12 U.S.C. § 2617 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 27: REAL ESTATE SETTLEMENT PROCEDURES / Section 2617: Authority of Bureau
Authority of Bureau
Status: in_force

(a) Issuance of regulations; exemptions

The Bureau is authorized to prescribe such rules and regulations, to make such interpretations, and to grant such reasonable exemptions for classes of transactions, as may be necessary to achieve the purposes of this chapter.

(b) Liability for acts done in good faith in conformity with rule, regulation, or interpretation

No provision of this chapter or the laws of any State imposing any liability shall apply to any act done or omitted in good faith in conformity with any rule, regulation, or interpretation thereof by the Bureau or the Attorney General, notwithstanding that after such act or omission has occurred, such rule, regulation, or interpretation is amended, rescinded, or determined by judicial or other authority to be invalid for any reason.

(c) Investigations; hearings; failure to obey order; contempt

(1) The Secretary 1 may investigate any facts, conditions, practices, or matters that may be deemed necessary or proper to aid in the enforcement of the provisions of this chapter, in prescribing of rules and regulations thereunder, or in securing information to serve as a basis for recommending further legislation concerning real estate settlement practices. To aid in the investigations, the Bureau is authorized to hold such hearings, administer such oaths, and require by subpena the attendance and testimony of such witnesses and production of such documents as the Bureau deems advisable.

(2) Any district court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which an inquiry is carried on may, in the case of contumacy or refusal to obey a subpena of the Bureau issued under this section, issue an order requiring compliance therewith; and any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.

(d) Delay of effectiveness of recent final regulation relating to payments to employees

(1) In general

The amendment to part 3500 of title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations contained in the final regulation prescribed by the Secretary and published in the Federal Register on June 7, 1996, which will, as of the effective date of such amendment—

(A) eliminate the exemption for payments by an employer to employees of such employer for referral activities which is currently codified as section 3500.14(g)(1)(vii) of such title 24; and

(B) replace such exemption with a more limited exemption in new clauses (vii), (viii), and (ix) of section 3500.14 of such title 24,

shall not take effect before July 31, 1997.

(2) Continuation of prior rule

The regulation codified as section 3500.14(g)(1)(vii) of title 24 of the Code of Federal Regulations, relating to employer-employee payments, as in effect on May 1, 1996, shall remain in effect until the date the amendment referred to in paragraph (1) takes effect in accordance with such paragraph.

(3) Public notice of effective date

The Secretary shall provide public notice of the date on which the amendment referred to in paragraph (1) will take effect in accordance with such paragraph not less than 90 days and not more than 180 days before such effective date.

(Pub. L. 93–533, §19, as added Pub. L. 94–205, §10, Jan. 2, 1976, 89 Stat. 1159; amended Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §461(e)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1232; Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2103(f), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–401; Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1098(11), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2104.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203, §1098(11)(A), substituted "Bureau" for "Secretary" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 111–203, §1098(11)(B), substituted "Bureau" for "Secretary".

Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 111–203, §1098(11)(C), substituted "the Bureau" for "the Secretary" wherever appearing.

1996—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 104–208 added subsec. (d).

1983—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–181 added subsec. (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the designated transfer date, see section 1100H of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 552a of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1983 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–181 effective Jan. 1, 1984, see section 461(f) of Pub. L. 98–181, set out as a note under section 2602 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Jan. 2, 1976, see section 12 of Pub. L. 94–205, set out as an Effective Date of 1976 Amendment note under section 2602 of this title.

1 Probably should be "The Bureau".
12 U.S.C. § 5322 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 53: WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION / Subchapter I: FINANCIAL STABILITY / Section 5322: Council authority
Council authority
Status: in_force

(a) Purposes and duties of the Council

(1) In general

The purposes of the Council are—

(A) to identify risks to the financial stability of the United States that could arise from the material financial distress or failure, or ongoing activities, of large, interconnected bank holding companies or nonbank financial companies, or that could arise outside the financial services marketplace;

(B) to promote market discipline, by eliminating expectations on the part of shareholders, creditors, and counterparties of such companies that the Government will shield them from losses in the event of failure; and

(C) to respond to emerging threats to the stability of the United States financial system.

(2) Duties

The Council shall, in accordance with this subchapter—

(A) collect information from member agencies, other Federal and State financial regulatory agencies, the Federal Insurance Office and, if necessary to assess risks to the United States financial system, direct the Office of Financial Research to collect information from bank holding companies and nonbank financial companies;

(B) provide direction to, and request data and analyses from, the Office of Financial Research to support the work of the Council;

(C) monitor the financial services marketplace in order to identify potential threats to the financial stability of the United States;

(D) to 1 monitor domestic and international financial regulatory proposals and developments, including insurance and accounting issues, and to advise Congress and make recommendations in such areas that will enhance the integrity, efficiency, competitiveness, and stability of the U.S. financial markets;

(E) facilitate information sharing and coordination among the member agencies and other Federal and State agencies regarding domestic financial services policy development, rulemaking, examinations, reporting requirements, and enforcement actions;

(F) recommend to the member agencies general supervisory priorities and principles reflecting the outcome of discussions among the member agencies;

(G) identify gaps in regulation that could pose risks to the financial stability of the United States;

(H) require supervision by the Board of Governors for nonbank financial companies that may pose risks to the financial stability of the United States in the event of their material financial distress or failure, or because of their activities pursuant to section 5323 of this title;

(I) make recommendations to the Board of Governors concerning the establishment of heightened prudential standards for risk-based capital, leverage, liquidity, contingent capital, resolution plans and credit exposure reports, concentration limits, enhanced public disclosures, and overall risk management for nonbank financial companies and large, interconnected bank holding companies supervised by the Board of Governors;

(J) identify systemically important financial market utilities and payment, clearing, and settlement activities (as that term is defined in subchapter IV);

(K) make recommendations to primary financial regulatory agencies to apply new or heightened standards and safeguards for financial activities or practices that could create or increase risks of significant liquidity, credit, or other problems spreading among bank holding companies, nonbank financial companies, and United States financial markets;

(L) review and, as appropriate, may submit comments to the Commission and any standard-setting body with respect to an existing or proposed accounting principle, standard, or procedure;

(M) provide a forum for—

(i) discussion and analysis of emerging market developments and financial regulatory issues; and

(ii) resolution of jurisdictional disputes among the members of the Council; and

(N) annually report to and testify before Congress on—

(i) the activities of the Council;

(ii) significant financial market and regulatory developments, including insurance and accounting regulations and standards, along with an assessment of those developments on the stability of the financial system;

(iii) potential emerging threats to the financial stability of the United States;

(iv) all determinations made under section 5323 of this title or subchapter IV, and the basis for such determinations;

(v) all recommendations made under section 5329 of this title and the result of such recommendations; and

(vi) recommendations—

(I) to enhance the integrity, efficiency, competitiveness, and stability of United States financial markets;

(II) to promote market discipline; and

(III) to maintain investor confidence.

(b) Statements by voting members of the Council

At the time at which each report is submitted under subsection (a), each voting member of the Council shall—

(1) if such member believes that the Council, the Government, and the private sector are taking all reasonable steps to ensure financial stability and to mitigate systemic risk that would negatively affect the economy, submit a signed statement to Congress stating such belief; or

(2) if such member does not believe that all reasonable steps described under paragraph (1) are being taken, submit a signed statement to Congress stating what actions such member believes need to be taken in order to ensure that all reasonable steps described under paragraph (1) are taken.

(c) Testimony by the Chairperson

The Chairperson shall appear before the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate at an annual hearing, after the report is submitted under subsection (a)—

(1) to discuss the efforts, activities, objectives, and plans of the Council; and

(2) to discuss and answer questions concerning such report.

(d) Authority to obtain information

(1) In general

The Council may receive, and may request the submission of, any data or information from the Office of Financial Research, member agencies, and the Federal Insurance Office, as necessary—

(A) to monitor the financial services marketplace to identify potential risks to the financial stability of the United States; or

(B) to otherwise carry out any of the provisions of this subchapter.

(2) Submissions by the office and member agencies

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Office of Financial Research, any member agency, and the Federal Insurance Office, are authorized to submit information to the Council.

(3) Financial data collection

(A) In general

The Council, acting through the Office of Financial Research, may require the submission of periodic and other reports from any nonbank financial company or bank holding company for the purpose of assessing the extent to which a financial activity or financial market in which the nonbank financial company or bank holding company participates, or the nonbank financial company or bank holding company itself, poses a threat to the financial stability of the United States.

(B) Mitigation of report burden

Before requiring the submission of reports from any nonbank financial company or bank holding company that is regulated by a member agency or any primary financial regulatory agency, the Council, acting through the Office of Financial Research, shall coordinate with such agencies and shall, whenever possible, rely on information available from the Office of Financial Research or such agencies.

(C) Mitigation in case of foreign financial companies

Before requiring the submission of reports from a company that is a foreign nonbank financial company or foreign-based bank holding company, the Council shall, acting through the Office of Financial Research, to the extent appropriate, consult with the appropriate foreign regulator of such company and, whenever possible, rely on information already being collected by such foreign regulator, with English translation.

(4) Back-up examination by the Board of Governors

If the Council is unable to determine whether the financial activities of a U.S. nonbank financial company pose a threat to the financial stability of the United States, based on information or reports obtained under paragraphs (1) and (3), discussions with management, and publicly available information, the Council may request the Board of Governors, and the Board of Governors is authorized, to conduct an examination of the U.S. nonbank financial company for the sole purpose of determining whether the nonbank financial company should be supervised by the Board of Governors for purposes of this subchapter.

(5) Confidentiality

(A) In general

The Council, the Office of Financial Research, and the other member agencies shall maintain the confidentiality of any data, information, and reports submitted under this subchapter.

(B) Retention of privilege

The submission of any nonpublicly available data or information under this subsection and part B shall not constitute a waiver of, or otherwise affect, any privilege arising under Federal or State law (including the rules of any Federal or State court) to which the data or information is otherwise subject.

(C) Freedom of Information Act

Section 552 of title 5, including the exceptions thereunder, shall apply to any data or information submitted under this subsection and part B.

(Pub. L. 111–203, title I, §112, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1394.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(2) and (d)(1)(B), (4), (5)(A), was in the original "this title", meaning title I of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1391, which is classified principally to this subchapter. For complete classification of title I to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.

1 So in original. The word "to" probably should not appear.
12 U.S.C. § 1715t (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 13: NATIONAL HOUSING / Subchapter II: MORTGAGE INSURANCE / Section 1715t: Voluntary termination of insurance
Voluntary termination of insurance
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter and with respect to any loan or mortgage heretofore or hereafter insured under this chapter, except under section 1703 of this title and except as specified under section 1715z–15 of this title and subtitle B of the Emergency Low Income Housing Preservation Act of 1987,,1 the Secretary is authorized to terminate any insurance contract upon request by the borrower or mortgagor and the financial institution or mortgagee and upon payment of such termination charge as the Secretary determines to be equitable, taking into consideration the necessity of protecting the various insurance Funds. Upon such termination, borrowers and mortgagors and financial institutions and mortgagees shall be entitled to the rights, if any, to which they would be entitled under this chapter if the insurance contract were terminated by payment in full of the insured loan or mortgage.

(June 27, 1934, ch. 847, title II, §229, as added Pub. L. 86–372, title I, §113, Sept. 23, 1959, 73 Stat. 662; amended Pub. L. 87–70, title VI, §612(l), June 30, 1961, 75 Stat. 183; Pub. L. 89–117, title XI, §1108(k), Aug. 10, 1965, 79 Stat. 505; Pub. L. 90–19, §1(a)(3), May 25, 1967, 81 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 101–235, title II, §202(d)(2), Dec. 15, 1989, 103 Stat. 2037.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act June 27, 1934, ch. 847, 48 Stat. 1246, which is classified principally to this chapter (§1701 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

The Emergency Low Income Housing Preservation Act of 1987, referred to in text, is title II of Pub. L. 100–242, Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1877, which, as amended by Pub. L. 101–625, is known as the Low-Income Housing Preservation and Resident Homeownership Act of 1990. Subtitle B of title II, which was formerly set out as a note under section 1715l of this title and which amended section 1715z–6 of this title, was amended generally by Pub. L. 101–625 and is classified generally to subchapter I (§4101 et seq.) of chapter 42 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4101 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1989—Pub. L. 101–235 inserted "and except as specified under section 1715z–15 of this title and subtitle B of the Emergency Low Income Housing Preservation Act of 1987," after "section 1703 of this title".

1967—Pub. L. 90–19 substituted "Secretary" for "Commissioner" wherever appearing.

1965—Pub. L. 89–117 struck out "and Accounts" after "various Insurance Funds".

1961—Pub. L. 87–70 amended section generally, authorizing voluntary termination of insurance contracts with respect to loans insured under this chapter.

1 So in original.
12 U.S.C. § 4582 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Subchapter I: SUPERVISION AND REGULATION OF ENTERPRISES / Section 4582: Hearings
Hearings
Status: in_force

(a) Requirements

(1) Venue and record

Any hearing under section 4581 or 4585 of this title shall be held on the record and in the District of Columbia.

(2) Timing

Any such hearing shall be fixed for a date not earlier than 30 days nor later than 60 days after service of the notice of charges under section 4581(b)(1) of this title or determination to impose a penalty under section 4585(c)(1) of this title, unless an earlier or a later date is set by the hearing officer at the request of the enterprise served.

(3) Procedure

Any such hearing shall be conducted in accordance with chapter 5 of title 5.

(4) Failure to appear

If the enterprise served fails to appear at the hearing through a duly authorized representative, such enterprise shall be deemed to have consented to the issuance of the cease-and-desist order or the imposition of the penalty for which the hearing is held.

(b) Issuance of order

(1) In general

After any such hearing, and within 90 days after the enterprise has been notified that the case has been submitted to the Director for final decision, the Director shall render the decision (which shall include findings of fact upon which the decision is predicated) and shall issue and serve upon the enterprise an order or orders consistent with the provisions of this subpart.

(2) Modification

Judicial review of any such order shall be exclusively as provided in section 4583 of this title. Unless such a petition for review is timely filed as provided in section 4583 of this title, and thereafter until the record in the proceeding has been filed as so provided, the Director may at any time, modify, terminate, or set aside any such order, upon such notice and in such manner as the Director considers proper. Upon such filing of the record, the Director may modify, terminate, or set aside any such order with permission of the court.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1342, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3965; Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title I, §1130(e)(3)(A), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2711.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 110–289 substituted "Director" for "Secretary" wherever appearing.
12 U.S.C. § 2219d (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 23: FARM CREDIT SYSTEM / Subchapter IV: PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO TWO OR MORE CLASSES OF INSTITUTIONS OF THE SYSTEM / Section 2219d: Encouragement of conservation practices
Encouragement of conservation practices
Status: in_force

At the time a System institution or an agricultural mortgage loan originator (as defined in section 2279aa of this title) approves a loan made to a borrower that, in the opinion of the institution or originator, would be ineligible for a loan made, insured, or guaranteed under the Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act (7 U.S.C. 1921 et seq.) by reason of subtitle B or C of title XII of the Food Security Act of 1985 (16 U.S.C. 3811 et seq.), the institution or originator, as the case may be, shall encourage the borrower to contact the Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service to obtain information about soil conservation methods and practices.

(Pub. L. 92–181, title IV, §4.39, formerly §4.38, as added Pub. L. 100–233, title IV, §428, Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1658; renumbered §4.39, Pub. L. 100–399, title IV, §413, Aug. 17, 1988, 102 Stat. 1004; amended Pub. L. 115–334, title V, §5411(27), Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 4682.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act, referred to in text, is title III of Pub. L. 87–128, Aug. 8, 1961, 75 Stat. 307, which is classified principally to chapter 50 (§1921 et seq.) of Title 7, Agriculture. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1921 of Title 7 and Tables.

The Food Security Act of 1985, referred to in text, is Pub. L. 99–198, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1354. Subtitles B and C of title XII of the Food Security Act are classified generally to subchapters II (§3811 et seq.) and III (§3821 et seq.), respectively, of chapter 58 of Title 16, Conservation. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1985 Amendment note set out under section 1281 of Title 7 and Tables.

Amendments

2018—Pub. L. 115–334 substituted "section 2279aa of this title)" for "section 2279aa(7) of this title)".
12 U.S.C. § 1701v (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 13: NATIONAL HOUSING / Section 1701v: Congressional findings and declaration for improved architectural design in Government housing programs
Congressional findings and declaration for improved architectural design in Government housing programs
Status: in_force

The Congress finds that Federal aids to housing have not contributed fully to improvement in architectural standards. This objective has been contemplated in Federal housing legislation since the establishment of mortgage insurance through the Federal Housing Administration.

The Congress commends the Department of Housing and Urban Development for its recent efforts to improve architectural standards through competitive design awards and in other ways but at the same time recognizes that this important objective requires high priority if Federal aid is to make its full communitywide contribution toward improving our urban environment.

The Congress further finds that even within the necessary budget limitations on housing for low and moderate income families architectural design could be improved not only to make the housing more attractive, but to make it better suited to the needs of occupants.

The Congress declares that in the administration of housing programs which assist in the provision of housing for low and moderate income families, emphasis should be given to encouraging good design as an essential component of such housing and to developing housing which will be of such quality as to reflect its important relationship to the architectural standards of the neighborhood and community in which it is situated, consistent with prudent budgeting.

(Pub. L. 90–448, §4, Aug. 1, 1968, 82 Stat. 477.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and not as part of the National Housing Act which comprises this chapter.
12 U.S.C. § 5223 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 52: EMERGENCY ECONOMIC STABILIZATION / Subchapter I: TROUBLED ASSETS RELIEF PROGRAM / Section 5223: Minimization of long-term costs and maximization of benefits for taxpayers
Minimization of long-term costs and maximization of benefits for taxpayers
Status: in_force

(a) Long-term costs and benefits

(1) Minimizing negative impact

The Secretary shall use the authority under this chapter in a manner that will minimize any potential long-term negative impact on the taxpayer, taking into account the direct outlays, potential long-term returns on assets purchased, and the overall economic benefits of the program, including economic benefits due to improvements in economic activity and the availability of credit, the impact on the savings and pensions of individuals, and reductions in losses to the Federal Government.

