44 U.S.C. § 3501 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 35: COORDINATION OF FEDERAL INFORMATION POLICY / Subchapter I: FEDERAL INFORMATION POLICY / Section 3501: Purposes
Purposes
Status: in_force

The purposes of this subchapter are to—

(1) minimize the paperwork burden for individuals, small businesses, educational and nonprofit institutions, Federal contractors, State, local and tribal governments, and other persons resulting from the collection of information by or for the Federal Government;

(2) ensure the greatest possible public benefit from and maximize the utility of information created, collected, maintained, used, shared and disseminated by or for the Federal Government;

(3) coordinate, integrate, and to the extent practicable and appropriate, make uniform Federal information resources management policies and practices as a means to improve the productivity, efficiency, and effectiveness of Government programs, including the reduction of information collection burdens on the public and the improvement of service delivery to the public;

(4) improve the quality and use of Federal information to strengthen decisionmaking, accountability, and openness in Government and society;

(5) minimize the cost to the Federal Government of the creation, collection, maintenance, use, dissemination, and disposition of information;

(6) strengthen the partnership between the Federal Government and State, local, and tribal governments by minimizing the burden and maximizing the utility of information created, collected, maintained, used, disseminated, and retained by or for the Federal Government;

(7) provide for the dissemination of public information on a timely basis, on equitable terms, and in a manner that promotes the utility of the information to the public and makes effective use of information technology;

(8) ensure that the creation, collection, maintenance, use, dissemination, and disposition of information by or for the Federal Government is consistent with applicable laws, including laws relating to—

(A) privacy and confidentiality, including section 552a of title 5;

(B) security of information, including section 11332 of title 40 1 ; and

(C) access to information, including section 552 of title 5;

(9) ensure the integrity, quality, and utility of the Federal statistical system;

(10) ensure that information technology is acquired, used, and managed to improve performance of agency missions, including the reduction of information collection burdens on the public; and

(11) improve the responsibility and accountability of the Office of Management and Budget and all other Federal agencies to Congress and to the public for implementing the information collection review process, information resources management, and related policies and guidelines established under this subchapter.

(Added Pub. L. 104–13, §2, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 163; amended Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title X, §1064(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–275; Pub. L. 107–217, §3(l)(3), Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1301.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 11332 of title 40, referred to in par. (8)(B), was repealed by Pub. L. 107–296, title X, §1005(a)(1), Nov. 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 2272, and Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §305(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2960.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 3501, added Pub. L. 96–511, §2(a), Dec. 11, 1980, 94 Stat. 2812; amended Pub. L. 99–500, §101(m) [title VIII, §811], Oct. 18, 1986, 100 Stat. 1783–308, 1783–335, and Pub. L. 99–591, §101(m) [title VIII, §811], Oct. 30, 1986, 100 Stat. 3341–308, 3341–335, related to purposes of this chapter prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 104–13.

Another prior section 3501, Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1302, related to information for Federal agencies, prior to the general amendment of this chapter by Pub. L. 96–511.

Amendments

2002—Par. (8)(B). Pub. L. 107–217 substituted "section 11332 of title 40" for "the Computer Security Act of 1987 (Public Law 100–235)".

2000—Pub. L. 106–398 substituted "subchapter" for "chapter" in introductory provisions and in par. (11).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2000 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–398 effective 30 days after Oct. 30, 2000, see section 1 [[div. A], title X, §1065] of Pub. L. 106–398, Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, formerly set out as an Effective Date note under former section 3531 of this title.

Effective Date

Pub. L. 104–13, §4, May 22, 1995, 109 Stat. 185, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Except as otherwise provided in this section, this Act [enacting this chapter, amending section 91 of Title 13, Census, and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 101 of this title] and the amendments made by this Act shall take effect on October 1, 1995.

"(b) Authorization of Appropriations.—Section 3520 [now 3521] of title 44, United States Code, as amended by this Act, shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [May 22, 1995].

"(c) Delayed Application.—In the case of a collection of information for which there is in effect on September 30, 1995, a control number issued by the Office of Management and Budget under chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code—

"(1) the amendments made by this Act [enacting this chapter and amending section 91 of Title 13] shall apply to the collection of information beginning on the earlier of—

"(A) the first renewal or modification of that collection of information after September 30, 1995; or

"(B) the expiration of its control number after September 30, 1995.

"(2) prior to such renewal, modification, or expiration, the collection of information shall be subject to chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, as in effect on September 30, 1995."

Short Title

This chapter is popularly known as the "Paperwork Reduction Act".

Source Code Harmonization And Reuse in Information Technology

Pub. L. 118–187, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2638, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the 'Source code Harmonization And Reuse in Information Technology Act' or the 'SHARE IT Act'.

"SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act:

"(1) Agency.—The term 'agency' has the meaning given that term in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code.

"(2) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on Oversight and Accountability of the House of Representatives.

"(3) Custom-developed code.—The term 'custom-developed code'—

"(A) means source code that is—

"(i) produced in the performance of a contract with an agency or is otherwise exclusively funded by the Federal Government; or

"(ii) developed by a Federal employee as part of the official duties of the employee;

"(B) includes—

"(i) source code, or segregable portions of source code, for which the Federal Government could obtain unlimited rights under part 27 of the Federal Acquisition Regulation or any relevant supplemental acquisition regulations of an agency; and

"(ii) source code written for a software project, module, plugin, script, middleware, or application programming interface; and

"(C) does not include—

"(i) source code that is solely exploratory or disposable in nature, including source code written by a developer experimenting with a new language or library; or

"(ii) commercial computer software, commercial off-the-shelf software, or configuration scripts for such software.

"(4) Federal employee.—The term 'Federal employee' has the meaning given the term in section 2105(a) of title 5, United States Code.

"(5) Metadata.—The term 'metadata', with respect to custom-developed code—

"(A) has the meaning given that term in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code; and

"(B) includes—

"(i) information on whether the custom-developed code was—

     "(I) produced pursuant to a contract; or

     "(II) shared in a public or private repository;

"(ii) any contract number under which the custom-developed code was produced; and

"(iii) any hyperlink to the repository in such [sic] the code was shared.

"(6) Private repository.—The term 'private repository' means a software storage location—

"(A) that contains source code, documentation, configuration scripts, as appropriate, revision history, and other files; and

"(B) access to which is restricted to only authorized users.

"(7) Public repository.—The term 'public repository' means a software storage location—

"(A) that contains source code, documentation, configuration scripts, as appropriate, revision history, and other files; and

"(B) access to which is open to the public.

"(8) Software.—The term 'software' has the meaning given the term 'computer software' in section 2.101 of title 48, Code of Federal Regulations, or any successor regulation.

"(9) Source code.—The term 'source code' means a collection of computer commands written in a computer programming language that a computer can execute as a piece of software.

"SEC. 3. SOFTWARE REUSE.

"(a) Sharing.—Not later than 210 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the head of each agency shall ensure that the custom-developed code of the agency and other key technical components of the code (including documentation, data models, schemas, metadata, architecture designs, configuration scripts, and artifacts required to develop, build, test, and deploy the code) of the code [sic] are—

"(1) stored at not less than 1 public repository or private repository;

"(2) accessible to Federal employees via procedures developed under subsection (d)(1)(A)(ii)(III); and

"(3) owned by the agency.

"(b) Software Reuse Rights in Procurement Contracts.—The head of an agency that enters into a contract for the custom development of software shall acquire and exercise rights sufficient to enable the governmentwide access to, sharing of, use of, and modification of any custom-developed code created in the development of such software.

"(c) Discovery.—Not later than 210 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the head of each agency shall make metadata created on or after such date for the custom-developed code of the agency publicly accessible.

"(d) Accountability Mechanisms.—

"(1) Agency cios.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Chief Information Officer of each agency, in consultation with the Chief Acquisition Officer, or similar official, of the agency and the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government, shall develop an agency-wide policy that—

"(A) implements the requirements of this Act, including—

"(i) ensuring that custom-developed code follows the best practices established by the Director of the Office and Management and Budget under paragraph (3) for operating repositories and version control systems to keep track of changes and to facilitate collaboration among multiple developers; and

"(ii) managing the sharing of custom-developed code under subsection (b), and the public accessibility of metadata under subsection (c), including developing—

     "(I) procedures to determine whether any custom-developed code meets the conditions under section 4(b) for an exemption under this Act;

     "(II) procedures for making metadata for custom-developed code publicly accessible pursuant to subsection (c);

     "(III) procedures for Federal employees to gain access to public repositories and private repositories that contain custom developed source code; and

     "(IV) standardized reporting practices across the agency to capture key information relating to a contract under which custom-developed source code was produced for reporting statistics about the contract; and

"(B) corrects or amends any policies of the agency that are inconsistent with the requirements of this Act.

"(2) Administrator of the office of electronic government.—

"(A) Minimum standard reporting requirements.—Not later than 120 days after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government shall establish minimum standard reporting requirements for the Chief Information Officers of agencies, which shall include information relating to—

"(i) measuring the frequency of reuse of code, including access and modification under subsection (b);

"(ii) whether the shared code is maintained;

"(iii) whether there is a feedback mechanism for improvements to or community development of the shared code; and

"(iv) the number and circumstances of all exemptions granted under section 4(a)(2).

"(B) Reporting requirement.—

"(i) Requirement.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act, and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government shall publish on a centralized website a report on the implementation of this Act that includes—

     "(I) a complete list of all exemptions granted under section 4(a)(2); and

     "(II) information showing whether each agency has updated the acquisition and other policies of the agency to be compliant with this Act.

"(ii) Open government data asset.—The report under clause (i) shall be maintained as an open Government data asset (as defined in section 3502 of title 44, United States Code).

"(3) Guidance.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall issue guidance, consistent with the purpose of this Act, that establishes best practices and uniform procedures across agencies for the purposes of implementing this subsection.

"SEC. 4. EXEMPTIONS.

"(a) In General.—

"(1) Automatic.—

"(A) In general.—This Act shall not apply to classified source code or source code developed primarily for use in a national security system (as defined in section 11103 of title 40, United States Code).

"(B) National security.—An exemption from the requirements under section 3 shall apply to classified source code or source code developed—

"(i) primarily for use in a national security system (as defined in section 11103 of title 40, United States Code); or

"(ii) by an agency, or part of an agency, that is an element of the intelligence community (as defined in section 3(4) of the National Security Act of 1947 (50 U.S.C. 3003(4))[)].

"(C) Freedom of information act.—An exemption from the requirements under section 3 shall apply to source code the disclosure of which is exempt under section 552(b) of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the 'Freedom of Information Act').

"(2) Discretionary.—

"(A) Exemption and guidance.—

"(i) In general.—The Chief Information Officer of an agency, in consultation with the Federal Privacy Council, or any successor thereto, may exempt from the requirements of section 3 any source code for which a limited exemption described in subparagraph (B) applies.

"(ii) Guidance required.—The Federal Privacy Council shall provide guidance to the Chief Information Officer of each agency relating to the limited exemption described in subparagraph (B)(ii) to ensure consistent application of this paragraph across agencies.

"(B) Limited exemptions.—The limited exemptions described in this paragraph are the following:

"(i) The head of the agency is prohibited from providing the source code to another individual or entity under another Federal law or regulation, including under—

     "(I) the Export Administration Regulations;

     "(II) the International Traffic in Arms Regulations;

     "(III) the regulations of the Transportation Security Administration relating to the protection of Sensitive Security Information; and

     "(IV) the Federal laws and regulations governing the sharing of classified information not covered by the exemption in paragraph (1).

"(ii) The sharing or public accessibility of the source code would create an identifiable risk to the privacy of an individual.

"(b) Reports Required.—

"(1) Agency reporting.—Not later than December 31 of each year, the Chief Information Officer of an agency shall submit to the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government a report of the source code of the agency to which an exemption under paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) applied during the fiscal year ending on September 30 of that year with a brief narrative justification of each exemption.

"(2) Annual report to congress.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], and annually thereafter, the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on all exemptions granted under paragraph (1) or (2) of subsection (a) by each agency, including a compilation of all information, including the narrative justification, relating to each such exemption.

"(3) Form.—The reports under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be submitted in unclassified form, with a classified annex as appropriate.

"SEC. 5. GAO REPORT.

"Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the Comptroller General of the United States shall submit to Congress a report that includes an assessment of the implementation of this Act.

"SEC. 6. RULE OF CONSTRUCTION.

"Nothing in this Act may be construed as requiring the disclosure of information or records that are exempt from public disclosure under section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly known as the 'Freedom of Information Act').

"SEC. 7. APPLICATION.

"This Act shall apply to custom-developed code that is developed or revised—

"(1) by a Federal employee not less than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024]; or

"(2) under a contract awarded pursuant to a solicitation issued not less than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act.

"SEC. 8. REVISION OF FEDERAL ACQUISITION REGULATION.

"Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 23, 2024], the Federal Acquisition Regulation shall be revised as necessary to implement the provisions of this Act.

"SEC. 9. NO ADDITIONAL FUNDING.

"No additional funds are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this Act."

Implementation of Technology for Classification and Declassification

Pub. L. 118–31, div. G, title VI, §7605, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 1098, provided that:

"(a) In General.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 22, 2023], the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government (in this section referred to as the 'Administrator') shall, in consultation with the Secretary of Defense, the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency, the Director of National Intelligence, the Public Interest Declassification Board, the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office, and the head of the National Declassification Center of the National Archives and Records Administration—

"(1) research a technology-based solutions [sic]—

"(A) to support efficient and effective systems for classification and declassification; and

"(B) to be implemented on an interoperable and federated basis across the Federal Government; and

"(2) submit to the President and Congress, including the congressional intelligence committees [Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives], the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, the Committee on Foreign Relations, the Committee on the Judiciary of the Senate, and the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Oversight and Accountability, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, recommendations regarding a technology-based solutions [sic] described in paragraph (1).

"(b) Report.—Not later than 540 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the President shall submit to Congress a classified report describing actions taken to implement the recommendations under subsection (a)(2)."

21st Century Integrated Digital Experience

Pub. L. 115–336, Dec. 20, 2018, 132 Stat. 5025, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the '21st Century Integrated Digital Experience Act' or the '21st Century IDEA'.

"SEC. 2. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act:

"(1) Director.—The term 'Director' means the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

"(2) Executive agency.—The term 'executive agency' has the meaning given the term 'Executive agency' in section 105 of title 5, United States Code.

"SEC. 3. WEBSITE MODERNIZATION.

"(a) Requirements for New Websites and Digital Services.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2018], an executive agency that creates a website or digital service that is intended for use by the public, or conducts a redesign of an existing legacy website or digital service that is intended for use by the public, shall ensure to the greatest extent practicable that any new or redesigned website, web-based form, web-based application, or digital service—

"(1) is accessible to individuals with disabilities in accordance with section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d);

"(2) has a consistent appearance;

"(3) does not overlap with or duplicate any legacy websites and, if applicable, ensure that legacy websites are regularly reviewed, eliminated, and consolidated;

"(4) contains a search function that allows users to easily search content intended for public use;

"(5) is provided through an industry standard secure connection;

"(6) is designed around user needs with data-driven analysis influencing management and development decisions, using qualitative and quantitative data to determine user goals, needs, and behaviors, and continually test the website, web-based form, web-based application, or digital service to ensure that user needs are addressed;

"(7) provides users of the new or redesigned website, web-based form, web-based application, or digital service with the option for a more customized digital experience that allows users to complete digital transactions in an efficient and accurate manner; and

"(8) is fully functional and usable on common mobile devices.

"(b) Requirements for Existing Executive Agency Websites and Digital Services.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act, the head of each executive agency that maintains a website or digital service that is made available to the public shall—

"(1) review each website or digital service; and

"(2) submit to Congress a report that includes—

"(A) a list of the websites and digital services maintained by the executive agency that are most viewed or utilized by the public or are otherwise important for public engagement;

"(B) from among the websites and digital services listed under subparagraph (A), a prioritization of websites and digital services that require modernization to meet the requirements under subsection (a); and

"(C) an estimation of the cost and schedule of modernizing the websites and digital services prioritized under subparagraph (B).

