22 U.S.C. § 4852 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 58: DIPLOMATIC SECURITY / Subchapter IV: DIPLOMATIC SECURITY PROGRAM / Section 4852: Diplomatic construction program
Diplomatic construction program
Status: in_force

(a) Preference for United States contractors

Notwithstanding section 302 of this title, and where adequate competition exists, only United States persons and qualified United States joint venture persons may be awarded—

(1) a diplomatic construction or design project which has an estimated total project value exceeding $25,000,000; and

(2) a diplomatic construction or design project which involves technical security, unless the project involves low-level technology, as determined by the Secretary of State.

(b) Exception

Subsection (a) shall not apply with respect to any diplomatic construction or design project in a foreign country whose statutes prohibit the use of United States contractors on such projects. The exception contained in this subsection shall only become effective with respect to a foreign country 30 days after the Secretary of State certifies to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate what specific actions he has taken to urge such foreign country to permit the use of United States contractors on such projects, and what actions he shall take with respect to that country as authorized by title II of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 4301 et seq.; commonly referred to as the "Foreign Missions Act").

(c) Definitions

For the purposes of this section—

(1) the term "adequate competition" means with respect to a construction or design project, the presence of three or more qualified bidders submitting responsive bids for that project;

(2) the term "United States person" means a person which—

(A) is incorporated or legally organized under the laws of the United States, including State, the District of Columbia, and local laws;

(B) has its principal place of business in the United States;

(C) has been incorporated or legally organized in the United States—

(i) for more than 5 years before the issuance date of the invitation for bids or request for proposals with respect to a construction project under subsection (a)(1); and

(ii) for more than 2 years before the issuance date of the invitation for bids or request for proposals with respect to a construction or design project which involves physical or technical security under subsection (a)(2);

(D) has performed within the United States or on a Federal contract abroad administrative and technical, professional, or construction services similar in complexity, type of construction, and value to the project being bid;

(E)(i) employs United States citizens in at least 65 percent of its principal management positions in the United States,

(ii) employs United States citizens in more than half of its permanent, full-time positions in the United States, and

(iii) will employ United States citizens in at least 65 percent of the supervisory positions on the foreign buildings office project site; and

(3) the term "qualified United States joint venture person" means a joint venture in which a United States person or persons owns at least 51 percent of the assets of the joint venture.

(d) American minority contractors

Not less than 10 percent of the amount appropriated pursuant to section 4851(a) of this title for diplomatic construction or design projects each fiscal year shall be allocated to the extent practicable for contracts with American minority contractors.

(e) American small business contractors

Not less than 10 percent of the amount appropriated pursuant to section 4851(a) of this title for diplomatic construction or design projects each fiscal year shall be allocated to the extent practicable for contracts with American small business contractors.

(f) Limitation on subcontracting

With respect to a diplomatic construction project, a prime contractor may not subcontract more than 50 percent of the total value of its contract for that project.

(Pub. L. 99–399, title IV, §402, Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 864; Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §132, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 32; Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §131, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 662; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(g)(10), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 407; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §206(b), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1364; Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LII, §5208, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2357; Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXII, §7214, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2536.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Title II of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956, referred to in subsec. (b), is title II of act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, as added Aug. 24, 1982, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(b), 96 Stat. 283, known as the Foreign Missions Act, which is classified principally to chapter 53 (§4301 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of title II to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4301 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2024—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 118–159, §7214(1), inserted "be awarded" after "joint venture persons may" in introductory provisions, struck out "bid on" at beginning of pars. (1) and (2), and substituted "$25,000,000" for "$10,000,000" in par. (1).

Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 118–159, §7214(2)(A), substituted "three" for "two".

Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 118–159, §7214(2)(B)(i), substituted "on a Federal contract abroad" for "at a United States diplomatic or consular establishment abroad".

Subsec. (c)(2)(E), (F). Pub. L. 118–159, §7214(2)(B)(ii)–(iv), redesignated subpar. (F) as (E), substituted "65" for "80" in cls. (i) and (iii), and struck out former subpar. (E) which read as follows: "with respect to a construction project under subsection (a)(1), has achieved total business volume equal to or greater than the value of the project being bid cumulatively over 3 years of the 5-year period before the date specified in subparagraph (C)(i);".

Subsec. (c)(2)(G). Pub. L. 118–159, §7214(2)(B)(ii), struck out subpar. (G) which read as follows: "has the existing technical and financial resources in the United States to perform the contract; and".

2021—Subsec. (c)(2)(E). Pub. L. 117–81 substituted "cumulatively over 3 years" for "in 3 years".

2002—Subsec. (c)(2)(D). Pub. L. 107–228 inserted "or at a United States diplomatic or consular establishment abroad" after "United States".

1994—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 103–236 substituted "Secretary of State" for "Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security".

1991—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 102–138, §131(1), substituted "$10,000,000" for "$5,000,000".

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–138, §131(2), amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "bid on a diplomatic construction or design project which involves physical or technical security, unless the project—

"(A) involves nonsophisticated, low-level technology, as determined by the Assistant Secretary for Diplomatic Security;

"(B) is for the design or construction of a facility that does not process or store classified material; and

"(C) does not exceed a total value of $500,000."

