22 U.S.C. § 4081 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IX: TRAVEL, LEAVE, AND OTHER BENEFITS / Section 4081: Travel and related expenses
Travel and related expenses
Status: in_force

The Secretary may pay the travel and related expenses of members of the Service and their families, including costs or expenses incurred for—

(1) proceeding to and returning from assigned posts of duty;

(2) authorized or required home leave;

(3) family members to accompany, precede, or follow a member of the Service to a place of temporary duty;

(4) representational travel within the country to which the member of the Service is assigned or, when not more than one family member participates, outside such country;

(5) obtaining necessary medical care for an illness, injury, or medical condition while abroad in a locality where there is no suitable person or facility to provide such care (without regard to those laws and regulations limiting or restricting the furnishing or payment of transportation and traveling expenses), as well as expenses for—

(A) an attendant or attendants for a member of the Service or a family member who is too ill to travel unattended or for a family member who is too young to travel alone, and

(B) a family member incapable of caring for himself or herself if he or she remained at the post at which the member of the Service is serving;

(6) rest and recuperation travel of members of the Service who are United States citizens, and members of their families, while serving at locations abroad specifically designated by the Secretary for purposes of this paragraph, to—

(A) other locations abroad having different social, climatic, or other environmental conditions than those at the post at which the member of the Service is serving, or

(B) locations in the United States or its territories, including American Samoa, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands;

except that, unless the Secretary otherwise specifies in extraordinary circumstances, travel expenses under this paragraph shall be limited to the cost for a member of the Service, and for each member of the family of the member, of 1 round trip during any continuous 2-year tour and of 2 round trips during any continuous 3-year tour;

(7) removal of the family members of a member of the Service, and the furniture and household and personal effects (including automobiles) of the family, from a Foreign Service post where there is imminent danger because of the prevalence of disturbed conditions, and the return of such individuals, furniture, and effects to such post upon the cessation of such conditions, or to such other Foreign Service post as may in the meantime have become the post to which the member of the Service has been reassigned;

(8) trips by a member of the Service, and members of his or her family, for purposes of family visitation in situations where the family of the member is prevented by official order from accompanying the member to, or has been ordered from, the assigned post of the member because of imminent danger due to the prevalence of disturbed conditions, except that—

(A) with respect to any such member whose family is located in the United States, the Secretary may pay the costs and expenses for not to exceed two round trips in a 12-month period; and

(B) with respect to any such member whose family is located abroad, the Secretary may pay such costs and expenses for trips in a 12-month period as do not exceed the cost of 2 round trips (at less than first class) to the District of Columbia;

(9) roundtrip travel to or from an employee's post of assignment for purposes of family visitation in emergency situations involving personal hardship, except that payment for travel by family members to an employee's post of assignment may be authorized under this paragraph only where the family of the member is prevented by official order from residing at such post.1

(10) preparing and transporting to the designated home in the United States or to a place not more distant, the remains of a member of the Service, or of a family member of a member of the Service, who dies abroad or while in travel status or, if death occurs in the United States, transport of the remains to the designated home in the United States or to a place not more distant;

(11) transporting the furniture and household and personal effects of a member of the Service (and of his or her family) to successive posts of duty and, on separation of a member from the Service, to the place where the member will reside (or if the member has died, to the place where his or her family will reside);

(12) packing and unpacking, transporting to and from a place of storage, and storing the furniture and household and personal effects of a member of the Service (and of his or her family)—

(A) when the member is absent from his or her post of assignment under orders or is assigned to a Foreign Service post to which such furniture and household and personal effects cannot be taken or at which they cannot be used, or when it is in the public interest or more economical to authorize storage;

(B) in connection with an assignment of the member to a new post, except that costs and expenses may be paid under this subparagraph only for the period beginning on the date of departure from his or her last post or (in the case of a new member) on the date of departure from the place of residence of the member and ending on the earlier of the date which is 3 months after arrival of the member at the new post or the date on which the member establishes residence quarters, except that in extraordinary circumstances the Secretary may extend this period for not more than an additional 90 days; and

(C) in connection with separation of the member from the Service, except that costs or expenses may not be paid under this subparagraph for storing furniture and household and personal effects for more than 3 months, except that in extraordinary circumstances the Secretary may extend this period for not more than an additional 90 days;

(13) transporting, for or on behalf of a member of the Service, a privately owned motor vehicle in any case in which the Secretary determines that water, rail, or air transportation of the motor vehicle is necessary or expedient for all or any part of the distance between points of origin and destination, but transportation may be provided under this paragraph for only one motor vehicle of a member during any 48-month period while the member is continuously serving abroad, except that another motor vehicle may be so transported as a replacement for such motor vehicle if such replacement—

(A) is determined, in advance, by the Secretary to be necessary for reasons beyond the control of the member and in the interest of the Government, or

(B) is incident to a reassignment when the cost of transporting the replacement motor vehicle does not exceed the cost of transporting the motor vehicle that is replaced;

(14) the travel and relocation of members of the Service, and members of their families, assigned to or within the United States (or any territory or possession of the United States or the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico), including assignments under subchapter VI of chapter 33 of title 5 (notwithstanding section 3375(a) of such title, if an agreement similar to that required by section 3375(b) of such title is executed by the member of the Service); and

(15) in the case of one or more children below age 21 of a member of the Service assigned abroad, 1 round-trip per year—

(A) for each child to visit the member abroad if the child does not regularly reside with the member and the member is not receiving an education allowance or educational travel allowance for the child under section 5924(4) of title 5,

(B) for each child to visit the other parent of the child if the other parent resides in a country other than the country to which the member is assigned and the child regularly resides with the member and does not regularly attend school in the country in which the other parent resides, or

(C) for one of the child's parents to visit the child or children abroad if the child or children do not regularly reside with that parent and that parent is not receiving an education allowance or educational travel allowance for the child or children under section 5924(4) of title 5,

except that the cost of round-trip travel under this paragraph may not exceed the cost of round-trip travel between the post to which the member is assigned and the residence of the other parent, or between the post to which the member is assigned and the residence of the child if the child does not reside with a parent.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §901, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2124; Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §148, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 38; Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §§145, 146, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 668, 669; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §§315(a), 328, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1379, 1387; Pub. L. 109–234, title I, §1602(d)(1), June 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 442; Pub. L. 110–321, §2(1), Sept. 19, 2008, 122 Stat. 3535; Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LIII, §5304, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2361.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Par. (15). Pub. L. 117–81, §5304(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "in the case of one or more children below age 21 of a member of the Service assigned abroad, 1 round-trip per year" for "1 round-trip per year for each child below age 21 of a member of the Service assigned abroad".

Pub. L. 117–81, §5304(5), in concluding provisions, substituted "the cost of round-trip travel" for "a payment".

Par. (15)(A) to (C). Pub. L. 117–81, §5304(2)–(4), inserted "for each child" at beginning of subpars. (A) and (B) and added subpar. (C).

2008—Par. (6)(B). Pub. L. 110–321 inserted "or its territories, including American Samoa, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Guam, the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands, and the United States Virgin Islands" after "United States".

2006—Par. (6). Pub. L. 109–234, which directed amendment of section 901(6) of the Foreign Service Act by striking out "unbroken by home leave" wherever appearing, was executed by striking out those words after "2-year tour" and "3-year tour" in concluding provisions of par. (6) of this section, which is section 901 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

2002—Par. (8). Pub. L. 107–228, §315(a), substituted "Service, and members of his or her family," for "Service".

Par. (15). Pub. L. 107–228, §328, in concluding provisions, substituted "residence of the other parent, or between the post to which the member is assigned and the residence of the child if the child does not reside with a parent" for "port of entry in the contiguous 48 States which is nearest to that post".

1991—Par. (10). Pub. L. 102–138, §146, inserted before semicolon "or, if death occurs in the United States, transport of the remains to the designated home in the United States or to a place not more distant".

Par. (12)(B). Pub. L. 102–138, §145(1), inserted before semicolon ", except that in extraordinary circumstances the Secretary may extend this period for not more than an additional 90 days".

Par. (12)(C). Pub. L. 102–138, §145(2), inserted before semicolon ", except that in extraordinary circumstances the Secretary may extend this period for not more than an additional 90 days".

1990—Par. (9). Pub. L. 101–246 amended par. (9) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (9) read as follows: "round-trip travel from a location abroad for purposes of family visitation in emergency situations involving personal hardship;".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §315(c), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1379, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date on which guidance for implementation of such amendment is issued by the Secretary." [Guidance in the form of a State Department cable was issued Nov. 5, 2002.]

[For definition of "Secretary" as used in section 315(c) of Pub. L. 107–228, set out above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.]

Promulgation of Guidance

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §315(b), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1379, provided that: "The Secretary shall promulgate guidance for the implementation of the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] to ensure its implementation in a manner which does not substantially increase the total amount of travel expenses paid or reimbursed by the Department for travel under section 901 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4081)."

[For definitions of "Secretary" and "Department" as used in section 315(b) of Pub. L. 107–228, set out above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.]

1 So in original. The period probably should be a semicolon.
22 U.S.C. § 3941 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter III: APPOINTMENTS / Section 3941: General provisions
General provisions
Status: in_force

(a) Citizenship requirement

Only citizens of the United States may be appointed to the Service, other than for service abroad as a consular agent or as a foreign national employee.

(b) Examinations

(1) The Secretary shall prescribe, as appropriate, written, oral, physical, foreign language, and other examinations for appointment to the Service (other than as a chief of mission or ambassador at large).

(2) The Secretary shall ensure that the Board of Examiners for the Foreign Service annually offers the oral assessment examinations described in paragraph (1) in cities, chosen on a rotating basis, located in at least three different time zones across the United States.

(c) Veteran or disabled veteran

The fact that an applicant for appointment as a Foreign Service officer candidate is a veteran or disabled veteran shall be considered an affirmative factor in making such appointments. As used in this subsection, the term "veteran or disabled veteran" means an individual who is a preference eligible under subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of section 2108(3) of title 5.

(d) Career and noncareer appointments

(1) Members of the Service serving under career appointments are career members of the Service. Members of the Service serving under limited appointments are either career candidates or noncareer members of the Service.

(2) Chiefs of mission, ambassadors at large, and ministers serve at the pleasure of the President.

(3) An appointment as a Foreign Service officer is a career appointment. Foreign Service employees serving as career candidates or career members of the Service shall not represent to the income tax authorities of the District of Columbia or any other State or locality that they are exempt from income taxation on the basis of holding a Presidential appointment subject to Senate confirmation or that they are exempt on the basis of serving in an appointment whose tenure is at the pleasure of the President.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §301, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2083; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §179(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LIV, §5406(b), Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2374.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–81 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

1987—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 100–204 inserted sentence at end relating to exemption from income taxation.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §179(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1363, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to tax years beginning after December 31, 1987."

Study of Foreign Service Examination

Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §153(g), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 44, required the Secretary of State to enter into a contract with a private organization for a comprehensive review and evaluation of the Foreign Service examination related to cultural, racial, ethnic, and sexual bias issues, and no later than 18 months after Feb. 16, 1990, submit a report to Congress containing the findings of the review and evaluation, together with the comments of the Secretary and measures which the Secretary has initiated to respond to any adverse findings of such review.
22 U.S.C. § 8561 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 92: COMPREHENSIVE IRAN SANCTIONS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DIVESTMENT / Subchapter V: MASIH ALINEJAD HARASSMENT AND UNLAWFUL TARGETING / Section 8561: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

Congress finds that the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran surveils, harasses, terrorizes, tortures, abducts, and murders individuals who peacefully defend human rights and freedoms in Iran, and innocent entities and individuals considered by the Government of Iran to be enemies of that regime, including United States citizens on United States soil, and takes foreign nationals hostage, including in the following instances:

(1) In 2021, Iranian intelligence agents were indicted for plotting to kidnap United States citizen, women's rights activist, and journalist Masih Alinejad, from her home in New York City, in retaliation for exercising her rights under the First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. Iranian agents allegedly spent at least approximately half a million dollars to capture the outspoken critic of the authoritarianism of the Government of Iran, and studied evacuating her by military-style speedboats to Venezuela before rendition to Iran.

(2) Prior to the New York kidnapping plot, Ms. Alinejad's family in Iran was instructed by authorities to lure Ms. Alinejad to Turkey. In an attempt to intimidate her into silence, the Government of Iran arrested 3 of Ms. Alinejad's family members in 2019, and sentenced her brother to 8 years in prison for refusing to denounce her.

(3) According to Federal prosecutors, the same Iranian intelligence network that allegedly plotted to kidnap Ms. Alinejad is also targeting critics of the Government of Iran who live in Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United Arab Emirates.

(4) In 2021, an Iranian diplomat was convicted in Belgium of attempting to carry out a 2018 bombing of a dissident rally in France.

(5) In 2021, a Danish high court found a Norwegian citizen of Iranian descent guilty of illegal espionage and complicity in a failed plot to kill an Iranian Arab dissident figure in Denmark.

(6) In 2021, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) appealed to the United Nations to protect BBC Persian employees in London who suffer regular harassment and threats of kidnapping by Iranian government agents.

(7) In 2021, 15 militants allegedly working on behalf of the Government of Iran were arrested in Ethiopia for plotting to attack citizens of Israel, the United States, and the United Arab Emirates, according to United States officials.

(8) In 2020, Iranian agents allegedly kidnapped United States resident and Iranian-German journalist Jamshid Sharmahd, while he was traveling to India through Dubai. Iranian authorities announced they had seized Mr. Sharmahd in "a complex operation", and paraded him blindfolded on state television. Mr. Sharmahd is arbitrarily detained in Iran, allegedly facing the death penalty. In 2009, Mr. Sharmahd was the target of an alleged Iran-directed assassination plot in Glendora, California.

(9) In 2020, the Government of Turkey released counterterrorism files exposing how Iranian authorities allegedly collaborated with drug gangs to kidnap Habib Chabi, an Iranian-Swedish activist for Iran's Arab minority. In 2020, the Government of Iran allegedly lured Mr. Chabi to Istanbul through a female agent posing as a potential lover. Mr. Chabi was then allegedly kidnapped from Istanbul, and smuggled into Iran where he faces execution, following a sham trial.

(10) In 2020, a United States-Iranian citizen and an Iranian resident of California pleaded guilty to charges of acting as illegal agents of the Government of Iran by surveilling Jewish student facilities, including the Hillel Center and Rohr Chabad Center at the University of Chicago, in addition to surveilling and collecting identifying information about United States citizens and nationals who are critical of the Iranian regime.

(11) In 2019, 2 Iranian intelligence officers at the Iranian consulate in Turkey allegedly orchestrated the assassination of Iranian dissident journalist Masoud Molavi Vardanjani, who was shot while walking with a friend in Istanbul. Unbeknownst to Mr. Molavi, his "friend" was in fact an undercover Iranian agent and the leader of the killing squad, according to a Turkish police report.

(12) In 2019, around 1,500 people were allegedly killed amid a less than 2 week crackdown by security forces on anti-government protests across Iran, including at least an alleged 23 children and 400 women.

(13) In 2019, Iranian operatives allegedly lured Paris-based Iranian journalist Ruhollah Zam to Iraq, where he was abducted, and hanged in Iran for sedition.

(14) In 2019, a Kurdistan regional court convicted an Iranian female for trying to lure Voice of America reporter Ali Javanmardi to a hotel room in Irbil, as part of a foiled Iranian intelligence plot to kidnap and extradite Mr. Javanmardi, a critic of the Government of Iran.

(15) In 2019, Federal Bureau of Investigation agents visited the rural Connecticut home of Iran-born United States author and poet Roya Hakakian to warn her that she was the target of an assassination plot orchestrated by the Government of Iran.

(16) In 2019, the Government of the Netherlands accused the Government of Iran of directing the assassination of Iranian Arab activist Ahmad Mola Nissi, in The Hague, and the assassination of another opposition figure, Reza Kolahi Samadi, who was murdered near Amsterdam in 2015.

(17) In 2018, German security forces searched for 10 alleged spies who were working for Iran's al-Quds Force to collect information on targets related to the local Jewish community, including kindergartens.

(18) In 2017, Germany convicted a Pakistani man for working as an Iranian agent to spy on targets including a former German lawmaker and a French-Israeli economics professor.

(19) In 2012, an Iranian American pleaded guilty to conspiring with members of the Iranian military to bomb a popular Washington, DC, restaurant with the aim of assassinating the ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States.

(20) In 1996, agents of the Government of Iran allegedly assassinated 5 Iranian dissident exiles across Turkey, Pakistan, and Baghdad, over a 5-month period that year.

(21) In 1992, the Foreign and Commonwealth Office of the United Kingdom expelled 2 Iranians employed at the Iranian Embassy in London and a third Iranian on a student visa amid allegations they were plotting to kill Indian-born British American novelist Salman Rushdie, pursuant to the fatwa issued by then supreme leader of Iran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini.

