2004, 118 Stat. 1599, provided that:

"(1) In general.—The amendments made by this section [enacting this section] shall apply to deposits made after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 22, 2004].

"(2) Coordination with deposits made under revenue procedure 84–58.—In the case of an amount held by the Secretary of the Treasury or his delegate on the date of the enactment of this Act as a deposit in the nature of a cash bond deposit pursuant to Revenue Procedure 84–58, the date that the taxpayer identifies such amount as a deposit made pursuant to section 6603 of the Internal Revenue Code (as added by this Act) shall be treated as the date such amount is deposited for purposes of such section 6603."
26 U.S.C. § 48B (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 48B: Qualifying gasification project credit
Qualifying gasification project credit
Status: in_force

(a) In general

For purposes of section 46, the qualifying gasification project credit for any taxable year is an amount equal to 20 percent (30 percent in the case of credits allocated under subsection (d)(1)(B)) of the qualified investment for such taxable year.

(b) Qualified investment

(1) In general

For purposes of subsection (a), the qualified investment for any taxable year is the basis of eligible property placed in service by the taxpayer during such taxable year which is part of a qualifying gasification project—

(A)(i) the construction, reconstruction, or erection of which is completed by the taxpayer, or

(ii) which is acquired by the taxpayer if the original use of such property commences with the taxpayer, and

(B) with respect to which depreciation (or amortization in lieu of depreciation) is allowable.

(2) Special rule for certain subsidized property

Rules similar to section 48(a)(4) (without regard to subparagraph (D) thereof) shall apply for purposes of this section.

(3) Certain qualified progress expenditures rules made applicable

Rules similar to the rules of subsections (c)(4) and (d) of section 46 (as in effect on the day before the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990) shall apply for purposes of this section.

(c) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) Qualifying gasification project

The term "qualifying gasification project" means any project which—

(A) employs gasification technology,

(B) will be carried out by an eligible entity, and

(C) any portion of the qualified investment of which is certified under the qualifying gasification program as eligible for credit under this section in an amount (not to exceed $650,000,000) determined by the Secretary.

(2) Gasification technology

The term "gasification technology" means any process which converts a solid or liquid product from coal, petroleum residue, biomass, or other materials which are recovered for their energy or feedstock value into a synthesis gas composed primarily of carbon monoxide and hydrogen for direct use or subsequent chemical or physical conversion.

(3) Eligible property

The term "eligible property" means any property which is a part of a qualifying gasification project and is necessary for the gasification technology of such project.

(4) Biomass

(A) In general

The term "biomass" means any—

(i) agricultural or plant waste,

(ii) byproduct of wood or paper mill operations, including lignin in spent pulping liquors, and

(iii) other products of forestry maintenance.

(B) Exclusion

The term "biomass" does not include paper which is commonly recycled.

(5) Carbon capture capability

The term "carbon capture capability" means a gasification plant design which is determined by the Secretary to reflect reasonable consideration for, and be capable of, accommodating the equipment likely to be necessary to capture carbon dioxide from the gaseous stream, for later use or sequestration, which would otherwise be emitted in the flue gas from a project which uses a nonrenewable fuel.

(6) Coal

The term "coal" means anthracite, bituminous coal, subbituminous coal, lignite, and peat.

(7) Eligible entity

The term "eligible entity" means any person whose application for certification is principally intended for use in a domestic project which employs domestic gasification applications related to—

(A) chemicals,

(B) fertilizers,

(C) glass,

(D) steel,

(E) petroleum residues,

(F) forest products,

(G) agriculture, including feedlots and dairy operations, and

(H) transportation grade liquid fuels.

(8) Petroleum residue

The term "petroleum residue" means the carbonized product of high-boiling hydrocarbon fractions obtained in petroleum processing.

(d) Qualifying gasification project program

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this section, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, shall establish a qualifying gasification project program to consider and award certifications for qualified investment eligible for credits under this section to qualifying gasification project sponsors under this section. The total amounts of credit that may be allocated under the program shall not exceed—

(A) $350,000,000, plus

(B) $250,000,000 for qualifying gasification projects that include equipment which separates and sequesters at least 75 percent of such project's total carbon dioxide emissions.

(2) Period of issuance

A certificate of eligibility under paragraph (1) may be issued only during the 10-fiscal year period beginning on October 1, 2005.

(3) Selection criteria

The Secretary shall not make a competitive certification award for qualified investment for credit eligibility under this section unless the recipient has documented to the satisfaction of the Secretary that—

(A) the award recipient is financially viable without the receipt of additional Federal funding associated with the proposed project,

(B) the recipient will provide sufficient information to the Secretary for the Secretary to ensure that the qualified investment is spent efficiently and effectively,

(C) a market exists for the products of the proposed project as evidenced by contracts or written statements of intent from potential customers,

(D) the fuels identified with respect to the gasification technology for such project will comprise at least 90 percent of the fuels required by the project for the production of chemical feedstocks, liquid transportation fuels, or coproduction of electricity,

(E) the award recipient's project team is competent in the construction and operation of the gasification technology proposed, with preference given to those recipients with experience which demonstrates successful and reliable operations of the technology on domestic fuels so identified, and

(F) the award recipient has met other criteria established and published by the Secretary.

(4) Selection priorities

In determining which qualifying gasification projects to certify under this section, the Secretary shall—

(A) give highest priority to projects with the greatest separation and sequestration percentage of total carbon dioxide emissions, and

(B) give high priority to applicant participants who have a research partnership with an eligible educational institution (as defined in section 529(e)(5)).

(e) Denial of double benefit

A credit shall not be allowed under this section for any qualified investment for which a credit is allowed under section 48A.

(f) Recapture of credit for failure to sequester

The Secretary shall provide for recapturing the benefit of any credit allowable under subsection (a) with respect to any project which fails to attain or maintain the separation and sequestration requirements for such project under subsection (d)(1).

(Added Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, §1307(b), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1004; amended Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, title I, §112(a)–(e), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3824; Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title I, §1103(b)(2)(D), Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 321.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is the date of enactment of title XI of Pub. L. 101–508, which was approved Nov. 5, 1990.

The date of the enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (d)(1), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 109–58, which was approved Aug. 8, 2005.

Amendments

2009—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 111–5 inserted "(without regard to subparagraph (D) thereof)" after "section 48(a)(4)".

2008—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 110–343, §112(a), inserted "(30 percent in the case of credits allocated under subsection (d)(1)(B))" after "20 percent".

Subsec. (c)(7)(H). Pub. L. 110–343, §112(e), added subpar. (H).

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 110–343, §112(b), substituted "shall not exceed—" for "shall not exceed $350,000,000 under rules similar to the rules of section 48A(d)(4)." and added subpars. (A) and (B).

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 110–343, §112(d), added par. (4).

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 110–343, §112(c), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to periods after Dec. 31, 2008, under rules similar to the rules of section 48(m) of this title as in effect on the day before Nov. 5, 1990, see section 1103(c)(1) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as a note under section 25C of this title.

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–343, div. B, title I, §112(f), Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3824, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to credits described in section 48B(d)(1)(B) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 which are allocated or reallocated after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 3, 2008]."

Effective Date

Section applicable to periods after Aug. 8, 2005, under rules similar to the rules of section 48(m) of this title, as in effect on the day before Nov. 5, 1990, see section 1307(d) of Pub. L. 109–58, set out as an Effective Date of 2005 Amendment note under section 46 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 9702 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 99 / Section 9702: Establishment of the United Mine Workers of America Combined Benefit Fund
Establishment of the United Mine Workers of America Combined Benefit Fund
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

(1) In general

As soon as practicable (but not later than 60 days) after the enactment date, the persons described in subsection (b) shall designate the individuals to serve as trustees. Such trustees shall create a new private plan to be known as the United Mine Workers of America Combined Benefit Fund.

(2) Merger of retiree benefit plans

As of February 1, 1993, the settlors of the 1950 UMWA Benefit Plan and the 1974 UMWA Benefit Plan shall cause such plans to be merged into the Combined Fund, and such merger shall not be treated as an employer withdrawal for purposes of any 1988 coal wage agreement.

(3) Treatment of plan

The Combined Fund shall be—

(A) a plan described in section 302(c)(5) of the Labor Management Relations Act, 1947 (29 U.S.C. 186(c)(5)),

(B) an employee welfare benefit plan within the meaning of section 3(1) of the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (29 U.S.C. 1002(1)), and

(C) a multiemployer plan within the meaning of section 3(37) of such Act (29 U.S.C. 1002(37)).

(4) Tax treatment

For purposes of this title, the Combined Fund and any related trust shall be treated as an organization exempt from tax under section 501(a).

(b) Board of trustees

(1) In general

For purposes of subsection (a), the board of trustees for the Combined Fund shall be appointed as follows—

(A) 2 individuals who represent employers in the coal mining industry shall be designated by the BCOA;

(B) 2 individuals designated by the United Mine Workers of America; and

(C) 3 individuals selected by the individuals appointed under subparagraphs (A) and (B).

(2) Successor trustees

Any successor trustee shall be appointed in the same manner as the trustee being succeeded. The plan establishing the Combined Fund shall provide for the removal of trustees.

(3) Special rule

If the BCOA ceases to exist, any trustee or successor under paragraph (1)(A) shall be designated by the 3 employers who were members of the BCOA on the enactment date and who have been assigned the greatest number of eligible beneficiaries under section 9706.

(c) Plan year

The first plan year of the Combined Fund shall begin February 1, 1993, and end September 30, 1993. Each succeeding plan year shall begin on October 1 of each calendar year.

(Added Pub. L. 102–486, title XIX, §19143(a), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3040; amended Pub. L. 109–432, div. C, title II, §213(a), Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3027.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2006—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 109–432 reenacted heading without change and amended text of subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, text contained provisions which related to: in par. (1), appointment of one trustee by the BCOA, one by the three employers having the greatest number of eligible beneficiaries under section 9706, two by the United Mine Workers of America, and three by the persons otherwise appointed; in par. (2), successor trustees and removal of trustees; and in par. (3), special rules relating to designation of trustees or successor trustees if the BCOA should cease to exist and designation of the initial trustee.
26 U.S.C. § 5181 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 51 / Section 5181: Distilled spirits for fuel use
Distilled spirits for fuel use
Status: in_force

(a) In general

(1) Purposes for which plant may be established

On such application and bond and in such manner as the Secretary may prescribe by regulation, a person may establish a distilled spirits plant solely for the purpose of—

(A) producing, processing, and storing, and

(B) using or distributing,

distilled spirits to be used exclusively for fuel use.

(2) Regulations

In prescribing regulations under paragraph (1) and in carrying out the provisions of this section, the Secretary shall, to the greatest extent possible, take steps to—

(A) expedite all applications;

(B) establish a minimum bond; and

(C) generally encourage and promote (through regulation or otherwise) the production of alcohol for fuel purposes.

(b) Authority to exempt

The Secretary may by regulation provide for the waiver of any provision of this chapter (other than this section or any provision requiring the payment of tax) for any distilled spirits plant described in subsection (a) if the Secretary finds it necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.

(c) Special rules for small plant production

(1) Applications

(A) In general

An application for an operating permit for an eligible distilled spirits plant shall be in such a form and manner, and contain such information, as the Secretary may by regulations prescribe; except that the Secretary shall, to the greatest extent possible, take steps to simplify the application so as to expedite the issuance of such permits.

(B) Receipt of application

Within 15 days of receipt of an application under subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall send a written notice of receipt to the applicant, together with a statement as to whether the application meets the requirements of subparagraph (A). If such a notice is not sent and the applicant has a receipt indicating that the Secretary has received an application, paragraph (2) shall apply as if a written notice required by the preceding sentence, together with a statement that the application meets the requirements of subparagraph (A), had been sent on the 15th day after the date the Secretary received the application.

(C) Multiple applications

If more than one application is submitted with respect to any eligible distilled spirits plant in any calendar quarter, the provisions of this section shall apply only to the first application submitted with respect to such plant during such quarter. For purposes of the preceding sentence, if a corrected or amended first application is filed, such application shall not be considered as a separate application, and the 15-day period referred to in subparagraph (A) shall commence with receipt of the corrected or amended application.

(2) Determination

(A) In general

In any case in which the Secretary under paragraph (1)(B) has notified an applicant of receipt of an application which meets the requirements of paragraph (1)(A), the Secretary shall make a determination as to whether such operating permit is to be issued, and shall notify the applicant of such determination, within 45 days of the date on which notice was sent under paragraph (1)(B).

(B) Failure to make determination

If the Secretary has not notified an applicant within the time prescribed under subparagraph (A), the application shall be treated as approved.

(C) Rejection of application

If the Secretary determines under subparagraph (A) that a permit should not be issued—

(i) the Secretary shall include in the notice to the applicant of such determination under subparagraph (A) detailed reasons for such determination, and

(ii) such determination shall not prejudice any further application for such operating permit.

(3) Bond

No bond shall be required for an eligible distilled spirits plant. For purposes of section 5212 and subsection (e)(2) of this section, the premises of an eligible distilled spirits plant shall be treated as bonded premises.

(4) Eligible distilled spirits plant

The term "eligible distilled spirits plant" means a plant which is used to produce distilled spirits exclusively for fuel use and the production from which does not exceed 10,000 proof gallons per year.

(d) Withdrawal free of tax

Distilled spirits produced under this section may be withdrawn free of tax from the bonded premises (and any premises which are not bonded by reason of subsection (c)(3)) of a distilled spirits plant exclusively for fuel use as provided in section 5214(a)(12).

(e) Prohibited withdrawal, use, sale, or disposition

(1) In general

Distilled spirits produced under this section shall not be withdrawn, used, sold, or disposed of for other than fuel use.

(2) Rendering unfit for use

For protection of the revenue and under such regulations as the Secretary may prescribe, distilled spirits produced under this section shall, before withdrawal from the bonded premises of a distilled spirits plant, be rendered unfit for beverage use by the addition of substances which will not impair the quality of the spirits for fuel use.

(f) Definition of distilled spirits

For purposes of this section, the term "distilled spirits" does not include distilled spirits produced from petroleum, natural gas, or coal.

(Added Pub. L. 96–223, title II, §232(e)(1), Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 278.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 5181 was renumbered 5182 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 96–223, title II, §232(h)(3), Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 281, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (e) [enacting this section, amending sections 5004, 5005, 5214, and 5601, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 4081 of this title] shall take effect on the first day of the first calendar month beginning more than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Apr. 2, 1980]."
26 U.S.C. § 3308 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 23 / Section 3308: Instrumentalities of the United States
Instrumentalities of the United States
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other provision of law (whether enacted before or after the enactment of this section) which grants to any instrumentality of the United States an exemption from taxation, such instrumentality shall not be exempt from the tax imposed by section 3301 unless such other provision of law grants a specific exemption, by reference to section 3301 (or the corresponding section of prior law), from the tax imposed by such section.

(Added Pub. L. 86–778, title V, §531(d)(1), Sept. 13, 1960, 74 Stat. 983.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Enacted before or after the enactment of this section, referred to in text, means enacted before or after Sept. 13, 1960, the date of approval of Pub. L. 86–778.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 3309 was renumbered section 3311 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section applicable with respect to remuneration paid after 1961 for services performed after 1961, see section 535 of Pub. L. 86–778, set out as an Effective Date of 1960 Amendment note under section 3305 of this title.