(2) Authority

In carrying out paragraph (1), the Secretary shall—

(A) hold the assets to maturity or for resale for and until such time as the Secretary determines that the market is optimal for selling such assets, in order to maximize the value for taxpayers; and

(B) sell such assets at a price that the Secretary determines, based on available financial analysis, will maximize return on investment for the Federal Government.

(3) Private sector participation

The Secretary shall encourage the private sector to participate in purchases of troubled assets, and to invest in financial institutions, consistent with the provisions of this section.

(b) Use of market mechanisms

In making purchases under this chapter, the Secretary shall—

(1) make such purchases at the lowest price that the Secretary determines to be consistent with the purposes of this chapter; and

(2) maximize the efficiency of the use of taxpayer resources by using market mechanisms, including auctions or reverse auctions, where appropriate.

(c) Direct purchases

If the Secretary determines that use of a market mechanism under subsection (b) is not feasible or appropriate, and the purposes of the chapter are best met through direct purchases from an individual financial institution, the Secretary shall pursue additional measures to ensure that prices paid for assets are reasonable and reflect the underlying value of the asset.

(d) Conditions on purchase authority for warrants and debt instruments

(1) In general

The Secretary may not purchase, or make any commitment to purchase, any troubled asset under the authority of this chapter, unless the Secretary receives from the financial institution from which such assets are to be purchased—

(A) in the case of a financial institution, the securities of which are traded on a national securities exchange, a warrant giving the right to the Secretary to receive nonvoting common stock or preferred stock in such financial institution, or voting stock with respect to which,1 the Secretary agrees not to exercise voting power, as the Secretary determines appropriate; or

(B) in the case of any financial institution other than one described in subparagraph (A), a warrant for common or preferred stock, or a senior debt instrument from such financial institution, as described in paragraph (2)(C).

(2) Terms and conditions

The terms and conditions of any warrant or senior debt instrument required under paragraph (1) shall meet the following requirements:

(A) Purposes

Such terms and conditions shall, at a minimum, be designed—

(i) to provide for reasonable participation by the Secretary, for the benefit of taxpayers, in equity appreciation in the case of a warrant or other equity security, or a reasonable interest rate premium, in the case of a debt instrument; and

(ii) to provide additional protection for the taxpayer against losses from sale of assets by the Secretary under this chapter and the administrative expenses of the TARP.

(B) Authority to sell, exercise, or surrender

The Secretary may sell, exercise, or surrender a warrant or any senior debt instrument received under this subsection, based on the conditions established under subparagraph (A).

(C) Conversion

The warrant shall provide that if, after the warrant is received by the Secretary under this subsection, the financial institution that issued the warrant is no longer listed or traded on a national securities exchange or securities association, as described in paragraph (1)(A), such warrants shall convert to senior debt, or contain appropriate protections for the Secretary to ensure that the Treasury is appropriately compensated for the value of the warrant, in an amount determined by the Secretary.

(D) Protections

Any warrant representing securities to be received by the Secretary under this subsection shall contain anti-dilution provisions of the type employed in capital market transactions, as determined by the Secretary. Such provisions shall protect the value of the securities from market transactions such as stock splits, stock distributions, dividends, and other distributions, mergers, and other forms of reorganization or recapitalization.

(E) Exercise price

The exercise price for any warrant issued pursuant to this subsection shall be set by the Secretary, in the interest of the taxpayers.

(F) Sufficiency

The financial institution shall guarantee to the Secretary that it has authorized shares of nonvoting stock available to fulfill its obligations under this subsection. Should the financial institution not have sufficient authorized shares, including preferred shares that may carry dividend rights equal to a multiple number of common shares, the Secretary may, to the extent necessary, accept a senior debt note in an amount, and on such terms as will compensate the Secretary with equivalent value, in the event that a sufficient shareholder vote to authorize the necessary additional shares cannot be obtained.

(3) Exceptions

(A) De minimis

The Secretary shall establish de minimis exceptions to the requirements of this subsection, based on the size of the cumulative transactions of troubled assets purchased from any one financial institution for the duration of the program, at not more than $100,000,000.

(B) Other exceptions

The Secretary shall establish an exception to the requirements of this subsection and appropriate alternative requirements for any participating financial institution that is legally prohibited from issuing securities and debt instruments, so as not to allow circumvention of the requirements of this section.

(Pub. L. 110–343, div. A, title I, §113, Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3777.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act" and was translated as reading "this division", meaning div. A of Pub. L. 110–343, Oct. 3, 2008, 122 Stat. 3765, known as the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. For complete classification of division A to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5201 of this title and Tables.

1 So in original. The comma probably should not appear.
12 U.S.C. § 5402 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 53: WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION / Subchapter III: TRANSFER OF POWERS TO THE COMPTROLLER OF THE CURRENCY, THE CORPORATION, AND THE BOARD OF GOVERNORS / Section 5402: Definition
Definition
Status: in_force

In this title,1 the term "transferred employee" means, as the context requires, an employee transferred to the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency or the Corporation under section 5432 of this title.

(Pub. L. 111–203, title III, §302, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1520.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This title, where footnoted in text, is title III of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1520, known as the Enhancing Financial Institution Safety and Soundness Act of 2010, which enacted this subchapter and sections 4b and 16 of this title, amended sections 1, 11, 248, 461, 481, 482, 1438, 1462, 1462a, 1463, to 1464, 1466a, 1467, 1467a, 1468, 1468a, to 1468b, 1470, 1701c, 1701p–1, 1708, 1757, 1785, 1786, 1787, 1812, 1813, 1817, 1818, 1820, 1821, 1823, 1828, 1829, 1831e, 1831j, 1833b, 1833e, 1834, 1841, 1843, 1844, 1861, 1867, 1881, 1882, 1884, 1972, 2709, 2902, 2905, 3206 to 3208, 3332, 4515, and 4517 of this title, section 906 of Title 2, The Congress, sections 78c, 78l, 78o–5, and 78w of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, sections 212, 657, 981, 982, 1006, 1014, and 1032 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, sections 321 and 714 of Title 31, Money and Finance, section 41501 of Title 34, Crime Control and Law Enforcement, sections 4003 and 8105 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, and section 3502 of Title 44, Public Printing and Documents, repealed section 1441a of this title, enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 1, 16, 1438, 1787, 1812, 1817, and 1821 of this title and section 906 of Title 2, and amended provisions set out as notes under sections 1437, 1463, 1464, 1467a, 1707, 1812, and 1818 of this title. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Short title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 1 day after July 21, 2010, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 5301 of this title.

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 4242 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 43: ACTIONS AGAINST PERSONS COMMITTING BANK FRAUD CRIMES / Subchapter III: USE OF PRIVATE LEGAL RESOURCES / Section 4242: Contract decisions nonreviewable
Contract decisions nonreviewable
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other law, no court shall have jurisdiction over any claim based on the Attorney General's decision to refuse to enter into a contract for legal services referred to in section 4241 of this title.

(Pub. L. 101–647, title XXV, §2589, Nov. 29, 1990, 104 Stat. 4905.)
12 U.S.C. § 4547 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Subchapter I: SUPERVISION AND REGULATION OF ENTERPRISES / Section 4547: Enterprise guarantee fees
Enterprise guarantee fees
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions

For purposes of this section, the following definitions shall apply:

(1) Guarantee fee

The term "guarantee fee"—

(A) means a fee described in subsection (b); and

(B) includes—

(i) the guaranty fee charged by the Federal National Mortgage Association with respect to mortgage-backed securities; and

(ii) the management and guarantee fee charged by the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation with respect to participation certificates.

(2) Average fees

The term "average fees" means the average contractual fee rate of single-family guaranty arrangements by an enterprise entered into during 2011, plus the recognition of any up-front cash payments over an estimated average life, expressed in terms of basis points. Such definition shall be interpreted in a manner consistent with the annual report on guarantee fees by the Federal Housing Finance Agency.

(b) Increase

(1) In general

(A) Phased increase required

Subject to subsection (c), the Director shall require each enterprise to charge a guarantee fee in connection with any guarantee of the timely payment of principal and interest on securities, notes, and other obligations based on or backed by mortgages on residential real properties designed principally for occupancy of from 1 to 4 families, consummated after December 23, 2011.

(B) Amount

The amount of the increase required under this section shall be determined by the Director to appropriately reflect the risk of loss, as well 1 the cost of capital allocated to similar assets held by other fully private regulated financial institutions, but such amount shall be not less than an average increase of 10 basis points for each origination year or book year above the average fees imposed in 2011 for such guarantees. The Director shall prohibit an enterprise from offsetting the cost of the fee to mortgage originators, borrowers, and investors by decreasing other charges, fees, or premiums, or in any other manner.

(2) Authority to limit offer of guarantee

The Director shall prohibit an enterprise from consummating any offer for a guarantee to a lender for mortgage-backed securities, if—

(A) the guarantee is inconsistent with the requirements of this section; or

(B) the risk of loss is allowed to increase, through lowering of the underwriting standards or other means, for the primary purpose of meeting the requirements of this section.

(3) Deposit in Treasury

Amounts received from fee increases imposed under this section shall be deposited directly into the United States Treasury, and shall be available only to the extent provided in subsequent appropriations Acts. The fees charged pursuant to this section shall not be considered a reimbursement to the Federal Government for the costs or subsidy provided to an enterprise.

(c) Phase-in

(1) In general

The Director may provide for compliance with subsection (b) by allowing each enterprise to increase the guarantee fee charged by the enterprise gradually over the 2-year period beginning on December 23, 2011, in a manner sufficient to comply with this section. In determining a schedule for such increases, the Director shall—

(A) provide for uniform pricing among lenders;

(B) provide for adjustments in pricing based on risk levels; and

(C) take into consideration conditions in financial markets.

(2) Rule of construction

Nothing in this subsection shall be interpreted to undermine the minimum increase required by subsection (b).

(d) Information collection and annual analysis

The Director shall require each enterprise to provide to the Director, as part of its annual report submitted to Congress—

(1) a description of—

(A) changes made to up-front fees and annual fees as part of the guarantee fees negotiated with lenders;

(B) changes to the riskiness of the new borrowers compared to previous origination years or book years; and

(C) any adjustments required to improve for future origination years or book years, in order to be in complete compliance with subsection (b); and

(2) an assessment of how the changes in the guarantee fees described in paragraph (1) met the requirements of subsection (b).

(e) Enforcement

(1) Required adjustments

Based on the information from subsection (d) and any other information the Director deems necessary, the Director shall require an enterprise to make adjustments in its guarantee fee in order to be in compliance with subsection (b).

(2) Noncompliance penalty

An enterprise that has been found to be out of compliance with subsection (b) for any 2 consecutive years shall be precluded from providing any guarantee for a period, determined by rule of the Director, but in no case less than 1 year.

(3) Rule of construction

Nothing in this subsection shall be interpreted as preventing the Director from initiating and implementing an enforcement action against an enterprise, at a time the Director deems necessary, under other existing enforcement authority.

(f) Expiration

The provisions of this section shall expire on October 1, 2032.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1327, as added Pub. L. 112–78, title IV, §401, Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1287; Pub. L. 117–58, div. I, §90005, Nov. 15, 2021, 135 Stat. 1346.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 4547, Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1327, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3956; Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title I, §1122(a)(1), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2689, related to authority to require reports by enterprises, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 110–289, div. A , title I, §1104(b), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2667.

Amendments

2021—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 117–58 substituted "2032" for "2021".

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by "as".
12 U.S.C. § 1775 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 14: FEDERAL CREDIT UNIONS / Subchapter I: GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 1775: Conditions upon conversion to Federal status
Conditions upon conversion to Federal status
Status: in_force

Any District of Columbia credit union converting into a Federal credit union in accordance with sections 1773 to 1775 of this title shall thereupon be subject to the limitations, vested with the powers, and charged with the liabilities conferred and imposed by the Federal Credit Union Act [12 U.S.C. 1751 et seq.] upon credit unions organized thereunder, except that—

(1) no fee shall be imposed upon a credit union converting pursuant to sections 1773 to 1775 of this title as an incident to its conversion;

(2) any loan or investment made by a credit union converting pursuant to sections 1773 to 1775 of this title in conformity with the District of Columbia Credit Unions Act prior to its conversion, which does not conform to the requirements of the Federal Credit Union Act and is still outstanding at the time of conversion, shall be liquidated at or before its maturity or, if it has no maturity date, in a prudent manner and within a reasonable period of time;

(3) a credit union converting pursuant to sections 1773 to 1775 of this title shall submit proposed bylaws to the Board for the Board's approval after its conversion, but not later than thirty days following its next annual meeting or six months after August 1, 1964, whichever is later: Provided, That any existing bylaw inconsistent with any other requirements of the Federal Credit Union Act shall be deemed null and void.

(Pub. L. 88–395, §3, Aug. 1, 1964, 78 Stat. 377; Pub. L. 91–206, §3, Mar. 10, 1970, 84 Stat. 49; Pub. L. 95–630, title V, §501, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3680.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Credit Union Act, referred to in text, is act June 26, 1934, ch. 750, 48 Stat. 1216, which is classified generally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1751 of this title and Tables.

The District of Columbia Credit Unions Act, referred to in par. (2), was act June 23, 1932, ch. 272, 47 Stat. 326, and was repealed by Pub. L. 88–395, §4, Aug. 1, 1964, 78 Stat. 377.

Codification

Section was not enacted as part of the Federal Credit Union Act which comprises this chapter.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

"Board" and "the Board's", meaning the National Credit Union Administration Board, substituted in par. (3) for "Director" and "his", respectively, meaning Director of Bureau of Federal Credit Unions, pursuant to section 3 of Pub. L. 91–206 and section 501 of Pub. L. 95–630 [12 U.S.C. 1752a] which transferred functions of Bureau of Federal Credit Unions, and Director thereof, to National Credit Union Administration and vested authority for management of Administration in National Credit Union Administration Board.
12 U.S.C. § 5373 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 53: WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION / Subchapter I: FINANCIAL STABILITY / Section 5373: International policy coordination
International policy coordination
Status: in_force

(a) By the President

The President, or a designee of the President, may coordinate through all available international policy channels, similar policies as those found in United States law relating to limiting the scope, nature, size, scale, concentration, and interconnectedness of financial companies, in order to protect financial stability and the global economy.

(b) By the Council

The Chairperson of the Council, in consultation with the other members of the Council, shall regularly consult with the financial regulatory entities and other appropriate organizations of foreign governments or international organizations on matters relating to systemic risk to the international financial system.

(c) By the Board of Governors and the Secretary

The Board of Governors and the Secretary shall consult with their foreign counterparts and through appropriate multilateral organizations to encourage comprehensive and robust prudential supervision and regulation for all highly leveraged and interconnected financial companies.

(Pub. L. 111–203, title I, §175, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1442.)
12 U.S.C. § 2404 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 25: NATIONAL COMMISSION ON ELECTRONIC FUND TRANSFERS / Section 2404: Powers of Commission
Powers of Commission
Status: in_force

(a) Hearings; administration of oaths

The Commission may for the purpose of carrying out this chapter hold such hearings, sit and act at such times and places, take such testimony, and receive such evidence, as the Commission may deem advisable. The Commission may administer oaths of 1 affirmations to witnesses appearing before it.

(b) Implementation authority of members or agents of Commission

When so authorized by the Commission, any member or agent of the Commission may take any action which the Commission is authorized to take by this section.

(c) Request for information from other Federal departments or agencies

The Commission may secure directly from any department or agency of the United States information necessary to enable it to carry out this chapter. Upon request of the Chairperson of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission.

(d) Issuance of subpenas for attendance of witnesses and production of evidence; refusal to obey; contempt proceedings; manner of service of subpenas; service of process

(1) The Commission shall have power to issue subpenas requiring the attendance and testimony of witnesses and the production of any evidence that relates to any matter under investigation by the Commission. Such attendance of witnesses and the production of such evidence may be required from any place within the United States at any designated place of hearing within the United States.

(2) If a person issued a subpena under paragraph (1) refuses to obey such subpena or is guilty of contumacy, any court of the United States within the judicial district within which the hearing is conducted or within the judicial district within which such person is found or resides or transacts business may (upon application by the Commission) order such person to appear before the Commission to produce evidence or to give testimony touching the matter under investigation. Any failure to obey such order of the court may be punished by such court as a contempt thereof.

(3) The subpenas of the Commission shall be served in the manner provided for subpenas issued by a United States district court under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure for the United States district courts.

(4) All process of any court to which application may be made under this section may be served in the judicial district wherein the person required to be served resides or may be found.

(Pub. L. 93–495, title II, §204, Oct. 28, 1974, 88 Stat. 1509.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 93–495, which enacted this chapter (§2401 et seq.). For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

1 So in original. Probably should be "or".
12 U.S.C. § 635g (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 6A: EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES / Subchapter I: GENERAL PROVISIONS / Section 635g: Report to Congress; time for submission; contents
Report to Congress; time for submission; contents
Status: in_force

(a) Annual submission of report

The Export-Import Bank of the United States shall transmit to the Congress annually a complete and detailed report of its operations. Such report shall be as of the close of business on the last day of each fiscal year.

(b) Report on allocation of sums set aside for small business exports

(1) The Bank shall include in its annual report to the Congress a report on the allocation of the sums set aside for small business exports pursuant to section 635(b)(1)(E) of this title.

(2) Such report shall specify—

(A) the total number and dollar volume of loans made from the sums set aside;

(B) the number and dollar volume of loans made through the consortia program under section 635(b)(1)(E)(vii) of this title;

(C) the amount of guarantees and insurance provided for small business exports;

(D) the number of recipients of financing from the sums set aside who have not previously participated in the Bank's programs;

(E) the number of commitments entered into in amounts less than $500,000; and

(F) any recommendations for increasing the participation of banks and other institutions in the programs authorized under section 635(b)(1)(E) of this title.