"(c) Internal Digital Services.—The head of each executive agency shall ensure, to the greatest extent practicable, that any Intranet established after the date of enactment of this Act conforms to the requirements described in subsection (a).

"(d) Public Reporting.—Not later than 1 year after the date of enactment of this Act and every year thereafter for 4 years, the head of each executive agency shall—

"(1) report annually to the Director on the progress of the executive agency in implementing the requirements described in this section for the previous year; and

"(2) include the information described in paragraph (1) in a publicly available report that is required under another provision of law.

"(e) Compliance With United States Website Standards.—Any website of an executive agency that is made available to the public after the date of enactment of this Act shall be in compliance with the website standards of the Technology Transformation Services of the General Services Administration.

"SEC. 4. DIGITIZATION OF GOVERNMENT SERVICES AND FORMS.

"(a) Non-Digital Services.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2018], the Director shall issue guidance to the head of each executive agency that establishes a process for the executive agency to—

"(1) identify public non-digital, paper-based, or in-person Government services; and

"(2) include in the budget request of the executive agency—

"(A) a list of non-digital services with the greatest impact that could be made available to the public through an online, mobile-friendly, digital service option in a manner that decreases cost, increases digital conversion rates, and improves customer experience; and

"(B) an estimation of the cost and schedule associated with carrying out the modernization described in subparagraph (A).

"(b) Services Required To Be Digital.—The head of each executive agency shall regularly review public-facing applications and services to ensure that those applications and services are, to the greatest extent practicable, made available to the public in a digital format.

"(c) Forms Required To Be Digital.—Not later than 2 years after the enactment of this Act, the head of each executive agency shall ensure that any paper based form that is related to serving the public is made available in a digital format that meets the requirements described in section 3(a).

"(d) Non-Digitizable Processes.—If the head of an executive agency cannot make available in a digital format under this section an in-person Government service, form, or paper-based process, the head of the executive agency shall document—

"(1) the title of the in-person Government service, form, or paper-based process;

"(2) a description of the in-person Government service, form, or paper-based process;

"(3) each unit responsible for the in-person Government service, form, or paper-based process and the location of each unit in the organizational hierarchy of the executive agency;

"(4) any reasons why the in-person Government service, form, or paper-based process cannot be made available under this section; and

"(5) any potential solutions that could allow the in-person Government service, form, or paper-based process to be made available under this section, including the implementation of existing technologies, procedural changes, regulatory changes, and legislative changes.

"(e) Physical Availability.—Each executive agency shall maintain an accessible method of completing digital services through in-person, paper-based, or other means, such that individuals without the ability to use digital services are not deprived of or impeded in access to those digital services.

"SEC. 5. ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.

"Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act, the head of each executive agency shall submit to the Director and the appropriate congressional committees a plan to accelerate the use of electronic signatures standards established under the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act (15 U.S.C. 7001 et seq.).

"SEC. 6. CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE AND DIGITAL SERVICE DELIVERY.

"The Chief Information Officer of each executive agency, or a designee, shall—

"(1) coordinate and ensure alignment of the internal and external customer experience programs and strategy of the executive agency;

"(2) coordinate with the management leaders of the executive agency, including the head of the executive agency, the Chief Financial Officer, and any program manager, to ensure proper funding to support the implementation of this Act;

"(3) continually examine the digital service delivery strategy of the executive agency to the public and submit recommendations to the head of the executive agency providing guidance and best practices suitable to the mission of the executive agency;

"(4) using qualitative and quantitative data obtained from across the executive agency relating to the experience and satisfaction of customers, identify areas of concern that need improvement and improve the delivery of customer service;

"(5) coordinate and ensure, with the approval of the head of the executive agency, compliance by the executive agency with section 3559 of title 44, United States Code; and

"(6) to the extent practicable, coordinate with other agencies and seek to maintain as much standardization and commonality with other agencies as practicable in implementing the requirements of this Act, to best enable future transitions to centralized shared services.

"SEC. 7. STANDARDIZATION.

"(a) Design and Implementation.—Each executive agency shall, to the extent practicable, seek to maintain as much standardization and commonality with other executive agencies as practicable in implementing the requirements of this Act to best enable future transitions to centralized shared services.

"(b) Coordination.—The Chief Information Officer of each executive agency, or a designee, shall coordinate the implementation of the requirements of this Act, including the development of standards and commonalities.

"(c) Federal Supply Schedule.—

"(1) In general.—The General Services Administration shall make available under a Federal Supply Schedule the systems and services necessary to fulfill the requirements of this Act.

"(2) Requirements.—The Federal Supply Schedule described in paragraph (1) shall, to the extent practicable, ensure interoperability between executive agencies, compliance with industry standards, and adherence to best practices for design, accessibility, and information security."

Federal Management and Promotion of Electronic Government Services

Pub. L. 107–347, title II, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2910, as amended by Pub. L. 108–271, §8(b), July 7, 2004, 118 Stat. 814; Pub. L. 108–281, §1, Aug. 2, 2004, 118 Stat. 889, provided that:

"SEC. 201. DEFINITIONS.

"Except as otherwise provided, in this title the definitions under sections 3502 and 3601 of title 44, United States Code, shall apply.

"SEC. 202. FEDERAL AGENCY RESPONSIBILITIES.

"(a) In General.—The head of each agency shall be responsible for—

"(1) complying with the requirements of this Act [see Tables for classification] (including the amendments made by this Act), the related information resource management policies and guidance established by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and the related information technology standards promulgated by the Secretary of Commerce;

"(2) ensuring that the information resource management policies and guidance established under this Act by the Director, and the related information technology standards promulgated by the Secretary of Commerce are communicated promptly and effectively to all relevant officials within their agency; and

"(3) supporting the efforts of the Director and the Administrator of the General Services Administration to develop, maintain, and promote an integrated Internet-based system of delivering Federal Government information and services to the public under section 204.

"(b) Performance Integration.—

"(1) Agencies shall develop performance measures that demonstrate how electronic government enables progress toward agency objectives, strategic goals, and statutory mandates.

"(2) In measuring performance under this section, agencies shall rely on existing data collections to the extent practicable.

"(3) Areas of performance measurement that agencies should consider include—

"(A) customer service;

"(B) agency productivity; and

"(C) adoption of innovative information technology, including the appropriate use of commercial best practices.

"(4) Agencies shall link their performance goals, as appropriate, to key groups, including citizens, businesses, and other governments, and to internal Federal Government operations.

"(5) As appropriate, agencies shall work collectively in linking their performance goals to groups identified under paragraph (4) and shall use information technology in delivering Government information and services to those groups.

"(c) Avoiding Diminished Access.—When promulgating policies and implementing programs regarding the provision of Government information and services over the Internet, agency heads shall consider the impact on persons without access to the Internet, and shall, to the extent practicable—

"(1) ensure that the availability of Government information and services has not been diminished for individuals who lack access to the Internet; and

"(2) pursue alternate modes of delivery that make Government information and services more accessible to individuals who do not own computers or lack access to the Internet.

"(d) Accessibility to People With Disabilities.—All actions taken by Federal departments and agencies under this Act [see Tables for classification] shall be in compliance with section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (29 U.S.C. 794d).

"(e) Sponsored Activities.—Agencies shall sponsor activities that use information technology to engage the public in the development and implementation of policies and programs.

"(f) Chief Information Officers.—The Chief Information Officer of each of the agencies designated under chapter 36 of title 44, United States Code (as added by this Act) shall be responsible for—

"(1) participating in the functions of the Chief Information Officers Council; and

"(2) monitoring the implementation, within their respective agencies, of information technology standards promulgated by the Secretary of Commerce, including common standards for interconnectivity and interoperability, categorization of Federal Government electronic information, and computer system efficiency and security.

"(g) E-Government Status Report.—

"(1) In general.—Each agency shall compile and submit to the Director an annual E-Government Status Report on—

"(A) the status of the implementation by the agency of electronic government initiatives;

"(B) compliance by the agency with this Act [see Tables for classification]; and

"(C) how electronic Government initiatives of the agency improve performance in delivering programs to constituencies.

"(2) Submission.—Each agency shall submit an annual report under this subsection—

"(A) to the Director at such time and in such manner as the Director requires;

"(B) consistent with related reporting requirements; and

"(C) which addresses any section in this title relevant to that agency.

"(h) Use of Technology.—Nothing in this Act [see Tables for classification] supersedes the responsibility of an agency to use or manage information technology to deliver Government information and services that fulfill the statutory mission and programs of the agency.

"(i) National Security Systems.—

"(1) Inapplicability.—Except as provided under paragraph (2), this title does not apply to national security systems as defined in section 11103 of title 40, United States Code.

"(2) Applicability.—This section, section 203, and section 214 do apply to national security systems to the extent practicable and consistent with law.

"SEC. 203. COMPATIBILITY OF EXECUTIVE AGENCY METHODS FOR USE AND ACCEPTANCE OF ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES.

"(a) Purpose.—The purpose of this section is to achieve interoperable implementation of electronic signatures for appropriately secure electronic transactions with Government.

"(b) Electronic Signatures.—In order to fulfill the objectives of the Government Paperwork Elimination Act (Public Law 105–277; 112 Stat. 2681–749 through 2681–751) [44 U.S.C. 3504 note], each Executive agency (as defined under section 105 of title 5, United States Code) shall ensure that its methods for use and acceptance of electronic signatures are compatible with the relevant policies and procedures issued by the Director.

"(c) Authority for Electronic Signatures.—The Administrator of General Services shall support the Director by establishing a framework to allow efficient interoperability among Executive agencies when using electronic signatures, including processing of digital signatures.

"(d) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the General Services Administration, to ensure the development and operation of a Federal bridge certification authority for digital signature compatibility, and for other activities consistent with this section, $8,000,000 or such sums as are necessary in fiscal year 2003, and such sums as are necessary for each fiscal year thereafter.

"SEC. 204. FEDERAL INTERNET PORTAL.

"(a) In General.—

"(1) Public access.—The Director shall work with the Administrator of the General Services Administration and other agencies to maintain and promote an integrated Internet-based system of providing the public with access to Government information and services.

"(2) Criteria.—To the extent practicable, the integrated system shall be designed and operated according to the following criteria:

"(A) The provision of Internet-based Government information and services directed to key groups, including citizens, business, and other governments, and integrated according to function or topic rather than separated according to the boundaries of agency jurisdiction.

"(B) An ongoing effort to ensure that Internet-based Government services relevant to a given citizen activity are available from a single point.

"(C) Access to Federal Government information and services consolidated, as appropriate, with Internet-based information and services provided by State, local, and tribal governments.

"(D) Access to Federal Government information held by 1 or more agencies shall be made available in a manner that protects privacy, consistent with law.

"(b) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the General Services Administration $15,000,000 for the maintenance, improvement, and promotion of the integrated Internet-based system for fiscal year 2003, and such sums as are necessary for fiscal years 2004 through 2007.

"SEC. 205. FEDERAL COURTS.

"(a) Individual Court Websites.—The Chief Justice of the United States, the chief judge of each circuit and district and of the Court of Federal Claims, and the chief bankruptcy judge of each district shall cause to be established and maintained, for the court of which the judge is chief justice or judge, a website that contains the following information or links to websites with the following information:

"(1) Location and contact information for the courthouse, including the telephone numbers and contact names for the clerk's office and justices' or judges' chambers.

"(2) Local rules and standing or general orders of the court.

"(3) Individual rules, if in existence, of each justice or judge in that court.

"(4) Access to docket information for each case.

"(5) Access to the substance of all written opinions issued by the court, regardless of whether such opinions are to be published in the official court reporter, in a text searchable format.

"(6) Access to documents filed with the courthouse in electronic form, to the extent provided under subsection (c).

"(7) Any other information (including forms in a format that can be downloaded) that the court determines useful to the public.

"(b) Maintenance of Data Online.—

"(1) Update of information.—The information and rules on each website shall be updated regularly and kept reasonably current.

"(2) Closed cases.—Electronic files and docket information for cases closed for more than 1 year are not required to be made available online, except all written opinions with a date of issuance after the effective date of this section [see Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title] shall remain available online.

"(c) Electronic Filings.—

"(1) In general.—Except as provided under paragraph (2) or in the rules prescribed under paragraph (3), each court shall make any document that is filed electronically publicly available online. A court may convert any document that is filed in paper form to electronic form. To the extent such conversions are made, all such electronic versions of the document shall be made available online.

"(2) Exceptions.—Documents that are filed that are not otherwise available to the public, such as documents filed under seal, shall not be made available online.

"(3) Privacy and security concerns.—

"(A)(i) The Supreme Court shall prescribe rules, in accordance with sections 2072 and 2075 of title 28, United States Code, to protect privacy and security concerns relating to electronic filing of documents and the public availability under this subsection of documents filed electronically or converted to electronic form.

"(ii) Such rules shall provide to the extent practicable for uniform treatment of privacy and security issues throughout the Federal courts.

"(iii) Such rules shall take into consideration best practices in Federal and State courts to protect private information or otherwise maintain necessary information security.

"(iv) Except as provided in clause (v), to the extent that such rules provide for the redaction of certain categories of information in order to protect privacy and security concerns, such rules shall provide that a party that wishes to file an otherwise proper document containing such protected information may file an unredacted document under seal, which shall be retained by the court as part of the record, and which, at the discretion of the court and subject to any applicable rules issued in accordance with chapter 131 of title 28, United States Code, shall be either in lieu of, or in addition to, a redacted copy in the public file.

"(v) Such rules may require the use of appropriate redacted identifiers in lieu of protected information described in clause (iv) in any pleading, motion, or other paper filed with the court (except with respect to a paper that is an exhibit or other evidentiary matter, or with respect to a reference list described in this subclause), or in any written discovery response—

"(I) by authorizing the filing under seal, and permitting the amendment as of right under seal, of a reference list that—

     "(aa) identifies each item of unredacted protected information that the attorney or, if there is no attorney, the party, certifies is relevant to the case; and

     "(bb) specifies an appropriate redacted identifier that uniquely corresponds to each item of unredacted protected information listed; and

"(II) by providing that all references in the case to the redacted identifiers in such reference list shall be construed, without more, to refer to the corresponding unredacted item of protected information.

"(B)(i) Subject to clause (ii), the Judicial Conference of the United States may issue interim rules, and interpretive statements relating to the application of such rules, which conform to the requirements of this paragraph and which shall cease to have effect upon the effective date of the rules required under subparagraph (A).

"(ii) Pending issuance of the rules required under subparagraph (A), any rule or order of any court, or of the Judicial Conference, providing for the redaction of certain categories of information in order to protect privacy and security concerns arising from electronic filing or electronic conversion shall comply with, and be construed in conformity with, subparagraph (A)(iv).

"(C) Not later than 1 year after the rules prescribed under subparagraph (A) take effect, and every 2 years thereafter, the Judicial Conference shall submit to Congress a report on the adequacy of those rules to protect privacy and security.

"(d) Dockets With Links to Documents.—The Judicial Conference of the United States shall explore the feasibility of technology to post online dockets with links allowing all filings, decisions, and rulings in each case to be obtained from the docket sheet of that case.

"(e) Cost of Providing Electronic Docketing Information.—[Amended section 303(a) of Pub. L. 102–140, set out as a note under section 1913 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure.]

"(f) Time Requirements.—Not later than 2 years after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title], the websites under subsection (a) shall be established, except that access to documents filed in electronic form shall be established not later than 4 years after that effective date.

"(g) Deferral.—

"(1) In general.—

"(A) Election.—

"(i) Notification.—The Chief Justice of the United States, a chief judge, or chief bankruptcy judge may submit a notification to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts to defer compliance with any requirement of this section with respect to the Supreme Court, a court of appeals, district, or the bankruptcy court of a district.

"(ii) Contents.—A notification submitted under this subparagraph shall state—

     "(I) the reasons for the deferral; and

     "(II) the online methods, if any, or any alternative methods, such court or district is using to provide greater public access to information.