Applicability to Federal Land Banks, Federal Intermediate Credit Banks, and Banks for Cooperatives

Applicability of this section to Federal land banks, Federal intermediate credit banks, and banks for cooperatives, see section 531(g) of Pub. L. 86–778, set out as a note under section 3305 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1463 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 3 / Section 1463: Tax paid by recipient of income
Tax paid by recipient of income
Status: in_force

If—

(1) any person, in violation of the provisions of this chapter, fails to deduct and withhold any tax under this chapter, and

(2) thereafter the tax against which such tax may be credited is paid,

the tax so required to be deducted and withheld shall not be collected from such person; but this section shall in no case relieve such person from liability for interest or any penalties or additions to the tax otherwise applicable in respect of such failure to deduct and withhold.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 360; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7743(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2406; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(t)(9), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1887.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1996—Pub. L. 104–188 substituted "this section" for "this subsection".

1989—Pub. L. 101–239 amended section generally. Prior to amendment, section read as follows: "If any tax required under this chapter to be deducted and withheld is paid by the recipient of the income, it shall not be re-collected from the withholding agent; nor in cases in which the tax is so paid shall any penalty be imposed on or collected from the recipient of the income or the withholding agent for failure to return or pay the same, unless such failure was fraudulent and for the purpose of evading payment."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7743(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2406, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to failures after December 31, 1989."
26 U.S.C. § 810 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Subchapter L / Section 810: Repealed. Pub. L. 115-97, title I, §13511(b)(1), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2142
Repealed. Pub. L. 115-97, title I, §13511(b)(1), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2142
Status: repealed

[§810. Repealed. Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13511(b)(1), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2142]

Section, added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title II, §211(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 738; amended Pub. L. 111–92, §13(c), Nov. 6, 2009, 123 Stat. 2994; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(41)(J), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4044, related to operations loss deduction.

A prior section 810, added Pub. L. 86–69, §2(a), June 25, 1959, 73 Stat. 125; amended Pub. L. 91–172, title I, §121(b)(5)(B), title IX, §907(a)(2), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 541, 715, related to rules for certain reserves, prior to the general revision of this part by Pub. L. 98–369, §211(a).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal applicable to losses arising in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13511(c) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as an Effective Date of 2017 Amendment note under section 381 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 109 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 109: Improvements by lessee on lessor's property
Improvements by lessee on lessor's property
Status: in_force

Gross income does not include income (other than rent) derived by a lessor of real property on the termination of a lease, representing the value of such property attributable to buildings erected or other improvements made by the lessee.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 33.)
26 U.S.C. § 1314 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1314: Amount and method of adjustment
Amount and method of adjustment
Status: in_force

(a) Ascertainment of amount of adjustment

In computing the amount of an adjustment under this part there shall first be ascertained the tax previously determined for the taxable year with respect to which the error was made. The amount of the tax previously determined shall be the excess of—

(1) the sum of—

(A) the amount shown as the tax by the taxpayer on his return (determined as provided in section 6211(b)(1), (3), and (4), relating to the definition of deficiency), if a return was made by the taxpayer and an amount was shown as the tax by the taxpayer thereon, plus

(B) the amounts previously assessed (or collected without assessment) as a deficiency, over—

(2) the amount of rebates, as defined in section 6211(b)(2), made.

There shall then be ascertained the increase or decrease in tax previously determined which results solely from the correct treatment of the item which was the subject of the error (with due regard given to the effect of the item in the computation of gross income, taxable income, and other matters under this subtitle). A similar computation shall be made for any other taxable year affected, or treated as affected, by a net operating loss deduction (as defined in section 172) or by a capital loss carryback or carryover (as defined in section 1212), determined with reference to the taxable year with respect to which the error was made. The amount so ascertained (together with any amounts wrongfully collected as additions to the tax or interest, as a result of such error) for each taxable year shall be the amount of the adjustment for that taxable year.

(b) Method of adjustment

The adjustment authorized in section 1311(a) shall be made by assessing and collecting, or refunding or crediting, the amount thereof in the same manner as if it were a deficiency determined by the Secretary with respect to the taxpayer as to whom the error was made or an overpayment claimed by such taxpayer, as the case may be, for the taxable year or years with respect to which an amount is ascertained under subsection (a), and as if on the date of the determination one year remained before the expiration of the periods of limitation upon assessment or filing claim for refund for such taxable year or years. If, as a result of a determination described in section 1313(a)(4), an adjustment has been made by the assessment and collection of a deficiency or the refund or credit of an overpayment, and subsequently such determination is altered or revoked, the amount of the adjustment ascertained under subsection (a) of this section shall be redetermined on the basis of such alteration or revocation and any overpayment or deficiency resulting from such redetermination shall be refunded or credited, or assessed and collected, as the case may be, as an adjustment under this part. In the case of an adjustment resulting from an increase or decrease in a net operating loss or net capital loss which is carried back to the year of adjustment, interest shall not be collected or paid for any period prior to the close of the taxable year in which the net operating loss or net capital loss arises.

(c) Adjustment unaffected by other items

The amount to be assessed and collected in the same manner as a deficiency, or to be refunded or credited in the same manner as an overpayment, under this part, shall not be diminished by any credit or set-off based upon any item other than the one which was the subject of the adjustment. The amount of the adjustment under this part, if paid, shall not be recovered by a claim or suit for refund or suit for erroneous refund based upon any item other than the one which was the subject of the adjustment.

(d) Taxes imposed by subtitle C

This part shall not apply to any tax imposed by subtitle C (sec. 3101 and following relating to employment taxes).

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 340; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §59(b), Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1647; Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, §809(d)(5)(B), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 168; Pub. L. 91–172, title V, §512(f)(7), (8), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 641, 642; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 113–295, div. A, title II, §221(a)(87), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 4050.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2014—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 113–295 redesignated subsec. (e) as (d) and struck out former subsec. (d). Prior to amendment, text of subsec. (d) read as follows: "No adjustment shall be made under this part in respect of any taxable year beginning prior to January 1, 1932."

1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary".

1969—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 91–172, §512(f)(7), substituted "capital loss carryback or carryover" for "capital loss carryover".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 91–172, §512(f)(8), inserted reference to net capital loss.

1965—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 89–44 struck out "(b)(1) and (3)" and inserted in lieu thereof "(b)(1), (3), and (4)".

1958—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 85–866 substituted in second sentence "The" for "Other than in the case of an adjustment resulting from a determination under section 1313(a)(4), the".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2014 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 113–295 effective Dec. 19, 2014, subject to a savings provision, see section 221(b) of Pub. L. 113–295, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1969 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–172 applicable with respect to net capital losses sustained in taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1969, see section 512(g) of Pub. L. 91–172, set out as a note under section 1212 of this title.

Effective Date of 1965 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 89–44 applicable to taxable years beginning on or after July 1, 1965, see section 809(f) of Pub. L. 89–44, set out as a note under section 6420 of this title.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–866 effective with respect to determinations made after Nov. 14, 1954, see section 59(c) of Pub. L. 85–866, set out as a note under section 1312 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6232 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 63 / Subchapter C / Section 6232: Assessment, collection, and payment
Assessment, collection, and payment
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Any imputed underpayment shall be assessed and collected in the same manner as if it were a tax imposed for the adjustment year by subtitle A, except that—

(1) subchapter B of chapter 63 shall not apply, and

(2) in the case of an administrative adjustment request to which section 6227(b)(1) applies, the underpayment shall be paid and may be assessed when the request is filed.

(b) Limitation on assessment

Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle (other than subchapter B of this chapter), no assessment of an imputed underpayment may be made (and no levy or proceeding in any court for the collection of any amount resulting from such adjustment may be made, begun or prosecuted) before—

(1) the close of the 90th day after the day on which a notice of a final partnership adjustment was mailed, and

(2) if a petition is filed under section 6234 with respect to such notice, the decision of the court has become final.

The preceding sentence shall not apply in the case of a specified similar amount (as defined in subsection (f)(2)).

(c) Premature action may be enjoined

Notwithstanding section 7421(a), any action which violates subsection (b) may be enjoined in the proper court, including the Tax Court. The Tax Court shall have no jurisdiction to enjoin any action under this subsection unless a timely petition has been filed under section 6234 and then only in respect of the adjustments that are the subject of such petition.

(d) Exceptions to restrictions on adjustments

(1) Adjustments arising out of math or clerical errors

(A) In general

 If the partnership is notified that, on account of a mathematical or clerical error appearing on the partnership return, an adjustment to an item is required, rules similar to the rules of paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 6213(b) shall apply to such adjustment.

(B) Special rule

If a partnership is a partner in another partnership, any adjustment on account of such partnership's failure to comply with the requirements of section 6222(a) with respect to its interest in such other partnership shall be treated as an adjustment referred to in subparagraph (A), except that paragraph (2) of section 6213(b) shall not apply to such adjustment.

(2) Partnership may waive restrictions

The partnership may at any time (whether or not any notice of partnership adjustment has been issued), by a signed notice in writing filed with the Secretary, waive the restrictions provided in subsection (b) on the making of any partnership adjustment.

(e) Limit where no proceeding begun

If no proceeding under section 6234 is begun with respect to any notice of a final partnership adjustment during the 90-day period described in subsection (b), the amount for which the partnership is liable under section 6225 shall not exceed the amount determined in accordance with such notice.

(f) Failure to pay imputed underpayment

(1) In general

If any amount of any imputed underpayment to which section 6225 applies or any specified similar amount (or any interest or penalties with respect to any such amount) has not been paid by the date which is 10 days after the date on which the Secretary provides notice and demand for such payment—

(A) section 6621(a)(2)(B) shall be applied by substituting "5 percentage points" for "3 percentage points" with respect to such amount, and

(B) the Secretary may assess upon each partner of the partnership (determined as of the close of the adjustment year or, if the partnership has ceased to exist as of such time, the former partners of the partnership as determined for purposes of section 6241(7)) a tax equal to such partner's proportionate share of such amount (including any such interest or penalties, determined after application of subparagraph (A)).

(2) Specified similar amount

For purposes of this subsection, the term "specified similar amount" means—

(A) the amount described in subclause (II) of section 6226(b)(4)(A)(ii) (including any failure to satisfy the requirement of subclause (I) of such section which is treated as a failure to pay such amount under section 6651(i)), and

(B) any amount assessed under paragraph (1)(B) upon a partner which is a partnership.

(3) Proportionate share

For purposes of paragraph (1), a partner's proportionate share is such percentage as the Secretary may determine on the basis of such partner's distributive share. The Secretary shall make determinations under the preceding sentence such that the aggregate proportionate shares so determined total 100 percent.

(4) Coordination with partnership liability

The liability of the partnership for any amount with respect to which a partner is made liable under paragraph (1) shall be reduced upon payment by the partner of such amount. Paragraph (1)(B) shall not apply with respect to any amount after the date on which such amount is paid by the partnership.

(5) S corporations

For purposes of this subsection, an S corporation and its shareholders shall be treated in the same manner as a partnership and its partners.

(6) Rules related to assessment and collection

(A) Deficiency procedures not applicable

Subchapter B shall not apply to any assessment or collection under this paragraph.

(B) Limitation on assessment

Except as otherwise provided in this subtitle, no assessment may be made (or proceeding in court begun without assessment) with respect to any partner with respect to an amount under paragraph (1) after the date which is 2 years after the date on which the Secretary provides the notice and demand referred to in paragraph (1) with respect to such amount.

(Added Pub. L. 114–74, title XI, §1101(c)(1), Nov. 2, 2015, 129 Stat. 632; amended Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title II, §§205(a), 206(g), (p)(4)–(6), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1177, 1179, 1182.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 6232, added Pub. L. 97–248, title IV, §402(a), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 666, related to extension of subchapter provisions, respecting tax treatment of partnership items, to windfall profit tax, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 100–418, title I, §1941(b)(1), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1323.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–141, §206(g)(1), substituted "except that—" for "except that in the case of an administrative adjustment request to which section 6227(b)(1) applies, the underpayment shall be paid when the request is filed." and added pars. (1) and (2).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–141, §206(p)(4), substituted "this subtitle (other than subchapter B of this chapter)" for "this chapter" in introductory provisions.

Pub. L. 115–141, §206(g)(2), substituted "assessment of an imputed underpayment" for "assessment of a deficiency" in introductory provisions and inserted concluding provisions.

Subsec. (d)(1)(A). Pub. L. 115–141, §206(p)(5), substituted "an item" for "a item".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 115–141, §206(p)(6), struck out "thereof" after "subsection (b)".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 115–141, §205(a), added subsec. (f).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–141 effective as if included in section 1101 of Pub. L. 114–74, see section 207 of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 6031 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to returns filed for partnership taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, with certain exceptions, see section 1101(g) of Pub. L. 114–74, set out as a note under section 6221 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 3122 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 21 / Subchapter C / Section 3122: Federal service
Federal service
Status: in_force

In the case of the taxes imposed by this chapter with respect to service performed in the employ of the United States or in the employ of any instrumentality which is wholly owned by the United States, including such service which is medicare qualified government employment (as defined in section 3121(u)(3)), including service, performed as a member of a uniformed service, to which the provisions of section 3121(m)(1) are applicable, and including service, performed as a volunteer or volunteer leader within the meaning of the Peace Corps Act, to which the provisions of section 3121(p) are applicable, the determination of the amount of remuneration for such service, and the return and payment of the taxes imposed by this chapter, shall be made by the head of the Federal agency or instrumentality having the control of such service, or by such agents as such head may designate. In the case of the taxes imposed by this chapter with respect to service performed in the employ of an international organization pursuant to a transfer to which the provisions of section 3121(y) are applicable, the determination of the amount of remuneration for such service, and the return and payment of the taxes imposed by this chapter, shall be made by the head of the Federal agency from which the transfer was made. Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to affect the Secretary's authority to determine under subsections (a) and (b) of section 3121 whether any such service constitutes employment, the periods of such employment, and whether remuneration paid for any such service constitutes wages. The person making such return may, for convenience of administration, make payments of the tax imposed under section 3111 with respect to such service without regard to the contribution and benefit base limitation in section 3121(a)(1), and he shall not be required to obtain a refund of the tax paid under section 3111 on that part of the remuneration not included in wages by reason of section 3121(a)(1). Payments of the tax imposed under section 3111 with respect to service, performed by an individual as a member of a uniformed service, to which the provisions of section 3121(m)(1) are applicable, shall be made from appropriations available for the pay of members of such uniformed service. The provisions of this section shall be applicable in the case of service performed by a civilian employee, not compensated from funds appropriated by the Congress, in the Army and Air Force Exchange Service, Army and Air Force Motion Picture Service, Navy Exchanges, Marine Corps Exchanges, or other activities, conducted by an instrumentality of the United States subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of Defense, at installations of the Department of Defense for the comfort, pleasure, contentment, and mental and physical improvement of personnel of such Department; and for purposes of this section the Secretary of Defense shall be deemed to be the head of such instrumentality. The provisions of this section shall be applicable also in the case of service performed by a civilian employee, not compensated from funds appropriated by the Congress, in the Coast Guard Exchanges or other activities, conducted by an instrumentality of the United States subject to the jurisdiction of the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating, at installations of the Coast Guard for the comfort, pleasure, contentment, and mental and physical improvement of personnel of the Coast Guard; and for purposes of this section the Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating shall be deemed to be the head of such instrumentality.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 428; Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title II, §§202(c), 203(a), 68 Stat. 1090; Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title IV, §411(b), (c), 70 Stat. 879; Pub. L. 85–840, title IV, §402(c), Aug. 28, 1958, 72 Stat. 1042; Pub. L. 85–866, title I, §70, Sept. 2, 1958, 72 Stat. 1660; Pub. L. 87–293, title II, §202(a)(3), Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 626; Pub. L. 89–97, title III, §320(b)(3), July 30, 1965, 79 Stat. 393; Pub. L. 90–248, title I, §108(b)(3), Jan. 2, 1968, 81 Stat. 835; Pub. L. 92–5, title II, §203(b)(3), Mar. 17, 1971, 85 Stat. 11; Pub. L. 92–236, §203(b)(3), July 1, 1972, 86 Stat. 419; Pub. L. 93–66, §203(b)(3), (d), July 9, 1973, 87 Stat. 153; Pub. L. 93–233, §5(b)(3), (d), Dec. 31, 1973, 87 Stat. 954; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1903(a)(4), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1807; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §278(a)(3), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 560; Pub. L. 99–272, title XIII, §13205(a)(2)(C), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 315; Pub. L. 100–647, title VIII, §8015(a)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3791; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11331(d)(2), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–468; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13207(d)(4), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 468; Pub. L. 103–296, title III, §319(a)(2), Aug. 15, 1994, 108 Stat. 1534; Pub. L. 109–241, title IX, §902(i), July 11, 2006, 120 Stat. 567.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Peace Corps Act, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 87–293, Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 612, which is classified principally to chapter 34 (§2501 et seq.) of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2501 of Title 22 and Tables.