(22) In 1992, 4 Iranian Kurdish dissidents were assassinated at a restaurant in Berlin, Germany, allegedly by Iranian agents.

(23) In 1992, singer, actor, poet, and gay Iranian dissident Fereydoun Farrokhzad was found dead with multiple stab wounds in his apartment in Germany. His death is allegedly the work of Iran-directed agents.

(24) In 1980, Ali Akbar Tabatabaei, a leading critic of Iran and then president of the Iran Freedom Foundation, was murdered in front of his Bethesda, Maryland, home by an assassin disguised as a postal courier. The Federal Bureau of Investigation had identified the "mailman" as Dawud Salahuddin, born David Theodore Belfield. Mr. Salahuddin was working as a security guard at an Iranian interest office in Washington, DC, when he claims he accepted the assignment and payment of $5,000 from the Government of Iran to kill Mr. Tabatabaei.

(25) Other exiled Iranian dissidents alleged to have been victims of the Government of Iran's murderous extraterritorial campaign include Shahriar Shafiq, Shapour Bakhtiar, and Gholam Ali Oveissi.

(26) Iranian Americans face an ongoing campaign of intimidation both in the virtual and physical world by agents and affiliates of the Government of Iran, which aims to stifle freedom of expression and eliminate the threat Iranian authorities believe democracy, justice, and gender equality pose to their rule.

(Pub. L. 117–328, div. AA, title II, §202, Dec. 29, 2022, 136 Stat. 5530.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Masih Alinejad Harassment and Unlawful Targeting Act of 2022, also known as the Masih Alinejad HUNT Act of 2022, and not as part of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 which comprises this chapter.
22 U.S.C. § 2797c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter VII: CONTROL OF MISSILES AND MISSILE EQUIPMENT OR TECHNOLOGY / Section 2797c: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

(a) In general

For purposes of this subchapter—

(1) the term "missile" means a category I system as defined in the MTCR Annex, and any other unmanned delivery system of similar capability, as well as the specially designed production facilities for these systems;

(2) the term "Missile Technology Control Regime" or "MTCR" means the policy statement, between the United States, the United Kingdom, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, Italy, Canada, and Japan, announced on April 16, 1987, to restrict sensitive missile-relevant transfers based on the MTCR Annex, and any amendments thereto;

(3) the term "MTCR adherent" means a country that participates in the MTCR or that, pursuant to an international understanding to which the United States is a party, controls MTCR equipment or technology in accordance with the criteria and standards set forth in the MTCR;

(4) the term "MTCR Annex" means the Guidelines and Equipment and Technology Annex of the MTCR, and any amendments thereto;

(5) the terms "missile equipment or technology" and "MTCR equipment or technology" mean those items listed in category I or category II of the MTCR Annex;

(6) the term "United States person" has the meaning given that term in section 4618(2) 1 of title 50;

(7) the term "foreign person" means any person other than a United States person;

(8)(A) the term "person" means a natural person as well as a corporation, business association, partnership, society, trust, any other nongovernmental entity, organization, or group, and any governmental entity operating as a business enterprise, and any successor of any such entity; and

(B) in the case of countries with non-market economies (excluding former members of the Warsaw Pact), the term "person" means—

(i) all activities of that government relating to the development or production of any missile equipment or technology; and

(ii) all activities of that government affecting the development or production of electronics, space systems or equipment, and military aircraft; and

(9) the term "otherwise engaged in the trade of" means, with respect to a particular export or transfer, to be a freight forwarder or designated exporting agent, or a consignee or end user of the item to be exported or transferred.

(b) International understanding defined

For purposes of subsection (a)(3), as it relates to any international understanding concluded with the United States after January 1, 2000, the term "international understanding" means—

(1) any specific agreement by a country not to export, transfer, or otherwise engage in the trade of any MTCR equipment or technology that contributes to the acquisition, design, development, or production of missiles in a country that is not an MTCR adherent and would be, if it were United States-origin equipment or technology, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States under this chapter; or

(2) any specific understanding by a country that, notwithstanding section 2797b(b) of this title, the United States retains the right to take the actions under section 2797b(a)(2) of this title in the case of any export or transfer of any MTCR equipment or technology that contributes to the acquisition, design, development, or production of missiles in a country that is not an MTCR adherent and would be, if it were United States-origin equipment or technology, subject to the jurisdiction of the United States under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 7, §74, as added Pub. L. 101–510, div. A, title XVII, §1703, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1748; amended Pub. L. 102–138, title III, §323(b), (c), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 711; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. B, title XI, §1136(a)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–495.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4618(2) of title 50, referred to in subsec. (a)(6), was repealed by Pub. L. 115–232, div. A, title XVII, §1766(a), Aug. 13, 2018, 132 Stat. 2232.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1999—Pub. L. 106–113 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), inserted heading, and added subsec. (b).

1991—Par. (8)(B). Pub. L. 102–138, §323(b), substituted "countries with non-market economies (excluding former members of the Warsaw Pact)" for "countries where it may be impossible to identify a specific governmental entity referred to in subparagraph (A)".

Par. (8)(B)(ii). Pub. L. 102–138, §323(c), substituted "electronics, space systems or equipment, and military aircraft" for "aircraft, electronics, and space systems or equipment".

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 5952 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 68A: COOPERATIVE THREAT REDUCTION WITH STATES OF FORMER SOVIET UNION / Section 5952: Repealed. Pub. L. 113-291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(3), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607
Repealed. Pub. L. 113-291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(3), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607
Status: repealed

Section 5952, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XII, §1203, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1778; Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, §1306(c), formerly §1306(e), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2673, renumbered §1306(c), Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XIII, §1303(2), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3474; Pub. L. 110–53, title XVIII, §1811(2), Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 492; Pub. L. 110–181, div. A, title XIII, §1304(a)(2), Jan. 28, 2008, 122 Stat. 412, related to authority for programs to facilitate cooperative threat reduction.

Section 5953, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XII, §1204, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1779, authorized designation of Demilitarization Enterprise Fund.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Utilization of Contributions to the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program

Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XIII, §1303, Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2557, as amended by Pub. L. 113–66, div. A, title XIII, §1303, Dec. 26, 2013, 127 Stat. 931, which authorized the Secretary of Defense, through Dec. 31, 2018, to enter into agreements with any person (including a foreign government, international organization, multinational entity, or any other entity) under which the person would contribute funds for activities conducted under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(12)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Cooperative Threat Reduction Defense and Military Contacts Program

Pub. L. 111–84, div. A, title XIII, §1306(a), Oct. 28, 2009, 123 Stat. 2560, which set out standards for the administration of the Defense and Military Contacts Program under the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(12)(C), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Limited Waiver of Restrictions on Use of Funds for Threat Reduction in States of the Former Soviet Union

Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, §1306(a)–(d), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2673, as amended by Pub. L. 109–163, div. A, title XIII, §1303(1), Jan. 6, 2006, 119 Stat. 3474, which authorized the President to waive the restrictions and eligibility requirements set out in former section 5952(d) of this title for the obligation and expenditure of funds under that section for assistance to an independent state of the former Soviet Union, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(10), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Requirement To Consider Use of Revenue Generated by Activities Carried Out Under Cooperative Threat Reduction Programs

Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, §1304, Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1255, which required that the Secretary of Defense consider the use of revenue generated by activities carried out under Cooperative Threat Reduction programs in negotiating and executing contracts with Russia to carry out such programs, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(9), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Limitation on Use of Funds for Certain Purposes

Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XIII, §1305, Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2673, which prohibited the use of funds appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for the design, planning, or construction of a second wing for a storage facility for Russian fissile material, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(10), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XIII, §1303], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–340, which prohibited the obligation or expenditure of funds appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for the elimination of conventional weapons or the delivery vehicles primarily intended to deliver such weapons, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(8)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XIII, §1304], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–340, as amended by Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XIII, §1305(b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1255, which limited the use of funds appropriated for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs for the planning, design, or construction of the first wing for the storage facility for Russian fissile material referred to in section 1302(a)(5) of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 (114 Stat. 1654–339) to not more than $412,600,000, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(8)(A), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.

Requirement To Submit Summary of Amounts Requested by Project Category

Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XIII, §1307, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2165, as amended by Pub. L. 108–375, div. A, title XIII, §1304, Oct. 28, 2004, 118 Stat. 2094, which required that the Secretary of Defense submit to Congress an annual descriptive summary of the appropriations requested for Cooperative Threat Reduction programs and the obligation or expenditure of such appropriations for the previous fiscal year, was repealed by Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(6), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607.
22 U.S.C. § 6724 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 75: CHEMICAL WEAPONS CONVENTION IMPLEMENTATION / Subchapter II: INSPECTIONS / Section 6724: Procedures for inspections
Procedures for inspections
Status: in_force

(a) Types of inspections

Each inspection of a plant, plant site, or other facility or location in the United States under the Convention shall be conducted in accordance with this section and section 6725 of this title, except where other procedures are provided in a facility agreement entered into under section 6722 of this title.

(b) Notice

(1) In general

An inspection referred to in subsection (a) may be made only upon issuance of an actual written notice by the United States National Authority to the owner and to the operator, occupant, or agent in charge of the premises to be inspected.

(2) Time of notification

The notice for a routine inspection shall be submitted to the owner and to the operator, occupant, or agent in charge within six hours of receiving the notification of the inspection from the Technical Secretariat or as soon as possible thereafter. Notice for a challenge inspection shall be provided at any appropriate time determined by the United States National Authority. Notices may be posted prominently at the plant, plant site, or other facility or location if the United States is unable to provide actual written notice to the owner, operator, or agent in charge of the premises.

(3) Content of notice

(A) In general

The notice under paragraph (1) shall include all appropriate information supplied by the Technical Secretariat to the United States National Authority concerning—

(i) the type of inspection;

(ii) the basis for the selection of the plant, plant site, or other facility or location for the type of inspection sought;

(iii) the time and date that the inspection will begin and the period covered by the inspection; and

(iv) the names and titles of the inspectors.

(B) Special rule for challenge inspections

In the case of a challenge inspection pursuant to Article IX of the Convention, the notice shall also include all appropriate evidence or reasons provided by the requesting state party to the Convention for seeking the inspection.

(4) Separate notices required

A separate notice shall be provided for each inspection, except that a notice shall not be required for each entry made during the period covered by the inspection.

(c) Credentials

The head of the inspection team of the Technical Secretariat and the accompanying employees of the Federal Government (and, in the case of an inspection of a United States Government facility, any accompanying contractor personnel) shall display appropriate identifying credentials to the owner, operator, occupant, or agent in charge of the premises before the inspection is commenced.

(d) Timeframe for inspections

Consistent with the provisions of the Convention, each inspection shall be commenced and completed with reasonable promptness and shall be conducted at reasonable times, within reasonable limits, and in a reasonable manner.

(e) Scope

(1) In general

Except as provided in a warrant issued under section 6725 of this title or a facility agreement entered into under section 6722 of this title, an inspection conducted under this subchapter may extend to all things within the premises inspected (including records, files, papers, processes, controls, structures and vehicles) related to whether the requirements of the Convention applicable to such premises have been complied with.

(2) Exception

Unless required by the Convention, no inspection under this subchapter shall extend to—

(A) financial data;

(B) sales and marketing data (other than shipment data);

(C) pricing data;

(D) personnel data;

(E) research data;

(F) patent data;

(G) data maintained for compliance with environmental or occupational health and safety regulations; or

(H) personnel and vehicles entering and personnel and personal passenger vehicles exiting the facility.

(f) Sampling and safety

(1) In general

The Director of the United States National Authority is authorized to require the provision of samples to a member of the inspection team of the Technical Secretariat in accordance with the provisions of the Convention. The owner or the operator, occupant or agent in charge of the premises to be inspected shall determine whether the sample shall be taken by representatives of the premises or the inspection team or other individuals present. No sample collected in the United States pursuant to an inspection permitted by this chapter may be transferred for analysis to any laboratory outside the territory of the United States.

(2) Compliance with regulations

In carrying out their activities, members of the inspection team of the Technical Secretariat and representatives of agencies or departments accompanying the inspection team shall observe safety regulations established at the premises to be inspected, including those for protection of controlled environments within a facility and for personal safety.

(g) Coordination

The appropriate representatives of the United States, as designated, if present, shall assist the owner and the operator, occupant or agent in charge of the premises to be inspected in interacting with the members of the inspection team of the Technical Secretariat.

(Pub. L. 105–277, div. I, title III, §304, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–874; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XII, §1204(b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1247.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (f)(1), was in the original "this Act" and was translated as reading "this division", meaning div. I of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–856, known as the Chemical Weapons Convention Implementation Act of 1998, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. For complete classification of division I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6701 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2001—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 107–107 substituted "Federal Government (and, in the case of an inspection of a United States Government facility, any accompanying contractor personnel)" for "Federal government".
22 U.S.C. § 5491 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 63: SUPPORT FOR EAST EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY (SEED) / Subchapter VII: MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS / Section 5491: Suspension of SEED assistance
Suspension of SEED assistance
Status: in_force

The President should suspend all assistance to an East European country pursuant to this chapter if the President determines, and reports to the Congress, that—

(1) that country is engaged in international activities directly and fundamentally contrary to United States national security interests;

(2) the president or any other government official of that country initiates martial law or a state of emergency for reasons other than to respond to a natural disaster or a foreign invasion; or

(3) any member who was elected to that country's parliament has been removed from that office or arrested through extraconstitutional processes.

(Pub. L. 101–179, title VIII, §801, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1322.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 101–179, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1298, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5401 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 2282 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2282: Assistance for commercial debt exchanges
Assistance for commercial debt exchanges
Status: in_force

(a) The Administrator of the Agency for International Development is authorized to furnish assistance, in the form of grants on such terms and conditions as may be necessary, to nongovernmental organizations for the purchase on the open market of discounted commercial debt of a foreign government of an eligible country which will be canceled or redeemed under the terms of an agreement with that government as part of a debt-for-nature exchange.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, a grantee (or any subgrantee) of the grants referred to in subsection (a) may retain, without deposit in the Treasury of the United States and without further appropriation by Congress, interest earned on the proceeds of any resulting debt-for-nature exchange pending the disbursements of such proceeds and interest for approved program purposes, which may include the establishment of an endowment, the income of which is used for such purposes.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §462 [472], as added Pub. L. 101–240, title VII, §711, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2521.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Another section 462 of Pub. L. 87–195 is classified to section 2272 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2399a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2399a: Repealed. Pub. L. 90-629, ch. 4, §45(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1327
Repealed. Pub. L. 90-629, ch. 4, §45(a), Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1327
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §640, as added Pub. L. 89–171, pt. III, §302(k), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 661; amended Pub. L. 90–137, pt. III, §302(q), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 462, related to military sales. See section 2753(a)(1) of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective July 1, 1968, see section 41 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as an Effective Date note under section 2751 of this title.

Savings Provision

Determinations, authorizations, regulations, orders, contracts, agreements, and other actions issued, undertaken, or entered into under authority of any provision of former section 2399a of this title as continuing in full force and effect until modified by appropriate authority, see section 46 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as a note under section 2341 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6322 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 72: NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION PREVENTION / Subchapter II: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY / Section 6322: IAEA internal reforms
IAEA internal reforms
Status: in_force

In order to promote the early adoption of reforms in the implementation of the safeguards responsibilities of the IAEA, the Congress urges the President to negotiate with other nations and groups of nations, including the IAEA Board of Governors and the Nuclear Suppliers Group, to—

(1) improve the access of the IAEA within nuclear facilities that are capable of producing, processing, or fabricating special nuclear material suitable for use in a nuclear explosive device;

(2)(A) facilitate the IAEA's efforts to meet and to maintain its own goals for detecting the diversion of nuclear materials and equipment, giving particular attention to facilities in which there are bulk quantities of plutonium; and

(B) if it is not technically feasible for the IAEA to meet those detection goals in a particular facility, require the IAEA to declare publicly that it is unable to do so;

(3) enable the IAEA to issue fines for violations of safeguards procedures, to pay rewards for information on possible safeguards violations, and to establish a "hot line" for the reporting of such violations and other illicit uses of weapons-grade nuclear material;

(4) establish safeguards at facilities engaged in the manufacture of equipment or material that is especially designated or prepared for the processing, use, or production of special fissionable material or, in the case of non-nuclear-weapon states, of any nuclear explosive device;

(5) establish safeguards over nuclear research and development activities and facilities;

(6) implement special inspections of undeclared nuclear facilities, as provided for under existing safeguards procedures, and seek authority for the IAEA to conduct challenge inspections on demand at suspected nuclear sites;

(7) expand the scope of safeguards to include tritium, uranium concentrates, and nuclear waste containing special fissionable material, and increase the scope of such safeguards on heavy water;

(8) revise downward the IAEA's official minimum amounts of nuclear material ("significant quantity") needed to make a nuclear explosive device and establish these amounts as national rather than facility standards;

(9) expand the use of full-time resident IAEA inspectors at sensitive fuel cycle facilities;

(10) promote the use of near real time material accountancy in the conduct of safeguards at facilities that use, produce, or store significant quantities of special fissionable material;

(11) develop with other IAEA member nations an agreement on procedures to expedite approvals of visa applications by IAEA inspectors;

(12) provide the IAEA the additional funds, technical assistance, and political support necessary to carry out the goals set forth in this subsection; 1 and

(13) make public the annual safeguards implementation report of the IAEA, establishing a public registry of commodities in international nuclear commerce, including dual-use goods, and creating a public repository of current nuclear trade control laws, agreements, regulations, and enforcement and judicial actions by IAEA member nations.