"(B) Exception.—To the extent that the Supreme Court, a court of appeals, district, or bankruptcy court of a district maintains a website under subsection (a), the Supreme Court or that court of appeals or district shall comply with subsection (b)(1).

"(2) Report.—Not later than 1 year after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title], and every year thereafter, the Judicial Conference of the United States shall submit a report to the Committees on Governmental Affairs and the Judiciary of the Senate and the Committees on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] and the Judiciary of the House of Representatives that—

"(A) contains all notifications submitted to the Administrative Office of the United States Courts under this subsection; and

"(B) summarizes and evaluates all notifications.

"SEC. 206. REGULATORY AGENCIES.

"(a) Purposes.—The purposes of this section are to—

"(1) improve performance in the development and issuance of agency regulations by using information technology to increase access, accountability, and transparency; and

"(2) enhance public participation in Government by electronic means, consistent with requirements under subchapter II of chapter 5 of title 5, United States Code, (commonly referred to as the 'Administrative Procedures Act').

"(b) Information Provided by Agencies Online.—To the extent practicable as determined by the agency in consultation with the Director, each agency (as defined under section 551 of title 5, United States Code) shall ensure that a publicly accessible Federal Government website includes all information about that agency required to be published in the Federal Register under paragraphs (1) and (2) of section 552(a) of title 5, United States Code.

"(c) Submissions by Electronic Means.—To the extent practicable, agencies shall accept submissions under section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code, by electronic means.

"(d) Electronic Docketing.—

"(1) In general.—To the extent practicable, as determined by the agency in consultation with the Director, agencies shall ensure that a publicly accessible Federal Government website contains electronic dockets for rulemakings under section 553 of title 5, United States Code.

"(2) Information available.—Agency electronic dockets shall make publicly available online to the extent practicable, as determined by the agency in consultation with the Director—

"(A) all submissions under section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code; and

"(B) other materials that by agency rule or practice are included in the rulemaking docket under section 553(c) of title 5, United States Code, whether or not submitted electronically.

"(e) Time Limitation.—Agencies shall implement the requirements of this section consistent with a timetable established by the Director and reported to Congress in the first annual report under section 3606 of title 44 (as added by this Act).

"SEC. 207. ACCESSIBILITY, USABILITY, AND PRESERVATION OF GOVERNMENT INFORMATION.

"(a) Purpose.—The purpose of this section is to improve the methods by which Government information, including information on the Internet, is organized, preserved, and made accessible to the public.

"(b) Definitions.—In this section, the term—

"(1) 'Committee' means the Interagency Committee on Government Information established under subsection (c); and

"(2) 'directory' means a taxonomy of subjects linked to websites that—

"(A) organizes Government information on the Internet according to subject matter; and

"(B) may be created with the participation of human editors.

"(c) Interagency Committee.—

"(1) Establishment.—Not later than 180 days after the date of enactment of this title [Dec. 17, 2002], the Director shall establish the Interagency Committee on Government Information.

"(2) Membership.—The Committee shall be chaired by the Director or the designee of the Director and—

"(A) shall include representatives from—

"(i) the National Archives and Records Administration;

"(ii) the offices of the Chief Information Officers from Federal agencies; and

"(iii) other relevant officers from the executive branch; and

"(B) may include representatives from the Federal legislative and judicial branches.

"(3) Functions.—The Committee shall—

"(A) engage in public consultation to the maximum extent feasible, including consultation with interested communities such as public advocacy organizations;

"(B) conduct studies and submit recommendations, as provided under this section, to the Director and Congress; and

"(C) share effective practices for access to, dissemination of, and retention of Federal information.

"(4) Termination.—The Committee may be terminated on a date determined by the Director, except the Committee may not terminate before the Committee submits all recommendations required under this section.

"(d) Categorizing of Information.—

"(1) Committee functions.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Committee shall submit recommendations to the Director on—

"(A) the adoption of standards, which are open to the maximum extent feasible, to enable the organization and categorization of Government information—

"(i) in a way that is searchable electronically, including by searchable identifiers; and

"(ii) in ways that are interoperable across agencies;

"(B) the definition of categories of Government information which should be classified under the standards; and

"(C) determining priorities and developing schedules for the initial implementation of the standards by agencies.

"(2) Functions of the director.—Not later than 1 year after the submission of recommendations under paragraph (1), the Director shall issue policies—

"(A) requiring that agencies use standards, which are open to the maximum extent feasible, to enable the organization and categorization of Government information—

"(i) in a way that is searchable electronically, including by searchable identifiers;

"(ii) in ways that are interoperable across agencies; and

"(iii) that are, as appropriate, consistent with the provisions under section 3602(f)(8) of title 44, United States Code;

"(B) defining categories of Government information which shall be required to be classified under the standards; and

"(C) determining priorities and developing schedules for the initial implementation of the standards by agencies.

"(3) Modification of policies.—After the submission of agency reports under paragraph (4), the Director shall modify the policies, as needed, in consultation with the Committee and interested parties.

"(4) Agency functions.—Each agency shall report annually to the Director, in the report established under section 202(g), on compliance of that agency with the policies issued under paragraph (2)(A).

"(e) Public Access to Electronic Information.—

"(1) Committee functions.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Committee shall submit recommendations to the Director and the Archivist of the United States on—

"(A) the adoption by agencies of policies and procedures to ensure that chapters 21, 25, 27, 29, and 31 of title 44, United States Code, are applied effectively and comprehensively to Government information on the Internet and to other electronic records; and

"(B) the imposition of timetables for the implementation of the policies and procedures by agencies.

"(2) Functions of the archivist.—Not later than 1 year after the submission of recommendations by the Committee under paragraph (1), the Archivist of the United States shall issue policies—

"(A) requiring the adoption by agencies of policies and procedures to ensure that chapters 21, 25, 27, 29, and 31 of title 44, United States Code, are applied effectively and comprehensively to Government information on the Internet and to other electronic records; and

"(B) imposing timetables for the implementation of the policies, procedures, and technologies by agencies.

"(3) Modification of policies.—After the submission of agency reports under paragraph (4), the Archivist of the United States shall modify the policies, as needed, in consultation with the Committee and interested parties.

"(4) Agency functions.—Each agency shall report annually to the Director, in the report established under section 202(g), on compliance of that agency with the policies issued under paragraph (2)(A).

"(f) Agency Websites.—

"(1) Standards for agency websites.—Not later than 2 years after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title], the Director shall promulgate guidance for agency websites that includes—

"(A) requirements that websites include direct links to—

"(i) descriptions of the mission and statutory authority of the agency;

"(ii) information made available to the public under subsections (a)(1) and (b) of section 552 of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the 'Freedom of Information Act');

"(iii) information about the organizational structure of the agency; and

"(iv) the strategic plan of the agency developed under section 306 of title 5, United States Code; and

"(B) minimum agency goals to assist public users to navigate agency websites, including—

"(i) speed of retrieval of search results;

"(ii) the relevance of the results;

"(iii) tools to aggregate and disaggregate data; and

"(iv) security protocols to protect information.

"(2) Agency requirements.—(A) Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], each agency shall—

"(i) consult with the Committee and solicit public comment;

"(ii) establish a process for determining which Government information the agency intends to make available and accessible to the public on the Internet and by other means;

"(iii) develop priorities and schedules for making Government information available and accessible;

"(iv) make such final determinations, priorities, and schedules available for public comment;

"(v) post such final determinations, priorities, and schedules on the Internet; and

"(vi) submit such final determinations, priorities, and schedules to the Director, in the report established under section 202(g).

"(B) Each agency shall update determinations, priorities, and schedules of the agency, as needed, after consulting with the Committee and soliciting public comment, if appropriate.

"(3) Public domain directory of public federal government websites.—

"(A) Establishment.—Not later than 2 years after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title], the Director and each agency shall—

"(i) develop and establish a public domain directory of public Federal Government websites; and

"(ii) post the directory on the Internet with a link to the integrated Internet-based system established under section 204.

"(B) Development.—With the assistance of each agency, the Director shall—

"(i) direct the development of the directory through a collaborative effort, including input from—

     "(I) agency librarians;

     "(II) information technology managers;

     "(III) program managers;

     "(IV) records managers;

     "(V) Federal depository librarians; and

     "(VI) other interested parties; and

"(ii) develop a public domain taxonomy of subjects used to review and categorize public Federal Government websites.

"(C) Update.—With the assistance of each agency, the Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government shall—

"(i) update the directory as necessary, but not less than every 6 months; and

"(ii) solicit interested persons for improvements to the directory.

"(g) Access to Federally Funded Research and Development.—

"(1) Development and maintenance of governmentwide repository and website.—

"(A) Repository and website.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget (or the Director's delegate), in consultation with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy and other relevant agencies, shall ensure the development and maintenance of—

"(i) a repository that fully integrates, to the maximum extent feasible, information about research and development funded by the Federal Government, and the repository shall—

     "(I) include information about research and development funded by the Federal Government, consistent with any relevant protections for the information under section 552 of title 5, United States Code, and performed by—

"(aa) institutions not a part of the Federal Government, including State, local, and foreign governments; industrial firms; educational institutions; not-for-profit organizations; federally funded research and development centers; and private individuals; and

"(bb) entities of the Federal Government, including research and development laboratories, centers, and offices; and

     "(II) integrate information about each separate research and development task or award, including—

"(aa) the dates upon which the task or award is expected to start and end;

"(bb) a brief summary describing the objective and the scientific and technical focus of the task or award;

"(cc) the entity or institution performing the task or award and its contact information;

"(dd) the total amount of Federal funds expected to be provided to the task or award over its lifetime and the amount of funds expected to be provided in each fiscal year in which the work of the task or award is ongoing;

"(ee) any restrictions attached to the task or award that would prevent the sharing with the general public of any or all of the information required by this subsection, and the reasons for such restrictions; and

"(ff) such other information as may be determined to be appropriate; and

"(ii) 1 or more websites upon which all or part of the repository of Federal research and development shall be made available to and searchable by Federal agencies and non-Federal entities, including the general public, to facilitate—

     "(I) the coordination of Federal research and development activities;

     "(II) collaboration among those conducting Federal research and development;

     "(III) the transfer of technology among Federal agencies and between Federal agencies and non-Federal entities; and

     "(IV) access by policymakers and the public to information concerning Federal research and development activities.

"(B) Oversight.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall issue any guidance determined necessary to ensure that agencies provide all information requested under this subsection.

"(2) Agency functions.—Any agency that funds Federal research and development under this subsection shall provide the information required to populate the repository in the manner prescribed by the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

"(3) Committee functions.—Not later than 18 months after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], working with the Director of the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and after consultation with interested parties, the Committee shall submit recommendations to the Director on—

"(A) policies to improve agency reporting of information for the repository established under this subsection; and

"(B) policies to improve dissemination of the results of research performed by Federal agencies and federally funded research and development centers.

"(4) Functions of the director.—After submission of recommendations by the Committee under paragraph (3), the Director shall report on the recommendations of the Committee and Director to Congress, in the E-Government report under section 3606 of title 44 (as added by this Act).

"(5) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for the development, maintenance, and operation of the Governmentwide repository and website under this subsection—

"(A) $2,000,000 in each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2005; and

"(B) such sums as are necessary in each of the fiscal years 2006 and 2007.

"SEC. 208. PRIVACY PROVISIONS.

"(a) Purpose.—The purpose of this section is to ensure sufficient protections for the privacy of personal information as agencies implement citizen-centered electronic Government.

"(b) Privacy Impact Assessments.—

"(1) Responsibilities of agencies.—

"(A) In general.—An agency shall take actions described under subparagraph (B) before—

"(i) developing or procuring information technology that collects, maintains, or disseminates information that is in an identifiable form; or

"(ii) initiating a new collection of information that—

     "(I) will be collected, maintained, or disseminated using information technology; and

     "(II) includes any information in an identifiable form permitting the physical or online contacting of a specific individual, if identical questions have been posed to, or identical reporting requirements imposed on, 10 or more persons, other than agencies, instrumentalities, or employees of the Federal Government.

"(B) Agency activities.—To the extent required under subparagraph (A), each agency shall—

"(i) conduct a privacy impact assessment;

"(ii) ensure the review of the privacy impact assessment by the Chief Information Officer, or equivalent official, as determined by the head of the agency; and

"(iii) if practicable, after completion of the review under clause (ii), make the privacy impact assessment publicly available through the website of the agency, publication in the Federal Register, or other means.

"(C) Sensitive information.—Subparagraph (B)(iii) may be modified or waived for security reasons, or to protect classified, sensitive, or private information contained in an assessment.

"(D) Copy to director.—Agencies shall provide the Director with a copy of the privacy impact assessment for each system for which funding is requested.

"(2) Contents of a privacy impact assessment.—

"(A) In general.—The Director shall issue guidance to agencies specifying the required contents of a privacy impact assessment.

"(B) Guidance.—The guidance shall—

"(i) ensure that a privacy impact assessment is commensurate with the size of the information system being assessed, the sensitivity of information that is in an identifiable form in that system, and the risk of harm from unauthorized release of that information; and

"(ii) require that a privacy impact assessment address—

     "(I) what information is to be collected;

     "(II) why the information is being collected;

     "(III) the intended use of the agency of the information;

     "(IV) with whom the information will be shared;

     "(V) what notice or opportunities for consent would be provided to individuals regarding what information is collected and how that information is shared;

     "(VI) how the information will be secured; and

     "(VII) whether a system of records is being created under section 552a of title 5, United States Code, (commonly referred to as the 'Privacy Act').

"(3) Responsibilities of the director.—The Director shall—

"(A) develop policies and guidelines for agencies on the conduct of privacy impact assessments;

"(B) oversee the implementation of the privacy impact assessment process throughout the Government; and

"(C) require agencies to conduct privacy impact assessments of existing information systems or ongoing collections of information that is in an identifiable form as the Director determines appropriate.

"(c) Privacy Protections on Agency Websites.—

"(1) Privacy policies on websites.—

"(A) Guidelines for notices.—The Director shall develop guidance for privacy notices on agency websites used by the public.

"(B) Contents.—The guidance shall require that a privacy notice address, consistent with section 552a of title 5, United States Code—

"(i) what information is to be collected;

"(ii) why the information is being collected;

"(iii) the intended use of the agency of the information;

"(iv) with whom the information will be shared;

"(v) what notice or opportunities for consent would be provided to individuals regarding what information is collected and how that information is shared;

"(vi) how the information will be secured; and

"(vii) the rights of the individual under section 552a of title 5, United States Code (commonly referred to as the 'Privacy Act'), and other laws relevant to the protection of the privacy of an individual.

"(2) Privacy policies in machine-readable formats.—The Director shall issue guidance requiring agencies to translate privacy policies into a standardized machine-readable format.

"(d) Definition.—In this section, the term 'identifiable form' means any representation of information that permits the identity of an individual to whom the information applies to be reasonably inferred by either direct or indirect means.

"SEC. 209. FEDERAL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT.

"(a) Purpose.—The purpose of this section is to improve the skills of the Federal workforce in using information technology to deliver Government information and services.

"(b) Workforce Development.—

"(1) In general.—In consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, the Chief Information Officers Council, and the Administrator of General Services, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall—

"(A) analyze, on an ongoing basis, the personnel needs of the Federal Government related to information technology and information resource management;

"(B) identify where current information technology and information resource management training do not satisfy the personnel needs described in subparagraph (A);

"(C) oversee the development of curricula, training methods, and training priorities that correspond to the projected personnel needs of the Federal Government related to information technology and information resource management; and

"(D) assess the training of Federal employees in information technology disciplines in order to ensure that the information resource management needs of the Federal Government are addressed.

"(2) Information technology training programs.—The head of each Executive agency, after consultation with the Director of the Office of Personnel Management, the Chief Information Officers Council, and the Administrator of General Services, shall establish and operate information technology training programs consistent with the requirements of this subsection. Such programs shall—

"(A) have curricula covering a broad range of information technology disciplines corresponding to the specific information technology and information resource management needs of the agency involved;

"(B) be developed and applied according to rigorous standards; and

"(C) be designed to maximize efficiency, through the use of self-paced courses, online courses, on-the-job training, and the use of remote instructors, wherever such features can be applied without reducing the effectiveness of the training or negatively impacting academic standards.