Amendments

2006—Pub. L. 109–241 substituted "Secretary of the Department in which the Coast Guard is operating" for "Secretary of Transportation" in two places.

1994—Pub. L. 103–296 inserted after first sentence "In the case of the taxes imposed by this chapter with respect to service performed in the employ of an international organization pursuant to a transfer to which the provisions of section 3121(y) are applicable, the determination of the amount of remuneration for such service, and the return and payment of the taxes imposed by this chapter, shall be made by the head of the Federal agency from which the transfer was made."

1993—Pub. L. 103–66 substituted "contribution and benefit base limitation" for "applicable contribution base limitation".

1990—Pub. L. 101–508 substituted "applicable contribution base limitation" for "contribution and benefit base limitation".

1988—Pub. L. 100–647 struck out from first sentence "the determination whether an individual has performed service which constitutes employment as defined in section 3121(b)," after "section 3121(p) are applicable," and "which constitutes wages as defined in section 3121(a)" after "remuneration for such service", and inserted after first sentence "Nothing in this paragraph shall be construed to affect the Secretary's authority to determine under subsections (a) and (b) of section 3121 whether any such service constitutes employment, the periods of such employment, and whether remuneration paid for any such service constitutes wages."

1986—Pub. L. 99–272 substituted "including such service which is medicare qualified government employment (as defined in section 3121(u)(3))" for "including service which is medicare qualified Federal employment (as defined in section 3121(u)(2))".

1982—Pub. L. 97–248 inserted "including service which is medicare qualified Federal employment (as defined in section 3121(u)(2)),".

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 substituted "Secretary of Transportation" for "Secretary" in two places.

1973—Pub. L. 93–233, §5(b)(3), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1973, substituted "$13,200" for "$12,600".

Pub. L. 93–233, §5(d), applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable year beginning after, 1973 (as provided in section 5(e) of Pub. L. 93–233, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42), amended section 203(b)(3)(C) of Pub. L. 92–336 (set out as 1973 Amendment note hereunder) substituting "$13,200" for "$12,600".

Pub. L. 93–66, §203(b)(3), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1973, substituted "$12,600" for "$12,000".

Pub. L. 93–66, §203(d), applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973 (as provided in section 203(e) of Pub. L. 93–66, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42), amended section 203(b)(3)(C) of Pub. L. 92–336 (set out as 1972 Amendment note hereunder) substituting "$12,600" for "$12,000".

1972—Pub. L. 92–336, §203(b)(3)(A), substituted "$10,800" for "$9,000".

Pub. L. 92–336, §203(b)(3)(B), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1973, substituted "$12,000" for "$10,800".

Pub. L. 92–336, §203(b)(3)(C), effective with respect to remuneration paid after 1974, substituted "contribution and benefit base" for "$12,000".

1971—Pub. L. 92–5 substituted "$9,000" for "$7,800".

1968—Pub. L. 90–248 substituted "$7,800" for "$6,600" in second sentence.

1965—Pub. L. 89–97 substituted "$6,600" for "$4,800".

1961—Pub. L. 87–293 inserted "and including service, performed as a volunteer or volunteer leader within the meaning of the Peace Corps Act, to which the provisions of section 3121(p) are applicable," after "section 3121(m)(1) are applicable,".

1958—Pub. L. 85–866 substituted "section" for "subsection" wherever appearing.

Pub. L. 85–840 substituted "$4,800" for $4,200".

1956—Act Aug. 1, 1956, included taxes with respect to service, performed as a member of a uniformed service, to which provisions of section 3121(m)(1) of this title are applicable, and authorized payment of tax imposed under section 3111 of this title from appropriations available for pay of members of the uniformed service.

1954—Act Sept. 1, 1954, §202(c), substituted "$4,200" for "$3,600".

Act Sept. 1, 1954, §203(a), inserted provisions making section applicable to services performed by a civilian employee in the Coast Guard Exchanges or certain other activities at Coast Guard installations.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–296 applicable with respect to service performed after calendar quarter following calendar quarter in which Aug. 15, 1994, occurs, see section 319(c) of Pub. L. 103–296, set out as a note under section 1402 of this title.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to 1994 and later calendar years, see section 13207(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 1402 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to 1991 and later calendar years, see section 11331(e) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 1402 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–647, title VIII, §8015(a)(3), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3791, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraphs (1) and (2) [amending this section and section 405 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare] shall apply to determinations relating to service commenced in any position on or after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 10, 1988]."

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–272 applicable to services performed after Mar. 31, 1986, see section 13205(d)(1) of Pub. L. 99–272, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–248 applicable to remuneration paid after Dec. 31, 1982, see section 278(c)(1) of Pub. L. 97–248, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date of 1976 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to wages paid after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1903(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 3101 of this title.

Effective Date of 1973 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–233 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973, see section 5(e) of Pub. L. 93–233, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Amendment by Pub. L. 93–66 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after, and taxable years beginning after, 1973, see section 203(e) of Pub. L. 93–66, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42.

Effective Date of 1972 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 92–336 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after December 1972, see section 203(c) of Pub. L. 92–336, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date of 1971 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 92–5 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after December 1971, see section 203(c) of Pub. L. 92–5, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date of 1968 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 90–248 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after December 1967, see section 108(c) of Pub. L. 90–248, set out as a note under section 409 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Effective Date of 1965 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 89–97 applicable with respect to remuneration paid after December, 1965, see section 320(c) of Pub. L. 89–97, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date of 1961 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 87–293 applicable with respect to service performed after Sept. 22, 1961, but in the case of persons serving under the Peace Corps agency established by executive order applicable with respect to service performed on or after the effective date of enrollment, see section 202(c) of Pub. L. 87–293, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date of 1958 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 85–840 applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after 1958, see section 402(e) of Pub. L. 85–840, set out as a note under section 3121 of this title.

Effective Date of 1956 Amendment

Amendment by act Aug. 1, 1956, effective Jan. 1, 1956, see act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 837, title VI, §603(a), 70 Stat. 887.

Effective Date of 1954 Amendment

Amendment by section 202(c) of act Sept. 1, 1954, applicable only with respect to remuneration paid after 1954, see section 202(d) of act Sept. 1, 1954, set out as a note under section 1401 of this title.

Act Sept. 1, 1954, ch. 1206, title II, §203(b), 68 Stat. 1091, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall become effective January 1, 1955."

Repeals; Amendments and Application of Amendment Unaffected

Section 202(a)(3) of Pub. L. 87–293, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 89–572, §5(a), Sept. 13, 1966, 80 Stat. 765. Such repeal not deemed to affect amendments to this section contained in such provisions, and continuation in full force and effect until modified by appropriate authority of all determinations, authorization, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements, and other actions issued, undertaken, or entered into under authority of the repealed provisions, see section 5(b) of Pub. L. 89–572, set out as a note under section 2515 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse.
26 U.S.C. § 448 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 448: Limitation on use of cash method of accounting
Limitation on use of cash method of accounting
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

Except as otherwise provided in this section, in the case of a—

(1) C corporation,

(2) partnership which has a C corporation as a partner, or

(3) tax shelter,

taxable income shall not be computed under the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting.

(b) Exceptions

(1) Farming business

Paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall not apply to any farming business.

(2) Qualified personal service corporations

Paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall not apply to a qualified personal service corporation, and such a corporation shall be treated as an individual for purposes of determining whether paragraph (2) of subsection (a) applies to any partnership.

(3) Entities which meet gross receipts test

Paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall not apply to any corporation or partnership for any taxable year if such entity (or any predecessor) meets the gross receipts test of subsection (c) for such taxable year.

(c) Gross receipts test

For purposes of this section—

(1) In general

A corporation or partnership meets the gross receipts test of this subsection for any taxable year if the average annual gross receipts of such entity for the 3-taxable-year period ending with the taxable year which precedes such taxable year does not exceed $25,000,000.

(2) Aggregation rules

All persons treated as a single employer under subsection (a) or (b) of section 52 or subsection (m) or (o) of section 414 shall be treated as one person for purposes of paragraph (1).

(3) Special rules

For purposes of this subsection—

(A) Not in existence for entire 3-year period

If the entity was not in existence for the entire 3-year period referred to in paragraph (1), such paragraph shall be applied on the basis of the period during which such entity (or trade or business) was in existence.

(B) Short taxable years

Gross receipts for any taxable year of less than 12 months shall be annualized by multiplying the gross receipts for the short period by 12 and dividing the result by the number of months in the short period.

(C) Gross receipts

Gross receipts for any taxable year shall be reduced by returns and allowances made during such year.

(D) Treatment of predecessors

Any reference in this subsection to an entity shall include a reference to any predecessor of such entity.

(4) Adjustment for inflation

In the case of any taxable year beginning after December 31, 2018, the dollar amount in paragraph (1) shall be increased by an amount equal to—

(A) such dollar amount, multiplied by

(B) the cost-of-living adjustment determined under section 1(f)(3) for the calendar year in which the taxable year begins, by substituting "calendar year 2017" for "calendar year 2016" in subparagraph (A)(ii) thereof.

If any amount as increased under the preceding sentence is not a multiple of $1,000,000, such amount shall be rounded to the nearest multiple of $1,000,000.

(d) Definitions and special rules

For purposes of this section—

(1) Farming business

(A) In general

The term "farming business" means the trade or business of farming (within the meaning of section 263A(e)(4)).

(B) Timber and ornamental trees

The term "farming business" includes the raising, harvesting, or growing of trees to which section 263A(c)(5) applies.

(2) Qualified personal service corporation

The term "qualified personal service corporation" means any corporation—

(A) substantially all of the activities of which involve the performance of services in the fields of health, law, engineering, architecture, accounting, actuarial science, performing arts, or consulting, and

(B) substantially all of the stock of which (by value) is held directly (or indirectly through 1 or more partnerships, S corporations, or qualified personal service corporations not described in paragraph (2) or (3) of subsection (a)) by—

(i) employees performing services for such corporation in connection with the activities involving a field referred to in subparagraph (A),

(ii) retired employees who had performed such services for such corporation,

(iii) the estate of any individual described in clause (i) or (ii), or

(iv) any other person who acquired such stock by reason of the death of an individual described in clause (i) or (ii) (but only for the 2-year period beginning on the date of the death of such individual).

To the extent provided in regulations which shall be prescribed by the Secretary, indirect holdings through a trust shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B).

(3) Tax shelter defined

The term "tax shelter" has the meaning given such term by section 461(i)(3) (determined after application of paragraph (4) thereof). An S corporation shall not be treated as a tax shelter for purposes of this section merely by reason of being required to file a notice of exemption from registration with a State agency described in section 461(i)(3)(A), but only if there is a requirement applicable to all corporations offering securities for sale in the State that to be exempt from such registration the corporation must file such a notice.

(4) Special rules for application of paragraph (2)

For purposes of paragraph (2)—

(A) community property laws shall be disregarded,

(B) stock held by a plan described in section 401(a) which is exempt from tax under section 501(a) shall be treated as held by an employee described in paragraph (2)(B)(i), and

(C) at the election of the common parent of an affiliated group (within the meaning of section 1504(a)), all members of such group may be treated as 1 taxpayer for purposes of paragraph (2)(B) if 90 percent or more of the activities of such group involve the performance of services in the same field described in paragraph (2)(A).

(5) Special rule for certain services

(A) In general

In the case of any person using an accrual method of accounting with respect to amounts to be received for the performance of services by such person, such person shall not be required to accrue any portion of such amounts which (on the basis of such person's experience) will not be collected if—

(i) such services are in fields referred to in paragraph (2)(A), or

(ii) such person meets the gross receipts test of subsection (c) for all prior taxable years.

(B) Exception

This paragraph shall not apply to any amount if interest is required to be paid on such amount or there is any penalty for failure to timely pay such amount.

(C) Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe regulations to permit taxpayers to determine amounts referred to in subparagraph (A) using computations or formulas which, based on experience, accurately reflect the amount of income that will not be collected by such person. A taxpayer may adopt, or request consent of the Secretary to change to, a computation or formula that clearly reflects the taxpayer's experience. A request under the preceding sentence shall be approved if such computation or formula clearly reflects the taxpayer's experience.

(6) Treatment of certain trusts subject to tax on unrelated business income

For purposes of this section, a trust subject to tax under section 511(b) shall be treated as a C corporation with respect to its activities constituting an unrelated trade or business.

(7) Coordination with section 481

Any change in method of accounting made pursuant to this section shall be treated for purposes of section 481 as initiated by the taxpayer and made with the consent of the Secretary.

(8) Use of related parties, etc.

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to prevent the use of related parties, pass-thru entities, or intermediaries to avoid the application of this section.

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title VIII, §801(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2345; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1008(a)(1), (2), (7)–(9), title VI, §6032(a), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3436, 3437, 3695; Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §403(a), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 40; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13102(a)(1)–(4), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2102.)

Inflation Adjusted Items for Certain Years

For inflation adjustment of certain items in this section, see Revenue Procedures listed in a table under section 1 of this title.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2017—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–97, §13102(a)(2), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) shall not apply to any corporation or partnership for any taxable year if, for all prior taxable years beginning after December 31, 1985, such entity (or any predecessor) met the $5,000,000 gross receipts test of subsection (c)."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–97, §13102(a)(1), substituted "Gross receipts test" for "$5,000,000 gross receipts test" in heading and amended introductory provisions and par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "For purposes of this section—

"(1) In general.—A corporation or partnership meets the $5,000,000 gross receipts test of this subsection for any prior taxable year if the average annual gross receipts of such entity for the 3-taxable-year period ending with such prior taxable year does not exceed $5,000,000."

Subsec. (c)(4). Pub. L. 115–97, §13102(a)(3), added par. (4).

Subsec. (d)(7). Pub. L. 115–97, §13102(a)(4), amended par. (7) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (7) related to coordination with section 481.

2002—Subsec. (d)(5). Pub. L. 107–147 amended heading and text of par. (5) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In the case of any person using an accrual method of accounting with respect to amounts to be received for the performance of services by such person, such person shall not be required to accrue any portion of such amounts which (on the basis of experience) will not be collected. This paragraph shall not apply to any amount if interest is required to be paid on such amount or there is any penalty for failure to timely pay such amount."

1988—Subsec. (c)(3)(D). Pub. L. 100–647, §1008(a)(9), added subpar. (D).