(Pub. L. 103–236, title VIII, §842, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 523.)

1 So in original. Probably should be "section;".
22 U.S.C. § 7421 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 81: INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT / Subchapter II: AMERICAN SERVICEMEMBERS' PROTECTION / Section 7421: Findings
Findings
Status: in_force

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) On July 17, 1998, the United Nations Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court, meeting in Rome, Italy, adopted the "Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court". The vote on whether to proceed with the statute was 120 in favor to 7 against, with 21 countries abstaining. The United States voted against final adoption of the Rome Statute.

(2) As of April 30, 2001, 139 countries had signed the Rome Statute and 30 had ratified it. Pursuant to Article 126 of the Rome Statute, the statute will enter into force on the first day of the month after the 60th day following the date on which the 60th country deposits an instrument ratifying the statute.

(3) Since adoption of the Rome Statute, a Preparatory Commission for the International Criminal Court has met regularly to draft documents to implement the Rome Statute, including Rules of Procedure and Evidence, Elements of Crimes, and a definition of the Crime of Aggression.

(4) During testimony before the Congress following the adoption of the Rome Statute, the lead United States negotiator, Ambassador David Scheffer stated that the United States could not sign the Rome Statute because certain critical negotiating objectives of the United States had not been achieved. As a result, he stated: "We are left with consequences that do not serve the cause of international justice.".

(5) Ambassador Scheffer went on to tell the Congress that: "Multinational peacekeeping forces operating in a country that has joined the treaty can be exposed to the Court's jurisdiction even if the country of the individual peacekeeper has not joined the treaty. Thus, the treaty purports to establish an arrangement whereby United States armed forces operating overseas could be conceivably prosecuted by the international court even if the United States has not agreed to be bound by the treaty. Not only is this contrary to the most fundamental principles of treaty law, it could inhibit the ability of the United States to use its military to meet alliance obligations and participate in multinational operations, including humanitarian interventions to save civilian lives. Other contributors to peacekeeping operations will be similarly exposed.".

(6) Notwithstanding these concerns, President Clinton directed that the United States sign the Rome Statute on December 31, 2000. In a statement issued that day, he stated that in view of the unremedied deficiencies of the Rome Statute, "I will not, and do not recommend that my successor submit the Treaty to the Senate for advice and consent until our fundamental concerns are satisfied".

(7) Any American prosecuted by the International Criminal Court will, under the Rome Statute, be denied procedural protections to which all Americans are entitled under the Bill of Rights to the United States Constitution, such as the right to trial by jury.

(8) Members of the Armed Forces of the United States should be free from the risk of prosecution by the International Criminal Court, especially when they are stationed or deployed around the world to protect the vital national interests of the United States. The United States Government has an obligation to protect the members of its Armed Forces, to the maximum extent possible, against criminal prosecutions carried out by the International Criminal Court.

(9) In addition to exposing members of the Armed Forces of the United States to the risk of international criminal prosecution, the Rome Statute creates a risk that the President and other senior elected and appointed officials of the United States Government may be prosecuted by the International Criminal Court. Particularly if the Preparatory Commission agrees on a definition of the Crime of Aggression over United States objections, senior United States officials may be at risk of criminal prosecution for national security decisions involving such matters as responding to acts of terrorism, preventing the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, and deterring aggression. No less than members of the Armed Forces of the United States, senior officials of the United States Government should be free from the risk of prosecution by the International Criminal Court, especially with respect to official actions taken by them to protect the national interests of the United States.

(10) Any agreement within the Preparatory Commission on a definition of the Crime of Aggression that usurps the prerogative of the United Nations Security Council under Article 39 of the charter of the United Nations to "determine the existence of any . . . . act of aggression" would contravene the charter of the United Nations and undermine deterrence.

(11) It is a fundamental principle of international law that a treaty is binding upon its parties only and that it does not create obligations for nonparties without their consent to be bound. The United States is not a party to the Rome Statute and will not be bound by any of its terms. The United States will not recognize the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court over United States nationals.

(Pub. L. 107–206, title II, §2002, Aug. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 899.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

For short title of this subchapter as the "American Servicemembers' Protection Act of 2002", see section 2001 of Pub. L. 107–206, set out as a note under section 7401 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4071k (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY / Section 4071k: Spousal agreements
Spousal agreements
Status: in_force

A spousal agreement is any written agreement (properly authenticated as determined by the Secretary of State) between a participant or former participant and his or her spouse or former spouse on file with the Secretary of State. A spousal agreement shall be consistent with the terms of this chapter and applicable regulations and, if executed at the time a participant or former participant is currently married, shall be approved by such current spouse. It may be used to fix the level of benefits payable under this part to a spouse or former spouse.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §862, as added Pub. L. 99–335, title IV, §415, June 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 621.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 96–465, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2071, known as the Foreign Service Act of 1980, which is classified principally to this chapter (§3901 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3901 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 2692 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2692: Compensation for persons participating in State Department proceedings; availability of funds
Compensation for persons participating in State Department proceedings; availability of funds
Status: in_force

(a) The Secretary of State may compensate, pursuant to regulations which he shall prescribe, for the cost of participating in any proceeding or on any advisory committee or delegation of the Department of State, any organization or person—

(1) who is representing an interest which would not otherwise be adequately represented and whose participation is necessary for a fair determination of the issues taken as a whole; and

(2) who would otherwise be unable to participate in such proceeding or on such committee or delegation because such organization or person cannot afford to pay the costs of such participation.

(b) Of the funds appropriated for salaries and expenses for the Department of State, not to exceed $250,000 shall be available in any fiscal year for compensation under this section to such organizations and persons.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §22, as added Pub. L. 95–105, title I, §113(a), Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 848; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(a), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 95–105, title I, §113(b), Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 849, provided that: "Subsection (a) [enacting this section] shall become effective on October 1, 1977."
22 U.S.C. § 263b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Section 263b: Transnational repression accountability and prevention
Transnational repression accountability and prevention
Status: in_force

(a) Sense of Congress

It is the sense of Congress that some INTERPOL member countries have repeatedly misused INTERPOL's databases and processes, including Notice and Diffusion mechanisms, to conduct activities of an overtly political or other unlawful character and in violation of international human rights standards, including by making requests to harass or persecute political opponents, human rights defenders, or journalists.

(b) Support for INTERPOL institutional reforms

The Attorney General and the Secretary of State shall—

(1) use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States, as appropriate, within INTERPOL's General Assembly and Executive Committee to promote reforms aimed at improving the transparency of INTERPOL and ensuring its operation consistent with its Constitution, particularly articles 2 and 3, and Rules on the Processing of Data, including—

(A) supporting INTERPOL's reforms enhancing the screening process for Notices, Diffusions, and other INTERPOL communications to ensure they comply with INTERPOL's Constitution and Rules on the Processing of Data (RPD);

(B) supporting and strengthening INTERPOL's coordination with the Commission for Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF) in cases in which INTERPOL or the CCF has determined that a member country issued a Notice, Diffusion, or other INTERPOL communication against an individual in violation of articles 2 or 3 of the INTERPOL Constitution, or the RPD, to prohibit such member country from seeking the publication or issuance of any subsequent Notices, Diffusions, or other INTERPOL communication against the same individual based on the same set of claims or facts;

(C) increasing, to the extent practicable, dedicated funding to the CCF and the Notices and Diffusions Task Force in order to further expand operations related to the review of requests for red notices and red diffusions;

(D) supporting candidates for positions within INTERPOL's structures, including the Presidency, Executive Committee, General Secretariat, and CCF who have demonstrated experience relating to and respect for the rule of law;

(E) seeking to require INTERPOL in its annual report to provide a detailed account, disaggregated by member country or entity of—

(i) the number of Notice requests, disaggregated by color, that it received;

(ii) the number of Notice requests, disaggregated by color, that it rejected;

(iii) the category of violation identified in each instance of a rejected Notice;

(iv) the number of Diffusions that it cancelled without reference to decisions by the CCF; and

(v) the sources of all INTERPOL income during the reporting period; and

(F) supporting greater transparency by the CCF in its annual report by providing a detailed account, disaggregated by country, of—

(i) the number of admissible requests for correction or deletion of data received by the CCF regarding issued Notices, Diffusions, and other INTERPOL communications; and

(ii) the category of violation alleged in each such complaint;

(2) inform the INTERPOL General Secretariat about incidents in which member countries abuse INTERPOL communications for politically motivated or other unlawful purposes so that, as appropriate, action can be taken by INTERPOL; and

(3) request to censure member countries that repeatedly abuse and misuse INTERPOL's red notice and red diffusion mechanisms, including restricting the access of those countries to INTERPOL's data and information systems.

(c) Report on INTERPOL

(1) In general

Not later than 180 days after December 27, 2021, and biannually thereafter for a period of 4 years, the Attorney General and the Secretary of State, in consultation with the heads of other relevant United States Government departments or agencies, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report containing an assessment of how INTERPOL member countries abuse INTERPOL Red Notices, Diffusions, and other INTERPOL communications for political motives and other unlawful purposes within the past three years.

(2) Elements

The report required under paragraph (1) shall include the following elements:

(A) A list of countries that the Attorney General and the Secretary determine have repeatedly abused and misused the red notice and red diffusion mechanisms for political purposes.

(B) A description of the most common tactics employed by member countries in conducting such abuse, including the crimes most commonly alleged and the INTERPOL communications most commonly exploited.

(C) An assessment of the adequacy of INTERPOL mechanisms for challenging abusive requests, including the Commission for the Control of INTERPOL's Files (CCF), an assessment of the CCF's March 2017 Operating Rules, and any shortcoming the United States believes should be addressed.

(D) A description of how INTERPOL's General Secretariat identifies requests for red notice or red diffusions that are politically motivated or are otherwise in violation of INTERPOL's rules and how INTERPOL reviews and addresses cases in which a member country has abused or misused the red notice and red diffusion mechanisms for overtly political purposes.

(E) A description of any incidents in which the Department of Justice assesses that United States courts and executive departments or agencies have relied on INTERPOL communications in contravention of existing law or policy to seek the detention of individuals or render judgments concerning their immigration status or requests for asylum, with holding of removal, or convention against torture claims and any measures the Department of Justice or other executive departments or agencies took in response to these incidents.

(F) A description of how the United States monitors and responds to likely instances of abuse of INTERPOL communications by member countries that could affect the interests of the United States, including citizens and nationals of the United States, employees of the United States Government, aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, aliens who are lawfully present in the United States, or aliens with pending asylum, withholding of removal, or convention against torture claims, though they may be unlawfully present in the United States.

(G) A description of what actions the United States takes in response to credible information it receives concerning likely abuse of INTERPOL communications targeting employees of the United States Government for activities they undertook in an official capacity.

(H) A description of United States advocacy for reform and good governance within INTERPOL.

(I) A strategy for improving interagency coordination to identify and address instances of INTERPOL abuse that affect the interests of the United States, including international respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, citizens and nationals of the United States, employees of the United States Government, aliens lawfully admitted for permanent residence in the United States, aliens who are lawfully present in the United States, or aliens with pending asylum, withholding of removal, or convention against torture claims, though they may be unlawfully present in the United States.

(3) Form of report

Each report required under this subsection shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex, as appropriate. The unclassified portion of the report shall be posted on a publicly available website of the Department of State and of the Department of Justice.

(4) Briefing

Not later than 30 days after the submission of each report under paragraph (1), the Department of Justice and the Department of State, in coordination with other relevant United States Government departments and agencies, shall brief the appropriate committees of Congress on the content of the reports and recent instances of INTERPOL abuse by member countries and United States efforts to identify and challenge such abuse, including efforts to promote reform and good governance within INTERPOL.

(d) Prohibition regarding basis for extradition

No United States Government department or agency may extradite an individual based solely on an INTERPOL Red Notice or Diffusion issued by another INTERPOL member country for such individual.

(e) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Appropriate committees of Congress

The term "appropriate committees of Congress" means—

(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and

(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.

(2) INTERPOL communications

The term "INTERPOL communications" means any INTERPOL Notice or Diffusion or any entry into any INTERPOL database or other communications system maintained by INTERPOL.

(Pub. L. 117–81, div. F, title LXV, §6503, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2423.)
22 U.S.C. § 9265 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 99: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS AND POLICY ENHANCEMENT / Subchapter V: AUTHORITIES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO EXPANDED SANCTIONS / Section 9265: Notification of termination or suspension of sanctions
Notification of termination or suspension of sanctions
Status: in_force

Before taking any action to terminate or suspend the application of sanctions under this subtitle 1 or an amendment made by this subtitle, the President shall notify the appropriate congressional committees of the President's intent to take the action and the reasons for the action.

(Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXI, §7131, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2252.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subtitle, referred to in text, is subtitle A of title LXXI of div. F of Pub. L. 116–92, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2244, which enacted this subchapter and sections 262p–13, 286yy, 9221b, and 9221c of this title, amended sections 9202, 9212, 9214, 9223, 9224, 9228, 9241, and 9251 of this title, repealed sections 262p–13 and 286yy of this title, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 262p–13 and 286yy of this title. For complete classification of this subtitle to the Code, see Tables.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Otto Warmbier North Korea Nuclear Sanctions and Enforcement Act of 2019, and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, and not as part of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 which comprises this chapter.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions and authorities of President under this section delegated to Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, by section 1(a)(v) of Memorandum of President of the United States, Feb. 21, 2020, 85 F.R. 13717, set out as a note under section 286yy of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 10301 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 110: INFORMATION SECURITY AND CYBER DIPLOMACY / Section 10301: United States international cyberspace policy
United States international cyberspace policy
Status: in_force

(a) In general

It is the policy of the United States—

(1) to work internationally to promote an open, interoperable, reliable, and secure internet governed by the multi-stakeholder model, which—

(A) promotes democracy, the rule of law, and human rights, including freedom of expression;

(B) supports the ability to innovate, communicate, and promote economic prosperity; and

(C) is designed to protect privacy and guard against deception, malign influence, incitement to violence, harassment and abuse, fraud, and theft;

(2) to encourage and aid United States allies and partners in improving their own technological capabilities and resiliency to pursue, defend, and protect shared interests and values, free from coercion and external pressure; and

(3) in furtherance of the efforts described in paragraphs (1) and (2)—

(A) to provide incentives to the private sector to accelerate the development of the technologies referred to in such paragraphs;

(B) to modernize and harmonize with allies and partners export controls and investment screening regimes and associated policies and regulations; and

(C) to enhance United States leadership in technical standards-setting bodies and avenues for developing norms regarding the use of digital tools.

(b) Implementation

In implementing the policy described in subsection (a), the President, in consultation with outside actors, as appropriate, including private sector companies, nongovernmental organizations, security researchers, and other relevant stakeholders, in the conduct of bilateral and multilateral relations, shall strive—

(1) to clarify the applicability of international laws and norms to the use of information and communications technology (referred to in this subsection as "ICT");

(2) to reduce and limit the risk of escalation and retaliation in cyberspace, damage to critical infrastructure, and other malicious cyber activity that impairs the use and operation of critical infrastructure that provides services to the public;

(3) to cooperate with like-minded countries that share common values and cyberspace policies with the United States, including respect for human rights, democracy, and the rule of law, to advance such values and policies internationally;

(4) to encourage the responsible development of new, innovative technologies and ICT products that strengthen a secure internet architecture that is accessible to all;

(5) to secure and implement commitments on responsible country behavior in cyberspace, including commitments by countries—

(A) not to conduct, or knowingly support, cyber-enabled theft of intellectual property, including trade secrets or other confidential business information, with the intent of providing competitive advantages to companies or commercial sectors;

(B) to take all appropriate and reasonable efforts to keep their territories clear of intentionally wrongful acts using ICT in violation of international commitments;

(C) not to conduct or knowingly support ICT activity that intentionally damages or otherwise impairs the use and operation of critical infrastructure providing services to the public, in violation of international law;

(D) to take appropriate measures to protect the country's critical infrastructure from ICT threats;

(E) not to conduct or knowingly support malicious international activity that harms the information systems of authorized international emergency response teams (also known as "computer emergency response teams" or "cybersecurity incident response teams") of another country or authorize emergency response teams to engage in malicious international activity, in violation of international law;

(F) to respond to appropriate requests for assistance to mitigate malicious ICT activity emanating from their territory and aimed at the critical infrastructure of another country;

(G) not to restrict cross-border data flows or require local storage or processing of data; and

(H) to protect the exercise of human rights and fundamental freedoms on the internet, while recognizing that the human rights that people have offline also need to be protected online; and

(6) to advance, encourage, and support the development and adoption of internationally recognized technical standards and best practices.

(Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCV, §9501, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3897.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Support of Policy in United Nations

Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCV, §9502(c), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3902, provided that: "The Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations should use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to oppose any measure that is inconsistent with the policy described in section 9501(a) [22 U.S.C. 10301(a)]."
22 U.S.C. § 4111 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter X: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS / Section 4111: Exclusive recognition
Exclusive recognition
Status: in_force

(a) Secret ballot election; majority vote

The Department shall accord exclusive recognition to a labor organization if the organization has been selected as the representative, in a secret ballot election, by a majority of the employees in a unit who cast valid ballots in the election.

(b) Investigation of petition; hearing; supervision of election; certification of results; length of time between elections

If a petition is filed with the Board—

(1) by any person alleging—

(A) in the case of a unit for which there is no exclusive representative, that 30 percent of the employees in the unit wish to be represented for the purpose of collective bargaining by an exclusive representative, or

(B) in the case of a unit for which there is an exclusive representative, that 30 percent of the employees in the unit alleged that the exclusive representative is no longer the representative of the majority of the employees in the unit; or

(2) by any person seeking clarification of, or an amendment to, a certification then in effect or a matter relating to representation;

the Board shall investigate the petition, and if it has reasonable cause to believe that a question of representation exists, it shall provide an opportunity for a hearing (for which a transcript shall be kept) after reasonable notice. If the Board finds on the record of the hearing that a question of representation exists, the Board shall supervise or conduct an election on the question by secret ballot and shall certify the results thereof. An election under this subsection shall not be conducted in any unit within which a valid election under this subsection has been held during the preceding 12 calendar months or with respect to which a labor organization has been certified as the exclusive representative during the preceding 24 calendar months.

(c) Intervention of labor organizations; placement on ballot

A labor organization which—

(1) has been designated by at least 10 percent of the employees in the unit; or

(2) is the exclusive representative of the employees involved;

may intervene with respect to a petition filed pursuant to subsection (b) and shall be placed on the ballot of any election under subsection (b) with respect to the petition.

(d) Eligibility to vote; regulations; choices on ballot; preferential voting; certification as exclusive representative

(1) The Board shall determine who is eligible to vote in any election under this section and shall establish regulations governing any such election, which shall include regulations allowing employees eligible to vote the opportunity to choose—

(A) from labor organizations on the ballot, that labor organization which the employees wish to have represent them; or

(B) not to be represented by a labor organization.

(2) In any election in which more than two choices are on the ballot, the regulations of the Board shall provide for preferential voting. If no choice receives a majority of first preferences, the Board shall distribute to the two choices having the most first preferences the preferences as between those two of the other valid ballots cast. The choice receiving a majority of preferences shall be declared the winner. A labor organization which is declared the winner of the election shall be certified by the Board as the exclusive representative.

(e) Submission of required material

A labor organization seeking exclusive recognition shall submit to the Board and to the Department a roster of its officers and representatives, a copy of its constitution and bylaws, and a statement of its objectives.

(f) Grounds for denial of exclusive recognition status

Exclusive recognition shall not be accorded to a labor organization—

(1) if the Board determines that the labor organization is subject to corrupt influence or influences opposed to democratic principles; or

(2) in the case of a petition filed under subsection (b)(1)(A), if there is not credible evidence that at least 30 percent of the employees wish to be represented for the purpose of collective bargaining by the labor organization seeking exclusive recognition.

(g) Waiver of hearings; consent elections

Nothing in this section shall be construed to prohibit the waiving of hearings by stipulation for the purpose of a consent election in conformity with regulations and rules or decisions of the Board.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §1011, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2134.)
22 U.S.C. § 2285 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2285: Terms and conditions
Terms and conditions
Status: in_force

(a) Fulfillment upon final approval by Administrator

The terms and conditions for making grants under this part shall be deemed to be fulfilled upon final approval by the Administrator of the Agency for International Development of the debt-for-nature exchange, a certification by the nongovernmental organization that the host government has accepted the terms of the exchange, and that an agreement has been reached to cancel the commercial debt in an agreed upon fashion.

(b) Grants intended to complement assistance otherwise available

Grants made under this section are intended to complement, and not substitute for, assistance otherwise available to a foreign country under this chapter or any other provision of law.

(c) Prohibition against acceptance of title or interest in land as condition on debt exchange

The United States Government is prohibited from accepting title or interest in any land in a foreign country as a condition on the debt exchange.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §465 [475], as added Pub. L. 101–240, title VII, §711, Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2522.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Another section 465 of Pub. L. 87–195 is classified to section 2275 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 1645c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter VII: CLAIMS AGAINST VIETNAM / Section 1645c: Ownership of claims by nationals
Ownership of claims by nationals
Status: in_force

A claim may be favorably considered under section 1645b of this title only if the property right on which it is based was owned, wholly or partially, directly or indirectly, by a national of the United States on the date of loss and only to the extent that the claim has been held by one or more nationals of the United States continuously from the date that the loss occurred until the date of filing with the Commission.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title VII, §704, as added Pub. L. 96–606, Dec. 28, 1980, 94 Stat. 3535.)
22 U.S.C. § 4216 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter XIV: POWERS, DUTIES AND LIABILITIES OF CONSULAR OFFICERS GENERALLY / Section 4216: Posting rates of fees
Posting rates of fees
Status: in_force

It shall be the duty of all consular officers at all times to keep posted up in their offices, respectively, in a conspicuous place, and subject to the examination of all persons interested therein, a copy of such rates or tariffs as shall be in force.

(R.S. §1731.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §1731 derived from act Aug. 18, 1856, ch. 127, §16, 11 Stat. 57.

Section was not enacted as part of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 which comprises this chapter.

Section was formerly classified to section 1197 of this title, and prior thereto to section 101 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2507g (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 34: THE PEACE CORPS / Section 2507g: Establishment of a confidentiality protection policy
Establishment of a confidentiality protection policy
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The President shall establish and maintain a process to allow volunteers to report incidents of misconduct or mismanagement, or violations of any policy, of the Peace Corps in order to protect the confidentiality and safety of such volunteers and of the information reported, and to ensure that such information is acted on appropriately. This process shall conform to existing best practices regarding confidentiality.

(b) Guidance

The President shall provide additional training to officers and employees of the Peace Corps who have access to information reported by volunteers under subsection (a) in order to protect against the inappropriate disclosures of such information and ensure the safety of such volunteers.

(c) Penalty

Any Peace Corps volunteer or staff member who is responsible for maintaining confidentiality under subsection (a) and who breaches such duty shall be subject to disciplinary action, including termination, and in the case of a staff member, ineligibility for re-employment with the Peace Corps.

(Pub. L. 87–293, title I, §8G, as added Pub. L. 112–57, §2, Nov. 21, 2011, 125 Stat. 742.)
22 U.S.C. § 6414 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 73: INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM / Subchapter I: DEPARTMENT OF STATE ACTIVITIES / Section 6414: High-level contacts with nongovernmental organizations
High-level contacts with nongovernmental organizations
Status: in_force

United States chiefs of mission shall seek out and contact religious nongovernmental organizations to provide high-level meetings with religious nongovernmental organizations where appropriate and beneficial. United States chiefs of mission and Foreign Service officers abroad shall seek to meet with imprisoned religious leaders where appropriate and beneficial.

(Pub. L. 105–292, title I, §105, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2795.)
22 U.S.C. § 2296c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2296c: Border control assistance
Border control assistance
Status: in_force

(a) Purpose of assistance

The purpose of assistance under this section includes the assistance of the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia to secure their borders and implement effective controls necessary to prevent the trafficking of illegal narcotics and the proliferation of technology and materials related to weapons of mass destruction (as defined in section 2332a(c)(2) of title 18), and to contain and inhibit transnational organized criminal activities.

(b) Authorization for assistance

To carry out the purpose of subsection (a), the President is authorized to provide assistance to the countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia to support the activities described in subsection (c).

(c) Activities supported

Activities that may be supported by assistance under subsection (b) include assisting those countries of the South Caucasus and Central Asia in developing capabilities to maintain national border guards, coast guard, and customs controls.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §499C, as added Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(2) [title V, §596(b)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1535, 1501A–124.)

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4304a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 53: AUTHORITIES RELATING TO THE REGULATION OF FOREIGN MISSIONS / Section 4304a: Enforcement of compliance with liability insurance requirements
Enforcement of compliance with liability insurance requirements
Status: in_force

(a) Notice to Secretary by head of foreign mission of lapse or termination of coverage; report to Secretary by head of foreign mission respecting motor vehicles, vessels and aircraft registered in United States

(1) The head of a foreign mission shall notify promptly the Secretary of the lapse or termination of any liability insurance coverage held by a member of the mission, by a member of the family of such member, or by an individual described in section 19 of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of February 13, 1946.

(2) Not later than February 1 of each year, the head of each foreign mission shall prepare and transmit to the Secretary a report including a list of motor vehicles, vessels, and aircraft registered in the United States by members of the mission, members of the families of such members, individuals described in section 19 of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of February 13, 1946, and by the mission itself. Such list shall set forth for each such motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft—

(A) the jurisdiction in which it is registered;

(B) the name of the insured;

(C) the name of the insurance company;

(D) the insurance policy number and the extent of insurance coverage; and

(E) such other information as the Secretary may prescribe.

(b) Surcharge or fee covering unsatisfied part of judgment; preconditions for imposition

Whenever the Secretary finds that a member of a foreign mission, a member of the family of such member, or an individual described in section 19 of the Convention on Privileges and Immunities of the United Nations of February 13, 1946—

(1) is at fault for personal injury, death, or property damage arising out of the operation of a motor vehicle, vessel, or aircraft in the United States,

(2) is not covered by liability insurance, and

(3) has not satisfied a court-rendered judgment against him or is not legally liable,

the Secretary shall impose a surcharge or fee on the foreign mission of which such member or individual is a part, amounting to the unsatisfied portion of the judgment rendered against such member or individual or, if there is no court-rendered judgment, an estimated amount of damages incurred by the victim. The payment of any such surcharge or fee shall be available only for compensation of the victim or his estate.

(c) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) the term "head of a foreign mission" has the same meaning as is ascribed to the term "head of a mission" in Article 1 of the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of April 18, 1961 (T.I.A.S. numbered 7502; 23 U.S.T. 3227); and

(2) the terms "members of a mission" and "family" have the same meanings as is ascribed to them by paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 254a of this title.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title II, §204A, as added Pub. L. 98–164, title VI, §603, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1042; amended Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(o)(4), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 410.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 103–236 substituted "Secretary" for "Director" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 3772 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3772: Injuries outside locks
Injuries outside locks
Status: in_force

Subject to section 3779(b) of this title, the Commission shall promptly adjust and pay damages for injuries to vessels, or to the cargo, crew, or passengers of vessels which may arise by reason of their presence in the Panama Canal, or waters adjacent thereto, other than the locks, when the injury was proximately caused by negligence or fault on the part of an officer or employee of the United States acting within the scope of his employment and in the line of his duties in connection with the operation of the Canal. If the negligence or fault of the vessel, master, crew, or passengers proximately contributed to the injury, the award of damages shall be diminished in proportion to the negligence or fault attributable to the vessel, master, crew, or passengers. In the case of a vessel which is required by or pursuant to regulations prescribed pursuant to section 3811 of this title to have a Panama Canal pilot on duty aboard, damages may not be adjusted and paid for injuries to the vessel, or its cargo, crew, or passengers, incurred while the vessel was underway and in motion, unless at the time the injuries were incurred the navigation or movement of the vessel was under the control of a Panama Canal pilot. No payment for damages on a claim may be made under this section unless the claim is filed with the Commission within one year after the date of the injury or by November 18, 1998, whichever is later.

(Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1412, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 485; Pub. L. 99–209, §2(c), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1716; Pub. L. 105–85, div. C, title XXXV, §3543(a), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2072; Pub. L. 105–261, div. C, title XXXV, §§3509(a)(2), 3512(a)(4), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2270, 2271.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1998—Pub. L. 105–261 substituted "Subject to section 3779(b) of this title, the Commission" for "The Commission" in first sentence and "by November 18, 1998" for "November 18, 1997".

1997—Pub. L. 105–85 substituted "within one year after the date of the injury or November 18, 1997," for "within 2 years after the date of the injury, or within 1 year after December 23, 1985,".

1985—Pub. L. 99–209 struck out provisions limiting the amount of the claim to $120,000, and inserted provision that no payment for damages on a claim may be made under this section unless the claim is filed with the Commission within 2 years after the date of the injury, or within 1 year after Dec. 23, 1985, whichever is later.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–209 applicable to any claim arising on or after Oct. 1, 1979, see section 7(a) of Pub. L. 99–209, set out as a note under section 3771 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 8121 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 88: NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY-UNITED STATES ADDITIONAL PROTOCOL IMPLEMENTATION / Subchapter II: COMPLEMENTARY ACCESS / Section 8121: Requirement for authority to conduct complementary access
Requirement for authority to conduct complementary access
Status: in_force

(a) Prohibition

No complementary access to any location in the United States shall take place pursuant to the Additional Protocol without the authorization of the United States Government in accordance with the requirements of this chapter.

(b) Authority

(1) In general

Complementary access to any location in the United States subject to access under the Additional Protocol is authorized in accordance with this chapter.

(2) United States representatives

(A) Restrictions

In the event of complementary access to a privately owned or operated location, no employee of the Environmental Protection Agency or of the Mine Safety and Health Administration or the Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the Department of Labor may participate in the access.

(B) Number

The number of designated United States representatives accompanying IAEA inspectors shall be kept to the minimum necessary.

(Pub. L. 109–401, title II, §221, Dec. 18, 2006, 120 Stat. 2744.)
22 U.S.C. § 3970 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IV: COMPENSATION / Section 3970: Compensation for imprisoned foreign national employees
Compensation for imprisoned foreign national employees
Status: in_force

(a) Eligibility; rates of compensation; terms and conditions of payment; applicability of powers under other statutory provisions

The head of any agency or other Government establishment (including any in the legislative or judicial branch) may compensate any current or former foreign national employee, or any foreign national who is or was employed under a personal services contract, who is or has been imprisoned by a foreign government if the Secretary of State (or, in the case of a foreign national employed by the Central Intelligence Agency, the Director of Central Intelligence) determines that such imprisonment is the result of the employment of the foreign national by the United States. Such compensation may not exceed the amount that the agency head determines approximates the salary and other benefits to which the foreign national would have been entitled had he or she been employed during the period of such imprisonment. Such compensation may be paid under such terms and conditions as the Secretary of State deems appropriate. For purposes of this section, an agency head shall have the same powers with respect to imprisoned foreign nationals who are or were employed by the agency as an agency head has under subchapter VII of chapter 55 of title 5 to the extent that such powers are consistent with this section.

(b) Time spent imprisoned considered as period of employment

Any period of imprisonment of a current or former foreign national employee which is compensable under this section shall be considered for purposes of any other employee benefit to be a period of employment by the Government, except that a period of imprisonment shall not be creditable—

(1) for purposes of subchapter III of chapter 83 of title 5, unless it is expressly creditable under that subchapter; or

(2) for purposes of subchapter I of chapter 81 of title 5, unless the individual was employed by the Government at the time of his or her imprisonment.

(c) Time of filing of claims

No compensation or other benefit shall be awarded under this section unless a claim therefor is filed within 3 years after—

(1) the termination of the period of imprisonment giving rise to the claim, or

(2) the date of the claimant's first opportunity thereafter to file such a claim, as determined by the appropriate agency head.

(d) Regulations

The Secretary of State may prescribe regulations governing payments under this section by all agencies and other Government establishments.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §410, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2091.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
22 U.S.C. § 3873 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter III: GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 3873: Exemption from Metric Conversion Act of 1975
Exemption from Metric Conversion Act of 1975
Status: in_force

The Commission is exempt from the provisions of the Metric Conversion Act of 1975 (15 U.S.C. 205a et seq.).