(3) For the purpose of this subsection, the Bank's report shall be transmitted to the Committee on Small Business of the Senate and the Committee on Small Business of the House of Representatives.

(c) Technology to assist small businesses

The Bank shall include in its annual report to the Congress under subsection (a) of this section for each of fiscal years 2002 through 2006 a report on the efforts made by the Bank to carry out subparagraphs (E)(x) and (J) of section 635(b)(1) of this title, and on how the efforts are assisting small business concerns (as defined in section 632(a) of title 15).

(d) Number of small business suppliers of Bank users

The Bank shall estimate on the basis of an annual survey or tabulation the number of entities that are suppliers of users of the Bank and that are small business concerns (as defined in section 632(a) of title 15) located in the United States, and shall include the estimate in its annual report to the Congress under subsection (a) of this section.

(e) Outreach to certain small businesses

The Bank shall include in its annual report to the Congress under subsection (a) of this section a description of outreach efforts made by the Bank to any socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns (as defined in section 637(a)(4) of title 15), small business concerns (as defined in section 632(a) of title 15) owned by women, and small business concerns (as defined in section 632(a) of title 15) employing fewer than 100 employees.

(f) Additional reports

Not later than March 31 of each year, the Bank shall submit to the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate reports on—

(1) the extent to which the Bank has been able to use the authority provided, and has complied with the mandates contained, in section 635(b)(1)(E) of this title, and to the extent the Bank has been unable to fully use such authority and comply with such mandates, a report on the reasons for the Bank's inability to do so and the steps the Bank is taking to remedy such inability;

(2) the extent to which financing has been made available to small business concerns (described in subsection (e)) to enable them to participate in exports by major contractors, including through access to the supply chains of the contractors through direct or indirect funding;

(3) the specific measures the Bank will take in the upcoming year to achieve the small business objectives of the Bank, including expanded outreach, product improvements, and related actions;

(4) the progress made by the Bank in supporting exports by socially and economically disadvantaged small business concerns (defined in section 637(a)(4) of title 15) and small business concerns (as defined in section 632(a) of title 15) owned by women, including estimates of the amounts made available to finance exports directly by such small business concerns, a comparison of these amounts with the amounts made available to all small business concerns, and a comparison of such amounts with the amounts so made available during the 2 preceding years;

(5) with respect to each type of transaction, the interest and fees charged by the Bank to exporters (including a description of fees and interest, if any, charged to small business concerns), buyers, and other applicants in connection with each financing program of the Bank, and the highest, lowest, and average fees charged by the Bank for short term insurance transactions;

(6) the effects of the fees on the ability of the Bank to achieve the objectives of the Bank relating to small business;

(7) the fee structure of the Bank as compared with those of foreign export credit agencies; and

(8)(A) the efforts made by the Bank to carry out subparagraphs (E)(x) and (J) of section 635(b)(1) of this title, including the total amount expended by the Bank to do so; and

(B) if the Bank has been unable to comply with such subparagraphs—

(i) an analysis of the reasons therefor; and

(ii) what the Bank is doing to achieve, and the date by which the Bank expects to have achieved, such compliance.

(g) Monitoring of default rates on bank financing; reports on default rates; safety and soundness review

(1) Monitoring of default rates

Not less frequently than quarterly, the Bank shall calculate the rate at which the entities to which the Bank has provided short-, medium-, or long-term financing are in default on a payment obligation under the financing, by dividing the total amount of the required payments that are overdue by the total amount of the financing involved.

(2) Additional calculation by type of product, by key market, and by industry sector; report to Congress

In addition, the Bank shall, not less frequently than quarterly—

(A) calculate the rate of default—

(i) with respect to whether the products involved are short-term loans, medium-term loans, long-term loans, insurance, medium-term guarantees, or long-term guarantees;

(ii) with respect to each key market involved; and

(iii) with respect to each industry sector involved; and

(B) submit to the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives a report on each such rate and any information the Bank deems relevant.

(3) Report on causes of default rate; plan to reduce default rate

Within 45 days after a rate calculated under paragraph (1) equals or exceeds 2 percent, the Bank shall submit to the Congress a written report that explains the circumstances that have caused the default rate to be at least 2 percent, and includes a plan to reduce the default rate to less than 2 percent.

(4) Plan contents

The plan referred to in paragraph (3) shall—

(A) provide a detailed explanation of the processes and controls by which the Bank monitors and tracks outstanding loans;

(B) detail specific planned actions, including a time frame for completing the actions, to reduce the default rate described in paragraph (1) to less than 2 percent.

(5) Monthly reports required while default rate is at least 2 percent

For so long as the default rate calculated under paragraph (1) is at least 2 percent, the Bank shall submit monthly reports to the Congress describing the specific actions taken during such period to reduce the default rate.

(6) Safety and soundness review

If the default rate calculated under paragraph (1) remains above 2 percent for a period of 6 months, the Secretary of the Treasury shall provide for an independent third party to—

(A) conduct a review of the loan programs and funds of the Bank, which shall determine—

(i) the financial safety and soundness of the programs and funds; and

(ii) the extent of loan loss reserves and capital adequacy of the programs and funds; and

(B) submit to the Secretary, within 60 days after the end of the 6-month period, a report that—

(i) describes the methodology and standards used to conduct the review required by subparagraph (A);

(ii) sets forth the results and findings of the review, including the extent of loan loss reserves and capital adequacy of the programs and funds of the Bank; and

(iii) includes recommendations regarding restoring the reserves and capital to maintain the programs and funds in a safe and sound condition.

(h) Categorization of purpose of loans and long-term guarantees

In the annual report of the Bank under subsection (a), the Bank shall categorize each loan and long-term guarantee made by the Bank in the fiscal year covered by the report, and according to the following purposes:

(1) "To assume commercial or political risk that exporter or private financial institutions are unwilling or unable to undertake".

(2) "To overcome maturity or other limitations in private sector export financing".

(3) "To meet competition from a foreign, officially sponsored, export credit competition".

(4) "Not identified", and the reason why the purpose is not identified.

(i) Access to Bank products by the textile industry

The Bank shall include in its annual report to the Congress under subsection (a) of this section a report on the determinations made by the Advisory Committee under section 635a(d)(5) of this title in the year covered by the report.

(j) Textile and apparel supply chain financing

The Bank shall include in its annual report to the Congress under subsection (a) of this section a description of the success of the Bank in providing effective and reasonably priced financing to the United States textile and apparel industry for exports of goods manufactured in the United States that are used as components in global textile and apparel supply chains in the year covered by the report, and steps the Bank has taken to increase the use of Bank products by such firms.

(k) Report on programs for small- and medium-sized businesses

The Bank shall include in its annual report to Congress under subsection (a) a report on the programs of the Bank for United States businesses with less than $250,000,000 in annual sales.

(l) Report on authorizations under the Program on China and Transformational Exports

The Bank shall include in its annual report to Congress under subsection (a) a narrative and financial summary of the authorizations made under the Program on China and Transformational Exports.

(July 31, 1945, ch. 341, §8, formerly §9, 59 Stat. 529; Pub. L. 90–267, §1(a), Mar. 13, 1968, 82 Stat. 47; Pub. L. 93–646, §10, Jan. 4, 1975, 88 Stat. 2336; Pub. L. 95–630, title XIX, §1907(b), Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3725; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title VI, §§618(b), 623], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1259, 1262; Pub. L. 99–472, §20(b), (c), Oct. 15, 1986, 100 Stat. 1209, 1210; renumbered §8, Pub. L. 102–429, title I, §121(c)(2), Oct. 21, 1992, 106 Stat. 2199; Pub. L. 106–569, title XI, §1104(a)(4), Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 3032; Pub. L. 107–189, §12, June 14, 2002, 116 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 109–438, §20, Dec. 20, 2006, 120 Stat. 3282; Pub. L. 112–122, §§6, 10, 20(b)(2), 21(c), May 30, 2012, 126 Stat. 353, 356, 362, 363; Pub. L. 114–94, div. E, title LII, §52002(a), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1767; Pub. L. 116–94, div. I, title IV, §402(b), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3023.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 8 of act July 31, 1945, ch. 341, was renumbered section 7 and is classified to section 635f of this title.

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 116–94 added subsec. (l).

2015—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 114–94 added subsec. (k).

2012—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 112–122, §6, added subsec. (g).

Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 112–122, §10, added subsec. (h).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–122, §20(b)(2), added subsec. (i).

Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 112–122, §21(c), added subsec. (j).

2006—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 109–438 added subsec. (f).

2002—Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 107–189 added subsecs. (c) to (e).

2000—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–569 redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: "The report shall contain a description of actions taken by the Bank in pursuance of the policy of aiding, counseling, assisting, and protecting, insofar as is possible, the interests of small business concerns and of the activities of the member of the Board appointed to represent the interest of small business. In addition, the Bank shall include in the report a description of specific activities and programs undertaken by it to achieve the policy of section 3261 of title 22, and section 2151q of title 22, as required by section 635(b)(1)(C) of this title."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–569 redesignated subsec. (c) as (b) and directed redesignation of subsec. (e) as (c).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–569 struck out subsec. (d) which required report to include actions taken by Bank to aid industries, preserve and create highly skilled jobs, and enhance opportunity for business growth and expansion and comments of Advisory Committee.

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–569, which directed redesignation of subsec. (e) as (c), could not be executed. See 1986 Amendment note and Termination Date of 1986 Amendment note below.

1986—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 99–472 temporarily added subsec. (e). See Termination Date of 1986 Amendment note below.

1983—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 98–181, §618(b)(1), inserted "and of the activities of the member of the Board appointed to represent the interests of small business".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 98–181, §618(b)(2), added subsec. (c).

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 98–181, §623, added subsec. (d).

1978—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–630 inserted provision that in addition, the Bank include in the report a description of specific activities and programs undertaken by it to achieve the policy of section 3261 of title 22, and section 2151q of title 22, as required by section 635(b)(1)(C) of this title.

1975—Pub. L. 93–646 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a), substituted provisions calling for an annual report as of the close of business on the last day of each fiscal year, for provisions calling for a semiannual report as of the close of business on June 30 and Dec. 31 of each year, and added subsec. (b).

1968—Pub. L. 90–267 changed name of "Export-Import Bank of Washington" to "Export-Import Bank of the United States".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Small Business of Senate changed to Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship of Senate. See Senate Resolution No. 123, One Hundred Seventh Congress, June 29, 2001.

Effective Date of 2015 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–94, div. E, title LII, §52002(b), Dec. 4, 2015, 129 Stat. 1767, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to the report of the Export-Import Bank of the United States submitted to Congress under section 8 of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (12 U.S.C. 635g) for the first year that begins after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 4, 2015]."

Termination Date of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–472, §20(c), Oct. 15, 1986, 100 Stat. 1210, provided that: "Effective March 2, 1988, the amendment made by subsection (b) [amending this section] is repealed."

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–630 effective Nov. 10, 1978, see section 1917 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 635 of this title.

Reports

Pub. L. 107–189, §8(c), June 14, 2002, 116 Stat. 701, provided that: "The Export-Import Bank of the United States shall include in the annual report required by section 8(a) of the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 [12 U.S.C. 635g(a)] for each of fiscal years 2002 through 2006 a report on the efforts made by the Bank to carry out subparagraphs (E)(x) and (J) of section 2(b)(1) of such Act [12 U.S.C. 635(b)(1)], and on how the efforts are assisting small businesses."

Financing for Renewable Energy Projects

Pub. L. 101–167, title V, §534(d), Nov. 21, 1989, 103 Stat. 1231, provided that:

"(1) Of the financing provided by the Export-Import Bank that is utilized for the support of exports for the energy sector, the Bank shall seek to provide not less than 5 per centum of such financing for renewable energy projects.

"(2) The Export-Import Bank shall take all appropriate steps to finance information exchanges and training whose purpose it is to help link United States producers in the renewable energy sector with assistance programs and potential foreign customers.

"(3) Beginning on April 15, 1990, the Chairman of the Export-Import Bank shall submit an annual report to the Committees on Appropriations on the Bank's implementation of this subsection."

Modification of Reporting Requirements

Pub. L. 89–348, §2(9), Nov. 8, 1965, 79 Stat. 1312, modified the reporting requirements of this section as follows: "From semiannual to annual submission to the Congress by the Export-Import Bank of Washington of a report concerning its operations under the Export-Import Bank Act of 1945 (59 Stat. 529; 12 U.S.C. 635g)." This section was later amended by Pub. L. 93–646 to require annual instead of semiannual reports.
12 U.S.C. § 4501 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Section 4501: Congressional findings
Congressional findings
Status: in_force

The Congress finds that—

(1) the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (referred to in this section collectively as the "enterprises"), and the Federal Home Loan Banks (referred to in this section as the "Banks"), have important public missions that are reflected in the statutes and charter Acts establishing the Banks and the enterprises;

(2) because the continued ability of the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation to accomplish their public missions is important to providing housing in the United States and the health of the Nation's economy, more effective Federal regulation is needed to reduce the risk of failure of the enterprises;

(3) considering the current operating procedures of the Federal National Mortgage Association, the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation, and the Federal Home Loan Banks, the enterprises and the Banks currently pose low financial risk of insolvency;

(4) neither the enterprises nor the Banks, nor any securities or obligations issued by the enterprises or the Banks, are backed by the full faith and credit of the United States;

(5) an entity regulating the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation should have sufficient autonomy from the enterprises and special interest groups;

(6) an entity regulating such enterprises should have the authority to establish capital standards, require financial disclosure, prescribe adequate standards for books and records and other internal controls, conduct examinations when necessary, and enforce compliance with the standards and rules that it establishes;

(7) the Federal National Mortgage Association and the Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation have an affirmative obligation to facilitate the financing of affordable housing for low- and moderate-income families in a manner consistent with their overall public purposes, while maintaining a strong financial condition and a reasonable economic return; and

(8) the Federal Home Loan Bank Act [12 U.S.C. 1421 et seq.] should be amended to emphasize that providing for financial safety and soundness of the Federal Home Loan Banks is the primary mission of the Federal Housing Finance Board.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1302, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3941.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Home Loan Bank Act, referred to in par. (8), is act July 22, 1932, ch. 522, 47 Stat. 725, which is classified generally to chapter 11 (§1421 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 1421 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–289, §1(a), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2654, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008'."

Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, §1001, July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2659, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Federal Housing Finance Regulatory Reform Act of 2008'."

Short Title

Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1301, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3941, provided that: "This title [enacting this chapter, amending sections 1422a, 1430, 1430b, 1451 to 1456, 1716 to 1719, 1723, 1723a, and 1723c of this title, sections 3132 and 5313 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 1905 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, and section 3534 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1451, 1452, 1723, and 4562 of this title, and amending provisions set out as a note under section 1451 of this title] may be cited as the 'Federal Housing Enterprises Financial Safety and Soundness Act of 1992'."
12 U.S.C. § 3108 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 32: FOREIGN BANK PARTICIPATION IN DOMESTIC MARKETS / Section 3108: Regulation and enforcement
Regulation and enforcement
Status: in_force

(a) Rules, regulations and orders

The Comptroller, the Board, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, are authorized and empowered to issue such rules, regulations, and orders as each of them may deem necessary in order to perform their respective duties and functions under this chapter and to administer and carry out the provisions and purposes of this chapter and prevent evasions thereof.

(b) Enforcement

(1) In general

In addition to any powers, remedies, or sanctions otherwise provided by law, compliance with the requirements imposed under this chapter or any amendment made by this chapter may be enforced under section 8 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1818] by any appropriate Federal banking agency as defined in that Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.].

(2) Authority to administer oaths; subpoena power

In the course of, or in connection with, an application, examination, investigation, or other proceeding under this chapter, the Board, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, as the case may be, any member of the Board or of the Board of Directors of the Corporation, and any designated representative of the Board, Comptroller, or Corporation (including any person designated to conduct any hearing under this chapter) may—

(A) administer oaths and affirmations and take or cause to be taken depositions; and

(B) issue, revoke, quash, or modify any subpoena, including any subpoena requiring the attendance and testimony of a witness or any subpoenas duces tecum.

(3) Administrative aspects of subpoenas

(A) Attendance and production at designated site

The attendance of any witness and the production of any document pursuant to a subpoena under paragraph (2) may be required at the place designated in the subpoena from any place in any State (as defined in section 3(a)(3) of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1813(a)(3)]) or other place subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.

(B) Service of subpoena

Service of a subpoena issued under this subsection may be made by registered mail, or in such other manner reasonably calculated to give actual notice as the Board, Comptroller of the Currency, or Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation may by regulation or otherwise provide.

(C) Fees and travel expenses

Witnesses subpoenaed under this subsection shall be paid the same fees and mileage that are paid witnesses in the district courts of the United States.

(4) Contumacy or refusal

(A) In general

In the case of contumacy of any person issued a subpoena under this subsection or a refusal by such person to comply with such subpoena, the Board, Comptroller of the Currency, or Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or any other party to proceedings in connection with which subpoena was issued may invoke the aid of—

(i) the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, or

(ii) any district court of the United States within the jurisdiction of which the proceeding is being conducted or the witness resides or carries on business.

(B) Court order

Any court referred to in subparagraph (A) may issue an order requiring compliance with a subpoena issued under this subsection.

(5) Expenses and fees

Any court having jurisdiction of any proceeding instituted under this subsection may allow any party to such proceeding such reasonable expenses and attorneys' fees as the court deems just and proper.

(6) Criminal penalty

Any person who willfully fails or refuses to attend and testify or to answer any lawful inquiry or to produce books, papers, correspondence, memoranda, contracts, agreements, or other records in accordance with any subpoena under this subsection shall be fined under title 18, imprisoned not more than 1 year, or both. Each day during which any such failure or refusal continues shall be treated as a separate offense.