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 100–647, §6032(a), inserted at end "To the extent provided in regulations which shall be prescribed by the Secretary, indirect holdings through a trust shall be taken into account under subparagraph (B)."

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1008(a)(1)(A), substituted "(or indirectly through 1 or more partnerships, S corporations, or qualified personal service corporations not described in paragraph (2) or (3) of subsection (a))" for "or indirectly".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1008(a)(7), inserted sentence at end relating to treatment of S corporation as tax shelter.

Subsec. (d)(4)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1008(a)(8), substituted "90 percent or more of" for "substantially all of".

Pub. L. 100–647, §1008(a)(2), substituted "such group" for "all such members".

Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 100–647, §1008(a)(1)(B), added par. (8).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13102(e) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 263A of this title.

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–147, title IV, §403(b), Mar. 9, 2002, 116 Stat. 41, provided that:

"(1) In general.—The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years ending after the date of the enactment of this Act [Mar. 9, 2002].

"(2) Change in method of accounting.—In the case of any taxpayer required by the amendments made by this section to change its method of accounting for its first taxable year ending after the date of the enactment of this Act—

"(A) such change shall be treated as initiated by the taxpayer,

"(B) such change shall be treated as made with the consent of the Secretary of the Treasury, and

"(C) the net amount of the adjustments required to be taken into account by the taxpayer under section 481 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall be taken into account over a period of 4 years (or if less, the number of taxable years that the taxpayer used the method permitted under section 448(d)(5) of such Code as in effect before the date of the enactment of this Act) beginning with such first taxable year."

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by section 1008(a)(1), (2), (7)–(9) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Pub. L. 100–647, title VI, §6032(b), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3695, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986."

Effective Date

Pub. L. 99–514, title VIII, §801(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2348, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1008(a)(5), (6), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3437, provided that:

"(1) In general.—Except as provided in paragraph (2), the amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 461 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1986.

"(2) Election to retain cash method for certain transactions.—A taxpayer may elect not to have the amendments made by this section apply to any loan or lease, or any transaction with a related party (within the meaning of section 267(b) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, as in effect before the enactment of this Act), entered into on or before September 25, 1985. Any election under the preceding sentence may be made separately with respect to each transaction.

"(3) Certain contracts.—The amendments made by this section shall not apply to—

"(A) contracts for the acquisition or transfer of real property, and

"(B) contracts for services related to the acquisition or development of real property,

but only if such contracts were entered into before September 25, 1985, and the sole element of the contract which has not been performed as of September 25, 1985, is payment for such property or services.

"(4) Treatment of affiliated group providing engineering services.—Each member of an affiliated group of corporations (within the meaning of section 1504(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986) shall be allowed to use the cash receipts and disbursements method of accounting for any trade or business of providing engineering services with respect to taxable years ending after December 31, 1986, if the common parent of such group—

"(A) was incorporated in the State of Delaware in 1970,

"(B) was the successor to a corporation that was incorporated in the State of Illinois in 1949, and

"(C) used a method of accounting for long-term contracts of accounting [sic] for a substantial part of its income from the performance of engineering services.

"(5) Special rule for paragraphs (2) and (3).—If any loan, lease, contract, or evidence of any transaction to which paragraph (2) or (3) applies is transferred after June 10, 1987, to a person other than a related party (within the meaning of paragraph (2)), paragraph (2) or (3) shall cease to apply on and after the date of such transfer."
26 U.S.C. § 7611 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 78 / Section 7611: Restrictions on church tax inquiries and examinations
Restrictions on church tax inquiries and examinations
Status: in_force

(a) Restrictions on inquiries

(1) In general

The Secretary may begin a church tax inquiry only if—

(A) the reasonable belief requirements of paragraph (2), and

(B) the notice requirements of paragraph (3), have been met.

(2) Reasonable belief requirements

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to any church tax inquiry if an appropriate high-level Treasury official reasonably believes (on the basis of facts and circumstances recorded in writing) that the church—

(A) may not be exempt, by reason of its status as a church, from tax under section 501(a), or

(B) may be carrying on an unrelated trade or business (within the meaning of section 513) or otherwise engaged in activities subject to taxation under this title.

(3) Inquiry notice requirements

(A) In general

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to any church tax inquiry if, before beginning such inquiry, the Secretary provides written notice to the church of the beginning of such inquiry.

(B) Contents of inquiry notice

The notice required by this paragraph shall include—

(i) an explanation of—

(I) the concerns which gave rise to such inquiry, and

(II) the general subject matter of such inquiry, and

(ii) a general explanation of the applicable—

(I) administrative and constitutional provisions with respect to such inquiry (including the right to a conference with the Secretary before any examination of church records), and

(II) provisions of this title which authorize such inquiry or which may be otherwise involved in such inquiry.

(b) Restrictions on examinations

(1) In general

The Secretary may begin a church tax examination only if the requirements of paragraph (2) have been met and such examination may be made only—

(A) in the case of church records, to the extent necessary to determine the liability for, and the amount of, any tax imposed by this title, and

(B) in the case of religious activities, to the extent necessary to determine whether an organization claiming to be a church is a church for any period.

(2) Notice of examination; opportunity for conference

The requirements of this paragraph are met with respect to any church tax examination if—

(A) at least 15 days before the beginning of such examination, the Secretary provides the notice described in paragraph (3) to both the church and the appropriate regional counsel of the Internal Revenue Service, and

(B) the church has a reasonable time to participate in a conference described in paragraph (3)(A)(iii), but only if the church requests such a conference before the beginning of the examination.

(3) Contents of examination notice, et cetera

(A) In general

The notice described in this paragraph is a written notice which includes—

(i) a copy of the church tax inquiry notice provided to the church under subsection (a),

(ii) a description of the church records and activities which the Secretary seeks to examine,

(iii) an offer to have a conference between the church and the Secretary in order to discuss, and attempt to resolve, concerns relating to such examination, and

(iv) a copy of all documents which were collected or prepared by the Internal Revenue Service for use in such examination and the disclosure of which is required by the Freedom of Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552).

(B) Earliest day examination notice may be provided

The examination notice described in subparagraph (A) shall not be provided to the church before the 15th day after the date on which the church tax inquiry notice was provided to the church under subsection (a).

(C) Opinion of regional counsel with respect to examination

Any regional counsel of the Internal Revenue Service who receives an examination notice under paragraph (1) may, within 15 days after such notice is provided, submit to the regional commissioner for the region an advisory objection to the examination.

(4) Examination of records and activities not specified in notice

Within the course of a church tax examination which (at the time the examination begins) meets the requirements of paragraphs (1) and (2), the Secretary may examine any church records or religious activities which were not specified in the examination notice to the extent such examination meets the requirement of subparagraph (A) or (B) of paragraph (1) (whichever applies).

(c) Limitation on period of inquiries and examinations

(1) Inquiries and examinations must be completed within 2 years

(A) In general

The Secretary shall complete any church tax status inquiry or examination (and make a final determination with respect thereto) not later than the date which is 2 years after the examination notice date.

(B) Inquiries not followed by examinations

In the case of a church tax inquiry with respect to which there is no examination notice under subsection (b), the Secretary shall complete such inquiry (and make a final determination with respect thereto) not later than the date which is 90 days after the inquiry notice date.

(2) Suspension of 2-year period

The running of the 2-year period described in paragraph (1)(A) and the 90-day period in paragraph (1)(B) shall be suspended—

(A) for any period during which—

(i) a judicial proceeding brought by the church against the Secretary with respect to the church tax inquiry or examination is pending or being appealed,

(ii) a judicial proceeding brought by the Secretary against the church (or any official thereof) to compel compliance with any reasonable request of the Secretary in a church tax examination for examination of church records or religious activities is pending or being appealed, or

(iii) the Secretary is unable to take actions with respect to the church tax inquiry or examination by reason of an order issued in any judicial proceeding brought under section 7609,

(B) for any period in excess of 20 days (but not in excess of 6 months) in which the church or its agents fail to comply with any reasonable request of the Secretary for church records or other information, or

(C) for any period mutually agreed upon by the Secretary and the church.

(d) Limitations on revocation of tax-exempt status, etc.

(1) In general

The Secretary may—

(A) determine that an organization is not a church which—

(i) is exempt from taxation by reason of section 501(a), or

(ii) is described in section 170(c), or

(B)(i) send a notice of deficiency of any tax involved in a church tax examination, or

(ii) in the case of any tax with respect to which subchapter B of chapter 63 (relating to deficiency procedures) does not apply, assess any underpayment of such tax involved in a church tax examination,

only if the appropriate regional counsel of the Internal Revenue Service determines in writing that there has been substantial compliance with the requirements of this section and approves in writing of such revocation, notice of deficiency, or assessment.

(2) Limitations on period of assessment

(A) Revocation of tax-exempt status

(i) 3-year statute of limitations generally

In the case of any church tax examination with respect to the revocation of tax-exempt status under section 501(a), any tax imposed by chapter 1 (other than section 511) may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, only for the 3 most recent taxable years ending before the examination notice date.

(ii) 6-year statute of limitations where tax-exempt status revoked

If an organization is not a church exempt from tax under section 501(a) for any of the 3 taxable years described in clause (i), clause (i) shall be applied by substituting "6 most recent taxable years" for "3 most recent taxable years".

(B) Unrelated business tax

In the case of any church tax examination with respect to the tax imposed by section 511 (relating to unrelated business income), such tax may be assessed, or a proceeding in court for the collection of such tax may be begun without assessment, only with respect to the 6 most recent taxable years ending before the examination notice date.

(C) Exception where shorter statute of limitations otherwise applicable

Subparagraphs (A) and (B) shall not be construed to increase the period otherwise applicable under subchapter A of chapter 66 (relating to limitations on assessment and collection).

(e) Information not collected in substantial compliance with procedures to stay summons proceeding

(1) In general

If there has not been substantial compliance with—

(A) the notice requirements of subsection (a) or (b),

(B) the conference requirement described in subsection (b)(3)(A)(iii), or

(C) the approval requirement of subsection (d)(1) (if applicable),

with respect to any church tax inquiry or examination, any proceeding to compel compliance with any summons with respect to such inquiry or examination shall be stayed until the court finds that all practicable steps to correct the noncompliance have been taken. The period applicable under paragraph (1) or subsection (c) shall not be suspended during the period of any stay under the preceding sentence.

(2) Remedy to be exclusive

No suit may be maintained, and no defense may be raised in any proceeding (other than as provided in paragraph (1)), by reason of any noncompliance by the Secretary with the requirements of this section.

(f) Limitations on additional inquiries and examinations

(1) In general

If any church tax inquiry or examination with respect to any church is completed and does not result in—

(A) a revocation, notice of deficiency, or assessment described in subsection (d)(1), or

(B) a request by the Secretary for any significant change in the operational practices of the church (including the adequacy of accounting practices),

no other church tax inquiry or examination may begin with respect to such church during the applicable 5-year period unless such inquiry or examination is approved in writing by the Secretary or does not involve the same or similar issues involved in the preceding inquiry or examination. For purposes of the preceding sentence, an inquiry or examination shall be treated as completed not later than the expiration of the applicable period under paragraph (1) of subsection (c).

(2) Applicable 5-year period

For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "applicable 5-year period" means the 5-year period beginning on the date the notice taken into account for purposes of subsection (c)(1) was provided. For purposes of the preceding sentence, the rules of subsection (c)(2) shall apply.

(g) Treatment of final report of revenue agent

Any final report of an agent of the Internal Revenue Service shall be treated as a determination of the Secretary under paragraph (1) of section 7428(a), and any church receiving such a report shall be treated for purposes of sections 7428 and 7430 as having exhausted the administrative remedies available to it.

(h) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) Church

The term "church" includes—

(A) any organization claiming to be a church, and

(B) any convention or association of churches.

(2) Church tax inquiry

The term "church tax inquiry" means any inquiry to a church (other than an examination) to serve as a basis for determining whether a church—

(A) is exempt from tax under section 501(a) by reason of its status as a church, or

(B) is carrying on an unrelated trade or business (within the meaning of section 513) or otherwise engaged in activities which may be subject to taxation under this title.

(3) Church tax examination

The term "church tax examination" means any examination for purposes of making a determination described in paragraph (2) of—

(A) church records at the request of the Internal Revenue Service, or

(B) the religious activities of any church.

(4) Church records

(A) In general

The term "church records" means all corporate and financial records regularly kept by a church, including corporate minute books and lists of members and contributors.

(B) Exception

Such term shall not include records acquired—

(i) pursuant to a summons to which section 7609 applies, or

(ii) from any governmental agency.

(5) Inquiry notice date

The term "inquiry notice date" means the date the notice with respect to a church tax inquiry is provided under subsection (a).

(6) Examination notice date

The term "examination notice date" means the date the notice with respect to a church tax examination is provided under subsection (b) to the church.

(7) Appropriate high-level Treasury official

The term "appropriate high-level Treasury official" means the Secretary of the Treasury or any delegate of the Secretary whose rank is no lower than that of a principal Internal Revenue officer for an internal revenue region.

(i) Section not to apply to criminal investigations, etc.

This section shall not apply to—

(1) any criminal investigation,

(2) any inquiry or examination relating to the tax liability of any person other than a church,

(3) any assessment under section 6851 (relating to termination assessments of income tax), section 6852 (relating to termination assessments in case of flagrant political expenditures of section 501(c)(3) organizations), or section 6861 (relating to jeopardy assessments of income taxes, etc.),

(4) any willful attempt to defeat or evade any tax imposed by this title, or

(5) any knowing failure to file a return of tax imposed by this title.

(Added Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title X, §1033(a), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1034; amended Pub. L. 99–514, title XVIII, §1899A(61), (62), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2962; Pub. L. 100–203, title X, §10713(b)(2)(G), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1330–470; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1018(u)(49), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3593; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7822(d)(1), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2425; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1704(t)(59), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1890; Pub. L. 105–206, title I, §1102(e)(3), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 705.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 7611 was renumbered section 7613 of this title.

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "Secretary" for "Assistant Commissioner for Employee Plans and Exempt Organizations of the Internal Revenue Service" in concluding provisions.

1996—Subsec. (h)(7). Pub. L. 104–188 substituted "appropriate" for "approporiate" in text.

1989—Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 101–239 made technical correction to directory language of Pub. L. 100–203, see 1987 Amendment note below.

1988—Subsec. (i)(5). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "this title" for "the title".

1987—Subsec. (i)(3). Pub. L. 100–203, as amended by Pub. L. 101–239, substituted ", section 6852 (relating to termination assessments in case of flagrant political expenditures of section 501(c)(3) organizations), or section 6861 (relating to jeopardy assessments of income taxes, etc.)," for "or section 6861 (relating to jeopardy assessments of income taxes, etc.),".

1986—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(62), reenacted subpar. (B) without change.

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 99–514, §1899A(61), redesignated pars. (A) to (E) as (1) to (5), in par. (3), substituted "etc.)" for "etc)", and in par. (5), substituted "the title" for "the title".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective as if included in the provision of the Revenue Act of 1987, Pub. L. 100–203, title X, to which such amendment relates, see section 7823 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 26 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title X, §1033(d), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 1039, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [enacting this section and amending sections 7428 and 7605 of this title] shall apply with respect to inquiries and examinations beginning after December 31, 1984."

Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1989

For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1446 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 3 / Section 1446: Withholding of tax on foreign partners' share of effectively connected income
Withholding of tax on foreign partners' share of effectively connected income
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

If—

(1) a partnership has effectively connected taxable income for any taxable year, and

(2) any portion of such income is allocable under section 704 to a foreign partner,

such partnership shall pay a withholding tax under this section at such time and in such manner as the Secretary shall by regulations prescribe.