(Pub. L. 96–70, title III, §3302, as added Pub. L. 104–201, div. C, title XXXV, §3547, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2868.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Metric Conversion Act of 1975, referred to in section catchline and text, is Pub. L. 94–168, Dec. 23, 1975, 89 Stat. 1007, which is classified generally to subchapter II (§205a et seq.) of chapter 6 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 205a of Title 15 and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 3302 of Pub. L. 96–70, title III, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 498, amended sections 305, 5102, 5316, 5342, 5343, 5348, 5373, 5504, 5533, 5541, 5583, 6301, 6323, 8146, and 8335 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 191, 195, and 196 of Title 50, War and National Defense, prior to general amendment by Pub. L. 104–201, div. C, title XXXV, §3547, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2868.
22 U.S.C. § 2057 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 29: CULTURAL, TECHNICAL, AND EDUCATIONAL CENTERS / Subchapter I: CENTER BETWEEN EAST AND WEST / Section 2057: Authorization of appropriations
Authorization of appropriations
Status: in_force

There are authorized to be appropriated, to remain available until expended, such amounts as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.

(Pub. L. 86–472, ch. VII, §705, May 14, 1960, 74 Stat. 142.)
22 U.S.C. § 305 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 8: FOREIGN SERVICE BUILDINGS / Section 305: Growth projections for new embassies and consulates
Growth projections for new embassies and consulates
Status: in_force

(a) In general

For each new United States embassy compound (NEC) and new consulate compound project (NCC) in or not yet in the design phase as of December 27, 2021, the Department shall project growth over the estimated life of the facility using all available and relevant data, including the following:

(1) Relevant historical trends for Department personnel and personnel from other agencies represented at the NEC or NCC that is to be constructed.

(2) An analysis of the tradeoffs between risk and the needs of United States Government policy conducted as part of the most recent Vital Presence Validation Process, if applicable.

(3) Reasonable assumptions about the strategic importance of the NEC or NCC, as the case may be, over the life of the building at issue.

(4) Any other data that would be helpful in projecting the future growth of NEC or NCC.

(b) Other Federal agencies

The head of each Federal agency represented at a United States embassy or consulate shall provide to the Secretary, upon request, growth projections for the personnel of each such agency over the estimated life of each embassy or consulate, as the case may be.

(c) Basis for estimates

The Department shall base its growth assumption for all NECs and NCCs on the estimates required under subsections (a) and (b).

(d) Congressional notification

Any congressional notification of site selection for a NEC or NCC submitted after December 27, 2021 shall include the growth assumption used pursuant to subsection (c).

(Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LII, §5205, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2355.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Department of State Authorization Act of 2021 and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2022, and not as part of the Foreign Service Buildings Act, 1926, which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Definitions

For definitions of "Department" and "Secretary" as used in this section, see section 5002 of Pub. L. 117–81, set out as a note under section 263c of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 3141 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 46A: FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL DATA / Section 3141: Congressional findings
Congressional findings
Status: in_force

The Congress makes the following findings:

(1) The United States Government collects substantial amounts of information from foreign owned or controlled business enterprises or affiliates operating in the United States.

(2) Additional analysis and presentation of this information is desirable to assist the public debate on the issue of foreign direct investments in the United States.

(3) Information collected from foreign owned or controlled firms by the Bureau of Economic Analysis has serious analytical limitations because it is largely collected on an "enterprise" basis that does not permit an adequate analysis by industry groupings.

(4) Statistical and analytic comparisons of the performance of foreign owned or controlled businesses operating within the United States with other business enterprises operating within the same industry can be accomplished under sections 3101(b) and 3104(c) of this title, and under Executive Order Numbered 11961, without the need to collect additional information, by sharing with other authorized Government agencies the employer identification numbers maintained by the Bureau of Economic Analysis.

(5) Public disclosures of confidential business information collected by the United States Government relating to international direct investment flows could cause serious damage to the accuracy of the statistical data base.

(6) The Government Accountability Office may have limited access to Government data on foreign direct investment.

(Pub. L. 101–533, §2, Nov. 7, 1990, 104 Stat. 2344; Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Executive Order Numbered 11961, referred to in par. (4), is set out as a note under section 3101 of this title.

Amendments

2004—Par. (6). Pub. L. 108–271 substituted "Government Accountability Office" for "General Accounting Office".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

Pub. L. 101–533, §1, Nov. 7, 1990, 104 Stat. 2344, provided that: "This Act [enacting this chapter and section 401 of Title 13, Census, and amending sections 3101 and 3103 to 3105 of this title and section 9 of Title 13] may be cited as the 'Foreign Direct Investment and International Financial Data Improvements Act of 1990'."
22 U.S.C. § 1064 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 14: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY SYSTEM / Section 1064: Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, §2205(1), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2159
Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, §2205(1), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2159
Status: repealed

Section 1064, acts Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title VIII, §804, 60 Stat. 1020; Apr. 5, 1955, ch. 23, §13(2), 69 Stat. 27; Sept. 8, 1960, Pub. L. 86–723, §32, 74 Stat. 838; Feb. 28, 1970, Pub. L. 91–201, title I, §101, title II, §201, 84 Stat. 17, 18; July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–350, title V, §502, 90 Stat. 834; Ex. Ord. No. 11952, §2(a), Jan. 7, 1977, 42 F.R. 2293, 4809; Ex. Ord. No. 12145, §1–102, July 18, 1979, 44 F.R. 42653, defined terms applicable to System.

Section 1065, act Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title VIII, §805, as added July 12, 1976, Pub. L. 94–350, title V, §503, 90 Stat. 835, authorized maintenance of existing areas of conformity between Civil Service and Foreign Service Retirement Systems.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96–465, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3901 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4069b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY / Section 4069b: Survivor benefits for certain former spouses
Survivor benefits for certain former spouses
Status: in_force

(a) Eligibility; amount of annuity

Any individual who was a former spouse of a participant or former participant on February 14, 1981, shall be entitled, to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriations Acts, and except to the extent such former spouse is disqualified under subsection (b), to a survivor annuity equal to 55 percent of the greater of—

(1) the full amount of the participant's or former participant's annuity, as computed under this subchapter; or

(2) the full amount of what such annuity as so computed would be if the participant or former participant had not withdrawn a lump-sum portion of contributions made with respect to such annuity.

(b) Election by former spouse

If an election has been made with respect to such former spouse under section 4159 or 4046(f) of this title, then the survivor annuity under subsection (a) of such former spouse shall be equal to the full amount of the participant's or former participant's annuity referred to in subsection (a) less the amount of such election.

(c) Disqualification

A former spouse shall not be entitled to a survivor annuity under this section if—

(1) the former spouse remarries before age 55; or

(2) the former spouse was not married to the participant at least 10 years during service of the participant which is creditable under this subchapter with at least 5 years occurring while the participant was a member of the Foreign Service.

(d) Period of entitlement; application approval and payment

(1) The entitlement of a former spouse to a survivor annuity under this section—

(A) shall commence—

(i) in the case of a former spouse of a participant or former participant who is deceased as of December 22, 1987, beginning on December 22, 1987; and

(ii) in the case of any other former spouse, beginning on the later of—

(I) the date that the participant or former participant to whom the former spouse was married dies; or

(II) December 22, 1987; and

(B) shall terminate on the last day of the month before the former spouse's death or remarriage before attaining the age 55.

(2)(A) A survivor annuity under this section shall not be payable unless appropriate written application is provided to the Secretary, complete with any supporting documentation which the Secretary may by regulation require, within 30 months after December 22, 1987. The Secretary may waive the 30-month application requirement under this subparagraph in any case in which the Secretary determines that the circumstances so warrant.

(B) Upon approval of an application provided under subparagraph (A), the appropriate survivor annuity shall be payable to the former spouse with respect to all periods before such approval during which the former spouse was entitled to such annuity under this section, but in no event shall a survivor annuity be payable under this section with respect to any period before December 22, 1987.

(e) Promulgation of regulations; notification of rights

The Secretary shall—

(1) as soon as possible, but not later than 60 days after December 22, 1987, issue such regulations as may be necessary to carry out this section; and

(2) to the extent practicable, and as soon as possible, inform each individual who was a former spouse of a participant or former participant on February 14, 1981, of any rights which such individual may have under this section.

(f) Effect of section on annuity

Nothing in this section shall be construed to impair, reduce, or otherwise affect the annuity or the entitlement to an annuity of a participant or former participant under this subchapter.

(g) Former spouses of United States Information Agency and Agency for International Development employees

Any individual who on February 14, 1981, was an otherwise qualified former spouse pursuant to this section, but who was married to a former Foreign Service employee of the United States Information Agency or of the Agency of International Development, shall be entitled to benefits under this section if—

(1) the former employee retired from the Civil Service Retirement and Disability System on a date before his employing agency could legally participate in the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System; and

(2) the marriage included at least five years during which the employee was assigned overseas.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §831, as added Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §188(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1370; amended Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §146(b), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 37.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Another section 831 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 was enacted by Pub. L. 100–238 and is classified to section 4069a–1 of this title.

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 101–246 added subsec. (g).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 1944 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 24: MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM / Subchapter III: ECONOMIC ASSISTANCE / Section 1944: Reconstruction assistance in Chile; authorization of appropriations
Reconstruction assistance in Chile; authorization of appropriations
Status: in_force

There is authorized to be appropriated to the President not to exceed $100,000,000, which shall remain available until expended, for use, in addition to other funds available for such purposes, in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of Chile on such terms and conditions as the President may specify.

(Pub. L. 86–735, §3, Sept. 8, 1960, 74 Stat. 870.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

This section was not enacted as part of the Mutual Security Act of 1954 which comprises this chapter.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of certain functions of President under this section, see Memorandum of President of the United States, May 30, 2001, 66 F.R. 30629, set out as a note under section 1942 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2772 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter III: MILITARY EXPORT CONTROLS / Section 2772: Repealed. Pub. L. 102-429, title I, §112(e), Oct. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 2195
Repealed. Pub. L. 102-429, title I, §112(e), Oct. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 2195
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 3, §32, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1325, prohibited certain military export financing by Export-Import Bank.
22 U.S.C. § 6007 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69: CUBAN DEMOCRACY / Section 6007: Policy toward a democratic Cuban Government
Policy toward a democratic Cuban Government
Status: in_force

(a) Waiver of restrictions

The President may waive the requirements of section 6005 of this title if the President determines and reports to the Congress that the Government of Cuba—

(1) has held free and fair elections conducted under internationally recognized observers;

(2) has permitted opposition parties ample time to organize and campaign for such elections, and has permitted full access to the media to all candidates in the elections;

(3) is showing respect for the basic civil liberties and human rights of the citizens of Cuba;

(4) is moving toward establishing a free market economic system; and

(5) has committed itself to constitutional change that would ensure regular free and fair elections that meet the requirements of paragraph (2).

(b) Policies

If the President makes a determination under subsection (a), the President shall take the following actions with respect to a Cuban Government elected pursuant to elections described in subsection (a):

(1) To encourage the admission or reentry of such government to international organizations and international financial institutions.

(2) To provide emergency relief during Cuba's transition to a viable economic system.

(3) To take steps to end the United States trade embargo of Cuba.

(Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XVII, §1708, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2580.)
22 U.S.C. § 6571 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 74: FOREIGN AFFAIRS AGENCIES CONSOLIDATION / Subchapter IV: UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY / Section 6571: References
References
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in this chapter, any reference in any statute, reorganization plan, Executive order, regulation, agreement, determination, or other official document or proceeding to the United States International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA) or to the Director or any other officer or employee of IDCA—

(1) insofar as such reference relates to any function or authority transferred under section 6562(a) of this title, shall be deemed to refer to the Secretary of State;

(2) insofar as such reference relates to any function or authority transferred under section 6562(b) of this title, shall be deemed to refer to the Administrator of the Agency for International Development;

(3) insofar as such reference relates to any function or authority transferred under section 6562(c) of this title, shall be deemed to refer to the head of the agency to which such function or authority is transferred under such section; and

(4) insofar as such reference relates to any function or authority not transferred by this subchapter, shall be deemed to refer to the President or such agency or agencies as may be specified by Executive order.

(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIV, §1421, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–791.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this subdivision", meaning subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–765, known as the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998. For complete classification of this subdivision to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6501 of this title and Tables.

This subchapter, referred to in par. (4), was in the original "this title", meaning title XIV of subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–790. For complete classification of title XIV to the Code, see Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 8403 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 91: ENHANCED PARTNERSHIP WITH PAKISTAN / Section 8403: Statement of principles
Statement of principles
Status: in_force

Congress declares that the relationship between the United States and Pakistan should be based on the following principles:

(1) Pakistan is a critical friend and ally to the United States, both in times of strife and in times of peace, and the two countries share many common goals, including combating terrorism and violent radicalism, solidifying democracy and rule of law in Pakistan, and promoting the social and economic development of Pakistan.

(2) United States assistance to Pakistan is intended to supplement, not supplant, Pakistan's own efforts in building a stable, secure, and prosperous Pakistan.

(3) The United States requires a balanced, integrated, countrywide strategy for Pakistan that provides assistance throughout the country and does not disproportionately focus on security-related assistance or one particular area or province.

(4) The United States supports Pakistan's struggle against extremist elements and recognizes the profound sacrifice made by Pakistan in the fight against terrorism, including the loss of more than 1,900 soldiers and police since 2001 in combat with al Qaeda, the Taliban, and other extremist and terrorist groups.

(5) The United States intends to work with the Government of Pakistan—

(A) to build mutual trust and confidence by actively and consistently pursuing a sustained, long-term, multifaceted relationship between the two countries, devoted to strengthening the mutual security, stability, and prosperity of both countries;

(B) to support the people of Pakistan and their democratic government in their efforts to consolidate democracy, including strengthening Pakistan's parliament, helping Pakistan reestablish an independent and transparent judicial system, and working to extend the rule of law in all areas in Pakistan;

(C) to promote sustainable long-term development and infrastructure projects, including in healthcare, education, water management, and energy programs, in all areas of Pakistan, that are sustained and supported by each successive democratic government in Pakistan;

(D) to ensure that all the people of Pakistan, including those living in areas governed by the Frontier Crimes Regulation, have access to public, modernized education and vocational training to enable them to provide for themselves, for their families, and for a more prosperous future for their children;

(E) to support the strengthening of core curricula and the quality of schools across Pakistan, including madrassas, in order to improve the prospects for Pakistani children's futures and eliminate incitements to violence and intolerance;

(F) to encourage and promote public-private partnerships in Pakistan in order to bolster ongoing development efforts and strengthen economic prospects, especially with respect to opportunities to build civic responsibility and professional skills of the people of Pakistan, including support for institutions of higher learning with international accreditation;

(G) to expand people-to-people engagement between the two countries, through increased educational, technical, and cultural exchanges and other methods;

(H) to encourage the development of local analytical capacity to measure program effectiveness and progress on an integrated basis, especially across the areas of United States assistance and payments to Pakistan, and increase accountability for how such assistance and payments are being spent;

(I) to assist Pakistan's efforts to improve counterterrorism financing and anti-money laundering regulatory structure in order to achieve international standards and encourage Pakistan to apply for "Financial Action Task Force" observer status and adhere to the United Nations International Convention for the Suppression of the Financing of Terrorism;

(J) to strengthen Pakistan's counterinsurgency and counterterrorism strategy to help prevent any territory of Pakistan from being used as a base or conduit for terrorist attacks in Pakistan or elsewhere;

(K) to strengthen Pakistan's efforts to develop strong and effective law enforcement and national defense forces under civilian leadership;

(L) to achieve full cooperation in matters of counter-proliferation of nuclear materials and related networks;

(M) to strengthen Pakistan's efforts to gain control of its under-governed areas and address the threat posed by any person or group that conducts violence, sabotage, or other terrorist activities in Pakistan or its neighboring countries; and

(N) to explore means to consult with and utilize the relevant expertise and skills of the Pakistani-American community.

(Pub. L. 111–73, §4, Oct. 15, 2009, 123 Stat. 2063.)
22 U.S.C. § 1644 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter VI: CLAIMS AGAINST GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC / Section 1644: Congressional declaration of purpose
Congressional declaration of purpose
Status: in_force

It is the purpose of this subchapter to provide for the determination of the validity and amounts of outstanding claims against the German Democratic Republic which arose out of the nationalization, expropriation, or other taking of (or special measures directed against) property interests of nationals of the United States. This subchapter shall not be construed as authorizing or as any intention to authorize an appropriation by the United States for the purpose of paying such claims.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title VI, §600, as added Pub. L. 94–542, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2509.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Separability

Act Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title VI, §614, as added by Pub. L. 94–542, Oct. 18, 1976, 90 Stat. 2512, provided that: "If any provisions of this Act [enacting this subchapter] or the application thereof to any person or circumstances shall be held invalid, the remainder of the Act or the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected."