(c) Powers of Federal Reserve Board and Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation

In the case of any provision of the Federal Reserve Act [12 U.S.C. 221 et seq.] to which a foreign bank or branch thereof is subject under this chapter, and which is made applicable to nonmember insured banks by the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.], whether by cross-reference to the Federal Reserve Act or by a provision in substantially the same terms in the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the administration, interpretation, and enforcement of such provision, insofar as it relates to any foreign bank or branch thereof as to which the Board is an appropriate Federal banking agency, are vested in the Board, but where the making of any report to the Board or a Federal Reserve bank is required under any such provision, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation may require that a duplicate of any such report be sent directly to it. This subsection shall not be construed to impair any power of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation to make regular or special examinations or to require special reports.

(Pub. L. 95–369, §13, Sept. 17, 1978, 92 Stat. 624; Pub. L. 102–242, title II, §209, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2297.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

For definition of "this chapter", referred to in text, see References in Text note set out under section 3101 of this title.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(1) and (c), is act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2, 64 Stat. 873, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§1811 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1811 of this title and Tables.

The Federal Reserve Act, referred to in subsec. (c), is act Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251, which is classified principally to chapter 3 (§221 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 226 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

1991—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 102–242 inserted heading, designated existing provisions as par. (1) and inserted par. heading, and added pars. (2) to (6).
12 U.S.C. § 1884 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 19: SECURITY MEASURES FOR BANKS AND SAVINGS ASSOCIATIONS / Section 1884: Penalties for violations
Penalties for violations
Status: in_force

A bank or savings association which violates a rule promulgated pursuant to this chapter shall be subject to a civil penalty which shall not exceed $100 for each day of the violation.

(Pub. L. 90–389, §5, July 7, 1968, 82 Stat. 295; Pub. L. 111–203, title III, §356(3), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1547.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203 struck out "and loan" after "savings".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 111–203 effective on the transfer date, see section 351 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 906 of Title 2, The Congress.
12 U.S.C. § 329 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter VIII: STATE BANKS AS MEMBERS OF SYSTEM / Section 329: Capital stock required as condition precedent to membership
Capital stock required as condition precedent to membership
Status: in_force

No applying bank shall be admitted to membership unless it possesses capital stock and surplus which, in the judgment of the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, are adequate in relation to the character and condition of its assets and to its existing and prospective deposit liabilities and other corporate responsibilities: Provided, That no bank engaged in the business of receiving deposits other than trust funds, which does not possess capital stock and surplus in an amount equal to that which would be required for the establishment of a national banking association in the place in which it is located, shall be admitted to membership unless it is, or has been, approved for deposit insurance under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.]. The capital stock of a State member bank shall not be reduced except with the prior consent of the Board.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §9 (par.), 38 Stat. 259; June 21, 1917, ch. 32, §3, 40 Stat. 234; Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 252, title IV, §401, 42 Stat. 1478; June 16, 1933, ch. 89, §17(b), 48 Stat. 185; July 15, 1952, ch. 753, §1, 66 Stat. 633.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2, 64 Stat. 873, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§1811 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1811 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is comprised of the eleventh par. of section 9 of act Dec. 23, 1913, as amended. The eleventh par. constituted the ninth par. of section 9 in 1917 (40 Stat. 232), became the tenth par. in 1927 (44 Stat. 1229), and became the eleventh par. in 1950 (64 Stat. 458). For further details, see Codification note set out under section 321 of this title.

Amendments

1952—Act July 15, 1952, vested in Board of Governors discretion with respect to admission of State banks to membership.

1933—Act June 16, 1933, dropped alternative method of meeting the capital requirement and inserted proviso.
12 U.S.C. § 4743 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 47: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BANKING / Subchapter II: SMALL BUSINESS CAPITAL ENHANCEMENT / Section 4743: Approving States for participation
Approving States for participation
Status: in_force

(a) Application

Any State may apply to the Fund for approval to be a participating State under the Program and to be eligible for reimbursement by the Fund pursuant to section 4747 of this title.

(b) Approval criteria

The Fund shall approve a State to be a participating State, if—

(1) a specific department or agency of the State has been designated to implement the Program;

(2) all legal actions necessary to enable such designated department or agency to implement the Program have been accomplished;

(3) funds in the amount of at least $1 for every 2 people residing in the State (as of the last decennial census for which data have been released) are available and have been legally committed to contributions by the State to reserve funds, with such funds being available without time limit and without requiring additional legal action, except that such requirements shall not be construed to limit the authority of the State to take action at a later time that results in the termination of its obligation to enroll loans and make contributions to reserve funds;

(4) the State has prescribed a form of participation agreement to be entered into between it and each participating financial institution that is consistent with the requirements and purposes of this subchapter; and

(5) the State and the Fund have executed a reimbursement agreement that conforms to the requirements of this subchapter.

(c) Existing State programs

(1) In general

A State that is not a participating State, but that has its own capital access program providing portfolio insurance for business loans (based on a separate loss reserve fund for each financial institution), may apply at any time to the Fund to be approved to be a participating State. The Fund shall approve such State to be a participating State, and to be eligible for reimbursements by the Fund pursuant to section 4747 of this title, if the State—

(A) satisfies the requirements of subsections (a) and (b); and

(B) certifies that each affected financial institution has satisfied the requirements of section 4744 of this title.

(2) Applicable terms of participation

(A) Status of institutions

If a State is approved for participation under paragraph (1), each financial institution with a participation agreement in effect with the participating State shall immediately be considered a participating financial institution. Reimbursements may be made under section 4747 1 of this title in connection with all contributions made to the reserve fund by the State in connection with lending that occurs on or after the date on which the Fund approves the State for participation.

(B) Effective date of participation

If an amended participation agreement that conforms with section 4745 of this title is required in order to secure participation approval by the Fund, contributions subject to reimbursement under section 4747 of this title shall include only those contributions made to a reserve fund with respect to loans enrolled on or after the date that an amended participation agreement between the participating State and the participating financial institution becomes effective.

(C) Use of accumulated reserve funds

A State that is approved for participation in accordance with this subsection may continue to implement the program 2 utilizing the reserve funds accumulated under the State program.

(d) Prior appropriations requirement

The Fund shall not approve a State for participation in the Program until at least $50,000,000 has been appropriated to the Fund (subject to an appropriations Act), without fiscal year limitation, for the purpose of making reimbursements pursuant to section 4747 of this title and otherwise carrying out this subchapter.

(e) Amendments to agreements

If a State that has been approved to be a participating State wishes to amend its form of participation agreement and continue to be a participating State, such State shall submit such amendment for review by the Fund in accordance with subsection (b)(4). Any such amendment shall become effective only after it has been approved by the Fund.

(Pub. L. 103–325, title II, §253, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2205.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4747 of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(2)(A), was in the original "section 237" and was translated as reading "section 257" meaning section 257 of Pub. L. 103–325, to reflect the probable intent of Congress. Pub. L. 103–325 does not contain a section 237.

1 See References in Text note below.

2 So in original. Probably should be capitalized.
12 U.S.C. § 3601 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 37: SOLAR ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION BANK / Section 3601: Repealed. Pub. L. 102-550, title IX, §912(i)(1), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3876
Repealed. Pub. L. 102-550, title IX, §912(i)(1), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3876
Status: repealed

Section 3601, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §503, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 719, provided Congressional statement of purpose for this chapter.

Section 3602, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §504, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 719; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §463(a)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1233, provided definitions for this chapter.

Section 3603, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §505, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 722; Pub. L. 100–122, §2(a), Sept. 30, 1987, 101 Stat. 793; Pub. L. 100–154, Nov. 5, 1987, 101 Stat. 890; Pub. L. 100–170, Nov. 17, 1987, 101 Stat. 914; Pub. L. 100–179, Dec. 3, 1987, 101 Stat. 1018; Pub. L. 100–200, Dec. 21, 1987, 101 Stat. 1327, established Solar Energy and Energy Conservation Bank.

Section 3604, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §506, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 723; Pub. L. 100–242, title V, §570(e), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1950, provided for a Board of Directors for Bank.

Section 3605, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §507, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 723, provided for officers and personnel of Bank.

Section 3606, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §508, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 723; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §463(b)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1233, provided for establishment of advisory committees of Bank.

Section 3607, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §509, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 725; Pub. L. 100–242, title V, §570(e), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1950, authorized financial assistance in various forms and limitations and conditions on such assistance.

Section 3608, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §510, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 726, provided for establishment of levels of financial assistance.

Section 3609, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §511, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 726; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §463(c)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1233, set maximum amounts of financial assistance for residential and commercial energy conserving improvements.

Section 3610, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §512, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 728, set maximum amounts of financial assistance for solar energy systems.

Section 3611, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §513, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 729, established general conditions on financial assistance for loans.

Section 3612, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §514, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 730; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §463(d)], formerly §463(c), Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1234; Pub. L. 98–479, title I, §104(d)(1), (e)(1), Oct. 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 2226, established conditions on financial assistance for residential and commercial energy conserving improvements.

Section 3613, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §515, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 732; Pub. L. 100–242, title V, §570(e), Feb. 5, 1988, 101 Stat. 1950; Pub. L. 100–418, title V, §5115(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1433, established conditions on financial assistance for solar energy systems.

Section 3614, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §516, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 734, provided limitations on provision of financial assistance for residential and commercial energy conserving improvements.

Section 3615, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §517, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 734, provided limitations on provision of financial assistance for solar energy systems.

Section 3616, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §518, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 735, authorized Bank to promote program established by this chapter.

Section 3617, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §519, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 736, provided for submission of reports to Congress.

Section 3618, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §520, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 736; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §463(e)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1234; Pub. L. 98–479, title I, §104(d)(2)(A), Oct. 17, 1984, 98 Stat. 2226, provided for promulgation of rules and regulations to implement this chapter.

Section 3619, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §521, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 737, established penalties relating to disclosure of facts or statements required by this chapter.

Section 3620, Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §522, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 737; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §463(f)(2)], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1235, authorized appropriations for residential and commercial energy conserving improvements and solar energy systems.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §501, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 719, provided that: "This title [enacting this chapter and sections 6347, 8235 to 8235i, and 8281 to 8286b of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare, amending sections 1451, 1454, 1717, 1723g, and 1723h of this title and sections 6862 to 6872, 8211, 8213, 8214, 8216, 8217, and 8221 of Title 42, repealing section 1723f of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 8211 and 8235 of Title 42] may be cited as the 'Solar Energy and Energy Conservation Act of 1980'."

Pub. L. 96–294, title V, §502, June 30, 1980, 94 Stat. 719, provided that subtitle A (§§502–534) of title V of Pub. L. 96–294 was to be cited as the "Solar Energy and Energy Conservation Bank Act", prior to repeal by Pub. L. 102–550, title IX, §912(i)(1), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3876.
12 U.S.C. § 5497 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 53: WALL STREET REFORM AND CONSUMER PROTECTION / Subchapter V: BUREAU OF CONSUMER FINANCIAL PROTECTION / Section 5497: Funding; penalties and fines
Funding; penalties and fines
Status: in_force

(a) Transfer of funds from Board Of Governors

(1) In general

Each year (or quarter of such year), beginning on the designated transfer date, and each quarter thereafter, the Board of Governors shall transfer to the Bureau from the combined earnings of the Federal Reserve System, the amount determined by the Director to be reasonably necessary to carry out the authorities of the Bureau under Federal consumer financial law, taking into account such other sums made available to the Bureau from the preceding year (or quarter of such year).

(2) Funding cap

(A) In general

Notwithstanding paragraph (1), and in accordance with this paragraph, the amount that shall be transferred to the Bureau in each fiscal year shall not exceed a fixed percentage of the total operating expenses of the Federal Reserve System, as reported in the Annual Report, 2009, of the Board of Governors, equal to—

(i) 10 percent of such expenses in fiscal year 2011;

(ii) 11 percent of such expenses in fiscal year 2012; and

(iii) 12 percent of such expenses in fiscal year 2013, and in each year thereafter.

(B) Adjustment of amount

The dollar amount referred to in subparagraph (A)(iii) shall be adjusted annually, using the percent increase, if any, in the employment cost index for total compensation for State and local government workers published by the Federal Government, or the successor index thereto, for the 12-month period ending on September 30 of the year preceding the transfer.

(C) Reviewability

Notwithstanding any other provision in this title,1 the funds derived from the Federal Reserve System pursuant to this subsection shall not be subject to review by the Committees on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Senate.

(3) Transition period

Beginning on July 21, 2010, and until the designated transfer date, the Board of Governors shall transfer to the Bureau the amount estimated by the Secretary needed to carry out the authorities granted to the Bureau under Federal consumer financial law, from July 21, 2010 until the designated transfer date.

(4) Budget and financial management

(A) Financial operating plans and forecasts

The Director shall provide to the Director of the Office of Management and Budget copies of the financial operating plans and forecasts of the Director, as prepared by the Director in the ordinary course of the operations of the Bureau, and copies of the quarterly reports of the financial condition and results of operations of the Bureau, as prepared by the Director in the ordinary course of the operations of the Bureau.

(B) Financial statements

The Bureau shall prepare annually a statement of—

(i) assets and liabilities and surplus or deficit;

(ii) income and expenses; and

(iii) sources and application of funds.

(C) Financial management systems

The Bureau shall implement and maintain financial management systems that comply substantially with Federal financial management systems requirements and applicable Federal accounting standards.

(D) Assertion of internal controls

The Director shall provide to the Comptroller General of the United States an assertion as to the effectiveness of the internal controls that apply to financial reporting by the Bureau, using the standards established in section 3512(c) of title 31.

(E) Rule of construction

This subsection may not be construed as implying any obligation on the part of the Director to consult with or obtain the consent or approval of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget with respect to any report, plan, forecast, or other information referred to in subparagraph (A) or any jurisdiction or oversight over the affairs or operations of the Bureau.

(F) Financial statements

The financial statements of the Bureau shall not be consolidated with the financial statements of either the Board of Governors or the Federal Reserve System.

(5) Audit of the Bureau

(A) In general

The Comptroller General shall annually audit the financial transactions of the Bureau in accordance with the United States generally accepted government auditing standards, as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States. The audit shall be conducted at the place or places where accounts of the Bureau are normally kept. The representatives of the Government Accountability Office shall have access to the personnel and to all books, accounts, documents, papers, records (including electronic records), reports, files, and all other papers, automated data, things, or property belonging to or under the control of or used or employed by the Bureau pertaining to its financial transactions and necessary to facilitate the audit, and such representatives shall be afforded full facilities for verifying transactions with the balances or securities held by depositories, fiscal agents, and custodians. All such books, accounts, documents, records, reports, files, papers, and property of the Bureau shall remain in possession and custody of the Bureau. The Comptroller General may obtain and duplicate any such books, accounts, documents, records, working papers, automated data and files, or other information relevant to such audit without cost to the Comptroller General, and the right of access of the Comptroller General to such information shall be enforceable pursuant to section 716(c) of title 31.

(B) Report

The Comptroller General shall submit to the Congress a report of each annual audit conducted under this subsection. The report to the Congress shall set forth the scope of the audit and shall include the statement of assets and liabilities and surplus or deficit, the statement of income and expenses, the statement of sources and application of funds, and such comments and information as may be deemed necessary to inform Congress of the financial operations and condition of the Bureau, together with such recommendations with respect thereto as the Comptroller General may deem advisable. A copy of each report shall be furnished to the President and to the Bureau at the time submitted to the Congress.

(C) Assistance and costs

For the purpose of conducting an audit under this subsection, the Comptroller General may, in the discretion of the Comptroller General, employ by contract, without regard to section 6101 of title 41, professional services of firms and organizations of certified public accountants for temporary periods or for special purposes. Upon the request of the Comptroller General, the Director of the Bureau shall transfer to the Government Accountability Office from funds available, the amount requested by the Comptroller General to cover the full costs of any audit and report conducted by the Comptroller General. The Comptroller General shall credit funds transferred to the account established for salaries and expenses of the Government Accountability Office, and such amount shall be available upon receipt and without fiscal year limitation to cover the full costs of the audit and report.

(b) Consumer Financial Protection Fund

(1) Separate fund in Federal Reserve established

There is established in the Federal Reserve a separate fund, to be known as the "Bureau of Consumer Financial Protection Fund" (referred to in this section as the "Bureau Fund"). The Bureau Fund shall be maintained and established at a Federal reserve bank, in accordance with such requirements as the Board of Governors may impose.

(2) Fund receipts

All amounts transferred to the Bureau under subsection (a) shall be deposited into the Bureau Fund.

(3) Investment authority

(A) Amounts in Bureau Fund may be invested

The Bureau may request the Board of Governors to direct the investment of the portion of the Bureau Fund that is not, in the judgment of the Bureau, required to meet the current needs of the Bureau.

(B) Eligible investments

Investments authorized by this paragraph shall be made in obligations of the United States or obligations that are guaranteed as to principal and interest by the United States, with maturities suitable to the needs of the Bureau Fund, as determined by the Bureau.

(C) Interest and proceeds credited

The interest on, and the proceeds from the sale or redemption of, any obligations held in the Bureau Fund shall be credited to the Bureau Fund.

(c) Use of funds

(1) In general

Funds obtained by, transferred to, or credited to the Bureau Fund shall be immediately available to the Bureau and under the control of the Director, and shall remain available until expended, to pay the expenses of the Bureau in carrying out its duties and responsibilities. The compensation of the Director and other employees of the Bureau and all other expenses thereof may be paid from, obtained by, transferred to, or credited to the Bureau Fund under this section.

(2) Funds that are not Government funds

Funds obtained by or transferred to the Bureau Fund shall not be construed to be Government funds or appropriated monies.

(3) Amounts not subject to apportionment

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, amounts in the Bureau Fund and in the Civil Penalty Fund established under subsection (d) shall not be subject to apportionment for purposes of chapter 15 of title 31 or under any other authority.

(d) Penalties and fines

(1) Establishment of victims relief fund

There is established in the Federal Reserve a separate fund, to be known as the "Consumer Financial Civil Penalty Fund" (referred to in this section as the "Civil Penalty Fund"). The Civil Penalty Fund shall be maintained and established at a Federal reserve bank, in accordance with such requirements as the Board of Governors may impose. If the Bureau obtains a civil penalty against any person in any judicial or administrative action under Federal consumer financial laws, the Bureau shall deposit into the Civil Penalty Fund, the amount of the penalty collected.