(b) Amount of withholding tax

(1) In general

The amount of the withholding tax payable by any partnership under subsection (a) shall be equal to the applicable percentage of the effectively connected taxable income of the partnership which is allocable under section 704 to foreign partners.

(2) Applicable percentage

For purposes of paragraph (1), the term "applicable percentage" means—

(A) the highest rate of tax specified in section 1 in the case of the portion of the effectively connected taxable income which is allocable under section 704 to foreign partners who are not corporations, and

(B) the highest rate of tax specified in section 11(b) in the case of the portion of the effectively connected taxable income which is allocable under section 704 to foreign partners which are corporations.

(c) Effectively connected taxable income

For purposes of this section, the term "effectively connected taxable income" means the taxable income of the partnership which is effectively connected (or treated as effectively connected) with the conduct of a trade or business in the United States computed with the following adjustments:

(1) Paragraph (1) of section 703(a) shall not apply.

(2) The partnership shall be allowed a deduction for depletion with respect to oil and gas wells but the amount of such deduction shall be determined without regard to sections 613 and 613A.

(3) There shall not be taken into account any item of income, gain, loss, or deduction to the extent allocable under section 704 to any partner who is not a foreign partner.

(d) Treatment of foreign partners

(1) Allowance of credit

Each foreign partner of a partnership shall be allowed a credit under section 33 for such partner's share of the withholding tax paid by the partnership under this section. Such credit shall be allowed for the partner's taxable year in which (or with which) the partnership taxable year (for which such tax was paid) ends.

(2) Credit treated as distributed to partner

Except as provided in regulations, a foreign partner's share of any withholding tax paid by the partnership under this section shall be treated as distributed to such partner by such partnership on the earlier of—

(A) the day on which such tax was paid by the partnership, or

(B) the last day of the partnership's taxable year for which such tax was paid.

(e) Foreign partner

For purposes of this section, the term "foreign partner" means any partner who is not a United States person.

(f) Special rules for withholding on dispositions of partnership interests

(1) In general

Except as provided in this subsection, if any portion of the gain (if any) on any disposition of an interest in a partnership would be treated under section 864(c)(8) as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business within the United States, the transferee shall be required to deduct and withhold a tax equal to 10 percent of the amount realized on the disposition.

(2) Exception if nonforeign affidavit furnished

(A) In general

No person shall be required to deduct and withhold any amount under paragraph (1) with respect to any disposition if the transferor furnishes to the transferee an affidavit by the transferor stating, under penalty of perjury, the transferor's United States taxpayer identification number and that the transferor is not a foreign person.

(B) False affidavit

Subparagraph (A) shall not apply to any disposition if—

(i) the transferee has actual knowledge that the affidavit is false, or the transferee receives a notice (as described in section 1445(d)) from a transferor's agent or transferee's agent that such affidavit or statement is false, or

(ii) the Secretary by regulations requires the transferee to furnish a copy of such affidavit or statement to the Secretary and the transferee fails to furnish a copy of such affidavit or statement to the Secretary at such time and in such manner as required by such regulations.

(C) Rules for agents

The rules of section 1445(d) shall apply to a transferor's agent or transferee's agent with respect to any affidavit described in subparagraph (A) in the same manner as such rules apply with respect to the disposition of a United States real property interest under such section.

(3) Authority of Secretary to prescribe reduced amount

At the request of the transferor or transferee, the Secretary may prescribe a reduced amount to be withheld under this section if the Secretary determines that to substitute such reduced amount will not jeopardize the collection of the tax imposed under this title with respect to gain treated under section 864(c)(8) as effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business with in the United States.

(4) Partnership to withhold amounts not withheld by the transferee

If a transferee fails to withhold any amount required to be withheld under paragraph (1), the partnership shall be required to deduct and withhold from distributions to the transferee a tax in an amount equal to the amount the transferee failed to withhold (plus interest under this title on such amount).

(5) Definitions

Any term used in this subsection which is also used under section 1445 shall have the same meaning as when used in such section.

(6) Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations or other guidance as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this subsection, including regulations providing for exceptions from the provisions of this subsection.

(g) Regulations

The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section, including—

(1) regulations providing for the application of this section in the case of publicly traded partnerships, and

(2) regulations providing—

(A) that, for purposes of section 6655, the withholding tax imposed under this section shall be treated as a tax imposed by section 11 and any partnership required to pay such tax shall be treated as a corporation, and

(B) appropriate adjustments in applying section 6655 with respect to such withholding tax.

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1246(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2582; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(s)(1)(A), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3526; Pub. L. 101–239, title VII, §7811(i)(6), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2410; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §§13001(b)(3)(D), 13501(b), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2098, 2139; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(199), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1193.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "Withholding of tax" for "Withholding tax" in section catchline.

2017—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 115–97, §13001(b)(3)(D), substituted "section 11(b)" for "section 11(b)(1)".

Subsecs. (f), (g). Pub. L. 115–97, §13501(b), added subsec. (f) and redesignated former subsec. (f) as (g).

1989—Subsec. (b)(2)(B). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(6)(A), substituted "section 11(b)(1)" for "section 11(b)".

Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(6)(B), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "A foreign partner's share of any withholding tax paid by the partnership under this section shall be treated as distributed to such partner by such partnership on the last day of the partnership's taxable year (for which such tax was paid)."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 101–239, §7811(i)(6)(C), amended subsec. (f) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (f) read as follows: "The Secretary shall prescribe such regulations as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section, including regulations providing for the application of this section in the case of publicly traded partnerships."

1988—Pub. L. 100–647 amended section generally, substituting provisions relating to withholding tax on foreign partners' share of effectively connected income for provisions which related to withholding tax on amounts paid by partnerships to foreign partners.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Amendment by section 13001(b)(3)(D) of Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to distributions made after Dec. 31, 2017, see section 13001(c)(2) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 11 of this title.

Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §13501(c)(2), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2141, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] shall apply to sales, exchanges, and dispositions after December 31, 2017."

Effective Date of 1989 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–239 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988, Pub. L. 100–647, to which such amendment relates, see section 7817 of Pub. L. 101–239, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(s)(1)(D), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3527, provided that: "The amendments made by this paragraph [amending sections 1446 and 6401 of this title] shall apply to taxable years beginning after December 31, 1987. No amount shall be required to be deducted and withheld under section 1446 of the 1986 Code (as in effect before the amendment made by subparagraph (A))."

Effective Date

Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1246(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2583, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [enacting this section and amending section 6401 of this title] shall apply to distributions after December 31, 1987 (or, if earlier, the effective date (which shall not be earlier than January 1, 1987) of the initial regulations issued under section 1446 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 as added by this section)."
26 U.S.C. § 7275 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 75 / Section 7275: Penalty for offenses relating to certain airline tickets and advertising
Penalty for offenses relating to certain airline tickets and advertising
Status: in_force

(a) Tickets

In the case of transportation by air all of which is taxable transportation (as defined in section 4262), the ticket for such transportation shall show the total of—

(1) the amount paid for such transportation, and

(2) the taxes imposed by subsections (a) and (b) of section 4261.

(b) Advertising

In the case of transportation by air all of which is taxable transportation (as defined in section 4262) or would be taxable transportation if section 4262 did not include subsection (b) thereof, any advertising made by or on behalf of any person furnishing such transportation (or offering to arrange such transportation) which states the cost of such transportation shall—

(1) state such cost as the total of (A) the amount to be paid for such transportation, and (B) the taxes imposed by sections 4261(a), (b), and (c), and

(2) if any such advertising states separately the amount to be paid for such transportation or the amount of such taxes, state such total at least as prominently as the more prominently stated of the amount to be paid for such transportation or the amount of such taxes and shall describe such taxes substantially as: "user taxes to pay for airport construction and airway safety and operations".

(c) Non-tax charges

(1) In general

In the case of transportation by air for which disclosure on the ticket or advertising for such transportation of the amounts paid for passenger taxes is required by subsection (a)(2) or (b)(1)(B), if such amounts are separately disclosed, it shall be unlawful for the disclosure of such amounts to include any amounts not attributable to such taxes.

(2) Inclusion in transportation cost

Nothing in this subsection shall prohibit the inclusion of amounts not attributable to the taxes imposed by subsection (a), (b), or (c) of section 4261 in the disclosure of the amount paid for transportation as required by subsection (a)(1) or (b)(1)(A), or in a separate disclosure of amounts not attributable to such taxes.

(d) Penalty

Any person who violates any provision of subsection (a), (b), or (c) is, for each violation, guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined not more than $100.

(Added Pub. L. 91–258, title II, §203(c)(1), May 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 239; amended Pub. L. 91–680, §3, Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2064; Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §281A(b)(1), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 567; Pub. L. 112–95, title XI, §1104(a), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 151; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(323), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1199.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 7275, act Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68 Stat. 866, related to cross references, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 89–44, title VI, §601(i), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 155.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "taxes, state" for "taxes, shall state".

2012—Subsecs. (c), (d). Pub. L. 112–95 added subsec. (c), redesignated former subsec. (c) as (d), and, in subsec. (d), substituted "subsection (a), (b), or (c)" for "subsection (a) or (b)".

1982—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 97–248 redesignated former par. (1) as pars. (1) and (2) and struck out former par. (2) which provided that a ticket for transportation, if it showed amounts paid with respect to any segment of such transportation, had to comply with former par. (1) with respect to such segments as well as with respect to the sum of the segments.

1971—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 91–680, §3(a)(1), inserted "and" after "and (b),".

Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 91–680, §3(a)(2), (3), redesignated par. (3) as (2), and struck out reference to par. (2). Former par. (2), which prohibited airline tickets from separately stating the amount paid for the air transportation and the amount paid for taxes, was struck out.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 91–680, §3(b), struck out "only" after "state such cost".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 91–680, §3(b), substituted provisions authorizing advertising to separately state in the prescribed manner the amount paid for the air transportation and the amount paid for taxes, for provisions prohibiting advertising from separately stating the amount paid for the air transportation and the amount paid for taxes.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2012 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–95, title XI, §1104(b), Feb. 14, 2012, 126 Stat. 151, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section] shall apply to taxable transportation provided after March 31, 2012."

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–248, title II, §281A(b)(2), Sept. 3, 1982, 96 Stat. 568, as amended by Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title VII, §714(b), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 961, provided that: "The amendment made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to transportation beginning after the date of the enactment of this Act [Sept. 3, 1982]."

Effective Date of 1971 Amendment

Pub. L. 91–680, §4, Jan. 12, 1971, 84 Stat. 2065, provided that: "The amendments made by the third section of this Act [amending this section] shall apply to transportation beginning after June 30, 1970."

Effective Date

Section applicable to transportation beginning after June 30, 1970, see section 211(b) of Pub. L. 91–258, set out as Effective Date of 1970 Amendment note under section 4041 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1293 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 1293: Current taxation of income from qualified electing funds
Current taxation of income from qualified electing funds
Status: in_force

(a) Inclusion

(1) In general

Every United States person who owns (or is treated under section 1298(a) as owning) stock of a qualified electing fund at any time during the taxable year of such fund shall include in gross income—

(A) as ordinary income, such shareholder's pro rata share of the ordinary earnings of such fund for such year, and

(B) as long-term capital gain, such shareholder's pro rata share of the net capital gain of such fund for such year.

(2) Year of inclusion

The inclusion under paragraph (1) shall be for the taxable year of the shareholder in which or with which the taxable year of the fund ends.

(b) Pro rata share

The pro rata share referred to in subsection (a) in the case of any shareholder is the amount which would have been distributed with respect to the shareholder's stock if, on each day during the taxable year of the fund, the fund had distributed to each shareholder a pro rata share of that day's ratable share of the fund's ordinary earnings and net capital gain for such year. To the extent provided in regulations, if the fund establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it uses a shorter period than the taxable year to determine shareholders' interests in the earnings of such fund, pro rata shares may be determined by using such shorter period.

(c) Previously taxed amounts distributed tax free

If the taxpayer establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that any amount distributed by a passive foreign investment company is paid out of earnings and profits of the company which were included under subsection (a) in the income of any United States person, such amount shall be treated, for purposes of this chapter, as a distribution which is not a dividend; except that such distribution shall immediately reduce earnings and profits. If the passive foreign investment company is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957(a)), the preceding sentence shall not apply to any United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) in such corporation, and, in applying section 959 to any such shareholder, any inclusion under this section shall be treated as an inclusion under section 951(a)(1)(A).

(d) Basis adjustments

The basis of the taxpayer's stock in a passive foreign investment company shall be—

(1) increased by any amount which is included in the income of the taxpayer under subsection (a) with respect to such stock, and

(2) decreased by any amount distributed with respect to such stock which is not includible in the income of the taxpayer by reason of subsection (c).

A similar rule shall apply also in the case of any property if by reason of holding such property the taxpayer is treated under section 1298(a) as owning stock in a qualified electing fund.

(e) Ordinary earnings

For purposes of this section—

(1) Ordinary earnings

The term "ordinary earnings" means the excess of the earnings and profits of the qualified electing fund for the taxable year over its net capital gain for such taxable year.

(2) Limitation on net capital gain

A qualified electing fund's net capital gain for any taxable year shall not exceed its earnings and profits for such taxable year.

(3) Determination of earnings and profits

The earnings and profits of any qualified electing fund shall be determined without regard to paragraphs (4), (5), and (6) of section 312(n). Under regulations, the preceding sentence shall not apply to the extent it would increase earnings and profits by an amount which was previously distributed by the qualified electing fund.

(f) Foreign tax credit allowed in the case of 10-percent corporate shareholder

For purposes of section 960—

(1) any amount included in the gross income under subsection (a) shall be treated as if it were included under section 951(a),

(2) any amount excluded from gross income under subsection (c) shall be treated in the same manner as amounts excluded from gross income under section 959, and

(3) a domestic corporation which owns (or is treated under section 1298(a) as owning) stock of a qualified electing fund shall be treated in the same manner as a United States shareholder of a controlled foreign corporation (and such qualified electing fund shall be treated in the same manner as such controlled foreign corporation) if such domestic corporation meets the stock ownership requirements of subsection (a) or (b) of section 902 (as in effect before its repeal) with respect to such qualified electing fund.

(g) Other special rules

(1) Exception for certain income

For purposes of determining the amount included in the gross income of any person under this section, the ordinary earnings and net capital gain of a qualified electing fund shall not include any item of income received by such fund if—

(A) such fund is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957(a)) and such person is a United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) in such fund, and

(B) such person establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that—

(i) such income was subject to an effective rate of income tax imposed by a foreign country greater than 90 percent of the maximum rate of tax specified in section 11, or

(ii) such income is—

(I) from sources within the United States,

(II) effectively connected with the conduct by the qualified electing fund of a trade or business in the United States, and

(III) not exempt from taxation (or subject to a reduced rate of tax) pursuant to a treaty obligation of the United States.

(2) Prevention of double inclusion

The Secretary shall prescribe such adjustment to the provisions of this section as may be necessary to prevent the same item of income of a qualified electing fund from being included in the gross income of a United States person more than once.

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title XII, §1235(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2569; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1012(p)(15), (18), (23), (32), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3518, 3519, 3521; Pub. L. 103–66, title XIII, §13231(c)(3), Aug. 10, 1993, 107 Stat. 498; Pub. L. 105–34, title XI, §1122(d)(3), Aug. 5, 1997, 111 Stat. 977; Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(c)(35), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2224.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 902 (as in effect before its repeal), referred to in subsec. (f)(3), means section 902 of this title as in effect before its repeal by Pub. L. 115–97, title I, §14301(a), Dec. 22, 2017, 131 Stat. 2221.