"(3) Governmentwide policies and evaluation.—The Director of the Office of Personnel Management, in coordination with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, shall issue policies to promote the development of performance standards for training and uniform implementation of this subsection by Executive agencies, with due regard for differences in program requirements among agencies that may be appropriate and warranted in view of the agency mission. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall evaluate the implementation of the provisions of this subsection by Executive agencies.

"(4) Chief information officer authorities and responsibilities.—Subject to the authority, direction, and control of the head of an Executive agency, the chief information officer of such agency shall carry out all powers, functions, and duties of the head of the agency with respect to implementation of this subsection. The chief information officer shall ensure that the policies of the agency head established in accordance with this subsection are implemented throughout the agency.

"(5) Information technology training reporting.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall ensure that the heads of Executive agencies collect and maintain standardized information on the information technology and information resources management workforce related to the implementation of this subsection.

"(6) Authority to detail employees to non-Federal employers.—In carrying out the preceding provisions of this subsection, the Director of the Office of Personnel Management may provide for a program under which a Federal employee may be detailed to a non-Federal employer. The Director of the Office of Personnel Management shall prescribe regulations for such program, including the conditions for service and duties as the Director considers necessary.

"(7) Coordination provision.—An assignment described in section 3703 of title 5, United States Code, may not be made unless a program under paragraph (6) is established, and the assignment is made in accordance with the requirements of such program.

"(8) Employee participation.—Subject to information resource management needs and the limitations imposed by resource needs in other occupational areas, and consistent with their overall workforce development strategies, agencies shall encourage employees to participate in occupational information technology training.

"(9) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the Office of Personnel Management for the implementation of this subsection, $15,000,000 in fiscal year 2003, and such sums as are necessary for each fiscal year thereafter.

"(10) Executive agency defined.—For purposes of this subsection, the term 'Executive agency' has the meaning given the term 'agency' under section 3701 of title 5, United States Code (as added by subsection (c)).

"(c) Information Technology Exchange Program.—

"(1) In general.—[Enacted chapter 37 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.]

"(2) Report.—Not later than 4 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Government Accountability Office shall prepare and submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a report on the operation of chapter 37 of title 5, United States Code (as added by this subsection). Such report shall include—

"(A) an evaluation of the effectiveness of the program established by such chapter; and

"(B) a recommendation as to whether such program should be continued (with or without modification) or allowed to lapse.

"(3) Clerical Amendment.—[Amended analysis for part III of Title 5.]

"(d) Ethics Provisions.—

"(1) One-year restriction on certain communications.—[Amended section 207 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure.]

"(2) Disclosure of confidential information.—[Amended section 1905 of Title 18.]

"(3) Contract advice.—[Amended section 207 of Title 18.]

"(4) Restriction on disclosure of procurement information.—[Amended section 423 of Title 41, Public Contracts.]

"(e) Report on Existing Exchange Programs.—

"(1) Exchange program defined.—For purposes of this subsection, the term 'exchange program' means an executive exchange program, the program under subchapter VI of chapter 33 of title 5, United States Code, and any other program which allows for—

"(A) the assignment of employees of the Federal Government to non-Federal employers;

"(B) the assignment of employees of non-Federal employers to the Federal Government; or

"(C) both.

"(2) Reporting requirement.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Office of Personnel Management shall prepare and submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a report identifying all existing exchange programs.

"(3) Specific information.—The report shall, for each such program, include—

"(A) a brief description of the program, including its size, eligibility requirements, and terms or conditions for participation;

"(B) specific citation to the law or other authority under which the program is established;

"(C) the names of persons to contact for more information, and how they may be reached; and

"(D) any other information which the Office considers appropriate.

"(f) Report on the Establishment of a Governmentwide Information Technology Training Program.—

"(1) In general.—Not later January 1, 2003, the Office of Personnel Management, in consultation with the Chief Information Officers Council and the Administrator of General Services, shall review and submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a written report on the following:

"(A) The adequacy of any existing information technology training programs available to Federal employees on a Governmentwide basis.

"(B)(i) If one or more such programs already exist, recommendations as to how they might be improved.

"(ii) If no such program yet exists, recommendations as to how such a program might be designed and established.

"(C) With respect to any recommendations under subparagraph (B), how the program under chapter 37 of title 5, United States Code, might be used to help carry them out.

"(2) Cost estimate.—The report shall, for any recommended program (or improvements) under paragraph (1)(B), include the estimated costs associated with the implementation and operation of such program as so established (or estimated difference in costs of any such program as so improved).

"(g) Technical and Conforming Amendments.—

"(1) Amendments to title 5, united states code.—[Amended sections 3111, 4108, and 7353 of Title 5.]

"(2) Amendment to title 18, united states code.—[Amended section 209 of Title 18.]

"(3) Other amendments.—[Amended section 125(c)(1) of Pub. L. 100–238, set out as a note under section 8432 of Title 5.]

"SEC. 210. SHARE-IN-SAVINGS INITIATIVES.

"(a) Defense Contracts.—[Enacted former section 2332 of Title 10, Armed Forces.]

"(b) Other Contracts.—[Enacted section 266a of Title 41.]

"(c) Development of Incentives.—The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall, in consultation with the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate, the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives, and executive agencies, develop techniques to permit an executive agency to retain a portion of the savings (after payment of the contractor's share of the savings) derived from share-in-savings contracts as funds are appropriated to the agency in future fiscal years.

"(d) Regulations.—Not later than 270 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Federal Acquisition Regulation shall be revised to implement the provisions enacted by this section. Such revisions shall—

"(1) provide for the use of competitive procedures in the selection and award of share-in-savings contracts to—

"(A) ensure the contractor's share of savings reflects the risk involved and market conditions; and

"(B) otherwise yield greatest value to the government; and

"(2) allow appropriate regulatory flexibility to facilitate the use of share-in-savings contracts by executive agencies, including the use of innovative provisions for technology refreshment and nonstandard Federal Acquisition Regulation contract clauses.

"(e) Additional Guidance.—The Administrator of General Services shall—

"(1) identify potential opportunities for the use of share-in-savings contracts; and

"(2) in consultation with the Director of the Office of Management and Budget, provide guidance to executive agencies for determining mutually beneficial savings share ratios and baselines from which savings may be measured.

"(f) OMB Report to Congress.—In consultation with executive agencies, the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall, not later than 2 years after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], submit to Congress a report containing—

"(1) a description of the number of share-in-savings contracts entered into by each executive agency under by [sic] this section and the amendments made by this section, and, for each contract identified—

"(A) the information technology acquired;

"(B) the total amount of payments made to the contractor; and

"(C) the total amount of savings or other measurable benefits realized;

"(2) a description of the ability of agencies to determine the baseline costs of a project against which savings can be measured; and

"(3) any recommendations, as the Director deems appropriate, regarding additional changes in law that may be necessary to ensure effective use of share-in-savings contracts by executive agencies.

"(g) GAO Report to Congress.—The Comptroller General shall, not later than 6 months after the report required under subsection (f) is submitted to Congress, conduct a review of that report and submit to Congress a report containing—

"(1) the results of the review;

"(2) an independent assessment by the Comptroller General of the effectiveness of the use of share-in-savings contracts in improving the mission-related and administrative processes of the executive agencies and the achievement of agency missions; and

"(3) a recommendation on whether the authority to enter into share-in-savings contracts should be continued.

"(h) Repeal of Share-in-Savings Pilot Program.—

"(1) Repeal.—[Repealed section 11521 of Title 40, Public Buildings, Property, and Works.]

"(2) Conforming amendments to pilot program authority.—[Amended sections 11501 to 11505 of Title 40.]

"(3) Additional conforming amendments.—[Redesignated 11522 of Title 40 as 11521 and amended headings and analysis.]

"(i) Definitions.—In this section, the terms 'contractor', 'savings', and 'share-in-savings contract' have the meanings given those terms in section 317 of the Federal Property and Administrative Services Act of 1949 [former 41 U.S.C. 266a; now 41 U.S.C. note prec. 3901] (as added by subsection (b)).

"SEC. 211. AUTHORIZATION FOR ACQUISITION OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY BY STATE AND LOCAL GOVERNMENTS THROUGH FEDERAL SUPPLY SCHEDULES.

"(a) Authority To Use Certain Supply Schedules.—[Amended section 502 of Title 40.]

"(b) Procedures.—Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Administrator of General Services shall establish procedures to implement section 501(c) of title 40, United States Code (as added by subsection (a)).

"(c) Report.—Not later than December 31, 2004, the Administrator shall submit to the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate a report on the implementation and effects of the amendment made by subsection (a).

"SEC. 212. INTEGRATED REPORTING STUDY AND PILOT PROJECTS.

"(a) Purposes.—The purposes of this section are to—

"(1) enhance the interoperability of Federal information systems;

"(2) assist the public, including the regulated community, in electronically submitting information to agencies under Federal requirements, by reducing the burden of duplicate collection and ensuring the accuracy of submitted information; and

"(3) enable any person to integrate and obtain similar information held by 1 or more agencies under 1 or more Federal requirements without violating the privacy rights of an individual.

"(b) Definitions.—In this section, the term—

"(1) 'agency' means an Executive agency as defined under section 105 of title 5, United States Code; and

"(2) 'person' means any individual, trust, firm, joint stock company, corporation (including a government corporation), partnership, association, State, municipality, commission, political subdivision of a State, interstate body, or agency or component of the Federal Government.

"(c) Report.—

"(1) In general.—Not later than 3 years after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Director shall oversee a study, in consultation with agencies, the regulated community, public interest organizations, and the public, and submit a report to the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives on progress toward integrating Federal information systems across agencies.

"(2) Contents.—The report under this section shall—

"(A) address the integration of data elements used in the electronic collection of information within databases established under Federal statute without reducing the quality, accessibility, scope, or utility of the information contained in each database;

"(B) address the feasibility of developing, or enabling the development of, software, including Internet-based tools, for use by reporting persons in assembling, documenting, and validating the accuracy of information electronically submitted to agencies under nonvoluntary, statutory, and regulatory requirements;

"(C) address the feasibility of developing a distributed information system involving, on a voluntary basis, at least 2 agencies, that—

"(i) provides consistent, dependable, and timely public access to the information holdings of 1 or more agencies, or some portion of such holdings, without requiring public users to know which agency holds the information; and

"(ii) allows the integration of public information held by the participating agencies;

"(D) address the feasibility of incorporating other elements related to the purposes of this section at the discretion of the Director; and

"(E) make any recommendations that the Director deems appropriate on the use of integrated reporting and information systems, to reduce the burden on reporting and strengthen public access to databases within and across agencies.

"(d) Pilot Projects To Encourage Integrated Collection and Management of Data and Interoperability of Federal Information Systems.—

"(1) In general.—In order to provide input to the study under subsection (c), the Director shall designate, in consultation with agencies, a series of no more than 5 pilot projects that integrate data elements. The Director shall consult with agencies, the regulated community, public interest organizations, and the public on the implementation of the pilot projects.

"(2) Goals of pilot projects.—

"(A) In general.—Each goal described under subparagraph (B) shall be addressed by at least 1 pilot project each.

"(B) Goals.—The goals under this paragraph are to—

"(i) reduce information collection burdens by eliminating duplicative data elements within 2 or more reporting requirements;

"(ii) create interoperability between or among public databases managed by 2 or more agencies using technologies and techniques that facilitate public access; and

"(iii) develop, or enable the development of, software to reduce errors in electronically submitted information.

"(3) Input.—Each pilot project shall seek input from users on the utility of the pilot project and areas for improvement. To the extent practicable, the Director shall consult with relevant agencies and State, tribal, and local governments in carrying out the report and pilot projects under this section.

"(e) Protections.—The activities authorized under this section shall afford protections for—

"(1) confidential business information consistent with section 552(b)(4) of title 5, United States Code, and other relevant law;

"(2) personal privacy information under sections 552(b)(6) and (7)(C) and 552a of title 5, United States Code, and other relevant law;

"(3) other information consistent with section 552(b)(3) of title 5, United States Code, and other relevant law; and

"(4) confidential statistical information collected under a confidentiality pledge, solely for statistical purposes, consistent with the Office of Management and Budget's Federal Statistical Confidentiality Order, and other relevant law.

"SEC. 213. COMMUNITY TECHNOLOGY CENTERS.

"(a) Purposes.—The purposes of this section are to—

"(1) study and enhance the effectiveness of community technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that provide computer and Internet access to the public; and

"(2) promote awareness of the availability of on-line government information and services, to users of community technology centers, public libraries, and other public facilities that provide access to computer technology and Internet access to the public.

"(b) Study and Report.—Not later than 2 years after the effective date of this title [see Effective Date note set out under section 3601 of this title], the Administrator shall—

"(1) ensure that a study is conducted to evaluate the best practices of community technology centers that have received Federal funds; and

"(2) submit a report on the study to—

"(A) the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate;

"(B) the Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of the Senate;

"(C) the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives; and

"(D) the Committee on Education and the Workforce of the House of Representatives.

"(c) Contents.—The report under subsection (b) may consider—

"(1) an evaluation of the best practices being used by successful community technology centers;

"(2) a strategy for—

"(A) continuing the evaluation of best practices used by community technology centers; and

"(B) establishing a network to share information and resources as community technology centers evolve;

"(3) the identification of methods to expand the use of best practices to assist community technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that provide computer and Internet access to the public;

"(4) a database of all community technology centers that have received Federal funds, including—

"(A) each center's name, location, services provided, director, other points of contact, number of individuals served; and

"(B) other relevant information;

"(5) an analysis of whether community technology centers have been deployed effectively in urban and rural areas throughout the Nation; and

"(6) recommendations of how to—

"(A) enhance the development of community technology centers; and

"(B) establish a network to share information and resources.

"(d) Cooperation.—All agencies that fund community technology centers shall provide to the Administrator any information and assistance necessary for the completion of the study and the report under this section.

"(e) Assistance.—

"(1) In general.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, shall work with other relevant Federal agencies, and other interested persons in the private and nonprofit sectors to—

"(A) assist in the implementation of recommendations; and

"(B) identify other ways to assist community technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that provide computer and Internet access to the public.

"(2) Types of assistance.—Assistance under this subsection may include—

"(A) contribution of funds;

"(B) donations of equipment, and training in the use and maintenance of the equipment; and

"(C) the provision of basic instruction or training material in computer skills and Internet usage.

"(f) Online Tutorial.—

"(1) In general.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Education, the Director of the Institute of Museum and Library Services, other relevant agencies, and the public, shall develop an online tutorial that—

"(A) explains how to access Government information and services on the Internet; and

"(B) provides a guide to available online resources.

"(2) Distribution.—The Administrator, with assistance from the Secretary of Education, shall distribute information on the tutorial to community technology centers, public libraries, and other institutions that afford Internet access to the public.

"(g) Promotion of Community Technology Centers.—The Administrator, with assistance from the Department of Education and in consultation with other agencies and organizations, shall promote the availability of community technology centers to raise awareness within each community where such a center is located.

"(h) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for the study of best practices at community technology centers, for the development and dissemination of the online tutorial, and for the promotion of community technology centers under this section—

"(1) $2,000,000 in fiscal year 2003;

"(2) $2,000,000 in fiscal year 2004; and

"(3) such sums as are necessary in fiscal years 2005 through 2007.

"SEC. 214. ENHANCING CRISIS MANAGEMENT THROUGH ADVANCED INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY.

"(a) Purpose.—The purpose of this section is to improve how information technology is used in coordinating and facilitating information on disaster preparedness, response, and recovery, while ensuring the availability of such information across multiple access channels.

"(b) In General.—

"(1) Study on enhancement of crisis response.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Administrator, in consultation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, shall ensure that a study is conducted on using information technology to enhance crisis preparedness, response, and consequence management of natural and manmade disasters.