Authority of Foreign Claims Settlement Commission

Section 119 of H.R. 2076, One Hundred Fourth Congress, as passed by the House of Representatives on Dec. 6, 1995, and as enacted into law by Pub. L. 104–91, title I, §101(a), Jan. 6, 1996, 110 Stat. 11, as amended by Pub. L. 104–99, title II, §211, Jan. 26, 1996, 110 Stat. 37, provided that:

"(a) Authority of the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission.—The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission of the United States (the 'Commission') is authorized to receive and determine the validity and amount of claims by nationals of the United States against the Federal Republic of Germany covered by Article 2(2) of the Agreement Between the Government of the Federal Republic of Germany and the Government of the United States of America Concerning Final Benefits to Certain United States Nationals Who Were Victims of National Socialist Measures of Persecution, entered into force September 19, 1995 (the 'Agreement'). In deciding such claims, the Commission shall be guided by the criteria applied by the Department of State in determining the validity and amount of the claims covered by and settled under Article 2(1) of the Agreement.

"(b) Application of Other Laws.—Except to the extent inconsistent with the provisions of this section, the provisions of title I of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949 (22 U.S.C. 1621 et sec. [sic]), except for section 7(b) (22 U.S.C. 1626(b)), shall apply with respect to claims under this section. Any reference in such provisions to 'this title' ['this subchapter'] shall be deemed to refer to those provisions and to this section.

"(c) Certification and Payment.—

"(1) Not later than two years after the entry into force of the Agreement, the Commission shall certify to the Secretary of State, in writing, its determinations as to the validity and amount of the claims authorized for decision under subsection (a).

"(2) In the case of claims found to be compensable under subsection (a), the Commission shall certify the awards entered in the claims to the Secretary of the Treasury in accordance with section 5 of title I of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949 (22 U.S.C. 1624). Such awards shall be paid in accordance with subsections (a) and (c)–(f) of section 7 of such title (22 U.S.C. 1626) out of a special fund established in accordance with section 8 of such title (22 U.S.C. 1627), following conclusion of the negotiations provided for in Article 2(2) of the Agreement.

"(d) Confidentiality of Records.—Records pertaining to the claims received by the Commission pursuant to subsection (a) shall not be publicly disclosed and shall not be required to be disclosed pursuant to section 552 of title 5, United States Code.

"(e) Separability.—If any provision of this section or the application thereof to any person or circumstances is held invalid, the remainder of this section or the application of such provision to other persons or circumstances shall not be affected."
22 U.S.C. § 2378a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2378a: Depleted uranium ammunition
Depleted uranium ammunition
Status: in_force

(a) Prohibition

Except as provided in subsection (b), none of the funds made available to carry out this chapter or any other Act may be made available to facilitate in any way the sale of M–833 antitank shells or any comparable antitank shells containing a depleted uranium penetrating component to any country other than—

(1) a country that is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization;

(2) a country that has been designated as a major non-NATO ally (as defined in section 2403(q) of this title); or

(3) Taiwan.

(b) Exception

The prohibition contained in subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to the use of funds to facilitate the sale of antitank shells to a country if the President determines that to do so is in the national security interest of the United States.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §620J, formerly §620G, as added Pub. L. 104–164, title I, §149, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1436; renumbered §620J, Pub. L. 109–446, §2(b)(1), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3318.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Another section 620J of Pub. L. 87–195 was renumbered section 620m and is classified to section 2378d of this title.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 1557 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 19: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE PROGRAM / Subchapter VI: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 1557: Repealed. Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, §542(a)(6), (9)-(11), 68 Stat. 861
Repealed. Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, §542(a)(6), (9)-(11), 68 Stat. 861
Status: repealed

Section 1557, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §402, 64 Stat. 204, related to Congressional declaration of findings. See section 2151 of this title.

Section 1557a, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §403, 64 Stat. 204, related to Congressional declaration of policy. See section 2151 of this title.

Section 1557b, acts June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §404, 64 Stat. 205; Oct. 10, 1951, ch. 479, title V, §528(a), 65 Stat. 386; June 20, 1952, ch. 449, §10(a), 66 Stat. 150; July 16, 1953, ch. 195, ch. VII, §709, 67 Stat. 161, related to United States participation in multilateral technical cooperation programs; contributions; and furnishing of services and facilities. See section 2357 of this title.

Section 1557c, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §405, 64 Stat. 205, related to bilateral technical cooperation programs. See section 2171 of this title.

Section 1557d, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §406, 64 Stat. 206, related to registration of agreements with Secretariat of the United Nations.

Section 1557e, acts June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §407, 64 Stat. 206; Oct. 10, 1951, ch. 479, title V, §528(b), 65 Stat. 386, related to programs.

Section 1557f, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §408, 64 Stat. 206, related to rules and regulations. See section 2381 of this title.

Section 1557g, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §409, 64 Stat. 206, related to advisory board; creation; duties; composition; compensation; and appointment of special committees.

Section 1557h, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §410, 64 Stat. 207, related to joint commission for economic development; appointment and compensation; duties; preparation of reports and studies; recommendations, and costs.

Section 1557i, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §411, 64 Stat. 207, related to termination of assistance. See section 2367 of this title.

Section 1557j, act June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §412, 64 Stat. 207, related to delegation of authority by President. See section 2381 of this title.

Section 1557k, acts June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title IV, §413, 64 Stat. 207; June 20, 1952, ch. 449, §10(b), 66 Stat. 150, related to employment of personnel. See sections 2385 to 2388 of this title.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Repeal of Appropriations

Act Oct. 10, 1951, ch. 479, title V, §544, as added by act July 16, 1953, ch. 195, ch. VI, §602, 67 Stat. 155, which authorized appropriations for fiscal year 1954, was repealed by act Aug. 26, 1954, §542(a)(9), (11).
22 U.S.C. § 262i (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Section 262i: Repealed. Pub. L. 101-240, title V, §541(d)(6), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2518
Repealed. Pub. L. 101-240, title V, §541(d)(6), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2518
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 96–259, title IV, §401, June 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 431, related to communication and dissemination of information respecting export opportunity enhancement.
22 U.S.C. § 8303 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 90: VOLUNTEERS FOR PROSPERITY PROGRAM / Section 8303: Office of Volunteers for Prosperity
Office of Volunteers for Prosperity
Status: in_force

(a) Functions

The VfP Office shall pursue the objectives of the VfP Program described in subsection (b) by—

(1) implementing the VfPServe Program to provide eligible skilled professionals with matching grants to offset the travel and living expenses of volunteering abroad with nonprofit organizations;

(2) otherwise promoting short- and long-term international volunteer service by skilled American professionals, including connecting such professionals with nonprofit organizations, to achieve such objectives;

(3) helping nonprofit organizations in the United States recruit and effectively manage additional skilled American professionals for volunteer assignments throughout the developing world;

(4) providing recognition for skilled American volunteers and the organizations deploying them;

(5) helping nonprofit organizations and corporations in the United States to identify resources and opportunities in international volunteer service utilizing skilled Americans;

(6) encouraging the establishment of international volunteer programs for employees of United States corporations; and

(7) encouraging international voluntary service by highly skilled Americans to promote health and prosperity throughout the world.

(b) VfP Program objectives

The objectives of the VfP Program should include—

(1) eliminating extreme poverty;

(2) reducing world hunger and malnutrition;

(3) increasing access to safe potable water;

(4) enacting universal education;

(5) reducing child mortality and childhood diseases;

(6) combating the spread of preventable diseases, including HIV, malaria, and tuberculosis;

(7) providing educational and work skill support for girls and empowering women to achieve independence;

(8) creating sustainable business and entrepreneurial opportunities; and

(9) increasing access to information technology.

(c) Volunteers for Prosperity Service Incentive Program

(1) In general

The VfP Office may provide matching grants to offset the travel and living costs of volunteering abroad to any eligible organization that—

(A) has members who possess skills relevant to addressing any objective described in subsection (b); and

(B) provides a dollar-for-dollar match for such grant—

(i) through the organization with which the individual is serving; or

(ii) by raising private funds.

(2) Nondiscrimination requirement

The VfP Office may not provide a stipend to an individual under paragraph (1) unless the nonprofit organization to which the individual is assigned has certified to the VfP Office that it does not discriminate with respect to any project or activity receiving Federal financial assistance, including a stipend under this chapter, because of race, religion, color, national origin, sex, political affiliation, or beliefs.

(3) Compliance with ineligible service categories

Service carried out by a volunteer receiving funds under this section may not provide a direct benefit to any—

(A) business organized for profit;

(B) labor union;

(C) partisan political organization; or

(D) religious or faith-based organization for the purpose of proselytization, worship or any other explicitly religious activity.

(d) Funding

(1) In general

The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall make available the amounts appropriated pursuant to section 8304 of this title to the VfP Office to pursue the objectives described in subsection (b) by carrying out the functions described in subsection (a).

(2) Use of funds

Amounts made available under paragraph (1) may be used by the VfP Office to provide personnel and other resources to develop, manage, and expand the VfP Program, under the supervision of the United States Agency for International Development.

(e) Coordination

The VfP Office shall coordinate its efforts with other public and private efforts that aim to send skilled professionals to serve in developing nations.

(f) Report

The VfP Office shall submit an annual report to Congress on the activities of the VfP Office.

(Pub. L. 111–13, title V, §5103, Apr. 21, 2009, 123 Stat. 1598.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 2009, see section 6101(a) of Pub. L. 111–13, set out as an Effective Date of 2009 Amendment note under section 4950 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.
22 U.S.C. § 3741 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3741: Postal service
Postal service
Status: in_force

(a) Possession or administration of funds by Commission

The Commission shall take possession of and administer the funds of the Canal Zone postal service and shall assume its obligations.

(b) Expiration of responsibility for unpaid balances

Effective December 1, 1999, neither the Commission nor the United States Government shall be responsible for the distribution of any accumulated unpaid balances relating to Canal Zone postal-savings deposits, postal-savings certificates, and postal money orders.

(c) Mail addressed to Canal Zone from or through United States

Mail addressed to the Canal Zone from or through the continental United States may be routed by the United States Postal Service to the military post offices of the United States Armed Forces in the Republic of Panama. Such military post offices shall provide the required directory services and shall accept such mail to the extent permitted under the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and related agreements. The Commission shall furnish personnel, records, and other services to such military post offices to assure wherever appropriate the distribution, rerouting, or return of such mail.

(Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1331, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 481, 482; Pub. L. 104–201, div. C, title XXXV, §3543, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2867.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1996—Pub. L. 104–201 reenacted section catchline without change and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text was comprised of subsecs. (a) to (d) of section 1331 of Pub. L. 96–70 which provided for discontinuation of postal service under former Canal Zone Code, savings provision, possession and administration of postal funds by Commission, and handling of mail addressed to the Canal Zone. Prior to amendment, section 1331 also contained a subsec. (e) which amended sections 403, 3401, 3402, and 3682 of Title 39, Postal Service.
22 U.S.C. § 3655 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3655: Repealed. Pub. L. 105-85, div. C, title XXXV, §3523(a)(1), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2064
Repealed. Pub. L. 105-85, div. C, title XXXV, §3523(a)(1), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2064
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1215, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 465, related to establishment and revision of basic pay.
22 U.S.C. § 2756 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter I: FOREIGN AND NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY OBJECTIVES AND RESTRAINTS / Section 2756: Foreign intimidation and harassment of individuals in United States
Foreign intimidation and harassment of individuals in United States
Status: in_force

No letters of offer may be issued, no credits or guarantees may be extended, and no export licenses may be issued under this chapter with respect to any country determined by the President to be engaged in a consistent pattern of acts of intimidation or harassment directed against individuals in the United States. The President shall report any such determination promptly to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and to the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 1, §6, as added Pub. L. 97–113, title I, §115, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1528; amended Pub. L. 113–276, title II, §208(a)(1), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2992.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2014—Pub. L. 113–276 substituted "the Speaker of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and" for "the Speaker of the House of Representatives and".
22 U.S.C. § 4802 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 58: DIPLOMATIC SECURITY / Subchapter I: GENERALLY / Section 4802: Responsibility of Secretary of State
Responsibility of Secretary of State
Status: in_force

(a) Security functions

(1) The Secretary of State shall develop and implement (in consultation with the heads of other Federal agencies having personnel or missions abroad where appropriate and within the scope of the resources made available) policies and programs, including funding levels and standards, to provide for the security of United States Government operations of a diplomatic nature and foreign government operations of a diplomatic nature in the United States. Such policies and programs shall include—

(A) protection of all United States Government personnel on official duty abroad (other than Voice of America correspondents on official assignment and those personnel under the command of a United States area military commander) and their accompanying dependents;

(B) establishment and operation of security functions at all United States Government missions abroad (other than facilities or installations subject to the control of a United States area military commander);

(C) establishment and operation of security functions at all Department of State facilities in the United States; and

(D) protection of foreign missions, international organizations, and foreign officials and other foreign persons in the United States, as authorized by law.

(2) Security responsibilities shall include the following:

(A) Former Office of Security functions

Functions and responsibilities exercised by the Office of Security, Department of State, before November 11, 1985.

(B) Security and protective operations

(i) Establishment and operation of post security and protective functions abroad.

(ii) Development and implementation of communications, computer, and information security.

(iii) Emergency planning.

(iv) Establishment and operation of local guard services abroad.

(v) Supervision of the United States Marine Corps security guard program.

(vi) Liaison with American overseas private sector security interests.

(vii) Protection of foreign missions and international organizations, foreign officials, and diplomatic personnel in the United States, as authorized by law.

(viii) Protection of the Secretary of State and other persons designated by the Secretary of State, as authorized by law.

(ix) Physical protection of Department of State facilities, communications, and computer and information systems in the United States.

(x) Conduct of investigations relating to protection of foreign officials and diplomatic personnel and foreign missions in the United States, suitability for employment, employee security, illegal passport and visa issuance or use, and other investigations, as authorized by law.

(xi) Carrying out the rewards program for information concerning international terrorism authorized by section 2708(a) 1 of this title.

(xii) Performance of other security, investigative, and protective matters as authorized by law.

(C) Counterterrorism planning and coordination

Development and coordination of counterterrorism planning, emergency action planning, threat analysis programs, and liaison with other Federal agencies to carry out this paragraph.

(D) Security technology

Development and implementation of technical and physical security programs, including security-related construction, radio and personnel security communications, armored vehicles, computer and communications security, and research programs necessary to develop such measures.

(E) Diplomatic courier service

Management of the diplomatic courier service.

(F) Personnel training

Development of facilities, methods, and materials to develop and upgrade necessary skills in order to carry out this section.

(G) Foreign government training

Management and development of antiterrorism assistance programs to assist foreign government security training which are administered by the Department of State under chapter 8 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2349aa et seq.).

(b) Overseas evacuations

The Secretary of State shall develop and implement policies and programs to provide for the safe and efficient evacuation of United States Government personnel, dependents, and private United States citizens when their lives are endangered. Such policies shall include measures to identify high risk areas where evacuation may be necessary and, where appropriate, providing staff to United States Government missions abroad to assist in those evacuations. In carrying out these responsibilities, the Secretary shall—

(1) develop a model contingency plan for evacuation of personnel, dependents, and United States citizens from foreign countries;

(2) develop a mechanism whereby United States citizens can voluntarily request to be placed on a list in order to be contacted in the event of an evacuation, or which, in the event of an evacuation, can maintain information on the location of United States citizens in high risk areas submitted by their relatives;

(3) assess the transportation and communications resources in the area being evacuated and determine the logistic support needed for the evacuation; and

(4) develop a plan for coordinating communications between embassy staff, Department of State personnel, and families of United States citizens abroad regarding the whereabouts of those citizens.

(c) Oversight of posts abroad

(1) The Secretary of State shall—

(A) have full responsibility for the coordination of all United States Government personnel assigned to diplomatic or consular posts or other United States missions abroad pursuant to United States Government authorization (except for facilities, installations, or personnel under the command of a United States area military commander) 2

(B) establish appropriate overseas staffing levels for all such posts or missions for all Federal agencies with activities abroad (except for personnel and activities under the command of a United States area military commander or regional inspector general offices under the jurisdiction of the inspector 3 General, Agency for International Development).

(2) The Secretary of State shall notify the appropriate congressional committees within 10 days of any decision to retain authority over or approve decisions at an overseas post, including the movement of personnel.

(d) Federal agency

As used in this subchapter and subchapter III, the term "Federal agency" includes any department or agency of the United States Government.

(Pub. L. 99–399, title I, §103, Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 856; Pub. L. 100–202, §101(e) [title II, §201], Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1329–131, 1329–141; Pub. L. 100–461, title II, §201, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–10; Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §115(b), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 22; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(g)(2), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 406; Pub. L. 103–415, §1(f)(4)(A)(i), Oct. 25, 1994, 108 Stat. 4300; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title V, §505(a), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1393; Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXV, §7503, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2546.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 2708 of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(B)(xi), was amended generally by Pub. L. 105–323, title I, §101, Oct. 30, 1998, 112 Stat. 3029, and, as so amended, provisions authorizing awards, formerly contained in section 2708(a), are now contained in section 2708(b).