Amendments

2017—Subsec. (f)(3). Pub. L. 115–97 added par. (3).

1997—Subsecs. (a)(1), (d). Pub. L. 105–34 substituted "section 1298(a)" for "section 1297(a)".

1993—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 103–66 inserted at end "If the passive foreign investment company is a controlled foreign corporation (as defined in section 957(a)), the preceding sentence shall not apply to any United States shareholder (as defined in section 951(b)) in such corporation, and, in applying section 959 to any such shareholder, any inclusion under this section shall be treated as an inclusion under section 951(a)(1)(A)."

1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(15), inserted at end "To the extent provided in regulations, if the fund establishes to the satisfaction of the Secretary that it uses a shorter period than the taxable year to determine shareholders' interests in the earnings of such fund, pro rata shares may be determined by using such shorter period."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(23), inserted ", for purposes of this chapter," after "shall be treated", and "; except that such distribution shall immediately reduce earnings and profits" after "is not a dividend".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(18), added par. (3).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 100–647, §1012(p)(32), added subsec. (g).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2017 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–97 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 2017, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 14301(d) of Pub. L. 115–97, set out as a note under section 78 of this title.

Effective Date of 1997 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–34 applicable to taxable years of United States persons beginning after Dec. 31, 1997, and to taxable years of foreign corporations ending with or within such taxable years of United States persons, see section 1124 of Pub. L. 105–34, set out as a note under section 532 of this title.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–66 applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Sept. 30, 1993, and to taxable years of United States shareholders in which or with which such taxable years of foreign corporations end, see section 13231(e) of Pub. L. 103–66, set out as a note under section 951 of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to taxable years of foreign corporations beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 1235(h) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1291 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 6901 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 71 / Section 6901: Transferred assets
Transferred assets
Status: transferred

(a) Method of collection

The amounts of the following liabilities shall, except as hereinafter in this section provided, be assessed, paid, and collected in the same manner and subject to the same provisions and limitations as in the case of the taxes with respect to which the liabilities were incurred:

(1) Income, estate, and gift taxes

(A) Transferees

The liability, at law or in equity, of a transferee of property—

(i) of a taxpayer in the case of a tax imposed by subtitle A (relating to income taxes),

(ii) of a decedent in the case of a tax imposed by chapter 11 (relating to estate taxes), or

(iii) of a donor in the case of a tax imposed by chapter 12 (relating to gift taxes),

in respect of the tax imposed by subtitle A or B.

(B) Fiduciaries

The liability of a fiduciary under section 3713(b) of title 31, United States Code, in respect of the payment of any tax described in subparagraph (A) from the estate of the taxpayer, the decedent, or the donor, as the case may be.

(2) Other taxes

The liability, at law or in equity of a transferee of property of any person liable in respect of any tax imposed by this title (other than a tax imposed by subtitle A or B), but only if such liability arises on the liquidation of a partnership or corporation, or on a reorganization within the meaning of section 368(a).

(b) Liability

Any liability referred to in subsection (a) may be either as to the amount of tax shown on a return or as to any deficiency or underpayment of any tax.

(c) Period of limitations

The period of limitations for assessment of any such liability of a transferee or a fiduciary shall be as follows:

(1) Initial transferee

In the case of the liability of an initial transferee, within 1 year after the expiration of the period of limitation for assessment against the transferor;

(2) Transferee of transferee

In the case of the liability of a transferee of a transferee, within 1 year after the expiration of the period of limitation for assessment against the preceding transferee, but not more than 3 years after the expiration of the period of limitation for assessment against the initial transferor;

except that if, before the expiration of the period of limitation for the assessment of the liability of the transferee, a court proceeding for the collection of the tax or liability in respect thereof has been begun against the initial transferor or the last preceding transferee, respectively, then the period of limitation for assessment of the liability of the transferee shall expire 1 year after the return of execution in the court proceeding.

(3) Fiduciary

In the case of the liability of a fiduciary, not later than 1 year after the liability arises or not later than the expiration of the period for collection of the tax in respect of which such liability arises, whichever is the later.

(d) Extension by agreement

(1) Extension of time for assessment

If before the expiration of the time prescribed in subsection (c) for the assessment of the liability, the Secretary and the transferee or fiduciary have both consented in writing to its assessment after such time, the liability may be assessed at any time prior to the expiration of the period agreed upon. The period so agreed upon may be extended by subsequent agreements in writing made before the expiration of the period previously agreed upon. For the purpose of determining the period of limitation on credit or refund to the transferee or fiduciary of overpayments of tax made by such transferee or fiduciary or overpayments of tax made by the transferor of which the transferee or fiduciary is legally entitled to credit or refund, such agreement and any extension thereof shall be deemed an agreement and extension thereof referred to in section 6511(c).

(2) Extension of time for credit or refund

If the agreement is executed after the expiration of the period of limitation for assessment against the taxpayer with reference to whom the liability of such transferee or fiduciary arises, then in applying the limitations under section 6511(c) on the amount of the credit or refund, the periods specified in section 6511(b)(2) shall be increased by the period from the date of such expiration to the date of the agreement.

(e) Period for assessment against transferor

For purposes of this section, if any person is deceased, or is a corporation which has terminated its existence, the period of limitation for assessment against such person shall be the period that would be in effect had death or termination of existence not occurred.

(f) Suspension of running of period of limitations

The running of the period of limitations upon the assessment of the liability of a transferee or fiduciary shall, after the mailing to the transferee or fiduciary of the notice provided for in section 6212 (relating to income, estate, and gift taxes), be suspended for the period during which the Secretary is prohibited from making the assessment in respect of the liability of the transferee or fiduciary (and in any event, if a proceeding in respect of the liability is placed on the docket of the Tax Court, until the decision of the Tax Court becomes final), and for 60 days thereafter.

(g) Address for notice of liability

In the absence of notice to the Secretary under section 6903 of the existence of a fiduciary relationship, any notice of liability enforceable under this section required to be mailed to such person, shall, if mailed to the person subject to the liability at his last known address, be sufficient for purposes of this title, even if such person is deceased, or is under a legal disability, or, in the case of a corporation, has terminated its existence.

(h) Definition of transferee

As used in this section, the term "transferee" includes donee, heir, legatee, devisee, and distributee, and with respect to estate taxes, also includes any person who, under section 6324(a)(2), is personally liable for any part of such tax.

(i) Extension of time

For extensions of time by reason of armed service in a combat zone, see section 7508.

(Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 841; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §1906(b)(13)(A), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 97–258, §3(f)(10), Sept. 13, 1982, 96 Stat. 1065; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(322), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1199.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–141 substituted "Code, in" for "Code in".

1982—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 97–258 substituted "section 3713(b) of title 31, United States Code" for "section 3467 of the Revised Statutes (31 U.S.C. 192)".

1976—Pub. L. 94–455 struck out "or his delegate" after "Secretary" wherever appearing.
26 U.S.C. § 49 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 49: At-risk rules
At-risk rules
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

(1) Certain nonrecourse financing excluded from credit base

(A) Limitation

The credit base of any property to which this paragraph applies shall be reduced by the nonqualified nonrecourse financing with respect to such credit base (as of the close of the taxable year in which placed in service).

(B) Property to which paragraph applies

This paragraph applies to any property which—

(i) is placed in service during the taxable year by a taxpayer described in section 465(a)(1), and

(ii) is used in connection with an activity with respect to which any loss is subject to limitation under section 465.

(C) Credit base defined

For purposes of this paragraph, the term "credit base" means—

(i) the portion of the basis of any qualified rehabilitated building attributable to qualified rehabilitation expenditures,

(ii) the basis of any energy property,

(iii) the basis of any property which is part of a qualifying advanced coal project under section 48A,

(iv) the basis of any property which is part of a qualifying gasification project under section 48B,

(v) the basis of any property which is part of a qualifying advanced energy project under section 48C,

(vi) the basis of any qualified property (as defined in subsection (b)(2) of section 48D) which is part of an advanced manufacturing facility (as defined in subsection (b)(3) of such section),

(vii) the basis of any qualified property which is part of a qualified facility under section 48E, and

(viii) the basis of any energy storage technology under section 48E.

(D) Nonqualified nonrecourse financing

(i) In general

For purposes of this paragraph and paragraph (2), the term "nonqualified nonrecourse financing" means any nonrecourse financing which is not qualified commercial financing.

(ii) Qualified commercial financing

For purposes of this paragraph, the term "qualified commercial financing" means any financing with respect to any property if—

(I) such property is acquired by the taxpayer from a person who is not a related person,

(II) the amount of the nonrecourse financing with respect to such property does not exceed 80 percent of the credit base of such property, and

(III) such financing is borrowed from a qualified person or represents a loan from any Federal, State, or local government or instrumentality thereof, or is guaranteed by any Federal, State, or local government.

 Such term shall not include any convertible debt.

(iii) Nonrecourse financing

For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "nonrecourse financing" includes—

(I) any amount with respect to which the taxpayer is protected against loss through guarantees, stop-loss agreements, or other similar arrangements, and

(II) except to the extent provided in regulations, any amount borrowed from a person who has an interest (other than as a creditor) in the activity in which the property is used or from a related person to a person (other than the taxpayer) having such an interest.

 In the case of amounts borrowed by a corporation from a shareholder, subclause (II) shall not apply to an interest as a shareholder.

(iv) Qualified person

For purposes of this paragraph, the term "qualified person" means any person which is actively and regularly engaged in the business of lending money and which is not—

(I) a related person with respect to the taxpayer,

(II) a person from which the taxpayer acquired the property (or a related person to such person), or

(III) a person who receives a fee with respect to the taxpayer's investment in the property (or a related person to such person).

(v) Related person

For purposes of this subparagraph, the term "related person" has the meaning given such term by section 465(b)(3)(C). Except as otherwise provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary, the determination of whether a person is a related person shall be made as of the close of the taxable year in which the property is placed in service.

(E) Application to partnerships and S corporations

For purposes of this paragraph and paragraph (2)—

(i) In general

Except as otherwise provided in this subparagraph, in the case of any partnership or S corporation, the determination of whether a partner's or shareholder's allocable share of any financing is nonqualified nonrecourse financing shall be made at the partner or shareholder level.

(ii) Special rule for certain recourse financing of S corporation

A shareholder of an S corporation shall be treated as liable for his allocable share of any financing provided by a qualified person to such corporation if—

(I) such financing is recourse financing (determined at the corporate level), and

(II) such financing is provided with respect to qualified business property of such corporation.

(iii) Qualified business property

For purposes of clause (ii), the term "qualified business property" means any property if—

(I) such property is used by the corporation in the active conduct of a trade or business,

(II) during the entire 12-month period ending on the last day of the taxable year, such corporation had at least 3 full-time employees who were not owner-employees (as defined in section 465(c)(7)(E)(i)) and substantially all the services of whom were services directly related to such trade or business, and

(III) during the entire 12-month period ending on the last day of such taxable year, such corporation had at least 1 full-time employee substantially all of the services of whom were in the active management of the trade or business.

(iv) Determination of allocable share

The determination of any partner's or shareholder's allocable share of any financing shall be made in the same manner as the credit allowable by section 38 with respect to such property.

(F) Special rules for energy property

Rules similar to the rules of subparagraph (F) of section 46(c)(8) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990) shall apply for purposes of this paragraph.

(2) Subsequent decreases in nonqualified nonrecourse financing with respect to the property

(A) In general

If, at the close of a taxable year following the taxable year in which the property was placed in service, there is a net decrease in the amount of nonqualified nonrecourse financing with respect to such property, such net decrease shall be taken into account as an increase in the credit base for such property in accordance with subparagraph (C).

(B) Certain transactions not taken into account

For purposes of this paragraph, nonqualified nonrecourse financing shall not be treated as decreased through the surrender or other use of property financed by nonqualified nonrecourse financing.

(C) Manner in which taken into account

(i) Credit determined by reference to taxable year property placed in service

For purposes of determining the amount of credit allowable under section 38 and the amount of credit subject to the early disposition or cessation rules under section 50(a), any increase in a taxpayer's credit base for any property by reason of this paragraph shall be taken into account as if it were property placed in service by the taxpayer in the taxable year in which the property referred to in subparagraph (A) was first placed in service.

(ii) Credit allowed for year of decrease in nonqualified nonrecourse financing

Any credit allowable under this subpart for any increase in qualified investment by reason of this paragraph shall be treated as earned during the taxable year of the decrease in the amount of nonqualified nonrecourse financing.

(b) Increases in nonqualified nonrecourse financing

(1) In general

If, as of the close of the taxable year, there is a net increase with respect to the taxpayer in the amount of nonqualified nonrecourse financing (within the meaning of subsection (a)(1)) with respect to any property to which subsection (a)(1) applied, then the tax under this chapter for such taxable year shall be increased by an amount equal to the aggregate decrease in credits allowed under section 38 for all prior taxable years which would have resulted from reducing the credit base (as defined in subsection (a)(1)(C)) taken into account with respect to such property by the amount of such net increase. For purposes of determining the amount of credit subject to the early disposition or cessation rules of section 50(a), the net increase in the amount of the nonqualified nonrecourse financing with respect to the property shall be treated as reducing the property's credit base in the year in which the property was first placed in service.

(2) Transfers of debt more than 1 year after initial borrowing not treated as increasing nonqualified nonrecourse financing

For purposes of paragraph (1), the amount of nonqualified nonrecourse financing (within the meaning of subsection (a)(1)(D)) with respect to the taxpayer shall not be treated as increased by reason of a transfer of (or agreement to transfer) any evidence of any indebtedness if such transfer occurs (or such agreement is entered into) more than 1 year after the date such indebtedness was incurred.

(3) Special rules for certain energy property

Rules similar to the rules of section 47(d)(3) (as in effect on the day before the date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990) shall apply for purposes of this subsection.

(4) Special rule

Any increase in tax under paragraph (1) shall not be treated as tax imposed by this chapter for purposes of determining the amount of any credit allowable under this chapter.

(Added Pub. L. 99–514, title II, §211(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2166; amended Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1002(e)(1)–(3), (8)(B), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3367, 3369; Pub. L. 101–508, title XI, §11813(a), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–543; Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6004(g)(6), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 796; Pub. L. 109–58, title XIII, §1307(c)(1), Aug. 8, 2005, 119 Stat. 1006; Pub. L. 111–5, div. B, title I, §1302(c)(1), Feb. 17, 2009, 123 Stat. 347; Pub. L. 111–148, title IX, §9023(c)(1), Mar. 23, 2010, 124 Stat. 880; Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(a)(24), (d)(3)(B)(i), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1185, 1209; Pub. L. 117–167, div. A, §107(d)(2), Aug. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 1398; Pub. L. 117–169, title I, §13702(b)(2), Aug. 16, 2022, 136 Stat. 1997.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The date of the enactment of the Revenue Reconciliation Act of 1990, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1)(F) and (b)(3), is the date of enactment of Pub. L. 101–508, which was approved Nov. 5, 1990.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 49, Pub. L. 91–172, title VII, §703(a), Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 660; Pub. L. 92–178, title I, §101(b)(1)–(4), Dec. 10, 1971, 85 Stat. 498, 499, related to termination of rules for computing credit for investment in certain depreciable property for period beginning Apr. 19, 1969, and ending during 1971, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–600, title III, §312(c)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2826, applicable to taxable years ending after Dec. 31, 1978.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(vi). Pub. L. 117–167 added cl. (vi).

Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(vii), (viii). Pub. L. 117–169 added cls. (vii) and (viii).

2018—Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(vi). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(d)(3)(B)(i), struck out cl. (vi) which read as follows: "the basis of any property to which paragraph (1) of section 48D(e) applies which is part of a qualifying therapeutic discovery project under such section 48D."

Subsec. (a)(1)(D)(iii). Pub. L. 115–141, §401(a)(24), substituted "shareholder" for "share-holder" in concluding provisions.

2010—Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(vi). Pub. L. 111–148 added cl. (vi).

2009—Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(v). Pub. L. 111–5 added cl. (v).

2005—Subsec. (a)(1)(C)(iii), (iv). Pub. L. 109–58 added cls. (iii) and (iv) and struck out former cl. (iii) which read as follows: "the amortizable basis of any qualified timber property."

1998—Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "this chapter" for "subpart A, B, D, or G".

1990—Pub. L. 101–508, §11813(a), amended section generally, substituting section catchline for one which read: "Termination of regular percentage" and in text substituting present provisions for provisions relating to the nonapplicability of the regular percentage to any property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1985, for purposes of determining the investment tax credit, exceptions to such rule, the 35 percent reduction in credit for taxable years after 1986, the full basis adjustment in determining investment tax credit, and the definition of transition property and treatment of progress expenditures.

1988—Subsec. (c)(4)(B). Pub. L. 100–647, §1002(e)(2), substituted "years" for "year" in heading and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The amount of the reduction of the regular investment credit under paragraph (3)—

"(i) may not be carried back to any taxable year, but

"(ii) shall be added to the carryforwards from the taxable year before applying paragraph (2)."

Subsec. (c)(5)(B)(i). Pub. L. 100–647, §1002(e)(3), amended cl. (i) generally. Prior to amendment, cl. (i) read as follows: "The term 'regular investment credit' has the meaning given such term by section 48(o)".

Subsec. (c)(5)(C). Pub. L. 100–647, §1002(e)(8)(B), struck out subpar. (C) which related to portion of credits attributable to regular investment credit.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 100–647, §1002(e)(1), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (1) read as follows: "In the case of periods after December 31, 1985, section 48(q) (relating to basis adjustment to section 38 property) shall be applied with respect to transaction property—

"(A) by substituting '100 percent' for '50 percent' in paragraph (1), and

"(B) without regard to paragraph (4) thereof (relating to election of reduced credit in lieu of basis adjustment)."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–169 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 2024, see section 13702(c) of Pub. L. 117–169, set out as an Effective Date note under section 48E of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–167 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 2022, and, for any property the construction of which begins prior to Jan. 1, 2023, only to the extent of the basis thereof attributable to the construction, reconstruction, or erection after Aug. 9, 2022, see section 107(f) of Pub. L. 117–167, set out as a note under section 905 of Title 2, The Congress.

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–148 applicable to amounts paid or incurred after Dec. 31, 2008, in taxable years beginning after such date, see section 9023(f) of Pub. L. 111–148, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.

Effective Date of 2009 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–5 applicable to periods after Feb. 17, 2009, under rules similar to the rules of section 48(m) of this title as in effect on the day before Nov. 5, 1990, see section 1302(d) of Pub. L. 111–5, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.

Effective Date of 2005 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 109–58 applicable to periods after Aug. 8, 2005, under rules similar to the rules of section 48(m) of this title, as in effect on the day before Nov. 5, 1990, see section 1307(d) of Pub. L. 109–58, set out as a note under section 46 of this title.

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–206 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997, Pub. L. 105–34, to which such amendment relates, see section 6024 of Pub. L. 105–206, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1990 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 applicable to property placed in service after Dec. 31, 1990, but not applicable to any transition property (as defined in section 49(e) of this title), any property with respect to which qualified progress expenditures were previously taken into account under section 46(d) of this title, and any property described in section 46(b)(2)(C) of this title, as such sections were in effect on Nov. 4, 1990, see section 11813(c) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by section 1002(e)(1)–(3) of Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Amendment by section 1002(e)(8)(B) of Pub. L. 100–647 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1983, and to carrybacks from such years, see section 1002(e)(8)(C) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 38 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–514, title II, §211(e), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2169, as amended by Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1002(e)(4)–(7), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3367, 3368, provided that:

"(1) In general.—Except as provided in this subsection, the amendments made by this section [enacting this section and provisions set out below] shall apply to property placed in service after December 31, 1985, in taxable years ending after such date. Section 49(c) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (as added by subsection (a)) shall apply to taxable years ending after June 30, 1987, and to amounts carried to such taxable years.

"(2) Exceptions for certain films.—For purposes of determining whether any property is transition property within the meaning of section 49(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986—

"(A) in the case of any motion picture or television film, construction shall be treated as including production for purposes of section 203(b)(1) of this Act [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 168 of this title], and written contemporary evidence of an agreement (in accordance with industry practice) shall be treated as a written binding contract for such purposes,

"(B) in the case of any television film, a license agreement or agreement for production services between a television network and a producer shall be treated as a binding contract for purposes of section 203(b)(1)(A) of this Act, and

"(C) a motion picture film shall be treated as described in section 203(b)(1)(A) of this Act if—

"(i) funds were raised pursuant to a public offering before September 26, 1985, for the production of such film,

"(ii) 40 percent of the funds raised pursuant to such public offering are being spent on films the production of which commenced before such date, and

"(iii) all of the films funded by such public offering are required to be distributed pursuant to distribution agreements entered into before September 26, 1985.

"(3) Normalization rules.—The provisions of subsection (b) [see Normalization Rules note below] shall apply to any violation of the normalization requirements under paragraph (1) or (2) of section 46(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 occurring in taxable years ending after December 31, 1985.

"(4) Additional exceptions.—

"(A) Subsections (c) and (d) of section 49 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 shall not apply to any continuous caster facility for slabs and blooms which is subject to a lease and which is part of a project the second phase of which is a continuous slab caster which was placed in service before December 31, 1985.

"(B) For purposes of determining whether an automobile manufacturing facility (including equipment and incidental appurtenances) is transition property within the meaning of section 49(e), property with respect to which the Board of Directors of an automobile manufacturer formally approved the plan for the project on January 7, 1985 shall be treated as transition property and subsections (c) and (d) of section 49 of such Code shall not apply to such property, but only with respect to $70,000,000 of regular investment tax credits.

"(C) Any solid waste disposal facility which will process and incinerate solid waste of one or more public or private entities including Dakota County, Minnesota, and with respect to which a bond carryforward from 1985 was elected in an amount equal to $12,500,000 shall be treated as transition property within the meaning of section 49(e) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986.

"(D) For purposes of section 49 of such Code, the following property shall be treated as transition property:

"(i) 2 catamarans built by a shipbuilder incorporated in the State of Washington in 1964, the contracts for which were signed on April 22, 1986 and November 12, 1985, and 1 barge built by such shipbuilder the contract for which was signed on August 7, 1985.

"(ii) 2 large passenger ocean-going United States flag cruise ships with a passenger rated capacity of up to 250 which are built by the shipbuilder described in clause (i), which are the first such ships built in the United States since 1952, and which were designed at the request of a Pacific Coast cruise line pursuant to a contract entered into in October 1985. This clause shall apply only to that portion of the cost of each ship which does not exceed $40,000,000.

"(iii) Property placed in service during 1986 by Satellite Industries, Inc., with headquarters in Minneapolis, Minnesota, to the extent that the cost of such property does not exceed $1,950,000.

"(E) Subsections (c) and (d) of section 49 of such Code shall not apply to property described in section 204(a)(4) of this Act [enacting provisions set out as a note under section 168 of this title]."

Savings Provision

Pub. L. 115–141, div. U, title IV, §401(d)(3)(C), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1209, provided that: "In the case of the repeal of section 48D(e)(1) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, the amendments made by this paragraph [amending this section and sections 50 and 280C of this title and repealing former section 48D of this title] shall not apply to expenditures made in taxable years beginning before January 1, 2011."

For provisions that nothing in amendment by section 401(d)(3)(B)(i) of Pub. L. 115–141 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Mar. 23, 2018, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Mar. 23, 2018, see section 401(e) of Pub. L. 115–141, set out as a note under section 23 of this title.

For provisions that nothing in amendment by Pub. L. 101–508 be construed to affect treatment of certain transactions occurring, property acquired, or items of income, loss, deduction, or credit taken into account prior to Nov. 5, 1990, for purposes of determining liability for tax for periods ending after Nov. 5, 1990, see section 11821(b) of Pub. L. 101–508, set out as a note under section 45K of this title.

Normalization Rules

Pub. L. 99–514, title II, §211(b), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2168, provided that: "If, for any taxable year beginning after December 31, 1985, the requirements of paragraph (1) or (2) of section 46(f) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 are not met with respect to public utility property to which the regular percentage applied for purposes of determining the amount of the investment tax credit—

"(1) all credits for open taxable years as of the time of the final determination referred to in section 46(f)(4)(A) of such Code shall be recaptured, and

"(2) if the amount of the taxpayer's unamortized credits (or the credits not previously restored to rate base) with respect to such property (whether or not for open years) exceeds the amount referred to in paragraph (1), the taxpayer's tax for the taxable year shall be increased by the amount of such excess.

If any portion of the excess described in paragraph (2) is attributable to a credit which is allowable as a carryover to a taxable year beginning after December 31, 1985, in lieu of applying paragraph (2) with respect to such portion, the amount of such carryover shall be reduced by the amount of such portion. Rules similar to the rules of this subsection shall apply in the case of any property with respect to which the requirements of section 46(f)(9) of such Code are met."

Exception for Certain Aircraft Used in Alaska

Pub. L. 99–514, title II, §211(d), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2168, provided that:

"(1) The amendments made by subsection (a) [enacting this section and provisions set out above] shall not apply to property originally placed in service after December 29, 1982, and before August 1, 1985, by a corporation incorporated in Alaska on May 21, 1953, and used by it—

"(A) in part, for the transportation of mail for the United States Postal Service in the State of Alaska, and

"(B) in part, to provide air service in the State of Alaska on routes which had previously been served by an air carrier that received compensation from the Civil Aeronautics Board for providing service.

"(2) In the case of property described in subparagraph (A)—

"(A) such property shall be treated as recovery property described in section 208(d)(5) of the Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 ('TEFRA') [section 208(d)(5) of Pub. L. 97–248, enacting provisions set out as a note under section 168 of this title];

"(B) '48 months' shall be substituted for '3 months' each place it appears in applying—

"(i) section 48(b)(2)(B) of the Code [26 U.S.C. 48(b)(2)(B)], and

"(ii) section 168(f)(8)(D) of the Code [26 U.S.C. 168(f)(8)(D)] (as in effect after the amendments made by the Technical Corrections Act of 1982 [Pub. L. 97–448] but before the amendments made by TEFRA); and

"(C) the limitation of section 168(f)(8)(D)(ii)(III) (as then in effect) shall be read by substituting 'the lessee's original cost basis.', for 'the adjusted basis of the lessee at the time of the lease.'

"(3) The aggregate amount of property to which this paragraph shall apply shall not exceed $60,000,000."
26 U.S.C. § 34 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Section 34: Certain uses of gasoline and special fuels
Certain uses of gasoline and special fuels
Status: in_force

(a) General rule

There shall be allowed as a credit against the tax imposed by this subtitle for the taxable year an amount equal to the sum of the amounts payable to the taxpayer—

(1) under section 6420 (determined without regard to section 6420(g)),

(2) under section 6421 (determined without regard to section 6421(i)), and

(3) under section 6427 (determined without regard to section 6427(k)).

(b) Exception

Credit shall not be allowed under subsection (a) for any amount payable under section 6421 or 6427, if a claim for such amount is timely filed and, under section 6421(i) or 6427(k), is payable under such section.

(Added Pub. L. 89–44, title VIII, 809(c), June 21, 1965, 79 Stat. 167, §39; amended Pub. L. 91–258, title II, §207(c), May 21, 1970, 84 Stat. 248; Pub. L. 94–455, title XIX, §§1901(a)(3), 1906(b)(8), (9), Oct. 4, 1976, 90 Stat. 1764, 1834; Pub. L. 94–530, §1(c)(1), Oct. 17, 1976, 90 Stat. 2487; Pub. L. 95–599, title V, §505(c)(1), Nov. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 2760; Pub. L. 95–618, title II, §233(b)(2)(C), Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3191; Pub. L. 96–223, title II, §232(d)(4)(A), Apr. 2, 1980, 94 Stat. 278; Pub. L. 97–424, title V, §515(b)(6)(A)–(C), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2181; renumbered §34 and amended Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, title IV, §471(c), title IX, §911(d)(2)(A), July 18, 1984, 98 Stat. 826, 1006; Pub. L. 99–514, title XVII, §1703(e)(2)(F), title XVIII, §1877(a), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2778, 2902; Pub. L. 100–647, title I, §1017(c)(2), Nov. 10, 1988, 102 Stat. 3576; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1606(b)(1), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1839; Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6023(24)(B), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 826; Pub. L. 110–172, §11(a)(4), Dec. 29, 2007, 121 Stat. 2484.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 34, acts Aug. 16, 1954, ch. 736, 68A Stat. 13; June 25, 1959, Pub. L. 86–69, §3(a)(1), 73 Stat. 139; Sept. 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86–779, §10(e), 74 Stat. 1009; Feb. 26, 1964, Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §201(a), 78 Stat. 31, related to dividends received by individuals, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 88–272, title II, §201(b), Feb. 26, 1964, 78 Stat. 31, effective with respect to dividends received after Dec. 31, 1964.

Amendments

2007—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(a)(4)(A), struck out "with respect to gasoline used during the taxable year on a farm for farming purposes" before "(determined without regard to section 6420(g))".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(a)(4)(B), which directed striking out "with respect to gasoline used during the taxable year: (A) otherwise than as a fuel in a highway vehicle; or (B) in vehicles while engaged in furnishing certain public passenger land transportation service", was executed by striking out "with respect to gasoline used during the taxable year (A) otherwise than as a fuel in a highway vehicle or (B) in vehicles while engaged in furnishing certain public passenger land transportation service" before "(determined without regard to section 6421(i))", to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 110–172, §11(a)(4)(C), struck out "with respect to fuels used for nontaxable purposes or resold during the taxable year" before "(determined without regard to section 6427(k))".

1998—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 105–206 substituted "section 6421(i)" for "section 6421(j)".

1996—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 104–188 amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "under section 6427—

"(A) with respect to fuels used for nontaxable purposes or resold, or

"(B) with respect to any qualified diesel-powered highway vehicle purchased (or deemed purchased under section 6427(g)(6)),

during the taxable year (determined without regard to section 6427(k))."

1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–647 substituted "section 6421(j) or 6427(k)" for "section 6421(i) or 6427(j)".

1986—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1877(a), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "under section 6427 with respect to fuels used for nontaxable purposes or resold during the taxable year (determined without regard to section 6427(j))."

Pub. L. 99–514, §1703(e)(2)(F), substituted "6427(k)" for "6427(j)".

1984—Pub. L. 98–369, §471(c), renumbered section 39 of this title as this section.

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 98–369, §911(d)(2)(A), which directed the amendment of par. (4) by substituting "6427(j)" for "6427(i)" was executed to par. (3) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of par. (4) as (3) by Pub. L. 97–424.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–369, §911(d)(2)(A), substituted "6427(j)" for "6427(i)".