(2) Payment to victims

Amounts in the Civil Penalty Fund shall be available to the Bureau, without fiscal year limitation, for payments to the victims of activities for which civil penalties have been imposed under the Federal consumer financial laws. To the extent that such victims cannot be located or such payments are otherwise not practicable, the Bureau may use such funds for the purpose of consumer education and financial literacy programs.

(e) Authorization of appropriations; annual report

(1) Determination regarding need for appropriated funds

(A) In general

The Director is authorized to determine that sums available to the Bureau under this section will not be sufficient to carry out the authorities of the Bureau under Federal consumer financial law for the upcoming year.

(B) Report required

When making a determination under subparagraph (A), the Director shall prepare a report regarding the funding of the Bureau, including the assets and liabilities of the Bureau, and the extent to which the funding needs of the Bureau are anticipated to exceed the level of the amount set forth in subsection (a)(2). The Director shall submit the report to the President and to the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(2) Authorization of appropriations

If the Director makes the determination and submits the report pursuant to paragraph (1), there are hereby authorized to be appropriated to the Bureau, for the purposes of carrying out the authorities granted in Federal consumer financial law, $200,000,000 for each of fiscal years 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, and 2014.

(3) Apportionment

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the amounts in paragraph (2) shall be subject to apportionment under section 1517 of title 31 and restrictions that generally apply to the use of appropriated funds in title 31 and other laws.

(4) Annual report

The Director shall prepare and submit a report, on an annual basis, to the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives regarding the financial operating plans and forecasts of the Director, the financial condition and results of operations of the Bureau, and the sources and application of funds of the Bureau, including any funds appropriated in accordance with this subsection.

(Pub. L. 111–203, title X, §1017, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1975.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This title, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(C), is title X of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1955, known as the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, which enacted this subchapter and enacted, amended, and repealed numerous other sections and notes in the Code. For complete classification of title X to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.

Codification

In subsec. (a)(5)(C), "section 6101 of title 41" substituted for "section 3709 of the Revised Statutes of the United States (41 U.S.C. 5)" on authority of Pub. L. 111–350, §6(c), Jan. 4, 2011, 124 Stat. 3854, which Act enacted Title 41, Public Contracts.

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 3305 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 34: FEDERAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS EXAMINATION COUNCIL / Section 3305: Functions of Council
Functions of Council
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment of principles and standards

The Council shall establish uniform principles and standards and report forms for the examination of financial institutions which shall be applied by the Federal financial institutions regulatory agencies.

(b) Making recommendations regarding supervisory matters and adequacy of supervisory tools

(1) The Council shall make recommendations for uniformity in other supervisory matters, such as, but not limited to, classifying loans subject to country risk, identifying financial institutions in need of special supervisory attention, and evaluating the soundness of large loans that are shared by two or more financial institutions. In addition, the Council shall make recommendations regarding the adequacy of supervisory tools for determining the impact of holding company operations on the financial institutions within the holding company and shall consider the ability of supervisory agencies to discover possible fraud or questionable and illegal payments and practices which might occur in the operation of financial institutions or their holding companies.

(2) When a recommendation of the Council is found unacceptable by one or more of the applicable Federal financial institutions regulatory agencies, the agency or agencies shall submit to the Council, within a time period specified by the Council, a written statement of the reasons the recommendation is unacceptable.

(c) Development of uniform reporting system

The Council shall develop uniform reporting systems for federally supervised financial institutions, their holding companies, and nonfinancial institution subsidiaries of such institutions or holding companies. The authority to develop uniform reporting systems shall not restrict or amend the requirements of section 78l(i) of title 15.

(d) Conducting schools for examiners and assistant examiners

The Council shall conduct schools for examiners and assistant examiners employed by the Federal financial institutions regulatory agencies. Such schools shall be open to enrollment by employees of State financial institutions supervisory agencies and employees of the Federal Housing Finance Board under conditions specified by the Council.

(e) Affect on Federal regulatory agency research and development of new financial institutions supervisory agencies

Nothing in this chapter shall be construed to limit or discourage Federal regulatory agency research and development of new financial institutions supervisory methods and tools, nor to preclude the field testing of any innovation devised by any Federal regulatory agency.

(f) Annual report

Not later than April 1 of each year, the Council shall prepare an annual report covering its activities during the preceding year.

(g) Flood insurance

The Council shall consult with and assist the Federal entities for lending regulation, as such term is defined in section 4121(a) of title 42, in developing and coordinating uniform standards and requirements for use by regulated lending institutions under the national flood insurance program.

(Pub. L. 95–630, title X, §1006, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3695; Pub. L. 97–320, title IV, §431, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1527; Pub. L. 101–73, title VII, §744(a)(3), Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 438; Pub. L. 103–325, title V, §530, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2267.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 103–325 added subsec. (g).

1989—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 101–73 inserted "and employees of the Federal Housing Finance Board" after "supervisory agencies".

1982—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 97–320 substituted "unacceptable" for "unaccepted".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective upon the expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, see section 2101 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 375b of this title.

Update of Manual

Pub. L. 116–283, div. F, title LXII, §6209(b), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4574, provided that: "The Financial Institutions Examination Council shall ensure that any manual prepared by the Council is—

"(1) updated to reflect the rulemaking required by subsection (o) section 5318 of title 31, United States Code, as added by subsection (a) of this section; and

"(2) consistent with relevant FinCEN [Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the Department of the Treasury] and Federal functional regulator guidance, including the December 2018 Joint Statement on Innovative Efforts to Combat Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing."

[For definition of "Federal functional regulator" as used in section 6209(b) of Pub. L. 116–283, set out above, see section 6003 of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as a Definitions note under section 5311 of Title 31, Money and Finance.]

Strengthening the Role of Anti-Money Laundering and Other Financial Tools in Combating Human Trafficking

Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXI, §7154(c), (d), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2260, 2261, provided that:

"(c) Required Review of Procedures.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons, advocates of persons at risk of becoming victims of severe forms of trafficking in persons, the United States Advisory Council on Trafficking, civil society organizations, the private sector, and appropriate law enforcement agencies, shall—

"(1) review and enhance training and examination procedures to improve the surveillance capabilities of anti-money laundering programs and programs countering the financing of terrorism to detect human trafficking-related financial transactions;

"(2) review and enhance procedures for referring potential human trafficking cases to the appropriate law enforcement agency; and

"(3) determine, as appropriate, whether requirements for financial institutions and covered financial institutions are sufficient to detect and deter money laundering related to human trafficking.

"(d) Limitations.—Nothing in this section [amending section 7103 of Title 22, Foreign Relations and Intercourse, and enacting this note and provisions not set out in the Code] shall be construed to—

"(1) grant rulemaking authority to the Interagency Task Force to Monitor and Combat Trafficking; or

"(2) authorize financial institutions to deny services to or violate the privacy of victims of trafficking, victims of severe forms of trafficking, or individuals not responsible for promoting severe forms of trafficking in persons."

Report on Consistent Use of Financial Terminology

Pub. L. 103–325, title II, §210, Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2203, provided that: "Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 23, 1994], the Financial Institutions Examination Council shall report to the Congress on its recommendations for the use of consistent financial terminology by depository institutions for small business loans or leases of personal property which are sold for the creation of small business related securities (as defined in section 3(a)(53)(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 [15 U.S.C. 78c(a)(53)(A)])."

Examination Improvement Program

Pub. L. 102–242, title I, §111(d), Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2241, provided that:

"(1) In general.—The appropriate Federal banking agencies, acting through the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, shall each establish a comparable examination improvement program that meets the requirements of paragraph (2).

"(2) Requirements.—An examination improvement program meets the requirements of this paragraph if, under the program, the agency is required—

"(A) to periodically review the organization and training of the staff of the agency who are responsible for conducting examinations of insured depository institutions and to make such improvements as the agency determines to be appropriate to ensure frequent, objective, and thorough examinations of such institutions; and

"(B) to increase the number of examiners, supervisors, and other individuals employed by the agency in connection with conducting or supervising examinations of insured depository institutions to the extent necessary to ensure frequent, objective, and thorough examinations of such institutions."

Study on Regulatory Burden

Pub. L. 102–242, title II, §221, Dec. 19, 1991, 105 Stat. 2305, required the Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, by 1 year after Dec. 19, 1991, and in consultation with individuals representing insured depository institutions, consumers, community groups, and other interested parties, to undertake a comprehensive study of the regulatory burden on insured depository institutions of compliance with Federal banking agencies and their regulations and policies, and report to Congress on any revisions of such policies, procedures, and requirements that could reduce unnecessary burdens on insured depository institutions.

Study and Report Assessing Feasibility and Usefulness of Depository Institutions Making Small Business Loans To Compile and Disclose Loan Information

Pub. L. 96–399, title III, §340(d), Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1659, directed Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council, in consultation with Administrator of Small Business Administration, to conduct a study to assess feasibility and usefulness of requiring depository institutions which make small business loans to compile and publicly disclose information regarding such loans, and directed Council to submit a report on results of such study, together with recommendations, to Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs and House Committee on Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs not later than Mar. 1, 1981.

Evaluation and Report on Feasibility and Desirability of Establishing a Unified System for Enforcing Fair Lending Laws and Regulations

Pub. L. 96–399, title III, §340(e), Oct. 8, 1980, 94 Stat. 1659, directed Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council to transmit a report to Congress not later than Sept. 30, 1982, on feasibility and desirability of establishing a unified system for enforcing fair lending laws and regulations, implementing Community Reinvestment Act of 1977 [12 U.S.C. 2901 et seq.], and satisfying public disclosure purposes of Home Mortgage Disclosure Act of 1975 [12 U.S.C. 2801 et seq.], such report to evaluate status and effectiveness of data collection and analysis systems of such agencies involving fair lending and community reinvestment, and to outline possible specific timetables for implementing such a unified system.
12 U.S.C. § 1831c (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 16: FEDERAL DEPOSIT INSURANCE CORPORATION / Section 1831c: Assuring consistent oversight of subsidiaries of holding companies
Assuring consistent oversight of subsidiaries of holding companies
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions

For purposes of this section:

(1) Board

The term "Board" means the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

(2) Functionally regulated subsidiary

The term "functionally regulated subsidiary" has the same meaning as in section 1844(c)(5) 1 of this title.

(3) Lead insured depository institution

The term "lead insured depository institution" has the same meaning as in section 1841(o)(8) 1 of this title.

(b) Examination requirements

Subject to subtitle B of the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010 [12 U.S.C. 5511 et seq.], the Board shall examine the activities of a nondepository institution subsidiary (other than a functionally regulated subsidiary or a subsidiary of a depository institution) of a depository institution holding company that are permissible for the insured depository institution subsidiaries of the depository institution holding company in the same manner, subject to the same standards, and with the same frequency as would be required if such activities were conducted in the lead insured depository institution of the depository institution holding company.

(c) State coordination

(1) Consultation and coordination

If a nondepository institution subsidiary is supervised by a State bank supervisor or other State regulatory authority, the Board, in conducting the examinations required in subsection (b), shall consult and coordinate with such State regulator.

(2) Alternating examinations permitted

The examinations required under subsection (b) may be conducted in joint or alternating manner with a State regulator, if the Board determines that an examination of a nondepository institution subsidiary conducted by the State carries out the purposes of this section.

(d) Appropriate Federal banking agency backup examination authority

(1) In general

In the event that the Board does not conduct examinations required under subsection (b) in the same manner, subject to the same standards, and with the same frequency as would be required if such activities were conducted by the lead insured depository institution subsidiary of the depository institution holding company, the appropriate Federal banking agency for the lead insured depository institution may recommend in writing (which shall include a written explanation of the concerns giving rise to the recommendation) that the Board perform the examination required under subsection (b).

(2) Examination by an appropriate Federal banking agency

If the Board does not, before the end of the 60-day period beginning on the date on which the Board receives a recommendation under paragraph (1), begin an examination as required under subsection (b) or provide a written explanation or plan to the appropriate Federal banking agency making such recommendation responding to the concerns raised by the appropriate Federal banking agency for the lead insured depository institution, the appropriate Federal banking agency for the lead insured depository institution may, subject to the Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, examine the activities that are permissible for a depository institution subsidiary conducted by such nondepository institution subsidiary (other than a functionally regulated subsidiary or a subsidiary of a depository institution) of the depository institution holding company as if the nondepository institution subsidiary were an insured depository institution for which the appropriate Federal banking agency of the lead insured depository institution was the appropriate Federal banking agency, to determine whether the activities—

(A) pose a material threat to the safety and soundness of any insured depository institution subsidiary of the depository institution holding company;

(B) are conducted in accordance with applicable Federal law; and

(C) are subject to appropriate systems for monitoring and controlling the financial, operating, and other material risks of the activities that may pose a material threat to the safety and soundness of the insured depository institution subsidiaries of the holding company.

(3) Agency coordination with the Board

An appropriate Federal banking agency that conducts an examination pursuant to paragraph (2) shall coordinate examination of the activities of nondepository institution subsidiaries described in subsection (b) with the Board in a manner that—

(A) avoids duplication;

(B) shares information relevant to the supervision of the depository institution holding company;

(C) achieves the objectives of subsection (b); and

(D) ensures that the depository institution holding company and the subsidiaries of the depository institution holding company are not subject to conflicting supervisory demands by such agency and the Board.

(4) Fee permitted for examination costs

An appropriate Federal banking agency that conducts an examination or enforcement action pursuant to this section may collect an assessment, fee, or such other charge from the subsidiary as the appropriate Federal banking agency determines necessary or appropriate to carry out the responsibilities of the appropriate Federal banking agency in connection with such examination.

(e) Referrals for enforcement by appropriate Federal banking agency

(1) Recommendation of enforcement action

The appropriate Federal banking agency for the lead insured depository institution, based upon its examination of a nondepository institution subsidiary conducted pursuant to subsection (d), or other relevant information, may submit to the Board, in writing, a recommendation that the Board take enforcement action against such nondepository institution subsidiary, together with an explanation of the concerns giving rise to the recommendation, if the appropriate Federal banking agency determines (by a vote of its members, if applicable) that the activities of the nondepository institution subsidiary pose a material threat to the safety and soundness of any insured depository institution subsidiary of the depository institution holding company.

(2) Back-up authority of the appropriate Federal banking agency

If, within the 60-day period beginning on the date on which the Board receives a recommendation under paragraph (1), the Board does not take enforcement action against the nondepository institution subsidiary or provide a plan for supervisory or enforcement action that is acceptable to the appropriate Federal banking agency that made the recommendation pursuant to paragraph (1), such agency may take the recommended enforcement action against the nondepository institution subsidiary, in the same manner as if the nondepository institution subsidiary were an insured depository institution for which the agency was the appropriate Federal banking agency.

(f) Coordination among appropriate Federal banking agencies

Each Federal banking agency, prior to or when exercising authority under subsection (d) or (e) shall—

(1) provide reasonable notice to, and consult with, the appropriate Federal banking agency or State bank supervisor (or other State regulatory agency) of the nondepository institution subsidiary of a depository institution holding company that is described in subsection (d) before commencing any examination of the subsidiary;

(2) to the fullest extent possible—

(A) rely on the examinations, inspections, and reports of the appropriate Federal banking agency or the State bank supervisor (or other State regulatory agency) of the subsidiary;

(B) avoid duplication of examination activities, reporting requirements, and requests for information; and

(C) ensure that the depository institution holding company and the subsidiaries of the depository institution holding company are not subject to conflicting supervisory demands by the appropriate Federal banking agencies.

(g) Rule of construction

No provision of this section shall be construed as limiting any authority of the Board, the Corporation, or the Comptroller of the Currency under any other provision of law.

(Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2[26], as added Pub. L. 111–203, title VI, §605(a), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1604.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 1844(c)(5) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(2), was in the original "section 5(c)(5) of the Bank Holding Company Act" and was translated as reading "section 5(c)(5) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

Section 1841(o)(8) of this title, referred to in subsec. (a)(3), was in the original "section 2(o)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act" and was translated as reading "section 2(o)(8) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

The Consumer Financial Protection Act of 2010, referred to in subsecs. (b) and (d)(2), is title X of Pub. L. 111–203, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1955, which enacted subchapter V (§5481 et seq.) of chapter 53 of this title and enacted, amended, and repealed numerous other sections and notes in the Code. Subtitle B of the Act is classified generally to part B (§5511 et seq.) of subchapter V of chapter 53 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 5301 of this title and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 1831c, act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2[26], as added Nov. 10, 1978, Pub. L. 95–630, title XII, §1205, 92 Stat. 3711; amended Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–320, title I, §113(p), 96 Stat. 1474; Jan. 12, 1983, Pub. L. 97–457, §3, 96 Stat. 2507, which related to conversion, merger, or consolidation of mutual savings banks into Federal savings banks or savings banks which are insured institutions within meaning of former section 1724 of this title, was repealed by Pub. L. 103–325, title VI, §602(f)(1), Sept. 23, 1994, 108 Stat. 2292.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Pub. L. 111–203, title VI, §605(b), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1607, provided that: "The amendment made by subsection (a) [enacting this section] shall take effect on the transfer date."

[For definition of "transfer date" as used in section 605(b) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out above, see section 5301 of this title.]

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 2219b (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 23: FARM CREDIT SYSTEM / Subchapter IV: PROVISIONS APPLICABLE TO TWO OR MORE CLASSES OF INSTITUTIONS OF THE SYSTEM / Section 2219b: Application of uninsured accounts
Application of uninsured accounts
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Money of a borrower held by a Farm Credit System institution in an uninsured voluntary or involuntary account as authorized under regulations issued by the Farm Credit Administration (as in effect immediately before January 6, 1988), including all such other accounts known as "advanced payment accounts" or "future prepayment accounts" shall, in the event the institution is placed in liquidation, be immediately applied as payment against the indebtedness of any outstanding loans of such borrower.