"(2) Contents.—The study under this subsection shall address—

"(A) a research and implementation strategy for effective use of information technology in crisis response and consequence management, including the more effective use of technologies, management of information technology research initiatives, and incorporation of research advances into the information and communications systems of—

"(i) the Federal Emergency Management Agency; and

"(ii) other Federal, State, and local agencies responsible for crisis preparedness, response, and consequence management; and

"(B) opportunities for research and development on enhanced technologies into areas of potential improvement as determined during the course of the study.

"(3) Report.—Not later than 2 years after the date on which a contract is entered into under paragraph (1), the Administrator shall submit a report on the study, including findings and recommendations to—

"(A) the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives.

"(4) Interagency cooperation.—Other Federal departments and agencies with responsibility for disaster relief and emergency assistance shall fully cooperate with the Administrator in carrying out this section.

"(5) Authorization of appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated for research under this subsection, such sums as are necessary for fiscal year 2003.

"(c) Pilot Projects.—Based on the results of the research conducted under subsection (b), the Administrator, in consultation with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, shall initiate pilot projects or report to Congress on other activities that further the goal of maximizing the utility of information technology in disaster management. The Administrator shall cooperate with other relevant agencies, and, if appropriate, State, local, and tribal governments, in initiating such pilot projects.

"SEC. 215. DISPARITIES IN ACCESS TO THE INTERNET.

"(a) Study and Report.—

"(1) Study.—Not later than 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Dec. 17, 2002], the Administrator of General Services shall request that the National Academy of Sciences, acting through the National Research Council, enter into a contract to conduct a study on disparities in Internet access for online Government services.

"(2) Report.—Not later than 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act, the Administrator of General Services shall submit to the Committee on Governmental Affairs [now Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs] of the Senate and the Committee on Government Reform [now Committee on Oversight and Accountability] of the House of Representatives a final report of the study under this section, which shall set forth the findings, conclusions, and recommendations of the National Research Council.

"(b) Contents.—The report under subsection (a) shall include a study of—

"(1) how disparities in Internet access influence the effectiveness of online Government services, including a review of—

"(A) the nature of disparities in Internet access;

"(B) the affordability of Internet service;

"(C) the incidence of disparities among different groups within the population; and

"(D) changes in the nature of personal and public Internet access that may alleviate or aggravate effective access to online Government services;

"(2) how the increase in online Government services is influencing the disparities in Internet access and how technology development or diffusion trends may offset such adverse influences; and

"(3) related societal effects arising from the interplay of disparities in Internet access and the increase in online Government services.

"(c) Recommendations.—The report shall include recommendations on actions to ensure that online Government initiatives shall not have the unintended result of increasing any deficiency in public access to Government services.

"(d) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated $950,000 in fiscal year 2003 to carry out this section.

"SEC. 216. COMMON PROTOCOLS FOR GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS.

"(a) Purposes.—The purposes of this section are to—

"(1) reduce redundant data collection and information; and

"(2) promote collaboration and use of standards for government geographic information.

"(b) Definition.—In this section, the term 'geographic information' means information systems that involve locational data, such as maps or other geospatial information resources.

"(c) In General.—

"(1) Common protocols.—The Administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of the Interior, working with the Director and through an interagency group, and working with private sector experts, State, local, and tribal governments, commercial and international standards groups, and other interested parties, shall facilitate the development of common protocols for the development, acquisition, maintenance, distribution, and application of geographic information. If practicable, the Administrator shall incorporate intergovernmental and public private geographic information partnerships into efforts under this subsection.

"(2) Interagency group.—The interagency group referred to under paragraph (1) shall include representatives of the National Institute of Standards and Technology and other agencies.

"(d) Director.—The Director shall oversee—

"(1) the interagency initiative to develop common protocols;

"(2) the coordination with State, local, and tribal governments, public private partnerships, and other interested persons on effective and efficient ways to align geographic information and develop common protocols; and

"(3) the adoption of common standards relating to the protocols.

"(e) Common Protocols.—The common protocols shall be designed to—

"(1) maximize the degree to which unclassified geographic information from various sources can be made electronically compatible and accessible; and

"(2) promote the development of interoperable geographic information systems technologies that shall—

"(A) allow widespread, low-cost use and sharing of geographic data by Federal agencies, State, local, and tribal governments, and the public; and

"(B) enable the enhancement of services using geographic data.

"(f) Authorization of Appropriations.—There are authorized to be appropriated such sums as are necessary to carry out this section, for each of the fiscal years 2003 through 2007."

Information Security Responsibilities of Certain Agencies

Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(c)(1)(A), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2955, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Tables for classification] (including any amendment made by this Act) shall supersede any authority of the Secretary of Defense, the Director of Central Intelligence, or other agency head, as authorized by law and as directed by the President, with regard to the operation, control, or management of national security systems, as defined by [former] section 3542(b)(2) of title 44, United States Code [see now 44 U.S.C. 3552(b)(6)]."

[Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.]

Atomic Energy Act of 1954

Pub. L. 107–347, title III, §301(c)(2), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2955, provided that: "Nothing in this Act [see Tables for classification] shall supersede any requirement made by or under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.). Restricted data or formerly restricted data shall be handled, protected, classified, downgraded, and declassified in conformity with the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 (42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.)."

Confidential Information Protection and Statistical Efficiency

Pub. L. 107–347, title V, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2962, which related to confidential information protection and statistical efficiency, was repealed by Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §302(c)(1), title IV, §403, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5552, 5557, effective 180 days after Jan. 14, 2019, and restated as parts A to C of subchapter III of this chapter. See Transitional and Savings Provisions note set out under section 3561 of this title.

Waiver of Paperwork Reduction

Pub. L. 101–508, title IV, §4711(f), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–187, provided that: "Chapter 35 of title 44, United States Code, and Executive Order 12291 [formerly set out as a note under section 601 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees] shall not apply to information and regulations required for purposes of carrying out this Act [see Tables for classification] and implementing the amendments made by this Act."

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 13556. Controlled Unclassified Information

Ex. Ord. No. 13556, Nov. 4, 2010, 75 F.R. 68675, provided:

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, it is hereby ordered as follows:

Section 1. Purpose. This order establishes an open and uniform program for managing information that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls pursuant to and consistent with law, regulations, and Government-wide policies, excluding information that is classified under Executive Order 13526 of December 29, 2009, or the Atomic Energy Act, as amended.

At present, executive departments and agencies (agencies) employ ad hoc, agency-specific policies, procedures, and markings to safeguard and control this information, such as information that involves privacy, security, proprietary business interests, and law enforcement investigations. This inefficient, confusing patchwork has resulted in inconsistent marking and safeguarding of documents, led to unclear or unnecessarily restrictive dissemination policies, and created impediments to authorized information sharing. The fact that these agency-specific policies are often hidden from public view has only aggravated these issues.

To address these problems, this order establishes a program for managing this information, hereinafter described as Controlled Unclassified Information, that emphasizes the openness and uniformity of Government-wide practice.

Sec. 2. Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI).

(a) The CUI categories and subcategories shall serve as exclusive designations for identifying unclassified information throughout the executive branch that requires safeguarding or dissemination controls, pursuant to and consistent with applicable law, regulations, and Government-wide policies.

(b) The mere fact that information is designated as CUI shall not have a bearing on determinations pursuant to any law requiring the disclosure of information or permitting disclosure as a matter of discretion, including disclosures to the legislative or judicial branches.

(c) The National Archives and Records Administration shall serve as the Executive Agent to implement this order and oversee agency actions to ensure compliance with this order.

Sec. 3. Review of Current Designations.

(a) Each agency head shall, within 180 days of the date of this order:

(1) review all categories, subcategories, and markings used by the agency to designate unclassified information for safeguarding or dissemination controls; and

(2) submit to the Executive Agent a catalogue of proposed categories and subcategories of CUI, and proposed associated markings for information designated as CUI under section 2(a) of this order. This submission shall provide definitions for each proposed category and subcategory and identify the basis in law, regulation, or Government-wide policy for safeguarding or dissemination controls.

(b) If there is significant doubt about whether information should be designated as CUI, it shall not be so designated.

Sec. 4. Development of CUI Categories and Policies.

(a) On the basis of the submissions under section 3 of this order or future proposals, and in consultation with affected agencies, the Executive Agent shall, in a timely manner, approve categories and subcategories of CUI and associated markings to be applied uniformly throughout the executive branch and to become effective upon publication in the registry established under subsection (d) of this section. No unclassified information meeting the requirements of section 2(a) of this order shall be disapproved for inclusion as CUI, but the Executive Agent may resolve conflicts among categories and subcategories of CUI to achieve uniformity and may determine the markings to be used.

(b) The Executive Agent, in consultation with affected agencies, shall develop and issue such directives as are necessary to implement this order. Such directives shall be made available to the public and shall provide policies and procedures concerning marking, safeguarding, dissemination, and decontrol of CUI that, to the extent practicable and permitted by law, regulation, and Government-wide policies, shall remain consistent across categories and subcategories of CUI and throughout the executive branch. In developing such directives, appropriate consideration should be given to the report of the interagency Task Force on Controlled Unclassified Information published in August 2009. The Executive Agent shall issue initial directives for the implementation of this order within 180 days of the date of this order.

(c) The Executive Agent shall convene and chair interagency meetings to discuss matters pertaining to the program established by this order.

(d) Within 1 year of the date of this order, the Executive Agent shall establish and maintain a public CUI registry reflecting authorized CUI categories and subcategories, associated markings, and applicable safeguarding, dissemination, and decontrol procedures.

(e) If the Executive Agent and an agency cannot reach agreement on an issue related to the implementation of this order, that issue may be appealed to the President through the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

(f) In performing its functions under this order, the Executive Agent, in accordance with applicable law, shall consult with representatives of the public and State, local, tribal, and private sector partners on matters related to approving categories and subcategories of CUI and developing implementing directives issued by the Executive Agent pursuant to this order.

Sec. 5. Implementation.

(a) Within 180 days of the issuance of initial policies and procedures by the Executive Agent in accordance with section 4(b) of this order, each agency that originates or handles CUI shall provide the Executive Agent with a proposed plan for compliance with the requirements of this order, including the establishment of interim target dates.

(b) After a review of agency plans, and in consultation with affected agencies and the Office of Management and Budget, the Executive Agent shall establish deadlines for phased implementation by agencies.

(c) In each of the first 5 years following the date of this order and biennially thereafter, the Executive Agent shall publish a report on the status of agency implementation of this order.

Sec. 6. General Provisions.

(a) This order shall be implemented in a manner consistent with:

(1) applicable law, including protections of confidentiality and privacy rights;

(2) the statutory authority of the heads of agencies, including authorities related to the protection of information provided by the private sector to the Federal Government; and

(3) applicable Government-wide standards and guidelines issued by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, and applicable policies established by the Office of Management and Budget.

(b) The Director of National Intelligence (Director), with respect to the Intelligence Community and after consultation with the heads of affected agencies, may issue such policy directives and guidelines as the Director deems necessary to implement this order with respect to intelligence and intelligence-related information. Procedures or other guidance issued by Intelligence Community element heads shall be in accordance with such policy directives or guidelines issued by the Director. Any such policy directives or guidelines issued by the Director shall be in accordance with this order and directives issued by the Executive Agent.

(c) This order shall not be construed to impair or otherwise affect the functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, and legislative proposals.

(d) This order is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(e) This order shall be implemented subject to the availability of appropriations.

(f) The Attorney General, upon request by the head of an agency or the Executive Agent, shall render an interpretation of this order with respect to any question arising in the course of its administration.

(g) The Presidential Memorandum of May 7, 2008, entitled "Designation and Sharing of Controlled Unclassified Information (CUI)" is hereby rescinded.

Barack Obama.      

Making It Easier for America's Small Businesses and America's Exporters to Access Government Services to Help Them Grow and Hire

Memorandum of President of the United States, Oct. 28, 2011, 76 F.R. 68049, provided:

Memorandum for the Heads of Executive Departments and Agencies

As I outlined in my State of the Union address to the Congress on January 25, 2011, winning the future in the global economy will require a Government that wisely allocates its scarce resources to maximize efficiency and effectiveness so that it can best support American competitiveness, innovation, and job growth. If we are to thrive in the global economy, and make America the best place on Earth to do business, we need to equip our Government with the tools necessary to support innovation and job growth in the 21st century.

Accordingly, we must make it easier for businesses to access the full range of Government programs and services without having to waste effort navigating their way through the Federal bureaucracy. At the same time, we must further streamline and coordinate Federal programs to reduce costs and provide customer-oriented service.

Businesses looking for assistance from the Federal Government should feel like they are interacting with one entity, rather than a number of separate, albeit linked, components. This means adopting a "No Wrong Door" policy that uses technology to quickly connect businesses to the services and information relevant to them, regardless of which agency's website, call center, or office they go to for help.

In addition, a business's interactions with the Federal Government should be individualized and efficient. If the private sector can allow consumers to customize interactions so that they receive only the information they want, in the form they want it, so can the Federal Government.

Today, I am directing a first wave of changes focused on both small businesses and businesses of all sizes that want to begin or increase exporting (exporters), because those businesses help drive economic growth and have the most to gain from Federal assistance. We plan to use the resulting improvements as a model for future reforms so that, in time, all businesses and all citizens receive the highest level of customer service when they interact with the Federal Government.

Accordingly, I direct the following:

(1) All executive departments and agencies (agencies) shall work with a Steering Committee co-chaired by the Federal Chief Information Officer, Assistant to the President and Chief Technology Officer, and Chief Performance Officer (the Co-Chairs) to carry out the directives in this memorandum within 90 days of the date of this memorandum, unless a provision of this memorandum expressly states otherwise. The Steering Committee shall include senior policy and technical representatives, appointed by the heads of their respective agencies, from the Departments of State, Defense, Agriculture, Commerce, and Veterans Affairs, the Small Business Administration (SBA), the General Services Administration (GSA), the Export-Import Bank, and other agencies designated by the Co-Chairs. The Co-Chairs and representatives from the Department of Commerce and SBA shall serve as the Executive Committee of the Steering Committee, which shall coordinate the strategy, design, development, launch, and operation of BusinessUSA, a common, open, online platform and web service with dedicated resources that will, as a first step, disseminate core information regarding the Federal Government's programs and services relevant to small businesses and exporters.

(2) Agencies shall work with the Steering Committee to develop and launch an introductory version of BusinessUSA. BusinessUSA shall be designed, tested, and built with the active feedback of U.S. businesses and relevant online communities. To the extent appropriate, practicable, and permitted by law, the BusinessUSA platform shall integrate related State and local government services as well as those of private sector partners.

(3) Agencies shall make information regarding their small business and export programs and services accessible through BusinessUSA. To accomplish this in a uniform fashion, the Steering Committee shall develop a common set of standards for content available through BusinessUSA, which shall identify the types of programs and services to be included initially on BusinessUSA and a structure for organizing and presenting such information. These standards shall be used by all agencies in the creation, presentation, and delivery of information regarding their programs and services, to the extent practicable and permitted by law.

(4) Agencies shall also work with the Steering Committee to develop new content for BusinessUSA that synthesizes information available across agencies to better serve small businesses and exporters. Among other things, agencies shall work together to aggregate on the BusinessUSA platform statistical, demographic, and other raw Government datasets of particular interest to small businesses and exporters, making Government data more easily accessible and spurring innovative uses of the data through business-oriented web or mobile applications.

(5) Agencies shall integrate BusinessUSA, including ready access to the BusinessUSA website, into their current websites, call centers, and field offices to ensure that small businesses and exporters have access to the wide range of Government programs and services at each entry point into the Federal Government. During the year following the date of this memorandum, agencies shall work with GSA and the Office of Management and Budget to enhance the centralized call center for responding to public questions about Federal programs and services (1–800–FED–INFO) to add expertise with Government programs and services for small businesses and exporters.