1983—Pub. L. 97–424, §515(b)(6)(C), substituted "and special fuels" for ", special fuels, and lubricating oil" after "gasoline" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(2) to (4). Pub. L. 97–424, §515(b)(6)(A), inserted "and" at end of par. (2), redesignated par. (4) as (3), and struck out former (3) which referred to amounts payable to the taxpayer under section 6424 with respect to lubricating oil used during the taxable year for certain nontaxable purposes (determined without regard to section 6424(f)).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–424, §515(b)(6)(B)(i), substituted "6421 or 6427" for "6421, 6424, or 6427" after "amount payable under".

Pub. L. 97–424, §515(b)(6)(B)(ii), substituted "6421(i) or 6427(i)" for "6421(i), 6424(f), or 6427(i)" after "and, under".

1980—Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 96–223 substituted "6427(i)" for "6427(h)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–223 substituted "6427(i)" for "6427(h)".

1978—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–618 substituted "for certain nontaxable purposes" for "otherwise than in a highway motor vehicle".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 95–599 substituted "6427(h)" for "6427(g)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–599 substituted "6427(h)" for "6427(g)".

1976—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(8), substituted "6420(g)" for "6420(h)".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–455, §1906(b)(9), substituted "6424(f)" for "6424(g)".

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 94–530 substituted "6427(g)" for "6427(f)".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–530, which directed the amendment of subsec. (c) by substituting "6427(g)" for "6427(f)", was executed to subsec. (b) to reflect the probable intent of Congress and the redesignation of subsec. (c) as (b) by Pub. L. 94–455.

Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and substituted "section 6421(i), 6424(f), or 6427(f), is payable" for "section 6421(i), 6424(g) or 6427(f) is payable". Former subsec. (b), relating to determination of taxpayers first taxable year with respect to tax credit for certain uses of gasoline and lubricating oil, was struck out.

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–455, §1901(a)(3), redesignated subsec. (c) as (b).

1970—Pub. L. 91–258, §207(c)(1), inserted reference to special fuels in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 91–258, §207(c)(2), added par. (4).

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 91–258, §207(c)(3), (4), inserted references to sections 6427 and 6427(f), respectively.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–206, title VI, §6023(32), July 22, 1998, 112 Stat. 826, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and sections 45A, 59, 72, 142, 501, 512, 543, 871, 1017, 1250, 3121, 3401, 4092, 4221, 4222, 4973, 4975, 6039, 6050R, 6103, 6416, 6421, 6427, 6501, 7434, 7702B, 7872, and 9502 of this title] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [July 22, 1998]."

Effective Date of 1996 Amendment

Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1606(c), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1839, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 6427 of this title] shall apply to vehicles purchased after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 20, 1996]."

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–647 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provision of the Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub. L. 99–514, to which such amendment relates, see section 1019(a) of Pub. L. 100–647, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by section 1703(e)(2)(F) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to gasoline removed (as defined in section 4082 of this title as amended by section 1703 of Pub. L. 99–514) after Dec. 31, 1987, see section 1703(h) of Pub. L. 99–514 set out as a note under section 4081 of this title.

Amendment by section 1877(a) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by section 911(d)(2)(A) of Pub. L. 98–369 effective Aug. 1, 1984, see section 911(e) of Pub. L. 98–369, set out as a note under section 6427 of this title.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–424, title V, §515(c), Jan. 6, 1983, 96 Stat. 2182, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending sections 39 [now 34], 874, 882, 4101, 4102, 4221, 4222, 6201, 6206, 6416, 6421, 6504, 6675, 7210, 7603 to 7605, 7609, and 7610 of this title and repealing sections 4091 to 4094 and 6424 of this title] shall apply with respect to articles sold after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 6, 1983]."

Effective Date of 1980 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–223 effective on Jan. 1, 1979, see section 232(h)(2) of Pub. L. 96–223, set out as a note under section 6427 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–618, title II, §233(d), Nov. 9, 1978, 92 Stat. 3192, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending sections 39 [now 34], 4041, 4221, 4483, 6416, 6421, 6424, 6427, 6504, and 6675 of this title and amending a provision set out as a note under section 120 of Title 23, Highways] shall take effect on the first day of the first calendar month which begins more than 10 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Nov. 9, 1978]."

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–599 effective Jan. 1, 1979, see section 505(d) of Pub. L. 95–599, set out as a note under section 6427 of this title.

Effective Date of 1976 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 94–530 effective on Oct. 1, 1976, see section 1(d) of Pub. L. 94–530, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title.

Amendment by section 1901(a)(3) of Pub. L. 94–455 applicable with respect to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1976, see section 1901(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 2 of this title.

Amendment by section 1906(b)(8), (9) of Pub. L. 94–455, to take effect on Feb. 1, 1977, see section 1906(d) of Pub. L. 94–455, set out as a note under section 6013 of this title.

Effective Date of 1970 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 91–258 applicable with respect to taxable years ending after June 30, 1970, see section 211(b) of Pub. L. 91–258, set out as a note under section 4041 of this title.

Effective Date

Section applicable to taxable years beginning on or after July 1, 1965, see section 809(f) of Pub. L. 89–44, set out as an Effective Date of 1965 Amendment note under section 6420 of this title.
26 U.S.C. § 1398 (2024) — Title 26: INTERNAL REVENUE CODE / Chapter 1 / Subchapter V / Section 1398: Rules relating to individuals' title 11 cases
Rules relating to individuals' title 11 cases
Status: in_force

(a) Cases to which section applies

Except as provided in subsection (b), this section shall apply to any case under chapter 7 (relating to liquidations) or chapter 11 (relating to reorganizations) of title 11 of the United States Code in which the debtor is an individual.

(b) Exceptions where case is dismissed, etc.

(1) Section does not apply where case is dismissed

This section shall not apply if the case under chapter 7 or 11 of title 11 of the United States Code is dismissed.

(2) Section does not apply at partnership level

For purposes of subsection (a), a partnership shall not be treated as an individual, but the interest in a partnership of a debtor who is an individual shall be taken into account under this section in the same manner as any other interest of the debtor.

(c) Computation and payment of tax; basic standard deduction

(1) Computation and payment of tax

Except as otherwise provided in this section, the taxable income of the estate shall be computed in the same manner as for an individual. The tax shall be computed on such taxable income and shall be paid by the trustee.

(2) Tax rates

The tax on the taxable income of the estate shall be determined under subsection (d) of section 1.

(3) Basic standard deduction

In the case of an estate which does not itemize deductions, the basic standard deduction for the estate for the taxable year shall be the same as for a married individual filing a separate return for such year.

(d) Taxable year of debtors

(1) General rule

Except as provided in paragraph (2), the taxable year of the debtor shall be determined without regard to the case under title 11 of the United States Code to which this section applies.

(2) Election to terminate debtor's year when case commences

(A) In general

Notwithstanding section 442, the debtor may (without the approval of the Secretary) elect to treat the debtor's taxable year which includes the commencement date as 2 taxable years—

(i) the first of which ends on the day before the commencement date, and

(ii) the second of which begins on the commencement date.

(B) Spouse may join in election

In the case of a married individual (within the meaning of section 7703), the spouse may elect to have the debtor's election under subparagraph (A) also apply to the spouse, but only if the debtor and the spouse file a joint return for the taxable year referred to in subparagraph (A)(i).

(C) No election where debtor has no assets

No election may be made under subparagraph (A) by a debtor who has no assets other than property which the debtor may treat as exempt property under section 522 of title 11 of the United States Code.

(D) Time for making election

An election under subparagraph (A) or (B) may be made only on or before the due date for filing the return for the taxable year referred to in subparagraph (A)(i). Any such election, once made, shall be irrevocable.

(E) Returns

A return shall be made for each of the taxable years specified in subparagraph (A).

(F) Annualization

For purposes of subsections (b), (c), and (d) of section 443, a return filed for either of the taxable years referred to in subparagraph (A) shall be treated as a return made under paragraph (1) of subsection (a) of section 443.

(3) Commencement date defined

For purposes of this subsection, the term "commencement date" means the day on which the case under title 11 of the United States Code to which this section applies commences.

(e) Treatment of income, deductions, and credits

(1) Estate's share of debtor's income

The gross income of the estate for each taxable year shall include the gross income of the debtor to which the estate is entitled under title 11 of the United States Code. The preceding sentence shall not apply to any amount received or accrued by the debtor before the commencement date (as defined in subsection (d)(3)).

(2) Debtor's share of debtor's income

The gross income of the debtor for any taxable year shall not include any item to the extent that such item is included in the gross income of the estate by reason of paragraph (1).

(3) Rule for making determinations with respect to deductions, credits, and employment taxes

Except as otherwise provided in this section, the determination of whether or not any amount paid or incurred by the estate—

(A) is allowable as a deduction or credit under this chapter, or

(B) is wages for purposes of subtitle C,

shall be made as if the amount were paid or incurred by the debtor and as if the debtor were still engaged in the trades and businesses, and in the activities, the debtor was engaged in before the commencement of the case.

(f) Treatment of transfers between debtor and estate

(1) Transfer to estate not treated as disposition

A transfer (other than by sale or exchange) of an asset from the debtor to the estate shall not be treated as a disposition for purposes of any provision of this title assigning tax consequences to a disposition, and the estate shall be treated as the debtor would be treated with respect to such asset.

(2) Transfer from estate to debtor not treated as disposition

In the case of a termination of the estate, a transfer (other than by sale or exchange) of an asset from the estate to the debtor shall not be treated as a disposition for purposes of any provision of this title assigning tax consequences to a disposition, and the debtor shall be treated as the estate would be treated with respect to such asset.

(g) Estate succeeds to tax attributes of debtor

The estate shall succeed to and take into account the following items (determined as of the first day of the debtor's taxable year in which the case commences) of the debtor—

(1) Net operating loss carryovers

The net operating loss carryovers determined under section 172.

(2) Charitable contributions carryovers

The carryover of excess charitable contributions determined under section 170(d)(1).

(3) Recovery of tax benefit items

Any amount to which section 111 (relating to recovery of tax benefit items) applies.

(4) Credit carryovers, etc.

The carryovers of any credit, and all other items which, but for the commencement of the case, would be required to be taken into account by the debtor with respect to any credit.

(5) Capital loss carryovers

The capital loss carryover determined under section 1212.

(6) Basis, holding period, and character of assets

In the case of any asset acquired (other than by sale or exchange) by the estate from the debtor, the basis, holding period, and character it had in the hands of the debtor.

(7) Method of accounting

The method of accounting used by the debtor.

(8) Other attributes

Other tax attributes of the debtor, to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary as necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.

(h) Administration, liquidation, and reorganization expenses; carryovers and carrybacks of certain excess expenses

(1) Administration, liquidation, and reorganization expenses

Any administrative expense allowed under section 503 of title 11 of the United States Code, and any fee or charge assessed against the estate under chapter 123 of title 28 of the United States Code, to the extent not disallowed under any other provision of this title, shall be allowed as a deduction.

(2) Carryback and carryover of excess administrative costs, etc., to estate taxable years

(A) Deduction allowed

There shall be allowed as a deduction for the taxable year an amount equal to the aggregate of (i) the administrative expense carryovers to such year, plus (ii) the administrative expense carrybacks to such year.

(B) Administrative expense loss, etc.

If a net operating loss would be created or increased for any estate taxable year if section 172(c) were applied without the modification contained in paragraph (4) of section 172(d), then the amount of the net operating loss so created (or the amount of the increase in the net operating loss) shall be an administrative expense loss for such taxable year which shall be an administrative expense carryback to each of the 3 preceding taxable years and an administrative expense carryover to each of the 7 succeeding taxable years.

(C) Determination of amount carried to each taxable year

The portion of any administrative expense loss which may be carried to any other taxable year shall be determined under section 172(b)(2), except that for each taxable year the computation under section 172(b)(2) with respect to the net operating loss shall be made before the computation under this paragraph.

(D) Administrative expense deductions allowed only to estate

The deductions allowable under this chapter solely by reason of paragraph (1), and the deduction provided by subparagraph (A) of this paragraph, shall be allowable only to the estate.

(i) Debtor succeeds to tax attributes of estate

In the case of a termination of an estate, the debtor shall succeed to and take into account the items referred to in paragraphs (1), (2), (3), (4), (5), and (6) of subsection (g) in a manner similar to that provided in such paragraphs (but taking into account that the transfer is from the estate to the debtor instead of from the debtor to the estate). In addition, the debtor shall succeed to and take into account the other tax attributes of the estate, to the extent provided in regulations prescribed by the Secretary as necessary or appropriate to carry out the purposes of this section.

(j) Other special rules

(1) Change of accounting period without approval

Notwithstanding section 442, the estate may change its annual accounting period one time without the approval of the Secretary.

(2) Treatment of certain carrybacks

(A) Carrybacks from estate

If any carryback year of the estate is a taxable year before the estate's first taxable year, the carryback to such carryback year shall be taken into account for the debtor's taxable year corresponding to the carryback year.

(B) Carrybacks from debtor's activities

The debtor may not carry back to a taxable year before the debtor's taxable year in which the case commences any carryback from a taxable year ending after the case commences.

(C) Carryback and carryback year defined

For purposes of this paragraph—

(i) Carryback

The term "carryback" means a net operating loss carryback under section 172 or a carryback of any credit provided by part IV of subchapter A.

(ii) Carryback year

The term "carryback year" means the taxable year to which a carryback is carried.

(Added Pub. L. 96–589, §3(a)(1), Dec. 24, 1980, 94 Stat. 3397; amended Pub. L. 99–514, title I, §104(b)(14), title XIII, §1301(j)(8), title XVIII, §1812(a)(5), Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2105, 2658, 2833.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Part IV of subchapter A, referred to in subsec. (j)(2)(C)(i), probably means part IV of subchapter A of chapter 1 of this title.

Amendments

1986—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–514, §104(b)(14)(A), substituted "basic standard deduction" for "zero bracket amount" in heading.

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §104(b)(14)(B), amended par. (3) generally, substituting "Basic standard deduction" for "Amount of zero bracket amount" in heading and substituting "In the case of an estate which does not itemize deductions, the basic standard deduction for the estate" for "The amount of the estate's zero bracket amount" in text.

Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 99–514, §1301(j)(8), substituted "section 7703" for "section 143".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 99–514, §1812(a)(5), amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3), recovery exclusion, read as follows: "Any recovery exclusion under section 111 (relating to recovery of bad debts, prior taxes, and delinquency amounts)."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Amendment by section 104(b)(14) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to taxable years beginning after Dec. 31, 1986, see section 151(a) of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 1 of this title.

Amendment by section 1301(j)(8) of Pub. L. 99–514 applicable to bonds issued after Aug. 15, 1986, except as otherwise provided, see sections 1311 to 1318 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as an Effective Date; Transitional Rules note under section 141 of this title.

Amendment by section 1812(a)(5) of Pub. L. 99–514 effective, except as otherwise provided, as if included in the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, Pub. L. 98–369, div. A, to which such amendment relates, see section 1881 of Pub. L. 99–514, set out as a note under section 48 of this title.

Effective Date

Subchapter applicable to bankruptcy cases commencing more than 90 days after Dec. 24, 1980, see section 7(b) of Pub. L. 96–589, set out as an Effective Date of 1980 Amendment note under section 108 of this title.

Plan Amendments Not Required Until January 1, 1989

For provisions directing that if any amendments made by subtitle A or subtitle C of title XI [§§1101–1147 and 1171–1177] or title XVIII [§§1800–1899A] of Pub. L. 99–514 require an amendment to any plan, such plan amendment shall not be required to be made before the first plan year beginning on or after Jan. 1, 1989, see section 1140 of Pub. L. 99–514, as amended, set out as a note under section 401 of this title.