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(G), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 8 of part II of the Act is classified generally to part VIII (§2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2024—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 118–159 designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) and (2) as subpars. (A) and (B), respectively, of par. (1), and added par. (2).

2002—Subsec. (a)(1)(A). Pub. L. 107–228 inserted "Voice of America correspondents on official assignment and" after "abroad (other than".

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–415 substituted "operation" for "operations" in par. (2)(B)(i).

Pub. L. 103–236 designated existing provisions as par. (1), redesignated former pars. (1) to (4) as subpars. (A) to (D), respectively, and added par. (2).

1990—Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 101–246 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsecs. (b) and (c) as (c) and (d), respectively.

1988—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 100–461 inserted "or regional inspector general offices under the jurisdiction of the inspector General, Agency for International Development" after "commander", and substituted a period for "; and" at end.

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–461 struck out par. (3) which read as follows: "establish, notwithstanding any other provision of law, appropriate overseas staffing levels of the Regional Offices of the Inspector General of the Agency for International Development in effective consultation with the Inspector General of the Agency: Provided, That the authority of the Secretary of State shall be exercised only by the Secretary and shall not be delegated to a subordinate officer of the Department of State: Provided further, That the Inspector General must report to the appropriate committees of both Houses of the Congress within thirty days the denial by the Secretary of State of a request by the Inspector General to increase or reduce an existing position level of a regional office: Provided further, That the total number of positions authorized for the Office of the Inspector General in Washington and overseas shall be determined by the Inspector General within the limitation of the appropriations level provided."

1987—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 100–202 added par. (3).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

Overseas Security Briefings

Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LII, §5210, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2358, provided that: "Not later than one year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 27, 2021], the Secretary of State shall revise the Foreign Affairs Manual to stipulate that information on the current threat environment shall be provided to all United States Government employees under chief of mission authority traveling to a foreign country on official business. To the extent practicable, such material shall be provided to such employees prior to their arrival at a United States diplomatic post or as soon as possible thereafter."

Direct Reporting

Pub. L. 114–323, title I, §103, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1909, provided that: "The Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security shall report directly to the Secretary [of State], without being required to obtain the approval or concurrence of any other official of the Department [of State], as threats and circumstances require."

Marine Corps Security Guard Program

Pub. L. 114–323, title I, §131, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1914, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Pursuant to the responsibility of the Secretary [of State] for diplomatic security under section 103 of the Diplomatic Security Act (22 U.S.C. 4802; enacted as part of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (Public Law 99–399)), the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall conduct an annual review of the Marine Corps Security Guard Program, including the following:

"(1) An evaluation of whether the size and composition of the Marine Corps Security Guard Program is adequate to meet global diplomatic security requirements.

"(2) An assessment of whether the Marine Corps security guards are appropriately deployed among United States embassies, consulates, and other diplomatic facilities to respond to evolving security developments and potential threats to United States interests abroad.

"(3) An assessment of the mission objectives of the Marine Corps Security Guard Program and the procedural rules of engagement to protect diplomatic personnel under the Program.

"(b) Reporting Requirement.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 16, 2016] and annually thereafter for 3 years, the Secretary, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Affairs, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on Armed Services, and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate an unclassified report, with a classified annex as necessary, that addresses the requirements specified in subsection (a)."

Congressional Notification and Briefing Requirement on Ordered Evacuations of United States Embassies and Consulates Involving Support Provided by the Department of Defense

Pub. L. 114–92, div. A, title X, §1091, Nov. 25, 2015, 129 Stat. 1018, provided that:

"(a) Notification Requirement.—The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall provide notification to the appropriate congressional committees as soon as practicable upon the initiation of an ordered evacuation of a United States embassy or consulate involving support provided by the Department of Defense.

"(b) Briefing Requirement.—The Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of State shall provide a briefing to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 15 days after the initiation of an ordered evacuation of a United States embassy or consulate involving support provided by the Department of Defense.

"(c) Appropriate Congressional Committees Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(1) the congressional defense committees [Committees on Armed Services and Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives]; and

"(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives."

Personnel Security Program for Embassies in High Intelligence Threat Countries

Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §155, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1353, provided that:

"(a) Special Security Program.—The Secretary of State shall develop and implement, within three months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 1987], a special personnel security program for personnel of the Department of State assigned to United States diplomatic and consular posts in high intelligence threat countries who are responsible for security at those posts and for any individuals performing guard functions at those posts. Such program shall include—

"(1) selection criteria and screening to ensure suitability for assignment to high intelligence threat countries;

"(2) counterintelligence awareness and related training;

"(3) security reporting and command arrangements designed to counter intelligence threats; and

"(4) length of duty criteria and policies regarding rest and recuperative absences.

"(b) Report to Congress.—Not later than 6 months after the date of enactment of this subsection [Dec. 22, 1987], the Secretary of State shall report to the Congress on the special personnel security program required by subsection (a).

"(c) Definition.—As used in subsection (a), the term 'high intelligence threat country' means—

"(1) a country listed as a Communist country in section 620(f) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2370(f)]; and

"(2) any other country designated as a high intelligence threat country for purposes of this section by the Secretary of State, the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence, or the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation."

[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be followed by "; and".

3 So in original. Probably should be capitalized.
22 U.S.C. § 2271 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2271: Statement of policy
Statement of policy
Status: in_force

(a) Congressional findings

The Congress finds that—

(1) the building of democracy, the restoration of peace, the improvement of living conditions, and the application of equal justice under law in Central America are important to the interests of the United States and the community of American States; and

(2) the interrelated issues of social and human progress, economic growth, political reform, and regional security must be effectively dealt with to assure a democratic and economically and politically secure Central America.

(b) Policy requirements

(1) The achievement of democracy, respect for human rights, peace, and equitable economic growth depends primarily on the cooperation and the human and economic resources of the people and governments of Central America. The Congress recognizes that the United States can make a significant contribution to such peaceful and democratic development through a consistent and coherent policy which includes a long-term commitment of assistance. This policy should be designed to support actively—

(A) democracy and political reform, including opening the political process to all members of society;

(B) full observance of internationally recognized human rights, including free elections, freedom of the press, freedom of association, and the elimination of all human rights abuses;

(C) leadership development, including training and educational programs to improve public administration and the administration of justice;

(D) land reform, reform in tax systems, encouragement of private enterprise and individual initiative, creation of favorable investment climates, curbing corruption where it exists, and spurring balanced trade;

(E) the establishment of the rule of law and an effective judicial system; and

(F) the termination of extremist violence by both the left and the right as well as vigorous action to prosecute those guilty of crimes and the prosecution to the extent possible of past offenders.

(2) The policy described in paragraph (1) should also promote equitable economic growth and development, including controlling the flight of capital and the effective use of foreign assistance and adhering to approved programs for economic stabilization and fiscal responsibility. Finally, this policy should foster dialog and negotiations—

(A) to achieve peace based upon the objectives of democratization, reduction of armament, an end to subversion, and the withdrawal of foreign military forces and advisers; and

(B) to provide a security shield against violence and intimidation.

(3) It is the purpose of this part to establish the statutory framework and to authorize the appropriations and financing necessary to carry out the policy described in this section.

(c) Additional Congressional findings

The Congress finds, therefore, that the people of the United States are willing to sustain and expand a program of economic and military assistance in Central America if the recipient countries can demonstrate progress toward and a commitment to these goals.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §461, as added Pub. L. 99–83, title VII, §701, Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 234.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Another section 461 of Pub. L. 87–195 is classified to section 2281 of this title.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2271, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §461, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 434; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, §110, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 259; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, §113, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 455, related to emphasis on programs in agrarian countries which reach people who are engaged in agrarian pursuits, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–424, title VI, §604, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 961, eff. Oct. 1, 1978.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Part effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as an Effective Date of 1985 Amendment note under section 2151–1 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 279a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter VI: UNITED NATIONS FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION / Section 279a: Authorization of appropriations for payment of United States expenses in Organization; limitation of contributions
Authorization of appropriations for payment of United States expenses in Organization; limitation of contributions
Status: in_force

There is hereby authorized to be appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated, such sums as may be required for expenditure under the direction of the Secretary of State, for the payment by the United States of its proportionate share in the expenses of the Organization: Provided, That the percentage contribution of the United States to the total annual budget of the Organization shall not exceed 33.33 per centum.

(July 31, 1945, ch. 342, §2, 59 Stat. 529; Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 976, §1(b), 64 Stat. 902; Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title IV, §421, as added July 18, 1956, ch. 627, §8(n), 70 Stat. 559; Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, §544(b), as added Pub. L. 85–141, §11(b)(2), Aug. 14, 1957, 71 Stat. 365; Pub. L. 87–195, pt. IV, §709, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 465.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1961—Pub. L. 87–195 struck out provisions which limited the annual appropriations to not more than $3,000,000.

1957—Pub. L. 85–141, §11(b)(2), added section 544(b) to act August 26, 1954, which section 544(b) amended this section by increasing the maximum percentage contribution from 31.5 to 33.33 per centum.

1956—Act July 18, 1956, increased authorized annual appropriation from $2,000,000, to $3,000,000, and inserted provisions limiting percentage contribution of United States to total annual budget to not more than 31.5 per centum.

1950—Joint Res. Sept. 21, 1950, increased authorized annual appropriation from $1,250,000 to $2,000,000.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Repeals

Section 709 of Pub. L. 87–195, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by section 401 of Pub. L. 87–565, pt. IV, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 263, except insofar as section 709 affected this section.

Section 544(b) of act Aug. 26, 1954, cited as a credit to this section, was repealed by Pub. L. 85–477, ch. IV, §401(h), June 30, 1958, 72 Stat. 270, except insofar as such section 544(b) affected this section.

Section 421 of act August 26, 1954, cited as a credit to this section was repealed by section 8(n) of Pub. L. 85–141, except insofar as section 421 affected this section.

Similar Provisions

Similar provisions were contained in the Department of State Appropriation Act, 1946, act July 5, 1946, ch. 541, title I, 60 Stat. 453.

Annual Appropriations

Annual appropriations to meet the obligations of membership in various international organizations were contained in acts listed in a note set out under section 269a of this title.

Limitation of Contributions

Contributions by United States, except for special projects, limited to amount provided by Joint Res. Sept. 21, 1950, consent by State Department and reports to Congress, see section 262a of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2323 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter II: MILITARY ASSISTANCE AND SALES / Section 2323: Transfer of defense articles or services
Transfer of defense articles or services
Status: in_force

(a) Notice to Congress

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, none of the funds available to the Department of Defense for the current fiscal year and hereafter may be obligated or expended to transfer to another nation or an international organization any defense articles or services (other than intelligence services) for use in the activities described in subsection (b) unless the congressional defense committees, the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate are notified 15 days in advance of such transfer.

(b) Activities affected

This section applies to—

(1) any international peacekeeping or peace-enforcement operation under the authority of chapter VI or chapter VII of the United Nations Charter under the authority of a United Nations Security Council resolution; and

(2) any other international peacekeeping, peace-enforcement, or humanitarian assistance operation.

(c) Contents of notice

A notice under subsection (a) shall include the following:

(1) A description of the equipment, supplies, or services to be transferred.

(2) A statement of the value of the equipment, supplies, or services to be transferred.

(3) In the case of a proposed transfer of equipment or supplies—

(A) a statement of whether the inventory requirements of all elements of the Armed Forces (including the reserve components) for the type of equipment or supplies to be transferred have been met; and

(B) a statement of whether the items proposed to be transferred will have to be replaced and, if so, how the President proposes to provide funds for such replacement.

(Pub. L. 113–235, div. C, title VIII, §8050, Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2264.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Department of Defense Appropriations Act, 2015, and also as part of the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Act, 2015, and not as part of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

"Congressional Defense Committees" Defined

For definition of "congressional defense committees" as the Armed Services Committees and the Subcommittees on Defense of the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and the House of Representatives, see section 8026 of div. C of Pub. L. 113–235, formerly set out as a note under section 2731 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
22 U.S.C. § 9269b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 99: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS AND POLICY ENHANCEMENT / Subchapter V: AUTHORITIES AND REQUIREMENTS RELATED TO EXPANDED SANCTIONS / Section 9269b: Waivers, exemptions, and termination
Waivers, exemptions, and termination
Status: in_force

(a) Omitted

(b) Suspension

(1) In general

Subject to section 9265 of this title, the President may suspend the application of any provision of or amendment made by this subtitle 1 (other than section 9269d of this title or section 9221b(e) of this title, as added by section 7121 1 of this title) with respect to an entity, individual, or transaction, for renewable periods of not more than 180 days each if, before such a suspension or renewal of such a suspension takes effect, the President submits to the appropriate congressional committees—

(A) a certification that—

(i) the Government of North Korea has—

(I) committed to the verifiable suspension of North Korea's proliferation and testing of weapons of mass destruction, including systems designed in whole or in part for the delivery of such weapons; and

(II) has agreed to multilateral talks including the Government of the United States, with the goal of permanently and verifiably limiting North Korea's weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missile programs; or

(ii) the suspension is vital to the national security interests of the United States; and

(B) if the President submits a certification under subparagraph (A)(ii), an explanation of the reasons the suspension is vital to the national security interests of the United States.

(2) Omitted

(c) Termination

Subject to section 9265 of this title, any requirement to impose sanctions under this subtitle 1 or the amendments made by this subtitle, and any sanctions imposed pursuant to this subtitle 1 or any such amendment, shall terminate on the date on which the President makes the certification described in section 9252 of this title.

(Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXI, §7143, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2255.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subtitle, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1) and (c), is subtitle A of title LXXI of div. F of Pub. L. 116–92, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2244, which enacted this subchapter and sections 262p–13, 286yy, 9221b, and 9221c of this title, amended sections 9202, 9212, 9214, 9223, 9224, 9228, 9241, and 9251 of this title, repealed sections 262p–13 and 286yy of this title, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 262p–13 and 286yy of this title. For complete classification of this subtitle to the Code, see Tables.

Section 7121 of this title, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is section 7121 of title LXXI of div. F of Pub. L. 116–92, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2244, which enacted section 9221b of this title.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Otto Warmbier North Korea Nuclear Sanctions and Enforcement Act of 2019, and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2020, and not as part of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 which comprises this chapter.

Section is comprised of section 7143 of Pub. L. 116–92. Subsec. (a) of section 7143 of Pub. L. 116–92 amended section 9228 of this title. Subsec. (b)(2) of section 7143 of Pub. L. 116–92 amended section 9251 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 6563 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 74: FOREIGN AFFAIRS AGENCIES CONSOLIDATION / Subchapter IV: UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY / Section 6563: Status of AID
Status of AID
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Unless abolished pursuant to the reorganization plan submitted under section 6601 of this title, and except as provided in section 6562 of this title, there is within the Executive branch of Government the United States Agency for International Development as an entity described in section 104 of title 5.

(b) Retention of officers

Nothing in this section shall require the reappointment of any officer of the United States serving in the Agency for International Development of the United States International Development Cooperation Agency as of the day before the effective date of this subchapter.

(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIV, §1413, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–791.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

For the effective date of this subchapter, referred to in subsec. (b), meaning the effective date of title XIV of subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, see section 1401 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 6561 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 423 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 9: FOREIGN WARS, WAR MATERIALS, AND NEUTRALITY / Subchapter I: WAR MATERIALS / Section 423: Omitted
Omitted
Status: omitted

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section, act June 14, 1943, ch. 122, §2, 57 Stat. 152, related to retention for defense of United States of certain articles, information or service procured for foreign governments from funds appropriated by act June 14, 1943 or prior acts appropriating funds to the President for such purposes.
22 U.S.C. § 2291n (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2291n: Exchange program on demand reduction matters relating to illicit use of covered synthetic drugs
Exchange program on demand reduction matters relating to illicit use of covered synthetic drugs
Status: in_force

(a) In general

The Secretary of State shall establish or continue and strengthen, as appropriate, an exchange program for governmental and nongovernmental personnel in the United States and in foreign countries to provide educational and professional development on demand reduction matters relating to the illicit use of covered synthetic drugs and other drugs.

(b) Program requirements

The program required by subsection (a)—

(1) shall be limited to individuals who have expertise and experience in matters described in subsection (a);

(2) in the case of inbound exchanges, may be carried out as part of exchange programs and international visitor programs administered by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the Department of State, including the International Visitor Leadership Program, in coordination with the Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs; and

(3) shall include outbound exchanges for governmental or nongovernmental personnel in the United States.

(c) Authorization of appropriations

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State to carry out this section $1,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2023 through 2027.