(6) (a) Nothing in this memorandum shall be construed to impair or otherwise affect:

(i) authority granted by law or Executive Order to an agency, or the head thereof; or

(ii) functions of the Director of the Office of Management and Budget relating to budgetary, administrative, or legislative proposals.

(b) BusinessUSA shall be operated by a single hosting agency under the Executive Committee's coordination. To the extent permitted by law, agencies shall reimburse the hosting agency for the cost of establishing, maintaining, and operating BusinessUSA.

(c) This memorandum shall be implemented consistent with applicable law and subject to the availability of appropriations.

(d) This memorandum is not intended to, and does not, create any right or benefit, substantive or procedural, enforceable at law or in equity by any party against the United States, its departments, agencies, or entities, its officers, employees, or agents, or any other person.

(7) The Director of the Office of Management and Budget is authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.      

1 See References in Text note below.
44 U.S.C. § 728 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 7: CONGRESSIONAL PRINTING AND BINDING / Section 728: United States Statutes at Large: distribution
United States Statutes at Large: distribution
Status: in_force

The Director of the Government Publishing Office, after the final adjournment of each regular session of Congress, shall print and bind copies of the United States Statutes at Large, to be charged to the congressional allotment for printing and binding. The Joint Committee on Printing shall control the number and distribution of the copies.

The Director of the Government Publishing Office shall print and, after the end of each calendar year, bind and deliver to the Superintendent of Documents a number of copies of the United States Treaties and Other International Agreements not exceeding the number of copies of the United States Statutes at Large required for distribution in the manner provided by law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1252; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §196a (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §73, 28 Stat. 615; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title VI, §9, 49 Stat. 1551; June 16, 1938, ch. 477, §2, 52 Stat. 761; Sept. 23, 1950, ch. 1001, §4, 64 Stat. 980; July 10, 1952, ch. 632, §2, 66 Stat. 540).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted "Director of the Government Publishing Office" for "Public Printer" in two places.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Written Requests for Copies of United States Statutes at Large

Pub. L. 94–440, title X, Oct. 1, 1976, 90 Stat. 1459, provided that: "Hereafter, notwithstanding any other provisions of law, appropriations for the automatic distribution to Senators and Representatives (including Delegates to Congress and the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico) of copies of the United States Statutes at Large shall not be available with respect to any Senator or Representative unless such Senator or Representative specifically, in writing, requests that he receive copies of such document."
44 U.S.C. § 2203 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 22: PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS / Section 2203: Management and custody of Presidential records
Management and custody of Presidential records
Status: in_force

(a) Through the implementation of records management controls and other necessary actions, the President shall take all such steps as may be necessary to assure that the activities, deliberations, decisions, and policies that reflect the performance of the President's constitutional, statutory, or other official or ceremonial duties are adequately documented and that such records are preserved and maintained as Presidential records pursuant to the requirements of this section and other provisions of law.

(b) Documentary materials produced or received by the President, the President's staff, or units or individuals in the Executive Office of the President the function of which is to advise or assist the President, shall, to the extent practicable, be categorized as Presidential records or personal records upon their creation or receipt and be filed separately.

(c) During the President's term of office, the President may dispose of those Presidential records of such President that no longer have administrative, historical, informational, or evidentiary value if—

(1) the President obtains the views, in writing, of the Archivist concerning the proposed disposal of such Presidential records; and

(2) the Archivist states that the Archivist does not intend to take any action under subsection (e) of this section.

(d) In the event the Archivist notifies the President under subsection (c) that the Archivist does intend to take action under subsection (e), the President may dispose of such Presidential records if copies of the disposal schedule are submitted to the appropriate Congressional Committees at least 60 calendar days of continuous session of Congress in advance of the proposed disposal date. For the purpose of this section, continuity of session is broken only by an adjournment of Congress sine die, and the days on which either House is not in session because of an adjournment of more than three days to a day certain are excluded in the computation of the days in which Congress is in continuous session.

(e) The Archivist shall request the advice of the Committee on Rules and Administration and the Committee on Governmental Affairs of the Senate and the Committee on House Oversight and the Committee on Government Operations of the House of Representatives with respect to any proposed disposal of Presidential records whenever the Archivist considers that—

(1) these particular records may be of special interest to the Congress; or

(2) consultation with the Congress regarding the disposal of these particular records is in the public interest.

(f) During a President's term of office, the Archivist may maintain and preserve Presidential records on behalf of the President, including records in digital or electronic form. The President shall remain exclusively responsible for custody, control, and access to such Presidential records. The Archivist may not disclose any such records, except under direction of the President, until the conclusion of a President's term of office, if a President serves consecutive terms upon the conclusion of the last term, or such other period provided for under section 2204 of this title.

(g)(1) Upon the conclusion of a President's term of office, or if a President serves consecutive terms upon the conclusion of the last term, the Archivist of the United States shall assume responsibility for the custody, control, and preservation of, and access to, the Presidential records of that President. The Archivist shall have an affirmative duty to make such records available to the public as rapidly and completely as possible consistent with the provisions of this chapter.

(2) The Archivist shall deposit all such Presidential records in a Presidential archival depository or another archival facility operated by the United States. The Archivist is authorized to designate, after consultation with the former President, a director at each depository or facility, who shall be responsible for the care and preservation of such records.

(3) When the President considers it practicable and in the public interest, the President shall include in the President's budget transmitted to Congress, for each fiscal year in which the term of office of the President will expire, such funds as may be necessary for carrying out the authorities of this subsection.

(4) The Archivist is authorized to dispose of such Presidential records which the Archivist has appraised and determined to have insufficient administrative, historical, informational, or evidentiary value to warrant their continued preservation. Notice of such disposal shall be published in the Federal Register at least 60 days in advance of the proposed disposal date. Publication of such notice shall constitute a final agency action for purposes of review under chapter 7 of title 5, United States Code.

(Added Pub. L. 95–591, §2(a), Nov. 4, 1978, 92 Stat. 2524; amended Pub. L. 104–186, title II, §223(9), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1752; Pub. L. 113–187, §§2(c), 8(3), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2006, 2011; Pub. L. 114–136, §3, Mar. 18, 2016, 130 Stat. 305.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2016—Subsec. (g)(3), (4). Pub. L. 114–136 added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

2014—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(A), substituted "the President's" for "his".

Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(1), substituted "preserved and maintained" for "maintained".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(B), substituted "the President's" for "his".

Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(2), substituted "advise or assist" for "advise and assist".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(C)(i), substituted "the President's" for "his" and "those Presidential records of such President" for "those of his Presidential records" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(C)(ii), substituted "the Archivist does" for "he does".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(D), substituted "the Archivist does" for "he does".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(E), substituted "the Archivist considers" for "he considers" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(4), added subsec. (f). Former subsec. (f) redesignated (g).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(3), redesignated subsec. (f) as (g).

Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 113–187, §2(c)(5), substituted "this chapter" for "this Act".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 113–187, §8(3)(F), substituted "the Archivist has" for "he has".

1996—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 104–186 substituted "House Oversight" for "House Administration".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Governmental Affairs of Senate changed to Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of Senate, effective Jan. 4, 2005, by Senate Resolution No. 445, One Hundred Eighth Congress, Oct. 9, 2004.

Committee on House Oversight of House of Representatives changed to Committee on House Administration of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999.

Committee on Government Operations of House of Representatives treated as referring to Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of House of Representatives by section 1(a) of Pub. L. 104–14, set out as a note preceding section 21 of Title 2, The Congress. Committee on Government Reform and Oversight of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 6, 1999. Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2019. Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Accountability of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2023.

Effective Date

Section effective with respect to Presidential records created during a term of office of President beginning on or after Jan. 20, 1981, see section 3 of Pub. L. 95–591, set out as a note under section 2201 of this title.

Executive Documents

Classified National Security Information

For provisions authorizing Archivist to review, downgrade, and declassify information of former Presidents under control of Archivist pursuant to this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 13526, §3.5(b), Dec. 29, 2009, 75 F.R. 718, set out as a note under section 3161 of Title 50, War and National Defense.
44 U.S.C. § 3561 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 35: COORDINATION OF FEDERAL INFORMATION POLICY / Subchapter III: CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION PROTECTION AND STATISTICAL EFFICIENCY / Section 3561: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this subchapter:

(1) Agency.—The term "agency" means any entity that falls within the definition of the term "executive agency", as defined in section 102 of title 31, or "agency", as defined in section 3502.

(2) Agent.—The term "agent" means an individual—

(A)(i) who is an employee of a private organization or a researcher affiliated with an institution of higher learning (including a person granted special sworn status by the Bureau of the Census under section 23(c) of title 13), and with whom a contract or other agreement is executed, on a temporary basis, by an executive agency to perform exclusively statistical activities under the control and supervision of an officer or employee of that agency;

(ii) who is working under the authority of a government entity with which a contract or other agreement is executed by an executive agency to perform exclusively statistical activities under the control of an officer or employee of that agency;

(iii) who is a self-employed researcher, a consultant, a contractor, or an employee of a contractor, and with whom a contract or other agreement is executed by an executive agency to perform a statistical activity under the control of an officer or employee of that agency; or

(iv) who is a contractor or an employee of a contractor, and who is engaged by the agency to design or maintain the systems for handling or storage of data received under this subchapter; and

(B) who agrees in writing to comply with all provisions of law that affect information acquired by that agency.

(3) Business data.—The term "business data" means operating and financial data and information about businesses, tax-exempt organizations, and government entities.

(4) Data asset.—The term "data asset" has the meaning given that term in section 3502.

(5) Director.—The term "Director" means the Director of the Office of Management and Budget.

(6) Evidence.—The term "evidence" means information produced as a result of statistical activities conducted for a statistical purpose.

(7) Identifiable form.—The term "identifiable form" means any representation of information that permits the identity of the respondent to whom the information applies to be reasonably inferred by either direct or indirect means.

(8) Nonstatistical purpose.—The term "nonstatistical purpose"—

(A) means the use of data in identifiable form for any purpose that is not a statistical purpose, including any administrative, regulatory, law enforcement, adjudicatory, or other purpose that affects the rights, privileges, or benefits of a particular identifiable respondent; and

(B) includes the disclosure under section 552 of title 5 of data that are acquired for exclusively statistical purposes under a pledge of confidentiality.

(9) Respondent.—The term "respondent" means a person who, or organization that, is requested or required to supply information to an agency, is the subject of information requested or required to be supplied to an agency, or provides that information to an agency.

(10) Statistical activities.—The term "statistical activities"—

(A) means the collection, compilation, processing, or analysis of data for the purpose of describing or making estimates concerning the whole, or relevant groups or components within, the economy, society, or the natural environment; and

(B) includes the development of methods or resources that support those activities, such as measurement methods, models, statistical classifications, or sampling frames.

(11) Statistical agency or unit.—The term "statistical agency or unit" means an agency or organizational unit of the executive branch whose activities are predominantly the collection, compilation, processing, or analysis of information for statistical purposes, as designated by the Director under section 3562.

(12) Statistical purpose.—The term "statistical purpose"—

(A) means the description, estimation, or analysis of the characteristics of groups, without identifying the individuals or organizations that comprise such groups; and

(B) includes the development, implementation, or maintenance of methods, technical or administrative procedures, or information resources that support the purposes described in subparagraph (A).

(Added Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §302(a), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5544.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 180 days after Jan. 14, 2019, see section 403 of Pub. L. 115–435, set out as an Effective Date of 2019 Amendment note under section 306 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Transitional and Savings Provisions

Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §302(d), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5553, provided that:

"(1) Cutoff date.—This title [see Short Title of 2019 Amendment note set out under section 101 of this title] replaces certain provisions of law enacted on December 17, 2002. If a law enacted after that date amends or repeals a provision replaced by this title, that law is deemed to amend or repeal, as the case may be, the corresponding provision enacted by this title. If a law enacted after that date is otherwise inconsistent with this title, it supersedes this title to the extent of the inconsistency.

"(2) Original date of enactment unchanged.—For purposes of determining whether one provision of law supersedes another based on enactment later in time, the date of the enactment of a provision enacted by this title is deemed to be the date of the enactment of the provision it replaced.

"(3) References to provisions replaced.—A reference to a provision of law replaced by this title, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision enacted by this title.

"(4) Regulations, orders, and other administrative actions.—A regulation, order, or other administrative action in effect under a provision of law replaced by this title continues in effect under the corresponding provision enacted by this title.

"(5) Actions taken and offenses committed.—An action taken or an offense committed under a provision of law replaced by this title is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision enacted by this title."

Deadline for Guidance and Implementation

Pub. L. 115–435, title III, §303(c), Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5556, provided that: "Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 14, 2019], the Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall promulgate or issue any regulation or guidance required by subchapter III of [chapter 35 of] title 44, United States Code, as amended by this section, with a requirement for such regulation or guidance to be implemented not later than 1 year after the date on which such regulation or guidance has been promulgated or issued."
44 U.S.C. § 1307 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 13: PARTICULAR REPORTS AND DOCUMENTS / Section 1307: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: nautical products, sale and distribution
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: nautical products, sale and distribution
Status: in_force

(a)(1) All nautical products created or published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration shall be sold at such prices as the Secretary of Commerce shall establish annually, in accordance with the provisions of this subsection. The Secretary shall publish annually the prices at which nautical products are sold to the public.

(2)(A) Subject to subparagraph (B) of this paragraph, the prices of nautical products may be increased over a period of not less than three years after the date of enactment of this section so as to recover all costs attributable to data base management, compilation, printing, and distribution of such products. The prices of such products may be maintained to recover all such costs thereafter.

(B) The Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall adjust the prices of nautical products in such manner as is necessary to avoid any adverse impact on marine safety attributable to the prices specified in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph.

(3) This section shall not be construed to require the establishment of any price for a nautical product where, in the judgment of the Secretary, furnishing of that product to a recipient is a reasonable exchange for voluntary contribution of information by the recipient to a program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(4) Prices established under this section may not include costs attributable to the acquisition or processing of nautical data.

(b) Fees collected from the sale of nautical products under this section and from any licensing of such products which is permitted under any other provision of law shall be deposited in the miscellaneous receipts fund of the United States Treasury.

(c) The Secretary may distribute nautical products—

(1) without charge to each foreign government or international organization with which the Secretary or a Federal department or agency has an agreement for exchange of these products without cost; and

(2) at prices which the Secretary establishes, to the departments and officers of the United States requiring them for official use.

(d) The fees provided for in this section are for the purpose of reimbursing the United States Government for the costs of creating, publishing or distributing nautical products of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The collection of fees authorized by this section shall not alter or expand any duty or liability of the United States under existing law for the performance of functions for which fees are collected, nor shall the collection of fees constitute an express or implied undertaking by the United States to perform any activity in a certain manner.

(e) For purposes of this section, the term "nautical products" includes all nautical charts, tide and tidal current tables, tidal current charts, coast pilots, water level products, and associated data bases which are created or published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1266; Pub. L. 99–272, title VI, §6011(a), Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 121; Pub. L. 105–362, title II, §201(a), Nov. 10, 1998, 112 Stat. 3282; Pub. L. 106–181, title VI, §606(a)–(c), Apr. 5, 2000, 114 Stat. 154.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §246 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §76, 28 Stat. 620; Feb. 14, 1903, ch. 552, §§4, 10, 32 Stat. 826, 829; July 1, 1916 ch. 209, §1, 39 Stat. 320; June 5, 1920, ch. 235, §1, 41 Stat. 929; Oct. 31, 1951, ch. 654, §3(11), 65 Stat. 708; July 9, 1956, ch. 528, 70 Stat. 512; Aug. 14, 1964, Pub. L. 88–441, 78 Stat. 446).

The reference to the Environmental Science Service Administration is inserted on the authority of Reorganization Plan No. 2 of 1965.

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The date of enactment of this section, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), probably means the date of enactment of Pub. L. 99–272, which was approved Apr. 7, 1986.

Amendments

2000—Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(1), struck out "and aeronautical" after "nautical" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1), (2)(A). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out "and aeronautical" after "nautical" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), (b), struck out "or aeronautical" after "nautical" and "aviation and" after "impact on".