(b) Regulations

The Farm Credit Administration shall promulgate regulations—

(1) that define the term "uninsured voluntary or involuntary account"; and

(2) to otherwise effectively carry out this section.

(Pub. L. 92–181, title IV, §4.37, as added Pub. L. 100–233, title I, §110, Jan. 6, 1988, 101 Stat. 1585.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Another section 4.37 of Pub. L. 92–181 was renumbered section 4.38 and is classified to section 2219c of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 222 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter I: DEFINITIONS, ORGANIZATION, AND GENERAL PROVISIONS AFFECTING SYSTEM / Section 222: Federal reserve districts; membership of national banks
Federal reserve districts; membership of national banks
Status: in_force

The continental United States, excluding Alaska, shall be divided into not less than eight nor more than twelve districts. Such districts may be readjusted and new districts may from time to time be created by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, not to exceed twelve in all: Provided, That the districts shall be apportioned with due regard to the convenience and customary course of business and shall not necessarily be coterminous with any State or States. Such districts shall be known as Federal reserve districts and may be designated by number. When the State of Alaska or Hawaii is hereafter admitted to the Union the Federal Reserve 1 districts shall be readjusted by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System in such manner as to include such State. Every national bank in any State shall, upon commencing business or within ninety days after admission into the Union of the State in which it is located, become a member bank of the Federal Reserve System by subscribing and paying for stock in the Federal Reserve bank of its district in accordance with the provisions of this chapter and shall thereupon be an insured bank under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act [12 U.S.C. 1811 et seq.], and failure to do so shall subject such bank to the penalty provided by section 501a of this title.

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §2 (part), 38 Stat. 251; Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 85–508, §19, July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 350; Pub. L. 86–3, §17, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 12.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning act Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, 38 Stat. 251, known as the Federal Reserve Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see References in Text note set out under section 226 of this title and Tables.

The Federal Deposit Insurance Act, referred to in text, is act Sept. 21, 1950, ch. 967, §2, 64 Stat. 873, which is classified generally to chapter 16 (§1811 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1811 of this title and Tables.

Codification

Section is based on part of the first par. of section 2 of act Dec. 23, 1913. Some of the other provisions of the first par. are classified to section 223 of this title, and some were not included in the Code.

The second par. of section 2 is classified in part to section 225 of this title. The rest of the second par. was not included in the Code.

The third par. of section 2 is classified in part to section 282 of this title. The rest of the third par. was not included in the Code.

The fourth par. of section 2 is classified to section 502 of this title.

The sixth and seventh pars. of section 2 are classified to section 501a of this title.

The ninth par. of section 2 is classified to section 283 of this title.

The tenth par. of section 2 was classified in part to former section 284 of this title. The rest of the tenth par. was not included in the Code.

The eleventh and twelfth pars. of section 2 are classified to sections 285 and 286, respectively, of this title.

The thirteenth par. of section 2 is classified in part to section 224 of this title and in part to section 281 of this title. The rest of the thirteenth par. was not included in the Code.

The fifth and eighth pars. of section 2 were not included in the Code.

Former section 141 of this title purportedly derived from part of section 2 of act Dec. 23, 1913. But see Codification note set out under former section 141 of this title.

Amendments

1959—Pub. L. 86–3 required readjustment of districts when the State of Hawaii is admitted to the Union.

1958—Pub. L. 85–508 required readjustment of districts when the State of Alaska is admitted to the Union, and inserted provisions requiring national banks to become members of the Federal Reserve System upon commencing business or within 90 Days after admission into the Union of the State in which they are located.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Section 203(a) of act Aug. 23, 1935, changed name of Federal Reserve Board to Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System.

Executive Documents

Admission of Alaska and Hawaii to Statehood

Alaska was admitted into the Union on Jan. 3, 1959, on issuance of Proc. No. 3269, Jan. 3, 1959, 24 F.R. 81, 73 Stat. C16, and Hawaii was admitted into the Union on Aug. 21, 1959, on issuance of Proc. No. 3309, Aug. 21, 1959, 24 F.R. 6868, 73 Stat. C74. For Alaska Statehood Law, see Pub. L. 85–508, July 7, 1958, 72 Stat. 339, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 48, Territories and Insular Possessions. For Hawaii Statehood Law, see Pub. L. 86–3, Mar. 18, 1959, 73 Stat. 4, set out as a note preceding section 491 of Title 48.

1 Capitalized as in original.
12 U.S.C. § 4903 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 49: HOMEOWNERS PROTECTION / Section 4903: Disclosure requirements
Disclosure requirements
Status: in_force

(a) Disclosures for new mortgages at time of transaction

(1) Disclosures for non-exempted transactions

In any case in which private mortgage insurance is required in connection with a residential mortgage transaction (other than a residential mortgage transaction described in section 4902(g)(1) of this title), at the time at which the transaction is consummated, the mortgagee shall provide to the mortgagor—

(A) if the transaction relates to a fixed rate mortgage—

(i) a written initial amortization schedule; and

(ii) written notice—

(I) that the mortgagor may cancel the requirement in accordance with section 4902(a) of this title indicating the date on which the mortgagor may request cancellation, based solely on the initial amortization schedule;

(II) that the mortgagor may request cancellation in accordance with section 4902(a) of this title earlier than provided for in the initial amortization schedule, based on actual payments;

(III) that the requirement for private mortgage insurance will automatically terminate on the termination date in accordance with section 4902(b) of this title, and what that termination date is with respect to that mortgage; and

(IV) that there are exemptions to the right to cancellation and automatic termination of a requirement for private mortgage insurance in accordance with section 4902(g) of this title, and whether such an exemption applies at that time to that transaction; and

(B) if the transaction relates to an adjustable rate mortgage, a written notice that—

(i) the mortgagor may cancel the requirement in accordance with section 4902(a) of this title on the cancellation date, and that the servicer will notify the mortgagor when the cancellation date is reached;

(ii) the requirement for private mortgage insurance will automatically terminate on the termination date, and that on the termination date, the mortgagor will be notified of the termination or that the requirement will be terminated as soon as the mortgagor is current on loan payments; and

(iii) there are exemptions to the right of cancellation and automatic termination of a requirement for private mortgage insurance in accordance with section 4902(g) of this title, and whether such an exemption applies at that time to that transaction.

(2) Disclosures for excepted transactions

In the case of a residential mortgage transaction described in section 4902(g)(1) of this title, at the time at which the transaction is consummated, the mortgagee shall provide written notice to the mortgagor that in no case may private mortgage insurance be required beyond the date that is the midpoint of the amortization period of the loan, if the mortgagor is current on payments required by the terms of the residential mortgage.

(3) Annual disclosures

If private mortgage insurance is required in connection with a residential mortgage transaction, the servicer shall disclose to the mortgagor in each such transaction in an annual written statement—

(A) the rights of the mortgagor under this chapter to cancellation or termination of the private mortgage insurance requirement; and

(B) an address and telephone number that the mortgagor may use to contact the servicer to determine whether the mortgagor may cancel the private mortgage insurance.

(4) Applicability

Paragraphs (1) through (3) shall apply with respect to each residential mortgage transaction consummated on or after the date that is 1 year after July 29, 1998.

(b) Disclosures for existing mortgages

If private mortgage insurance was required in connection with a residential mortgage entered into at any time before the effective date of this chapter, the servicer shall disclose to the mortgagor in each such transaction in an annual written statement—

(1) that the private mortgage insurance may, under certain circumstances, be canceled by the mortgagor (with the consent of the mortgagee or in accordance with applicable State law); and

(2) an address and telephone number that the mortgagor may use to contact the servicer to determine whether the mortgagor may cancel the private mortgage insurance.

(c) Inclusion in other annual notices

The information and disclosures required under subsection (b) and subsection (a)(3) may be provided on the annual disclosure relating to the escrow account made as required under the Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974 [12 U.S.C. 2601 et seq.], or as part of the annual disclosure of interest payments made pursuant to Internal Revenue Service regulations, and on a form promulgated by the Internal Revenue Service for that purpose.

(d) Standardized forms

The mortgagee or servicer may use standardized forms for the provision of disclosures required under this section, which disclosures shall relate to the mortgagor's rights under this chapter.

(Pub. L. 105–216, §4, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 902; Pub. L. 106–569, title IV, §§402(c)(2), 403(b), Dec. 27, 2000, 114 Stat. 2957.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The effective date of this chapter, referred to in subsec. (b), is 1 year after July 29, 1998, see section 13 of Pub. L. 105–216, set out as an Effective Date note under section 4901 of this title.

The Real Estate Settlement Procedures Act of 1974, referred to in subsec. (c), is Pub. L. 93–533, Dec. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 1724, which is classified principally to chapter 27 (§2601 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2601 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2000—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 106–569, §§402(c)(2)(A)(i), 403(b)(1)(A), substituted "residential mortgage transaction (other than a residential mortgage transaction described in section 4902(g)(1) of this title)" for "residential mortgage or mortgage transaction (other than a mortgage or mortgage transaction described in section 4902(f)(1) of this title)" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(A)(ii)(IV), (B)(iii). Pub. L. 106–569, §402(c)(2)(A)(ii), (iii), substituted "section 4902(g) of this title" for "section 4902(f) of this title".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 106–569, §§402(c)(2)(B), 403(b)(1)(B), substituted "residential mortgage transaction" for "mortgage or mortgage transaction" and "section 4902(g)(1) of this title" for "section 4902(f)(1) of this title".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–569, §403(b)(2), substituted "subsection (a)(3)" for "paragraphs (1)(B) and (3) of subsection (a)".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–569, §403(b)(3), inserted before period at end ", which disclosures shall relate to the mortgagor's rights under this chapter".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 1 year after July 29, 1998, see section 13 of Pub. L. 105–216, set out as a note under section 4901 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 215 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 2: NATIONAL BANKS / Subchapter XVI: CONSOLIDATION AND MERGER / Section 215: Consolidation of banks within same State
Consolidation of banks within same State
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Any national bank or any bank incorporated under the laws of any State may, with the approval of the Comptroller, be consolidated with one or more national banking associations located in the same State under the charter of a national banking association on such terms and conditions as may be lawfully agreed upon by a majority of the board of directors of each association or bank proposing to consolidate, and be ratified and confirmed by the affirmative vote of the shareholders of each such association or bank owning at least two-thirds of its capital stock outstanding, or by a greater proportion of such capital stock in the case of such State bank if the laws of the State where it is organized so require, at a meeting to be held on the call of the directors after publishing notice of the time, place, and object of the meeting for four consecutive weeks in a newspaper of general circulation published in the place where the association or bank is located, or, if there is no such newspaper, then in the paper of general circulation published nearest thereto, and after sending such notice to each shareholder of record by certified or registered mail at least ten days prior to the meeting, except to those shareholders who specifically waive notice, but any additional notice shall be given to the shareholders of such State bank which may be required by the laws of the State where it is organized. Publication of notice may be waived, in cases where the Comptroller determines that an emergency exists justifying such waiver, by unanimous action of the shareholders of the association or State bank.

(b) Liability of consolidated association; capital stock; dissenting shareholders

The consolidated association shall be liable for all liabilities of the respective consolidating banks or associations. The capital stock of such consolidated association shall not be less than that required under existing law for the organization of a national bank in the place in which it is located: Provided, That if such consolidation shall be voted for at such meetings by the necessary majorities of the shareholders of each association and State bank proposing to consolidate, and thereafter the consolidation shall be approved by the Comptroller, any shareholder of any of the associations or State banks so consolidated who has voted against such consolidation at the meeting of the association or bank of which he is a stockholder, or who has given notice in writing at or prior to such meeting to the presiding officer that he dissents from the plan of consolidation, shall be entitled to receive the value of the shares so held by him when such consolidation is approved by the Comptroller upon written request made to the consolidated association at any time before thirty days after the date of consummation of the consolidation, accompanied by the surrender of his stock certificates.

(c) Valuation of shares

The value of the shares of any dissenting shareholder shall be ascertained, as of the effective date of the consolidation, by an appraisal made by a committee of three persons, composed of (1) one selected by the vote of the holders of the majority of the stock, the owners of which are entitled to payment in cash; (2) one selected by the directors of the consolidated banking association; and (3) one selected by the two so selected. The valuation agreed upon by any two of the three appraisers shall govern. If the value so fixed shall not be satisfactory to any dissenting shareholder who has requested payment, that shareholder may, within five days after being notified of the appraised value of his shares, appeal to the Comptroller, who shall cause a reappraisal to be made which shall be final and binding as to the value of the shares of the appellant.

(d) Appraisal by Comptroller; expenses of consolidated association; sale and resale of shares; State appraisal and consolidation law

If, within ninety days from the date of consummation of the consolidation, for any reason one or more of the appraisers is not selected as herein provided, or the appraisers fail to determine the value of such shares, the Comptroller shall upon written request of any interested party cause an appraisal to be made which shall be final and binding on all parties. The expenses of the Comptroller in making the reappraisal or the appraisal, as the case may be, shall be paid by the consolidated banking association. The value of the shares ascertained shall be promptly paid to the dissenting shareholders by the consolidated banking association. Within thirty days after payment has been made to all dissenting shareholders as provided for in this section the shares of stock of the consolidated banking association which would have been delivered to such dissenting shareholders had they not requested payment shall be sold by the consolidated banking association at an advertised public auction, unless some other method of sale is approved by the Comptroller, and the consolidated banking association shall have the right to purchase any of such shares at such public auction, if it is the highest bidder therefor, for the purpose of reselling such shares within thirty days thereafter to such person or persons and at such price not less than par as its board of directors by resolution may determine. If the shares are sold at public auction at a price greater than the amount paid to the dissenting shareholders the excess in such sale price shall be paid to such shareholders. The appraisal of such shares of stock in any State bank shall be determined in the manner prescribed by the law of the State in such cases, rather than as provided in this section, if such provision is made in the State law; and no such consolidation shall be in contravention of the law of the State under which such bank is incorporated.

(e) Status of consolidated association; property rights and interests vested and held as fiduciary

The corporate existence of each of the consolidating banks or banking associations participating in such consolidation shall be merged into and continued in the consolidated national banking association and such consolidated national banking association shall be deemed to be the same corporation as each bank or banking association participating in the consolidation. All rights, franchises, and interests of the individual consolidating banks or banking associations in and to every type of property (real, personal, and mixed) and choses in action shall be transferred to and vested in the consolidated national banking association by virtue of such consolidation without any deed or other transfer. The consolidated national banking association, upon the consolidation and without any order or other action on the part of any court or otherwise, shall hold and enjoy all rights of property, franchises, and interests, including appointments, designations, and nominations, and all other rights and interests as trustee, executor, administrator, registrar of stocks and bonds, guardian of estates, assignee, and receiver, and in every other fiduciary capacity, in the same manner and to the same extent as such rights, franchises, and interests were held or enjoyed by any one of the consolidating banks or banking associations at the time of consolidation, subject to the conditions hereinafter provided.

(f) Removal as fiduciary; discrimination

Where any consolidating bank or banking association, at the time of the consolidation, was acting under appointment of any court as trustee, executor, administrator, registrar of stocks and bonds, guardian of estates, assignee, or receiver, or in any other fiduciary capacity, the consolidated national banking association shall be subject to removal by a court of competent jurisdiction in the same manner and to the same extent as was such consolidating bank or banking association prior to the consolidation. Nothing contained in this section shall be considered to impair in any manner the right of any court to remove the consolidated national banking association and to appoint in lieu thereof a substitute trustee, executor, or other fiduciary, except that such right shall not be exercised in such a manner as to discriminate against national banking associations, nor shall any consolidated national banking association be removed solely because of the fact that it is a national banking association.

(g) Issuance of stock by consolidated association; preemptive rights

Stock of the consolidated national banking association may be issued as provided by the terms of the consolidation agreement, free from any preemptive rights of the shareholders of the respective consolidating banks.

(Nov. 7, 1918, ch. 209, §2, formerly §1, as added Pub. L. 86–230, §20, Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 460; renumbered §2 and amended Pub. L. 103–328, title I, §102(b)(4)(C), Sept. 29, 1994, 108 Stat. 2351; Pub. L. 112–231, §2(b)(2)(A), Dec. 28, 2012, 126 Stat. 1619.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Provisions similar to those comprising this section were contained in sections 1 and 2 of act Nov. 7, 1918, ch. 209, 40 Stat. 1043, and section 3 of act Nov. 7, 1918, ch. 209, added Feb. 25, 1927, ch. 191, §1, 44 Stat. 1225 (formerly classified to sections 33 to 34a of this title) prior to the complete amendment and renumbering of act Nov. 7, 1918, by Pub. L. 86–230.

Amendments

2012—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 112–231, §2(b)(2)(A)(i), substituted "and receiver" for "receiver, and committee of estates of lunatics".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 112–231, §2(b)(2)(A)(ii), substituted "or receiver" for "receiver, or committee of estates of lunatics".

1994—Pub. L. 103–328 inserted section catchline and, in subsec. (a), inserted heading and substituted "Any national bank" for "Any national banking association".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title

Act Nov. 7, 1918, ch. 209, §1, as added by Pub. L. 103–328, title I, §102(b)(4)(C), Sept. 29, 1994, 108 Stat. 2351, provided that: "This Act [enacting this subchapter] may be cited as the 'National Bank Consolidation and Merger Act'."
12 U.S.C. § 4907 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 49: HOMEOWNERS PROTECTION / Section 4907: Civil liability
Civil liability
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Any servicer, mortgagee, or mortgage insurer that violates a provision of this chapter shall be liable to each mortgagor to whom the violation relates for—

(1) in the case of an action by an individual, or a class action in which the liable party is not subject to section 4909 of this title, any actual damages sustained by the mortgagor as a result of the violation, including interest (at a rate determined by the court) on the amount of actual damages, accruing from the date on which the violation commences;

(2) in the case of—

(A) an action by an individual, such statutory damages as the court may allow, not to exceed $2,000; and

(B) in the case of a class action—

(i) in which the liable party is subject to section 4909 of this title, such amount as the court may allow, except that the total recovery under this subparagraph in any class action or series of class actions arising out of the same violation by the same liable party shall not exceed the lesser of $500,000 or 1 percent of the net worth of the liable party, as determined by the court; and

(ii) in which the liable party is not subject to section 4909 of this title, such amount as the court may allow, not to exceed $1,000 as to each member of the class, except that the total recovery under this subparagraph in any class action or series of class actions arising out of the same violation by the same liable party shall not exceed the lesser of $500,000 or 1 percent of the gross revenues of the liable party, as determined by the court;

(3) costs of the action; and

(4) reasonable attorney fees, as determined by the court.