(Pub. L. 117–263, div. E, title LV, §5554, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3342.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Fighting Emerging Narcotics Through Additional Nations to Yield Lasting Results Act, also known as the FENTANYL Results Act, and also as part of the James M. Inhofe National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2023, and not as part of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Rule of Construction

Nothing in subtitle C (§§5551–5558) of title LV of div. E of Pub. L. 117–263, or the amendments made by that subtitle, to be construed as affecting the prioritization of extradition requests, see section 5557 of Pub. L. 117–263, set out as a note under section 2291l of this title.

Definitions

For definition of "covered synthetic drug" as used in this section, see section 5558 of Pub. L. 117–263, set out as a note under section 2291l of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4050 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY / Section 4050: Discontinued service retirement
Discontinued service retirement
Status: in_force

Any participant who voluntarily separates from the Service after obtaining at least 5 years of service credit toward retirement under the System (excluding military and naval service) may upon separation from the Service or at any time prior to becoming eligible for an annuity elect to have his or her contributions to the Fund returned in accordance with section 4055 of this title, or to leave his or her contributions in the Fund and receive an annuity, computed under section 4046 of this title, commencing at age 60.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §810, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2112.)
22 U.S.C. § 2752 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter I: FOREIGN AND NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY OBJECTIVES AND RESTRAINTS / Section 2752: Coordination with foreign policy
Coordination with foreign policy
Status: in_force

(a) Noninfringement of powers or functions of Secretary of State

Nothing contained in this chapter shall be construed to infringe upon the powers or functions of the Secretary of State.

(b) Responsibility for supervision and direction of sales, leases, financing, cooperative projects, and exports

Under the direction of the President, the Secretary of State (taking into account other United States activities abroad, such as military assistance, economic assistance, and the food for peace program) shall be responsible for the continuous supervision and general direction of sales, leases, financing, cooperative projects, and exports under this chapter, including, but not limited to, determining—

(1) whether there will be a sale to or financing for a country and the amount thereof;

(2) whether there will be a lease to a country;

(3) whether there will be a cooperative project and the scope thereof; and

(4) whether there will be delivery or other performance under such sale, lease, cooperative project, or export,

to the end that sales, financing, leases, cooperative projects, and exports will be integrated with other United States activities and to the end that the foreign policy of the United States would be best served thereby.

(c) Coordination among representatives of United States

The President shall prescribe appropriate procedures to assure coordination among representatives of the United States Government in each country, under the leadership of the Chief of the United States Diplomatic Mission. The Chief of the diplomatic mission shall make sure that recommendations of such representatives pertaining to sales are coordinated with political and economic considerations, and his comments shall accompany such recommendations if he so desires.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 1, §2, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1322; Pub. L. 94–329, title II, §212(a)(2), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 745; Pub. L. 97–113, title I, §109(b)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1526; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, §115(b)(1), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 201; Pub. L. 99–145, title XI, §1102(a)(2), (5), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 710; Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1342(e), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3991.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1986—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–661 repealed section 1102(a)(2) of Pub. L. 99–145 and the amendments made by that section, and provided that this section shall apply as if that section had never been enacted. See 1985 Amendment note below.

1985—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–83 amended subsec. (b) generally, substituting reference to the food for peace program for reference to food for freedom and adding financing and cooperative projects under this chapter to the list of responsibilities of the Secretary of State.

Pub. L. 99–145, §1102(a)(2), which enacted amendments similar to those provided in Pub. L. 99–83, was repealed. See 1986 Amendment note above and Repeals; Effective Date note below.

1981—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 97–113 substituted "sales, leases," for "sales" in two places and "such sale, lease," for "such sale" and inserted "whether there shall be a lease to a country," after "whether there shall be a sale to a country and the amount thereof,".

1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–329 inserted "and exports" after "sales" wherever appearing and "and whether there shall be delivery or other performance under such sale or export," after "thereof,".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective July 1, 1968, see section 41 of Pub. L. 90–629, set out as a note under section 2751 of this title.

Repeals

Pub. L. 99–145, title XI, §1102(a)(5), Nov. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 710, which provided for the repeal of the amendments made by §1102(a) of Pub. L. 99–145, effective as of the effective date of similar amendments by Pub. L. 99–83, was repealed by Pub. L. 99–661, div. A, title XIII, §1342(e), Nov. 14, 1986, 100 Stat. 3991.
22 U.S.C. § 5462 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 63: SUPPORT FOR EAST EUROPEAN DEMOCRACY (SEED) / Subchapter V: ADDITIONAL SEED PROGRAM ACTIONS / Section 5462: SEED Information Center System
SEED Information Center System
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

The President shall establish a SEED Information Center System, using existing Executive branch agencies and acting in cooperation with the Government of Poland and the Government of Hungary.

(b) Functions

(1) In general

The SEED Information Center System shall serve as a central clearinghouse mechanism for information relating to—

(A) business needs and opportunities in Eastern Europe, and

(B) voluntary assistance to countries in Eastern Europe.

(2) Private enterprise development

The SEED Information Center System shall be organized, among other purposes, to encourage—

(A) the submission of economically sound proposals to the Polish-American Enterprise Fund and Hungarian-American Enterprise Fund, and

(B) other sources of finance for the development of private enterprise in Eastern Europe.

(c) Location

The SEED Information Center System shall be based jointly in Washington, District of Columbia; Warsaw, Poland; and Budapest, Hungary; and should it become appropriate, the capitals of other East European countries.

(Pub. L. 101–179, title VI, §602, Nov. 28, 1989, 103 Stat. 1319.)

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under this section delegated to Secretary of Commerce by section 3 of Ex. Ord. No. 12703, Feb. 20, 1990, 55 F.R. 6351, set out as a note under section 5401 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4107 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter X: LABOR-MANAGEMENT RELATIONS / Section 4107: Functions of Foreign Service Labor Relations Board
Functions of Foreign Service Labor Relations Board
Status: in_force

(a) General provisions

The Board shall—

(1) supervise or conduct elections and determine whether a labor organization has been selected as the exclusive representative by a majority of employees who cast valid ballots and otherwise administer the provisions of this subchapter relating to the according of exclusive recognition to a labor organization;

(2) resolve complaints of alleged unfair labor practices;

(3) resolve issues relating to the obligation to bargain in good faith;

(4) resolve disputes concerning the effect, the interpretation, or a claim of breach of a collective bargaining agreement, in accordance with section 4114 of this title; and

(5) take any action considered necessary to administer effectively the provisions of this subchapter.

(b) Consistency or precedence of decisions under other provisions of law

Decisions of the Board under this subchapter shall be consistent with decisions rendered by the Authority under chapter 71 of title 5, other than in cases in which the Board finds that special circumstances require otherwise. Decisions of the Board under this subchapter shall not be construed as precedent by the Authority, or any court or other authority, for any decision under chapter 71 of title 5.

(c) Implementation

In order to carry out its functions under this subchapter—

(1) the Board shall by regulation adopt procedures to apply in the administration of this subchapter; and

(2) the Board may—

(A) adopt other regulations concerning its functions under this subchapter;

(B) conduct appropriate inquiries wherever persons subject to this subchapter are located;

(C) hold hearings;

(D) administer oaths, take the testimony or deposition of any individual under oath, and issue subpenas;

(E) require the Department or a labor organization to cease and desist from violations of this subchapter and require it to take any remedial action the Board considers appropriate to carry out this subchapter; and

(F) consistent with the provisions of this subchapter, exercise the functions the Authority has under chapter 71 of title 5 to the same extent and in the same manner as is the case with respect to persons subject to chapter 71 of such title.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §1007, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2132.)
22 U.S.C. § 254a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 6: FOREIGN DIPLOMATIC AND CONSULAR OFFICERS / Section 254a: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

As used in this Act—

(1) the term "members of a mission" means—

(A) the head of a mission and those members of a mission who are members of the diplomatic staff or who, pursuant to law, are granted equivalent privileges and immunities,

(B) members of the administrative and technical staff of a mission, and

(C) members of the service staff of a mission,

as such terms are defined in Article 1 of the Vienna Convention;

(2) the term "family" means—

(A) the members of the family of a member of a mission described in paragraph (1)(A) who form part of his or her household if they are not nationals of the United States, and

(B) the members of the family of a member of a mission described in paragraph (1)(B) who form part of his or her household if they are not nationals or permanent residents of the United States,

within the meaning of Article 37 of the Vienna Convention;

(3) the term "mission" includes missions within the meaning of the Vienna Convention and any missions representing foreign governments, individually or collectively, which are extended the same privileges and immunities, pursuant to law, as are enjoyed by missions under the Vienna Convention; and

(4) the term "Vienna Convention" means the Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations of April 18, 1961 (T.I.A.S. numbered 7502; 23 U.S.T. 3227), entered into force with respect to the United States on December 13, 1972.

(Pub. L. 95–393, §2, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 808; Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §203(b)(1), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 290.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in text, means Pub. L. 95–393, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 808, known as the Diplomatic Relations Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note below and Tables.

Amendments

1982—Par. (1)(A). Pub. L. 97–241 substituted "those members of a mission who are members of the diplomatic staff or who, pursuant to law, are granted equivalent privileges and immunities" for "members of the diplomatic staff of a mission".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1982 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 97–241 effective Oct. 1, 1982, see section 204 of Pub. L. 97–241, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4301 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 95–393, §9, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 810, provided that: "This Act [see Short Title note below] shall take effect at the end of the ninety-day period beginning on the date of its enactment [Sept. 30, 1978]".

Short Title

Pub. L. 95–393, §1, Sept. 30, 1978, 92 Stat. 808, provided that: "This Act [enacting this section, sections 254b to 254e of this title, and section 1364 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, amending sections 1251 and 1351 of Title 28, repealing sections 252 to 254 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] may be cited as the 'Diplomatic Relations Act'."

Notification of Travel by Accredited Diplomatic and Consular Personnel of the Russian Federation in the United States

Pub. L. 116–92, div. E, title LXVII, §6704, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2223, provided that: "In carrying out the advance notification requirements set out in section 502 of the Intelligence Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2017 (division N of Public Law 115–31; 131 Stat. 825; 22 U.S.C. 254a note), the Secretary of State shall—

"(1) ensure that the Russian Federation provides notification to the Secretary of State at least 2 business days in advance of all travel that is subject to such requirements by accredited diplomatic and consular personnel of the Russian Federation in the United States, and take necessary action to secure full compliance by Russian personnel and address any noncompliance; and

"(2) provide notice of travel described in paragraph (1) to the Director of National Intelligence and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation within 1 hour of receiving notice of such travel."

Pub. L. 115–31, div. N, title V, §502, May 5, 2017, 131 Stat. 825, as amended by Pub. L. 116–92, div. E, title LXVII, §6717, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2228, provided that:

"(a) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means—

"(1) the congressional intelligence committees [Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives];

"(2) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate; and

"(3) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives.

"(b) Advance Notification Requirement.—The Secretary of State shall, in coordination with the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Director of National Intelligence, establish a mandatory advance notification regime governing all travel by accredited diplomatic and consular personnel of the Russian Federation in the United States and take necessary action to secure full compliance by Russian personnel and address any noncompliance.

"(c) Interagency Cooperation.—The Secretary of State, the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation, and the Director of National Intelligence shall develop written mechanisms to share information—

"(1) on travel by accredited diplomatic and consular personnel of the Russian Federation who are in the United States; and

"(2) on any known or suspected noncompliance by such personnel with the regime required by subsection (b).

"(d) Quarterly Reports.—Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [May 5, 2017], and quarterly thereafter, and consistent with the protection of intelligence sources and methods—

"(1) the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a written report detailing the number of notifications submitted under the regime required by subsection (b); and

"(2) the Secretary of State and the Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation shall jointly submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a written report detailing a best estimate of known or suspected violations of such requirements by any accredited diplomatic and consular personnel of the Russian Federation."
22 U.S.C. § 269f (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Section 269f: International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property; authorization of appropriations
International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property; authorization of appropriations
Status: in_force

Funds appropriated to the Secretary of State for "International Organizations and Conferences" shall be available for the payment by the United States of its proportionate share of the expenses of the International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property for any year after 1981 as determined under article 16(4) of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, as revised, except that in no event shall the payment for any year exceed 6 per centum of all expenses of the Bureau apportioned among countries for that year.

(Pub. L. 86–614, July 12, 1960, 74 Stat. 381; Pub. L. 88–69, July 19, 1963, 77 Stat. 82; Pub. L. 92–511, Oct. 20, 1972, 86 Stat. 918; Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §112, Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1019.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1983—Pub. L. 98–164 substituted provisions making appropriations available for the payment of expenses of the International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property for any year after 1981, for provisions authorizing appropriations for contributions for the support of the International Bureau of Intellectual Property for the period from July 1, 1950, through June 30, 1959, and for the payment by the United States of its share of the expenses of the Bureau.

1972—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 92–511, §1(1), substituted "International Bureau of Intellectual Property" for "International Bureau for the Protection of Industrial Property".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 92–511, §1(2), substituted provisions authorizing appropriation of sums as determined under article 16(4) of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property up to a maximum of 4.5 percent of the total expenses apportioned among member countries, for provisions authorizing appropriation of sums for payment by the United States of its proportionate share not exceeding $15,000 annually.

1963—Pub. L. 88–69 increased the limitation on the annual appropriation authorization from $7,250 to $15,000.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Annual Appropriations

Annual appropriations to meet the obligations of membership in various international organizations were contained in acts listed in a note set out under section 269a of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 5874 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 67: FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT / Subchapter V: SPACE TRADE AND COOPERATION / Section 5874: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

For purposes of this subchapter—

(1) the term "contractor" means a National Aeronautics and Space Administration contractor to the extent that the acquisition of space hardware, space technology, or space services from the independent states of the former Soviet Union may be relevant to the contractor's responsibilities under the contract; and

(2) the term "designated congressional committees" means the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

(Pub. L. 102–511, title VI, §604, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3348.)
22 U.S.C. § 2422 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2422: Repealed. Pub. L. 102-88, title VI, §601, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 441
Repealed. Pub. L. 102-88, title VI, §601, Aug. 14, 1991, 105 Stat. 441
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §662, as added Pub. L. 93–559, §32, Dec. 30, 1974, 88 Stat. 1804, and amended Pub. L. 96–450, title IV, §407(a), Oct. 14, 1980, 94 Stat. 1981, prohibited funding of activities of the Central Intelligence Agency, other than intelligence gathering, without Presidential finding of importance to national security of United States and defined such activities as significant anticipated intelligence activities for purpose of section 413 of Title 50, War and National Defense. See section 3094 of Title 50.
22 U.S.C. § 6083 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69A: CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) / Subchapter III: PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS OF UNITED STATES NATIONALS / Section 6083: Proof of ownership of claims to confiscated property
Proof of ownership of claims to confiscated property
Status: in_force

(a) Evidence of ownership

(1) Conclusiveness of certified claims

In any action brought under this subchapter, the court shall accept as conclusive proof of ownership of an interest in property a certification of a claim to ownership of that interest that has been made by the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission under title V of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949 (22 U.S.C. 1643 and following).

(2) Claims not certified

If in an action under this subchapter a claim has not been so certified by the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, the court may appoint a special master, including the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission, to make determinations regarding the amount and ownership of the claim. Such determinations are only for evidentiary purposes in civil actions brought under this subchapter and do not constitute certifications under title V of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949.

(3) Effect of determinations of foreign or international entities

In determining the amount or ownership of a claim in an action under this subchapter, the court shall not accept as conclusive evidence any findings, orders, judgments, or decrees from administrative agencies or courts of foreign countries or international organizations that declare the value of or invalidate the claim, unless the declaration of value or invalidation was found pursuant to binding international arbitration to which the United States or the claimant submitted the claim.

(b) Omitted

(c) Rule of construction

Nothing in this chapter or in section 514 of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949 [22 U.S.C. 1643l], as added by subsection (b), shall be construed—

(1) to require or otherwise authorize the claims of Cuban nationals who became United States citizens after their property was confiscated to be included in the claims certified to the Secretary of State by the Foreign Claims Settlement Commission for purposes of future negotiation and espousal of claims with a friendly government in Cuba when diplomatic relations are restored; or

(2) as superseding, amending, or otherwise altering certifications that have been made under title V of the International Claims Settlement Act of 1949 [22 U.S.C. 1643 et seq.] before March 12, 1996.

(Pub. L. 104–114, title III, §303, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 819.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The International Claims Settlement Act of 1949, referred to in subsecs. (a)(1), (2) and (c)(2), is act Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, 64 Stat. 12. Title V of the Act is classified generally to subchapter V (§1643 et seq.) of chapter 21 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1621 of this title and Tables.

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 104–114, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 785, known as the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6021 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is comprised of section 303 of Pub. L. 104–114. Subsec. (b) of section 303 of Pub. L. 104–114 enacted section 1643l of this title.