Subsec. (a)(3), (4). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out "or aeronautical" after "nautical".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out "or aeronautical" after "nautical".

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out "and aeronautical" after "nautical" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(c), struck out "aeronautical and" after "publishing or distributing".

Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 106–181, §606(a)(2), struck out "and aeronautical" after "nautical" in two places.

1998—Subsec. (a)(2)(A). Pub. L. 105–362 struck out at end "At the end of such period and every three years thereafter, the Secretary, after consultation with the Secretary of Transportation, shall report to the Congress on the effect of imposing or maintaining such increased prices, including any impact on aviation and marine safety."

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–272 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "The charts published by the Environmental Science Service Administration shall be sold at cost of paper and printing as nearly as practicable. The price to the public shall include all expenses incurred in actual reproduction of the charts after the original cartography, such as photography, opaquing, platemaking, press time and bindery operations; the full postage rates, according to the rates for postal services used; and any additional cost factors considered appropriate by the Secretary such as overhead and administrative expenses allocable to the production of the charts and related reference materials. The costs of basic surveys and geodetic work done may not be included in the price of the charts and reference materials. The Secretary of Commerce shall publish the prices at which charts and reference materials are sold to the public at least once each calendar year."

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–272 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: "There may not be free distribution of charts except to the departments and officers of the United States requiring them for public use; and a number of copies of each sheet, not to exceed three hundred, to be presented to such foreign governments, libraries, and scientific associations, and institutions of learning as the Secretary of Commerce directs; but on the order of Senators and Representatives not to exceed one hundred copies to each may be distributed through the Environmental Science Service Administration."

Subsecs. (c) to (e). Pub. L. 99–272 added subsecs. (c) to (e).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2000 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–181 applicable only to fiscal years beginning after Sept. 30, 1999, see section 3 of Pub. L. 106–181, set out as a note under section 106 of Title 49, Transportation.

Transfer of Functions

Functions of Secretary and other officers of Department of Commerce under this section that relate to the Office of Aeronautical Charting and Cartography to provide aeronautical charts and related products and services for safe and efficient navigation of air commerce transferred to Administrator of Federal Aviation Administration effective Oct. 1, 2000, see section 44721(c)(3) of Title 49, Transportation.

Sale of Aeronautical Charts: Disposition of Receipts Resulting From Price Increase

Pub. L. 103–317, title II, Aug. 26, 1994, 108 Stat. 1741, provided in part: "That hereafter all receipts received from the sale of aeronautical charts that result from an increase in the price of individual charts above the level in effect for such charts on September 30, 1993, shall be deposited in this account [National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and operations, research, and facilities] as an offsetting collection and shall be available for obligation."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior appropriation act:

Pub. L. 103–121, title II, Oct. 27, 1993, 107 Stat. 1170.

Price Freeze on Charts and Other Products of NOAA

Pub. L. 102–567, title IV, §405, Oct. 29, 1992, 106 Stat. 4292, provided that: "Notwithstanding section 1307 of title 44, United States Code, the price of nautical charts or other nautical products produced or published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and sold after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 29, 1992] shall not exceed the price of that type of chart or product on the date of enactment of this Act adjusted for inflation. This section shall not apply after September 30, 1994."
44 U.S.C. § 3603 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 36: MANAGEMENT AND PROMOTION OF ELECTRONIC GOVERNMENT SERVICES / Section 3603: Chief Information Officers Council
Chief Information Officers Council
Status: in_force

(a) There is established in the executive branch a Chief Information Officers Council.

(b) The members of the Council shall be as follows:

(1) The Deputy Director for Management of the Office of Management and Budget, who shall act as chairperson of the Council.

(2) The Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government.

(3) The Administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs.

(4) The chief information officer of each agency described under section 901(b) of title 31.

(5) The chief information officer of the Central Intelligence Agency.

(6) The chief information officer of the Department of the Army, the Department of the Navy, and the Department of the Air Force, if chief information officers have been designated for such departments under section 3506(a)(2)(B).

(7) Any other officer or employee of the United States designated by the chairperson.

(c)(1) The Administrator of the Office of Electronic Government shall lead the activities of the Council on behalf of the Deputy Director for Management.

(2)(A) The Vice Chairman of the Council shall be selected by the Council from among its members.

(B) The Vice Chairman shall serve a 1-year term, and may serve multiple terms.

(3) The Administrator of General Services shall provide administrative and other support for the Council.

(d) The Council is designated the principal interagency forum for improving agency practices related to the design, acquisition, development, modernization, use, operation, sharing, and performance of Federal Government information resources.

(e) In performing its duties, the Council shall consult regularly with representatives of State, local, and tribal governments.

(f) The Council shall perform functions that include the following:

(1) Develop recommendations for the Director on Government information resources management policies and requirements.

(2) Share experiences, ideas, best practices, and innovative approaches related to information resources management.

(3) Assist the Administrator in the identification, development, and coordination of multiagency projects and other innovative initiatives to improve Government performance through the use of information technology.

(4) Promote the development and use of common performance measures for agency information resources management under this chapter and title II of the E-Government Act of 2002.

(5) Work as appropriate with the National Institute of Standards and Technology and the Administrator to develop recommendations on information technology standards developed under section 20 of the National Institute of Standards and Technology Act (15 U.S.C. 278g–3) and promulgated under section 11331 of title 40, and maximize the use of commercial standards as appropriate, including the following:

(A) Standards and guidelines for interconnectivity and interoperability as described under section 3504.

(B) Consistent with the process under section 207(d) of the E-Government Act of 2002, standards and guidelines for categorizing Federal Government electronic information to enable efficient use of technologies, such as through the use of extensible markup language.

(C) Standards and guidelines for Federal Government computer system efficiency and security.

(6) Work with the Office of Personnel Management to assess and address the hiring, training, classification, and professional development needs of the Government related to information resources management.

(7) Work with the Archivist of the United States to assess how the Federal Records Act can be addressed effectively by Federal information resources management activities.

(Added Pub. L. 107–347, title I, §101(a), Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2905.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The E-Government Act of 2002, referred to in subsec. (f)(4), is Pub. L. 107–347, Dec. 17, 2002, 116 Stat. 2899. Title II of the Act, including section 207(d) of the Act, is set out as a note under section 3501 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

No act with the name the "Federal Records Act", referred to in subsec. (f)(7), has been enacted. The Federal Records Act of 1950, which has a similar name, was title V of act June 30, 1949, ch. 288, as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64 Stat. 583, which was classified generally to sections 392 to 396 and 397 to 401 of former Title 44, Public Printing and Documents. Section 6(d) of act Sept. 5, 1950, was repealed by Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1238, the first section of which enacted this title. For disposition of sections of former Title 44, see Table at the beginning of this title. Title V of act June 30, 1949, was repealed by Pub. L. 107–217, §4, Aug. 21, 2002, 116 Stat. 1303.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective 120 days after Dec. 17, 2002, see section 402(a) of Pub. L. 107–347, set out as a note under section 3601 of this title.
44 U.S.C. § 1114 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 11: EXECUTIVE AND JUDICIARY PRINTING AND BINDING / Section 1114: Annual reports: number of copies for Congress
Annual reports: number of copies for Congress
Status: in_force

One thousand copies of the annual reports of the departments to Congress shall be printed for the Senate, and two thousand for the House of Representatives.

The usual number only of the reports of the Chief of Engineers of the Army, the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, the report of the Chief Signal Officer of the Department of the Army, and the Chief of Ordnance shall be printed.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1263; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4732(b)(23)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–585.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §212 (part) (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §73, 28 Stat. 615).

This section incorporates only the second sentence of former section 212. The balance will be found in section 1115 of this revision.

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1999—Pub. L. 106–113 struck out "the Commissioner of Patents," after "Engineers of the Army," in second par.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1999 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 106–113 effective 4 months after Nov. 29, 1999, see section 1000(a)(9) [title IV, §4731] of Pub. L. 106–113, set out as a note under section 1 of Title 35, Patents.

Abolition of Offices

Positions of Chief Signal Officer and Chief of Ordinance of Army Department abolished, see note set out under section 3036 of Title 10, Armed Forces.
44 U.S.C. § 517 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 5: PRODUCTION AND PROCUREMENT OF PRINTING AND BINDING / Section 517: Purchase of paper in open market
Purchase of paper in open market
Status: in_force

The Joint Committee on Printing may authorize the Director of the Government Publishing Office to purchase paper in open market when they consider the quantity required so small or the want so immediate as not to justify advertisement for proposals.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1245; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §13 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §11, 28 Stat. 602; Mar. 3, 1917, ch. 163, §6, 39 Stat. 1121).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted "Director of the Government Publishing Office" for "Public Printer".
44 U.S.C. § 2208 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 22: PRESIDENTIAL RECORDS / Section 2208: Claims of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure
Claims of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure
Status: in_force

(a)(1) When the Archivist determines under this chapter to make available to the public any Presidential record that has not previously been made available to the public, the Archivist shall—

(A) promptly provide notice of such determination to—

(i) the former President during whose term of office the record was created; and

(ii) the incumbent President; and

(B) make the notice available to the public.

(2) The notice under paragraph (1)—

(A) shall be in writing; and

(B) shall include such information as may be prescribed in regulations issued by the Archivist.

(3)(A) Upon the expiration of the 60-day period (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) beginning on the date the Archivist provides notice under paragraph (1)(A), the Archivist shall make available to the public the Presidential record covered by the notice, except any record (or reasonably segregable part of a record) with respect to which the Archivist receives from a former President or the incumbent President notification of a claim of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure under subsection (b).

(B) A former President or the incumbent President may extend the period under subparagraph (A) once for not more than 30 additional days (excepting Saturdays, Sundays, and legal public holidays) by filing with the Archivist a statement that such an extension is necessary to allow an adequate review of the record.

(C) Notwithstanding subparagraphs (A) and (B), if the 60-day period under subparagraph (A), or any extension of that period under subparagraph (B), would otherwise expire during the 6-month period after the incumbent President first takes office, then that 60-day period or extension, respectively, shall expire at the end of that 6-month period.

(b)(1) For purposes of this section, the decision to assert any claim of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure of a Presidential record (or reasonably segregable part of a record) must be made personally by a former President or the incumbent President, as applicable.

(2) A former President or the incumbent President shall notify the Archivist, the Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of the House of Representatives, and the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs of the Senate of a privilege claim under paragraph (1) on the same day that the claim is asserted under such paragraph.

(c)(1) If a claim of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure of a Presidential record (or reasonably segregable part of a record) is asserted under subsection (b) by a former President, the Archivist shall consult with the incumbent President, as soon as practicable during the period specified in paragraph (2)(A), to determine whether the incumbent President will uphold the claim asserted by the former President.

(2)(A) Not later than the end of the 30-day period beginning on the date on which the Archivist receives notification from a former President of the assertion of a claim of constitutionally based privilege against disclosure, the Archivist shall provide notice to the former President and the public of the decision of the incumbent President under paragraph (1) regarding the claim.

(B) If the incumbent President upholds the claim of privilege asserted by the former President, the Archivist shall not make the Presidential record (or reasonably segregable part of a record) subject to the claim publicly available unless—

(i) the incumbent President withdraws the decision upholding the claim of privilege asserted by the former President; or

(ii) the Archivist is otherwise directed by a final court order that is not subject to appeal.

(C) If the incumbent President determines not to uphold the claim of privilege asserted by the former President, or fails to make the determination under paragraph (1) before the end of the period specified in subparagraph (A), the Archivist shall release the Presidential record subject to the claim at the end of the 90-day period beginning on the date on which the Archivist received notification of the claim, unless otherwise directed by a court order in an action initiated by the former President under section 2204(e) of this title or by a court order in another action in any Federal court.

(d) The Archivist shall not make publicly available a Presidential record (or reasonably segregable part of a record) that is subject to a privilege claim asserted by the incumbent President unless—

(1) the incumbent President withdraws the privilege claim; or

(2) the Archivist is otherwise directed by a final court order that is not subject to appeal.

(e) The Archivist shall adjust any otherwise applicable time period under this section as necessary to comply with the return date of any congressional subpoena, judicial subpoena, or judicial process.

(Added Pub. L. 113–187, §2(a)(1), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2003.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2019. Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Accountability of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2023.
44 U.S.C. § 3554 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 35: COORDINATION OF FEDERAL INFORMATION POLICY / Subchapter II: INFORMATION SECURITY / Section 3554: Federal agency responsibilities
Federal agency responsibilities
Status: in_force

(a) In General.—The head of each agency shall—

(1) be responsible for—

(A) providing information security protections commensurate with the risk and magnitude of the harm resulting from unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of—

(i) information collected or maintained by or on behalf of the agency; and

(ii) information systems used or operated by an agency or by a contractor of an agency or other organization on behalf of an agency;

(B) complying with the requirements of this subchapter, subchapter III of chapter 13 of title 41, and related policies, procedures, standards, and guidelines, including—

(i) information security standards promulgated under section 11331 of title 40;

(ii) operational directives developed by the Secretary under section 3553(b);

(iii) policies and procedures issued by the Director;

(iv) information security standards and guidelines for national security systems issued in accordance with law and as directed by the President;

(v) emergency directives issued by the Secretary under section 3553(h); and

(vi) responsibilities relating to assessing and avoiding, mitigating, transferring, or accepting supply chain risks under section 1326 of title 41, and complying with exclusion and removal orders issued under section 1323 of such title; and

(C) ensuring that information security management processes are integrated with agency strategic, operational, and budgetary planning processes;

(2) ensure that senior agency officials provide information security for the information and information systems that support the operations and assets under their control, including through—

(A) assessing the risk and magnitude of the harm that could result from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of such information or information systems;

(B) determining the levels of information security appropriate to protect such information and information systems in accordance with standards promulgated under section 11331 of title 40, for information security classifications and related requirements;

(C) implementing policies and procedures to cost-effectively reduce risks to an acceptable level; and

(D) periodically testing and evaluating information security controls and techniques to ensure that they are effectively implemented;

(3) delegate to the agency Chief Information Officer established under section 3506 (or comparable official in an agency not covered by such section) the authority to ensure compliance with the requirements imposed on the agency under this subchapter, including—

(A) designating a senior agency information security officer who shall—

(i) carry out the Chief Information Officer's responsibilities under this section;

(ii) possess professional qualifications, including training and experience, required to administer the functions described under this section;

(iii) have information security duties as that official's primary duty; and

(iv) head an office with the mission and resources to assist in ensuring agency compliance with this section;

(B) developing and maintaining an agencywide information security program as required by subsection (b);

(C) developing and maintaining information security policies, procedures, and control techniques to address all applicable requirements, including those issued under section 3553 of this title and section 11331 of title 40;

(D) training and overseeing personnel with significant responsibilities for information security with respect to such responsibilities; and

(E) assisting senior agency officials concerning their responsibilities under paragraph (2);

(4) ensure that the agency has trained personnel sufficient to assist the agency in complying with the requirements of this subchapter and related policies, procedures, standards, and guidelines;

(5) ensure that the agency Chief Information Officer, in coordination with other senior agency officials, reports annually to the agency head on the effectiveness of the agency information security program, including progress of remedial actions;

(6) ensure that senior agency officials, including chief information officers of component agencies or equivalent officials, carry out responsibilities under this subchapter as directed by the official delegated authority under paragraph (3); and

(7) ensure that all personnel are held accountable for complying with the agency-wide information security program implemented under subsection (b).