(b) Timing of actions

No action may be brought by a mortgagor under subsection (a) later than 2 years after the date of the discovery of the violation that is the subject of the action.

(c) Limitations on liability

(1) In general

With respect to a residential mortgage transaction, the failure of a servicer to comply with the requirements of this chapter due to the failure of a mortgage insurer or a mortgagee to comply with the requirements of this chapter, shall not be construed to be a violation of this chapter by the servicer.

(2) Rule of construction

Nothing in paragraph (1) shall be construed to impose any additional requirement or liability on a mortgage insurer, a mortgagee, or a holder of a residential mortgage.

(Pub. L. 105–216, §8, July 29, 1998, 112 Stat. 905.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 1 year after July 29, 1998, see section 13 of Pub. L. 105–216, set out as a note under section 4901 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 3001 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 31: NATIONAL CONSUMER COOPERATIVE BANK / Section 3001: Congressional statement of findings and purpose
Congressional statement of findings and purpose
Status: in_force

The economic and financial structure of this country in combination with the Nation's natural resources and the productivity of the American people has produced one of the highest average standards of living in the world. However, the Nation has been experiencing inflation and unemployment together with an increasing gap between producers' prices and consumers' purchasing power. This has resulted in a growing number of our citizens, especially the elderly, the poor, and the inner city resident, being unable to share in the fruits of our Nation's highly efficient economic system. The Congress finds that user-owned cooperatives are a proven method for broadening ownership and control of the economic organizations, increasing the number of market participants, narrowing price spreads, raising the quality of goods and services available to their membership, and building bridges between producers and consumers, and their members and patrons. The Congress also finds that consumer and other types of self-help cooperatives have been hampered in their formation and growth by lack of access to adequate cooperative credit facilities and lack of technical assistance. Therefore, the Congress finds a need for the establishment of a National Consumer Cooperative Bank which will make available necessary financial and technical assistance to cooperative self-help endeavors as a means of strengthening the Nation's economy.

(Pub. L. 95–351, §2, Aug. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 499.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Short Title of 1989 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–206, §1, Dec. 7, 1989, 103 Stat. 1832, provided that: "This Act [amending section 3014 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Consumer Cooperative Bank Amendments of 1989'."

Short Title of 1981 Amendment

Pub. L. 97–35, title III, §390, Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 433, provided that: "This subtitle [subtitle C (§§390–396) of title III of Pub. L. 97–35, enacting sections 3017a, 3026, and 3051 of this title; amending sections 3011 to 3015, 3017, 3018, 3019, 3024, 3025, 3042, and 3043 of this title, section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 856, 867, and 868 of former Title 31, Money and Finance; and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 3011 to 3015, 3017, 3017a, 3019, 3025, and 3026 of this title] may be cited as the 'National Consumer Cooperative Bank Act Amendments of 1981'."

Short Title

Pub. L. 95–351, §1, Aug. 20, 1978, 92 Stat. 499, provided: "That this Act [enacting this chapter and amending section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and sections 856, 867, and 868 of former Title 31, Money and Finance] may be cited as the 'National Consumer Cooperative Bank Act'."
12 U.S.C. § 1291 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 9: NATIONAL AGRICULTURAL CREDIT CORPORATIONS / Section 1291: Repealed. Pub. L. 86-230, §24, Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 466
Repealed. Pub. L. 86-230, §24, Sept. 8, 1959, 73 Stat. 466
Status: repealed

Sections, act Mar. 4, 1923, ch. 252, title II, §214(a)–(c), 42 Stat. 1470, related to procedure for consolidation and capital stock, dissenting stockholders, and effect of consolidation, respectively.
12 U.S.C. § 635k (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 6A: EXPORT-IMPORT BANK OF THE UNITED STATES / Subchapter II: EXPORT FINANCING / Section 635k: Apportionment of losses incurred on loans, guarantees, and insurance; reimbursement; contingent obligations
Apportionment of losses incurred on loans, guarantees, and insurance; reimbursement; contingent obligations
Status: in_force

In the event of any losses, as determined by the Board of Directors of the Bank, incurred on loans, guarantees, and insurance extended under this subchapter, the first $100,000,000 of such losses shall be borne by the Bank; the second $100,000,000 of such losses shall be borne by the Secretary of the Treasury; and any losses in excess thereof shall be borne by the Bank. Reimbursement of the Bank by the Secretary of the Treasury of the amount of losses which are to be borne by the Secretary of the Treasury as aforesaid shall be from funds made available pursuant to section 635l of this title. All guarantees and insurance issued by the Bank shall be considered contingent obligations backed by the full faith and credit of the Government of the United States of America.

(Pub. L. 90–390, §2, July 7, 1968, 82 Stat. 297.)
12 U.S.C. § 1795f (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 14: FEDERAL CREDIT UNIONS / Subchapter III: CENTRAL LIQUIDITY FACILITY / Section 1795f: Powers of Board
Powers of Board
Status: in_force

(a) General authorities

The Board on behalf of the Facility shall have the ability to—

(1) prescribe the manner in which the general business of the Facility shall be conducted;

(2) prescribe rules and regulations to carry out this subchapter;

(3) determine the expenditures incurred by the Administration to carry out this subchapter, and the expenditures incurred by the Facility to carry out subchapters I and II of this chapter, and annually assess the Facility and the Administration accordingly;

(4) borrow from—

(A) any source, provided that the total face value of these obligations shall not exceed twelve times the subscribed capital stock and surplus of the Facility, provided that, the total face value of such obligations shall not exceed 16 times the subscribed capital stock and surplus of the Facility for the period beginning on March 27, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2021; and

(B) the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund up to $500,000 to defray initial organizational and operating expenses of the Facility at such rates and terms consistent with prevailing market conditions;

(5) guarantee performance of the terms of any financial obligation of a member but only when such obligation bears a clear and conspicuous notice on its face that only the resources of the Facility underlie such guarantee;

(6) purchase any asset from a member with the member's endorsement;

(7) invest in obligations of the United States or any agency thereof;

(8) make deposits in federally insured financial institutions and make investments in shares or deposits of credit unions;

(9) sue and be sued, complain, and defend, in any State or Federal court;

(10) adopt a seal;

(11) pursue to final disposition by way of compromise or otherwise claims both for and against the United States (other than tort claims, claims involving administrative expenses, and claims in excess of $5,000 arising out of contracts for construction, repairs, and the purchase of supplies and materials) which are not in litigation and have not been referred to the Department of Justice;

(12) appoint officers and employees to assist in carrying out this subchapter, who shall be appointed subject to the provisions of title 5;

(13) conduct business, carry on operations, have offices, and exercise the powers granted by this subchapter in any State or territory;

(14) lease, purchase, or otherwise acquire and own, hold, improve, use, or otherwise deal in and with property, real, personal, or mixed, or any interest therein, wherever situated;

(15) enter into contracts with any public or private organization, partnership, corporation, or individual;

(16) advance funds on a fully secured basis to a State credit union share or deposit insurance corporation, guaranty credit union, or guaranty association. Such advance shall not exceed twelve months in maturity, shall be relent at an interest rate not exceeding that imposed by the Facility, and shall not be renewable;

(17) exercise such incidental powers as shall be necessary or requisite to enable it to carry out effectively the purposes for which the facility is incorporated; and

(18) advance funds to the National Credit Union Share Insurance Fund under such terms and conditions as may be established by the Board.

(b) Collection and settlement of checks, share drafts, etc.; charges; rules and regulations

(1) The Board may authorize the Central Liquidity Facility or its Agent members, subject to such rules and regulations, including definitions of terms used in this subsection, as the Board shall from time to time prescribe, to be drawees of, and to engage in, or be agents or intermediaries for, or otherwise participate or assist in, the collection and settlement of (including presentment, clearing, and payment of, and remitting for), checks, share drafts, or any other negotiable or nonnegotiable items or instruments of payment drawn on or issued by members of the Central Liquidity Facility, any of its Agent members, or any other credit union eligible to become a member of the Central Liquidity Facility, and to have such incidental powers as the Board shall find necessary for the exercise of any such authorization.

(2) The Central Liquidity Facility or its Agent members shall make charges, to be determined and regulated by the Board consistent with the principles set forth in section 248a(c) of this title, or utilize the services of, or act as agent for, or be a member of, a Federal Reserve bank, clearinghouse, or any other public or private financial institution or other agency, in the exercise of any powers or functions pursuant to this subsection.

(3) The Board is authorized, with respect to participation in the collection and settlement of any items by the Central Liquidity Facility or by its Agent members, and with respect to the collection and settlement (including payment by the payor institution) of items payable by members of the Central Liquidity Facility or of any of its Agent members, to prescribe rules and regulations regarding the rights, powers, responsibilities, duties, and liabilities, including standards relating thereto, of such entities and other parties to any such items or their collection and settlement. In prescribing such rules and regulations, the Board may adopt or apply, in whole or in part, general banking usage and practices, and, in instances or respects in which they would otherwise not be applicable, Federal Reserve regulations and operating letters, the Uniform Commercial Code, and clearinghouse rules.

(June 26, 1934, ch. 750, title III, formerly subch. III, §307, as added and amended Pub. L. 95–630, title V, §502(b), title XVIII, §1802, Nov. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 3681, 3722; Pub. L. 96–221, title III, §§309(a)(3), (4), (b), 312, Mar. 31, 1980, 94 Stat. 149, 150; Pub. L. 97–320, title V, §531, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1536; Pub. L. 116–136, div. A, title IV, §4016(a)(4), Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 482; Pub. L. 116–260, div. N, title V, §540(b), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 2090.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section 309(b)(1) of Pub. L. 96–221 redesignated subch. III as title III of act June 26, 1934, ch. 750, cited as a credit to this section.

Amendments

2020—Subsec. (a)(4)(A). Pub. L. 116–260 substituted "December 31, 2021" for "December 31, 2020".

Pub. L. 116–136 inserted before semicolon ", provided that, the total face value of such obligations shall not exceed 16 times the subscribed capital stock and surplus of the Facility for the period beginning on March 27, 2020, and ending on December 31, 2020".

1982—Subsec. (a)(17), (18). Pub. L. 97–320 added pars. (17) and (18).

1980—Pub. L. 96–221, §§309(a)(3), (4), (b)(2), (3), 312, designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) substituted "Board" for "Administrator", such change having been made previously by Pub. L. 95–630, and "title" and "titles" for "subchapter" and "subchapters", which for purposes of codification has been editorially translated as "subchapter" or "subchapters" thereby requiring no further change in text, in par. (15) struck out requirement respecting advance appropriation of amounts, and added subsec. (b).

1978—Pub. L. 95–630, §502(b), substituted "Board" for "Administrator".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment effective on expiration of 120 days after Nov. 10, 1978, and transitional provisions, see section 509 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 1752 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 1806 of Pub. L. 95–630, set out as a note under section 1795 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 4622 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Subchapter II: REQUIRED CAPITAL LEVELS FOR REGULATED ENTITIES, SPECIAL ENFORCEMENT POWERS, AND REVIEWS OF ASSETS AND LIABILITIES / Section 4622: Capital restoration plans
Capital restoration plans
Status: in_force

(a) Contents

Each capital restoration plan submitted under this subchapter shall set forth a feasible plan for restoring the core capital of the regulated entity subject to the plan to an amount not less than the minimum capital level for the regulated entity and for restoring the total capital of the regulated entity to an amount not less than the risk-based capital level for the regulated entity. Each capital restoration plan shall—

(1) specify the level of capital the regulated entity will achieve and maintain;

(2) describe the actions that the regulated entity will take to become classified as adequately capitalized;

(3) establish a schedule for completing the actions set forth in the plan;

(4) specify the types and levels of activities (including existing and new programs) in which the regulated entity will engage during the term of the plan; and

(5) describe the actions that the regulated entity will take to comply with any mandatory and discretionary requirements imposed under this subchapter.

(b) Deadlines for submission

The Director shall, by regulation, establish a deadline for submission of a capital restoration plan, which may not be more than 45 days after the regulated entity is notified in writing that a plan is required. The regulations shall provide that the Director may extend the deadline to the extent that the Director determines it necessary. Any extension of the deadline shall be in writing and for a time certain.

(c) Approval

The Director shall review each capital restoration plan submitted under this section and, not later than 30 days after submission of the plan, approve or disapprove the plan. The Director may extend the period for approval or disapproval for any plan for a single additional 30-day period if the Director determines it necessary. The Director shall provide written notice to any regulated entity submitting a plan of the approval or disapproval of the plan (which shall include the reasons for any disapproval of the plan) and of any extension of the period for approval or disapproval.

(d) Resubmission

If the Director disapproves the initial capital restoration plan submitted by the regulated entity, the regulated entity shall submit an amended plan acceptable to the Director within 30 days or such longer period that the Director determines is in the public interest.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1369C, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3985; Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title I, §1145(b)(2), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2767.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2008—Pub. L. 110–289 substituted "regulated entity" for "enterprise" wherever appearing.
12 U.S.C. § 1735b (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 13: NATIONAL HOUSING / Subchapter V: MISCELLANEOUS / Section 1735b: Expenditures to correct or reimburse for structural or other major defects in mortgaged homes
Expenditures to correct or reimburse for structural or other major defects in mortgaged homes
Status: in_force

(a) Prior to beginning of construction

(1) The Secretary is authorized to make expenditures under this subsection with respect to any property that—

(A) is a condominium unit (including common areas) or is improved by a one-to-four family dwelling;

(B) was approved, before the beginning of construction, for mortgage insurance under this chapter or for guaranty, insurance, or direct loan under chapter 37 of title 38 or was less than a year old at the time of insurance of the mortgage and was covered by a consumer protection or warranty plan acceptable to the Secretary; and

(C) the Secretary finds to have structural defects.

(2) Expenditures under this subsection may be made for (A) correcting such defects, (B) paying the claims of the owner of the property arising from such defects, or (C) acquiring title to the property: Provided, That such authority of the Secretary shall exist only (A) if the owner has requested assistance from the Secretary not later than four years (or such shorter time as the Secretary may prescribe) after insurance of the mortgage, and (B) if the property is encumbered by a mortgage which is insured under this chapter after September 2, 1964.

(b) Mortgages insured on or after August 1, 1968, but prior to January 1, 1973; requirements; reimbursement from seller; insurance fund chargeable

The Secretary is authorized to make expenditures to correct, or to reimburse the owner for the correction of, structural or other major defects which so seriously affect use and livability as to create a serious danger to the life or safety of inhabitants of any one, two, three, or four family dwelling which is covered by a mortgage insured under section 1715z of this title or which is located in an older, declining urban area and is covered by a mortgage insured under section 1709 or 1715l of this title on or after August 1, 1968, but prior to January 1, 1973, and which is more than one year old on the date of the issuance of the insurance commitment, if (1) the owner requests assistance from the Secretary not later than one year after the insurance of the mortgage, or, in the case of a dwelling covered by a mortgage insured under section 1709 or 1715l of this title the insurance commitment for which was issued on or after August 1, 1968, but prior to January 1, 1973, not more than four months after August 3, 1976, and (2) the defect is one that existed on the date of the issuance of the insurance commitment and is one that a proper inspection could reasonably be expected to disclose. The Secretary may require from the seller of any such dwelling an agreement to reimburse him for any payments made pursuant to this subsection with respect to such dwelling. Expenditures pursuant to this subsection shall be made from the insurance fund chargeable for insurance benefits on the mortgage covering the structure to which the expenditures relate. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to cover the costs of such expenditures not otherwise provided for.

(c) Regulations; finality of decision

The Secretary shall by regulations prescribe the terms and conditions under which expenditures and payments may be made under the provisions of this section, and his decisions regarding such expenditures or payments, and the terms and conditions under which the same are approved or disapproved, shall be final and conclusive and shall not be subject to judicial review.

(d) Mortgages insured on or after January 1, 1973, but prior to August 1, 1976; requirements; reimbursement from seller; insurance fund chargeable

The Secretary is authorized to make expenditures to correct or to reimburse the owner for the correction of structural or other major defects which so seriously affect use and liveability as to create a serious danger to the life or safety of inhabitants of any one-, two-, three-, or four-family dwelling which is more than one year old on the date of issuance of the insurance commitment, is located in an older, declining urban area, and is covered by a mortgage insured under section 1709 or 1715l of this title on or after January 1, 1973, but prior to August 3, 1976, if (1) the owner requests assistance from the Secretary not more than one year after August 3, 1976, and (2) the defect is one that existed on the date of the issuance of the insurance commitment and is one that a proper inspection could reasonably have been expected to have disclosed. The Secretary may require from the seller of any such dwelling an agreement to reimburse him for any payments made pursuant to this subsection with respect to such dwelling. Expenditures pursuant to this subsection shall be made from the insurance fund chargeable for insurance benefits on the mortgage covering the structure to which the expenditures relate. There are hereby authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary to cover the costs of such expenditures not otherwise provided for.

(e) Report to Congress on effective program for protecting home buyers

The Secretary of Housing and Urban Development is authorized and directed to conduct a full and complete investigation and study and report to Congress, with recommendations, not later than March 1, 1977, with respect to an effective program for protecting home buyers from hidden or undisclosed defects seriously affecting the use and livability of the home, which would be applicable to existing homes financed with mortgages insured under this chapter. In the study and report the Secretary shall particularly investigate the need for, cost and feasible structure of, a national home inspection and warranty program, with respect to such homes, to be operated by the Federal Government out of fees assessed on the home buyer and amortized over a period of two years. The Secretary's report shall also present an analysis of alternative Federal programs to meet these needs, and the cost and means of financing such programs. In the report the Secretary shall also outline administrative steps which can be taken to provide disclosure to purchasers of existing homes financed with mortgages insured under this chapter of the actual condition of the home and the types of repairs or replacements likely to be needed within a period of two years, such as repairs or replacement of furnace, roof or major appliances, based on age and useful life expectancy of such appurtenances.