(b) Agency Program.—Each agency shall develop, document, and implement an agency-wide information security program to provide information security for the information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the agency, including those provided or managed by another agency, contractor, or other source, that includes—

(1) periodic assessments of the risk and magnitude of the harm that could result from the unauthorized access, use, disclosure, disruption, modification, or destruction of information and information systems that support the operations and assets of the agency, which may include using automated tools consistent with standards and guidelines promulgated under section 11331 of title 40;

(2) policies and procedures that—

(A) are based on the risk assessments required by paragraph (1);

(B) cost-effectively reduce information security risks to an acceptable level;

(C) ensure that information security is addressed throughout the life cycle of each agency information system; and

(D) ensure compliance with—

(i) the requirements of this subchapter;

(ii) policies and procedures as may be prescribed by the Director, and information security standards promulgated under section 11331 of title 40;

(iii) minimally acceptable system configuration requirements, as determined by the agency; and

(iv) any other applicable requirements, including standards and guidelines for national security systems issued in accordance with law and as directed by the President;

(3) subordinate plans for providing adequate information security for networks, facilities, and systems or groups of information systems, as appropriate;

(4) security awareness training to inform personnel, including contractors and other users of information systems that support the operations and assets of the agency, of—

(A) information security risks associated with their activities; and

(B) their responsibilities in complying with agency policies and procedures designed to reduce these risks;

(5) periodic testing and evaluation of the effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices, to be performed with a frequency depending on risk, but no less than annually, of which such testing—

(A) shall include testing of management, operational, and technical controls of every information system identified in the inventory required under section 3505(c); 1

(B) may include testing relied on in an evaluation under section 3555; and

(C) shall include using automated tools, consistent with standards and guidelines promulgated under section 11331 of title 40;

(6) a process for planning, implementing, evaluating, and documenting remedial action to address any deficiencies in the information security policies, procedures, and practices of the agency;

(7) procedures for detecting, reporting, and responding to security incidents, which—

(A) shall be consistent with the standards and guidelines described in section 3556(b);

(B) may include using automated tools; and

(C) shall include—

(i) mitigating risks associated with such incidents before substantial damage is done;

(ii) notifying and consulting with the Federal information security incident center established in section 3556; and

(iii) notifying and consulting with, as appropriate—

(I) law enforcement agencies and relevant Offices of Inspector General and Offices of General Counsel;

(II) an office designated by the President for any incident involving a national security system;

(III) for a major incident, the committees of Congress described in subsection (c)(1)—

(aa) not later than 7 days after the date on which there is a reasonable basis to conclude that the major incident has occurred; and

(bb) after the initial notification under item (aa), within a reasonable period of time after additional information relating to the incident is discovered, including the summary required under subsection (c)(1)(A)(i); and

(IV) any other agency or office, in accordance with law or as directed by the President; and

(8) plans and procedures to ensure continuity of operations for information systems that support the operations and assets of the agency.

(c) Agency Reporting.—

(1) Annual report.—

(A) In general.—Each agency shall submit to the Director, the Secretary, the Committee on Government Reform, the Committee on Homeland Security, and the Committee on Science of the House of Representatives, the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs and the Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation of the Senate, the appropriate authorization and appropriations committees of Congress, and the Comptroller General a report on the adequacy and effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices, including—

(i) a description of each major information security incident or related sets of incidents, including summaries of—

(I) the threats and threat actors, vulnerabilities, and impacts relating to the incident;

(II) the risk assessments conducted under section 3554(a)(2)(A) of the affected information systems before the date on which the incident occurred;

(III) the status of compliance of the affected information systems with applicable security requirements at the time of the incident; and

(IV) the detection, response, and remediation actions;

(ii) the total number of information security incidents, including a description of incidents resulting in significant compromise of information security, system impact levels, types of incident, and locations of affected systems;

(iii) a description of each major information security incident that involved a breach of personally identifiable information, as defined by the Director, including—

(I) the number of individuals whose information was affected by the major information security incident; and

(II) a description of the information that was breached or exposed; and

(iv) any other information as the Director or the Secretary, in consultation with the Director, may require.

(B) Unclassified report.—

(i) In general.—Each report submitted under subparagraph (A) shall be in unclassified form, but may include a classified annex.

(ii) Access to information.—The head of an agency shall ensure that, to the greatest extent practicable, information is included in the unclassified version of the reports submitted by the agency under subparagraph (A).

(2) Other plans and reports.—Each agency shall address the adequacy and effectiveness of information security policies, procedures, and practices in management plans and reports.

(d) Performance Plan.—(1) In addition to the requirements of subsection (c), each agency, in consultation with the Director, shall include as part of the performance plan required under section 1115 of title 31 a description of—

(A) the time periods; and

(B) the resources, including budget, staffing, and training,

that are necessary to implement the program required under subsection (b).

(2) The description under paragraph (1) shall be based on the risk assessments required under subsection (b)(1).

(e) Public Notice and Comment.—Each agency shall provide the public with timely notice and opportunities for comment on proposed information security policies and procedures to the extent that such policies and procedures affect communication with the public.

(Added Pub. L. 113–283, §2(a), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3078; amended Pub. L. 114–113, div. N, title II, §229(b), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2974; Pub. L. 115–390, title II, §204(a)(2), Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5193.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

Provisions similar to this section were contained in sections 3534 and 3544 of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 113–283.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a)(1)(B). Pub. L. 115–390, §204(a)(2)(A), inserted ", subchapter III of chapter 13 of title 41," after "complying with the requirements of this subchapter" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(vi). Pub. L. 115–390, §204(a)(2)(B), (C), added cl. (vi).

2015—Subsec. (a)(1)(B)(v). Pub. L. 114–113 added cl. (v).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007. Committee on Oversight and Government Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Sixteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2019. Committee on Oversight and Reform of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Oversight and Accountability of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2023.

Effective Date of 2018 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 115–390 effective 90 days after Dec. 21, 2018, see section 205 of Pub. L. 115–390, set out as an Effective Date note under section 1321 of Title 41, Public Contracts.

Major Incident

Pub. L. 113–283, §2(b), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 3085, provided that: "The Director of the Office of Management and Budget shall—

"(1) develop guidance on what constitutes a major incident for purposes of section 3554(b) of title 44, United States Code, as added by subsection (a); and

"(2) provide to Congress periodic briefings on the status of the developing of the guidance until the date on which the guidance is issued."

1 So in original. Section 3505 contains two subsecs. (c).
44 U.S.C. § 701 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 7: CONGRESSIONAL PRINTING AND BINDING / Section 701: "Usual number" of documents and reports; distribution of House and Senate documents and reports; binding; reports on private bills; number of copies printed; distribution
"Usual number" of documents and reports; distribution of House and Senate documents and reports; binding; reports on private bills; number of copies printed; distribution
Status: in_force

(a) The order by either House of Congress to print a document or report shall signify the "usual number" of copies for binding and distribution among those entitled to receive them. A greater number may not be printed unless ordered by either House, or as provided by this section. When a special number of a document or report is ordered printed, the usual number shall also be printed, unless already ordered.

(b) The "usual number" of documents and reports shall be one thousand six hundred and eighty-two copies, which shall be printed at one time and distributed as follows:

Of the House documents and reports, unbound—to the Senate document room, one hundred and fifty copies; to the office of the Secretary of the Senate, ten copies; to the House document room, not to exceed five hundred copies; to the office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, twenty copies; to the Library of Congress, ten copies, as provided by section 1718 of this title.

Of the Senate documents and reports, unbound—to the Senate document room, two hundred and twenty copies; office of the Secretary of the Senate, ten copies; to the House document room, not to exceed five hundred copies; to the Clerk's office of the House of Representatives, ten copies; to the Library of Congress, ten copies, as provided by section 1718 of this title.

(c) Of the number printed, the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall bind a sufficient number of copies for distribution as follows:

Of the House documents and reports, bound—to the Senate library, fifteen copies; to the Library of Congress, not to exceed one hundred and fifty copies, as provided by section 1718 of this title; to the House of Representatives library, fifteen copies; to the Superintendent of Documents, as many copies as are required for distribution to the State libraries and designated depositories.

Of the Senate documents and reports, bound—to the Senate library, fifteen copies; to the Library of Congress, copies as provided by sections 1718 and 1719 of this title; to the House of Representatives library, fifteen copies; to the Superintendent of Documents, as many copies as may be required for distribution to State libraries and designated depositories. In binding documents the Director of the Government Publishing Office shall give precedence to those that are to be distributed to libraries and to designated depositories. But a State library or designated depository entitled to documents that may prefer to have its documents in unbound form, may do so by notifying the Superintendent of Documents to that effect prior to the convening of each Congress.

(d) The usual number of reports on private bills, concurrent or simple resolutions, may not be printed. Instead there shall be printed of each Senate report on a private bill, simple or concurrent resolution, in addition to those required to be furnished the Library of Congress, three hundred and forty-five copies, which shall be distributed as follows: to the Senate document room, two hundred and twenty copies; to the Secretary of the Senate, fifteen copies; to the House document room, one hundred copies; to the Superintendent of Documents, ten copies; and of each House report on a private bill, simple or concurrent resolution, in addition to those for the Library of Congress, two hundred and sixty copies, which shall be distributed as follows: to the Senate document room, one hundred and thirty-five copies; to the Secretary of the Senate, fifteen copies; to the House document room, one hundred copies; to the Superintendent of Documents, ten copies.

This section does not prevent the binding of all Senate and House reports in the reserve volumes bound for and delivered to the Senate and House libraries, nor abridge the right of the Vice President, Senators, Representatives, Resident Commissioner, Secretary of the Senate, and Clerk of the House to have bound in half morocco, or material not more expensive, one copy of every public document to which he may be entitled. At least twelve copies of each report on bills for the payment or adjudication of claims against the Government shall be kept on file in the Senate document room.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1246; Pub. L. 113–235, div. H, title I, §1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2537.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §131 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §54, 28 Stat. 608; Mar. 2, 1901, No. 16, §§1, 2, 31 Stat. 1464; Jan. 20, 1905, ch. 50, §1, 33 Stat. 610; Mar. 1, 1907, ch. 2284, §4, 34 Stat. 1014; Jan. 15, 1908, No. 3, §2, 35 Stat. 566; Mar. 4, 1909, ch. 317, 35 Stat. 1067; June 25, 1910, ch. 439, 36 Stat. 868; Mar. 3, 1925, ch. 421, §§6, 7, 43 Stat. 1106; June 20, 1936, ch. 630, title IV, §6, 49 Stat. 1550; Proc. No. 2695, July 4, 1946, 11 F.R. 7517, 60 Stat. 1352).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2014—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 113–235 substituted "Director of the Government Publishing Office" for "Public Printer" in two places.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Congressional Printing and Binding Services For the House of Representatives—Appropriations and Study

Pub. L. 106–554, §1(a)(2) [title I, §111], Dec. 21, 2000, 114 Stat. 2763, 2763A–110, provided that:

"(a) Congressional Printing and Binding For the House Through Clerk of House.—

"(1) In general.—Notwithstanding any provision of title 44, United States Code, or any other law, there are authorized to be appropriated to the Clerk of the House of Representatives such sums as may be necessary for congressional printing and binding services for the House of Representatives.

"(2) Preparation of estimates.—Estimated expenditures and proposed appropriations for congressional printing and binding services shall be prepared and submitted by the Clerk of the House of Representatives in accordance with title 31, United States Code, in the same manner as estimates and requests are prepared for other legislative branch services under such title, except that such requests shall be based upon the results of the study conducted under subsection (b) (with respect to any fiscal year covered by such study).

"(3) Effective date.—This subsection shall apply with respect to fiscal year 2003 and each succeeding fiscal year.

"(b) Study.—

"(1) In general.—During fiscal year 2001, the Clerk of the House of Representatives shall conduct a comprehensive study of the needs of the House for congressional printing and binding services during fiscal year 2003 and succeeding fiscal years (including transitional issues during fiscal year 2002), and shall include in the study an analysis of the most cost-effective program or programs for providing printed or other media-based publications for House uses.

"(2) Submission to committees.—The Clerk shall submit the study conducted under paragraph (1) to the Committee on House Administration of the House of Representatives, who shall review the study and prepare such regulations or other materials (including proposals for legislation) as it considers appropriate to enable the Clerk to carry out congressional printing and binding services for the House in accordance with this section.

"(c) Definition.—In this section, the term 'congressional printing and binding services' means the following services:

"(1) Authorized printing and binding for the Congress and the distribution of congressional information in any format.

"(2) Preparing the semimonthly and session index to the Congressional Record.

"(3) Printing and binding of Government publications authorized by law to be distributed to Members of Congress.

"(4) Printing, binding, and distribution of Government publications authorized by law to be distributed without charge to the recipient."
44 U.S.C. § 741 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 7: CONGRESSIONAL PRINTING AND BINDING / Section 741: Disposition of documents stored at Capitol
Disposition of documents stored at Capitol
Status: in_force

The Secretary and Sergeant at Arms of the Senate and the Clerk and Doorkeeper of the House of Representatives, at the convening in regular session of each successive Congress shall cause an invoice to be made of public documents stored in and about the Capitol, other than those belonging to the quota of Members of Congress, to the Library of Congress and the Senate and House libraries and document rooms. The superintendents of the Senate Service Department and House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service shall put the documents to the credit of Senators and Representatives in quantities equal in the number of volumes and as nearly as possible in value, to each Member of Congress, and the documents shall be distributed upon the orders of Senators and Representatives, each of whom shall be supplied by the superintendents of the Senate Service Department and House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service with a list of the number and character of the publications thus put to his credit, but before apportionment is made copies of any of these documents desired for the use of a committee of either House shall be delivered to the chairman of the committee.

Four copies of leather-bound documents shall be reserved and carefully stored, to be used in supplying deficiencies in the Senate and House libraries caused by wear or loss.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1255.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §167 (Jan. 12, 1895, ch. 23, §63, 28 Stat. 611; July 2, 1954, ch. 455, title I, §101, 68 Stat. 397).

"Senate Service Department and House Folding Room" was substituted for "Senate and House folding rooms," and "superintendents of the Senate Service Department and House Folding Room" was substituted for "superintendents of the folding rooms" in view of act July 2, 1954, which redesignated the Senate Folding Room as the Senate Service Department.

Act July 2, 1954, provided in part that "hereafter" the Senate Folding Room should be known as the Senate Service Department.

"House of Representatives Publications Distribution Service" is substituted for "House Folding Room" because of the change of name under authority of Public Law 88–652.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Abolition of Office of Doorkeeper

Office of Doorkeeper of House of Representatives abolished and functions transferred generally to Sergeant-at-Arms of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Fourth Congress, Jan. 4, 1995.
44 U.S.C. § 3702 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 37: ADVERTISEMENTS BY GOVERNMENT AGENCIES / Section 3702: Advertisements not to be published without written authority
Advertisements not to be published without written authority
Status: in_force

Advertisements, notices, or proposals for an executive department of the Government, or for a bureau or office connected with it, may not be published in a newspaper except under written authority from the head of the department; and a bill for advertising or publication may not be paid unless there is presented with the bill a copy of the written authority.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1305.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §324 (R.S. §3828).
44 U.S.C. § 3104 (2024) — Title 44: PUBLIC PRINTING AND DOCUMENTS / Chapter 31: RECORDS MANAGEMENT BY FEDERAL AGENCIES / Section 3104: Certifications and determinations on transferred records
Certifications and determinations on transferred records
Status: in_force

An official of the Government who is authorized to certify to facts on the basis of records in such official's custody, may certify to facts on the basis of records that have been transferred by such official or such official's predecessors to the Archivist, and may authorize the Archivist to certify to facts and to make administrative determinations on the basis of records transferred to the Archivist, notwithstanding any other law.

(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1298; Pub. L. 98–497, title I, §107(b)(21), Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2290; Pub. L. 113–187, §8(10), Nov. 26, 2014, 128 Stat. 2012.)

Historical and Revision Notes

Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., §396(d) (June 30, 1949, ch. 288, title V, §506(d), as added Sept. 5, 1950, ch. 849, §6(d), 64 Stat. 583, and amended Feb. 5, 1964, Pub. L. 88–265, 78 Stat. 8).

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2014—Pub. L. 113–187 substituted "such official's custody" for "his custody" and "such official or such official's predecessors" for "him or his predecessors".

1984—Pub. L. 98–497 substituted "Archivist" for "Administrator of General Services" and "Archivist" for "Administrator" wherever appearing.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1984 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 98–497 effective Apr. 1, 1985, see section 301 of Pub. L. 98–497, set out as a note under section 2102 of this title.