(June 27, 1934, ch. 847, title V, §518, as added Pub. L. 88–560, title I, §121, Sept. 2, 1964, 78 Stat. 783; amended Pub. L. 90–19, §1(a)(3), May 25, 1967, 81 Stat. 17; Pub. L. 91–609, title I, §104, Dec. 31, 1970, 84 Stat. 1771; Pub. L. 93–383, title III, §306, Aug. 22, 1974, 88 Stat. 678; Pub. L. 94–50, title III, §302, July 2, 1975, 89 Stat. 256; Pub. L. 94–375, §9, Aug. 3, 1976, 90 Stat. 1072; Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IV, §427], Nov. 30, 1983, 97 Stat. 1218; Pub. L. 102–550, title V, §515, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3789.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–550 substituted par. (1) and "(2) Expenditures under this subsection may be made for" for "The Secretary is authorized, with respect to any property improved by a one- to four-family dwelling that, before the beginning of construction, was approved for mortgage insurance under this chapter or for guaranty, insurance, or a direct loan under chapter 37 of title 38 and that the Secretary finds to have structural defects, to make expenditures for" and redesignated former cls. (1) to (3) appearing before proviso as cls. (A) to (C), respectively, of par. (2).

1983—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 98–181 substituted "that, before the beginning of construction, was approved for mortgage insurance under this chapter or for guaranty, insurance, or a direct loan under chapter 37 of title 38 and that the Secretary finds" for "approved for mortgage insurance prior to the beginning of construction which he finds".

1976—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–375, §9(a), substituted "not more than four months after August 3, 1976" for "not more than 19 months after August 22, 1974", and provision requiring expenditures be made from the insurance fund chargeable for insurance benefits on the mortgage covering the structure and appropriating sums for expenditures not otherwise covered for provision requiring expenditures be made from the Special Risk Insurance Fund.

Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 94–375, §9(b), added subsecs. (d) and (e).

1975—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–50 substituted "one, two, three, or four" for "one or two", and "not more than 19 months" for "not more than one year".

1974—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 93–383 substituted provisions relating to authorization of the Secretary to make expenditures to correct, or to reimburse the owner for the correction of structural or other major defects of covered one or two family dwellings, for provisions relating to the authorization of the Secretary to make expenditures to correct, or to compensate the owner for, structural or other defects of covered single-family dwellings.

1970—Subsecs. (b), (c). Pub. L. 91–609 added subsec. (b) and redesignated former subsec. (b) as (c).

1967—Subsecs. (a), (b). Pub. L. 90–19 substituted "Secretary" for "Commissioner" wherever appearing.
12 U.S.C. § 3051 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 31: NATIONAL CONSUMER COOPERATIVE BANK / Subchapter II: OFFICE OF SELF-HELP DEVELOPMENT AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE / Section 3051: Nonprofit corporation
Nonprofit corporation
Status: in_force

(a) Office of Self-Help Development and Technical Assistance abolished; transfer of assets, etc.

(1) Upon the incorporation of the nonprofit corporation described in subsection (b), the Office of Self-Help Development and Technical Assistance is hereby abolished.

(2)(A) If the nonprofit corporation described in subsection (b) agrees to accept the liabilities of the Office, the Bank, notwithstanding any other provision of law, shall transfer all assets, liabilities, and property of the Office to such nonprofit corporation on the day on which such nonprofit corporation is incorporated.

(B) Such assets shall include all sums which are appropriated to the Office by the Congress and all sums which are contained in the Account established pursuant to section 3042 of this title. If any such sums are appropriated after the date on which the transfer described in subparagraph (A) occurs, the Bank shall promptly transfer such sums to such nonprofit corporation.

(b) Establishment; Board of Directors; functions, etc.

(1) As soon as possible after August 13, 1981, the Board shall establish a nonprofit corporation under the laws of the District of Columbia and, notwithstanding the laws of the District of Columbia, name the directors of such nonprofit corporation.

(2) Notwithstanding the laws of the District of Columbia, the Board of Directors of such nonprofit corporation shall—

(A) select an executive director who shall be responsible for the administration of such nonprofit corporation;

(B) set the compensation of such executive director and the other employees of such nonprofit corporation;

(C) promulgate and publish the policies of such nonprofit corporation and make such policies available at all times to eligible cooperatives; and

(D) perform the functions specified in subparagraphs (A) and (C) of paragraph (3).

(3) Such nonprofit corporation shall only perform—

(A) the functions which are authorized to be performed pursuant to sections 3043 through 3048 of this title and section 3050 of this title;

(B) such functions as are necessary to comply with the laws under which it was incorporated in the District of Columbia; and

(C) such functions as are necessary to remain qualified as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of title 26.

(4) Notwithstanding any other provision of law—

(A) the Bank may provide administrative or staff support to such nonprofit corporation; and

(B) any member of the Board of Directors of the Bank may serve as a member of the Board of Directors of such nonprofit corporation.

(c) Treatment for tax purposes

(1) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, such nonprofit corporation shall be deemed to be, and treated as, qualified as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of title 26 from the date on which such nonprofit corporation is established under the laws of the District of Columbia until the date on which the Internal Revenue Service makes a final determination on the application which such nonprofit corporation will submit to the Internal Revenue Service seeking status as an organization qualifying under such section.

(2) When performed by such nonprofit corporation, the functions described in subsection (b)(3)(A) shall be deemed to be performed for "charitable purposes" within the meaning of section 501(c)(3) of title 26.

(d) Contributions from the Bank

(1) The Board of Directors of the Bank may make contributions to the nonprofit corporation in such amounts as the Board of Directors of the Bank deems appropriate, except that—

(A) such contributions may be made only out of the Bank's earnings, determined in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles; and

(B) the Bank shall set aside amounts sufficient to satisfy its obligations to the Secretary of the Treasury for payments of principal and interest on class A notes and other debt before making any contributions to such nonprofit corporation.

(2) During any period in which the nonprofit corporation described in subsection (b) is qualified as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of title 26, contributions made by the Bank pursuant to paragraph (1) shall be treated as charitable contributions within the meaning of section 170(c)(2) of title 26, and may be deducted notwithstanding the provisions of section 170(b)(2) of title 26.

(3) During any period in which the nonprofit corporation described in subsection (b) is qualified as an organization described in section 501(c)(3) of title 26, contributions to such nonprofit corporation by any person shall qualify as charitable contributions, as defined in section 170(c) of title 26, for purposes of the charitable contribution deduction provided for in section 170(a) of title 26, and shall also qualify for the deductions for estate and gift tax purposes provided for in sections 2055 and 2522 of title 26.

(e) Conflict of interest rules

Notwithstanding the laws of the District of Columbia, the Board of Directors of such nonprofit corporation shall adopt and publish its own conflict of interest rules which shall be no less stringent in effect than the conflict of interest provisions adopted by the Board of Directors of the Bank pursuant to section 3024 of this title.

(Pub. L. 95–351, title II, §211, as added Pub. L. 97–35, title III, §395(a), Aug. 13, 1981, 95 Stat. 437; amended Pub. L. 99–514, §2, Oct. 22, 1986, 100 Stat. 2095.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1986—Subsecs. (b)(3)(C), (c), (d)(2), (3). Pub. L. 99–514 substituted "Internal Revenue Code of 1986" for "Internal Revenue Code of 1954" wherever appearing, which for purposes of codification was translated as "title 26" thus requiring no change in text.
12 U.S.C. § 4719 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 47: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BANKING / Subchapter I: COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BANKING AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS / Section 4719: Grants to establish loan-loss reserve funds
Grants to establish loan-loss reserve funds
Status: in_force

(a) Purposes

The purposes of this section are—

(1) to make financial assistance available from the Fund in order to help community development financial institutions defray the costs of operating small dollar loan programs, by providing the amounts necessary for such institutions to establish their own loan loss reserve funds to mitigate some of the losses on such small dollar loan programs; and

(2) to encourage community development financial institutions to establish and maintain small dollar loan programs that would help give consumers access to mainstream financial institutions and combat high cost small dollar lending.

(b) Grants

(1) Loan-loss reserve fund grants

The Fund shall make grants to community development financial institutions or to any partnership between such community development financial institutions and any other federally insured depository institution with a primary mission to serve targeted investment areas, as such areas are defined under section 4702(16) of this title, to enable such institutions or any partnership of such institutions to establish a loan-loss reserve fund in order to defray the costs of a small dollar loan program established or maintained by such institution.

(2) Matching requirement

A community development financial institution or any partnership of institutions established pursuant to paragraph (1) shall provide non-Federal matching funds in an amount equal to 50 percent of the amount of any grant received under this section.

(3) Use of funds

Any grant amounts received by a community development financial institution or any partnership between or among such institutions under paragraph (1)—

(A) may not be used by such institution to provide direct loans to consumers;

(B) may be used by such institution to help recapture a portion or all of a defaulted loan made under the small dollar loan program of such institution; and

(C) may be used to designate and utilize a fiscal agent for services normally provided by such an agent.

(4) Technical assistance grants

The Fund shall make technical assistance grants to community development financial institutions or any partnership between or among such institutions to support and maintain a small dollar loan program. Any grant amounts received under this paragraph may be used for technology, staff support, and other costs associated with establishing a small dollar loan program.

(c) Definitions

For purposes of this section—

(1) the term "consumer reporting agency that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis" has the same meaning given such term in section 1681a(p) of title 15; and

(2) the term "small dollar loan program" means a loan program wherein a community development financial institution or any partnership between or among such institutions offers loans to consumers that—

(A) are made in amounts not exceeding $2,500;

(B) must be repaid in installments;

(C) have no pre-payment penalty;

(D) the institution has to report payments regarding the loan to at least 1 of the consumer reporting agencies that compiles and maintains files on consumers on a nationwide basis; and

(E) meet any other affordability requirements as may be established by the Administrator.

(Pub. L. 103–325, title I, §122, as added Pub. L. 111–203, title XII, §1206, July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 2131.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 1 day after July 21, 2010, except as otherwise provided, see section 4 of Pub. L. 111–203, set out as a note under section 5301 of this title.
12 U.S.C. § 375 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 3: FEDERAL RESERVE SYSTEM / Subchapter X: POWERS AND DUTIES OF MEMBER BANKS / Section 375: Reserved
Reserved
Status: reserved

(Dec. 23, 1913, ch. 6, §22(d), as added Sept. 26, 1918, ch. 177, §5, 40 Stat. 971; amended Aug. 23, 1935, ch. 614, title II, §203(a), 49 Stat. 704; Pub. L. 111–203, title VI, §615(b), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1615.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2010—Pub. L. 111–203 substituted "[Reserved]" for text, which related to purchases from directors and sales to directors.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2010 Amendment

Pub. L. 111–203, title VI, §615(c), July 21, 2010, 124 Stat. 1615, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 1828 of this title] shall take effect on the transfer date."

[For definition of "transfer date" as used in section 615(c) of Pub. L. 111–203, set out above, see section 5301 of this title.]
12 U.S.C. § 3904a (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 40: INTERNATIONAL LENDING SUPERVISION / Section 3904a: Additional reserve requirements
Additional reserve requirements
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Each appropriate Federal banking agency shall review the exposure to risk of United States banking institutions arising from the medium- and long-term loans made by such institutions that are outstanding to any highly indebted country. Each agency shall provide direction to such institutions regarding additions to general reserves maintained by each banking institution for potential loan losses and special reserves required by such agency arising from such review.

(b) Determination of institutional exposure to risk

In determining the exposure of an institution to risk for purposes of subsection (a), the appropriate Federal banking agency—

(1) shall determine whether any country exposure that is, and has been for at least 2 years, rated in the category "Other Transfer Risk Problems" or the category "Substandard" by the Interagency Country Exposure Review Committee should be reevaluated;

(2) may exempt, in full or in part, from reserve requirements established pursuant to subsection (a), any loan—

(A) to a country that enters into a debt reduction, debt service reduction, or financing program with its bank creditors that is supported by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development or the International Monetary Fund; or

(B) secured, in whole or in part, by appropriate collateral for payment of interest or principal;

(3) take into account any other factors which bear on such exposure and the particular circumstances of the institution; and

(4) shall consider as indicators of risk, where appropriate, the average reserve levels maintained by or required of banking institutions in foreign countries and secondary market prices for such loans.

(c) Timing and report

(1) Determined by agency

Except as provided in paragraph (3), each appropriate Federal banking agency shall determine the timing of any addition to reserves required by subsection (a).

(2) Report

Each appropriate Federal banking agency shall include in each report required to be made under section 3912(d) 1 of this title after 1989 a report on the actions taken pursuant to this section.

(3) Deadline

Each Federal agency required to undertake a review described in subsection (a) shall complete the review not later than December 31, 1990.

(d) "Highly indebted country" defined

As used in this section, the term "highly indebted country" means any country designated as a "Highly Indebted Country" in the annual World Debt Tables most recently published by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development before December 19, 1989.

(Pub. L. 98–181, title I [title IX, §905A], as added Pub. L. 101–240, title IV, §402(b), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2501.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 3912(d) of this title, referred to in subsec. (c)(2), was repealed by Pub. L. 104–208, div. A, title II, §2224(c), Sept. 30, 1996, 110 Stat. 3009–415.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Congressional Findings

Pub. L. 101–240, title IV, §402(a), Dec. 19, 1989, 103 Stat. 2501, provided that: "The Congress finds that—

"(1) since the adoption of the International Lending Supervision Act of 1983 [12 U.S.C. 3901 et seq.], the credit quality of loans by United States banking institutions to highly indebted countries has deteriorated and the prospects for full repayment of such loans have diminished;

"(2) in general during this period, the level of country exposure and transfer risk associated with loans by United States banking institutions to highly indebted countries has not been adequately reflected in the reserve levels established by many individual United States banking institutions or the reserve requirements imposed by Federal banking agencies pursuant to such Act;

"(3) during the last 3 years and particularly in recent months, United States banking institutions have increased their reserves for possible losses from loans to highly indebted countries but such reserves remain, in some cases, significantly lower than reserves established by banking institutions in a number of foreign countries and may not be adequate to deal with potential risks; and

"(4) in order to fulfill the purposes of such Act, the Federal banking agencies should take a more active role in reviewing reserve levels established by United States banking institutions for potential losses from loans to highly indebted countries and in requiring appropriate levels of both special and general reserves to reflect the increased risk of such loans."

1 See References in Text note below.
12 U.S.C. § 4525 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 46: GOVERNMENT SPONSORED ENTERPRISES / Subchapter I: SUPERVISION AND REGULATION OF ENTERPRISES / Section 4525: Information, records, and meetings
Information, records, and meetings
Status: in_force

For purposes of subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5—

(1) the Agency, and

(2) the Department of Housing and Urban Development, with respect to activities under this chapter,

shall be considered agencies responsible for the regulation or supervision of financial institutions.

(Pub. L. 102–550, title XIII, §1319F, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3952; Pub. L. 110–289, div. A, title I, §1161(a)(5), July 30, 2008, 122 Stat. 2779.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in par. (2), was in the original "this title", meaning title XIII of Pub. L. 102–550, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3941, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title XIII to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4501 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2008—Par. (1). Pub. L. 110–289 substituted "the Agency" for "the Office".
12 U.S.C. § 1425 (2024) — Title 12: BANKS AND BANKING / Chapter 11: FEDERAL HOME LOAN BANKS / Section 1425: Repealed. Pub. L. 101-73, title VII, §§705, 716, 720, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 416, 421, 423
Repealed. Pub. L. 101-73, title VII, §§705, 716, 720, Aug. 9, 1989, 103 Stat. 416, 421, 423
Status: repealed

Section 1425, acts July 22, 1932, ch. 522, §5, 47 Stat. 727; Dec. 24, 1969, Pub. L. 91–152, title IV, §416(a), 83 Stat. 401, related to limitation on lawful contract rate of interest receivable by members and nonmember borrowers, and applicability to home mortgage loans on single-family dwellings.

Section 1425a, act July 22, 1932, ch. 522, §5A, as added June 27, 1950, ch. 369, §1, 64 Stat. 256; amended Aug. 11, 1955, ch. 783, title I, §109(a)(3), 69 Stat. 640; Sept. 21, 1968, Pub. L. 90–505, §4, 82 Stat. 856; Mar. 31, 1980, Pub. L. 96–221, title I, §104(b), title IV, §405, 94 Stat. 139, 158; Oct. 8, 1980, Pub. L. 96–399, title III, §325(a), 94 Stat. 1648; Oct. 15, 1982, Pub. L. 97–320, title III, §332, 96 Stat. 1504; Oct. 17, 1984, Pub. L. 98–479, title II, §207, 98 Stat. 2235, related to liquidity requirements for savings and loan associations and other members.

Section 1425b, act July 22, 1932, ch. 522, §5B, as added Sept. 21, 1966, Pub. L. 89–597, §4, 80 Stat. 824; amended Sept. 21, 1968, Pub. L. 90–505, §2(c), 82 Stat. 856; Dec. 23, 1969, Pub. L. 91–151, §2(b), 83 Stat. 372; Oct. 29, 1974, Pub. L. 93–501, title I, §103, title III, §303, 88 Stat. 1558, 1560; Nov. 5, 1979, Pub. L. 96–104, title II, §203, 93 Stat. 793; Dec. 28, 1979, Pub. L. 96–161, title II, §210, 93 Stat. 1239; Mar. 31, 1980, Pub. L. 96–221, title II, §207(b)(7)–(9), title V, §529, 94 Stat. 144, 168, related to rate of interest payable on deposits, shares or withdrawable accounts by members, insured institutions and other nonmember financial institutions.