1990—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 101–246 amended par. (2) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (2) read as follows: "bid on a diplomatic construction or design project which involves physical or technical security."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

Construction of United States Embassy in Ottawa

Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §125, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 27, provided that: "Section 402(a) of the Diplomatic Security Act (22 U.S.C. 4852(a)) shall not apply to the construction or renovation of the United States Embassy in Ottawa, Canada."
22 U.S.C. § 1551 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 19: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE PROGRAM / Subchapter IV: ASSISTANCE TO KOREA / Section 1551: Repealed. Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, §542(a)(6), (7), 68 Stat. 861
Repealed. Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, title V, §542(a)(6), (7), 68 Stat. 861
Status: repealed

Section 1551, acts Feb. 14, 1950, ch. 16, §3, 64 Stat. 5; June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title I, §107(a), (b), 64 Stat. 202, related to conditions governing furnishing and termination of aid; shipping made available; appropriations; advances; and repayment.

Section 1552, acts Feb. 14, 1950, ch. 16, §4, 64 Stat. 6; June 5, 1950, ch. 220, title I, §107(c), 64 Stat. 202, related to termination of appropriation authorization period.
22 U.S.C. § 8755 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 94: IRAN THREAT REDUCTION AND SYRIA HUMAN RIGHTS / Subchapter IV: MEASURES TO PROMOTE HUMAN RIGHTS / Section 8755: Statement of policy on political prisoners
Statement of policy on political prisoners
Status: in_force

It shall be the policy of the United States—

(1) to support efforts to research and identify prisoners of conscience and cases of human rights abuses in Iran;

(2) to offer refugee status or political asylum in the United States to political dissidents in Iran if requested and consistent with the laws and national security interests of the United States;

(3) to offer to assist, through the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, with the relocation of such political prisoners to other countries if requested, as appropriate and with appropriate consideration for the national security interests of the United States; and

(4) to publicly call for the release of Iranian dissidents by name and raise awareness with respect to individual cases of Iranian dissidents and prisoners of conscience, as appropriate and if requested by the dissidents or prisoners themselves or their families.

(Pub. L. 112–158, title IV, §415, Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1257.)
22 U.S.C. § 5955 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 68A: COOPERATIVE THREAT REDUCTION WITH STATES OF FORMER SOVIET UNION / Section 5955: Repealed. Pub. L. 113-291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(3), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607
Repealed. Pub. L. 113-291, div. A, title XIII, §1351(3), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3607
Status: repealed

Section, Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XII, §1206, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1781, related to prior notice to Congress of obligation of funds for cooperative threat reduction programs.
22 U.S.C. § 661 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 12: CLAIMS COMMISSIONS / Section 661: Omitted
Omitted
Status: omitted

Editorial Notes

Codification

Sections 661 to 672, which established the American Mexican Claims Commission in 1942 for the settlement of certain claims, expired pursuant to the provisions of section 661(d), which provided that the authority of the Commission shall terminate at the expiration of four years after the date on which a majority of its members first appointed took office.

Section 661, acts Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §2, 56 Stat. 1058; Apr. 3, 1945, ch. 52, §5, 59 Stat. 50; Oct. 28, 1949, ch. 782, title XI, §1106(a), 63 Stat. 972, established American Mexican Claims Commission, prescribed its composition, provided for compensation of its members, and specified its termination date. Acts Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §2, 56 Stat. 1058; Apr. 3, 1945, ch. 52, §5, 59 Stat. 50, were subsequently repealed by Pub. L. 89–554, §8(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 651, 652.

Section 662, acts Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §3, 56 Stat. 1058; Mar. 28, 1947, ch. 23, 61 Stat. 24, related to jurisdiction of Commission and to presentation of claims.

Section 663, acts Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §4, 56 Stat. 1059; Apr. 3, 1945, ch. 52, §§4, 7, 59 Stat. 49, 50, related to authority of Commission to examine and render final decisions in those cases where claims were appraised by prior commissions.

Section 664, acts Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §5, 56 Stat. 1060; Apr. 3, 1945, ch. 52, §§1, 2, 59 Stat. 49, related to determination of claims.

Section 665, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §6, 56 Stat. 1061, related to determinations made by prior commissions, and to certification by the Secretary of State.

Section 666, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §7, 56 Stat. 1061, provided for conversion of appraisals from Mexican to American currency, and for interest on award or appraisal.

Section 667, acts Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §8, 56 Stat. 1061; Apr. 3, 1945, ch. 52, §§3, 6, 59 Stat. 49, 50, created Mexican Claims Fund, provided for appropriations to Fund, and for manner of payments from such Fund.

Section 668, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §9, 56 Stat. 1062, provided for payment of awards.

Section 669, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §10, 56 Stat. 1062, authorized appropriations for Commission to carry out its functions, and provided for deductions from award or appraisal as reimbursement for expenses incurred by United States.

Section 670, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §11(a), 56 Stat. 1063, related to distribution of awards by Special Mexican Claims Commission pursuant to Convention signed Apr. 24, 1943.

Section 671, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §12, 56 Stat. 1063, related to claims based on international arbitral awards prior to Convention of 1923.

Section 672, act Dec. 18, 1942, ch. 766, §13, 56 Stat. 1063, defined terms used in sections 661 to 671 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4831 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 58: DIPLOMATIC SECURITY / Subchapter III: PERFORMANCE AND ACCOUNTABILITY / Section 4831: Security Review Committees
Security Review Committees
Status: in_force

(a) In general

(1) Convening the Security Review Committee

In any case of a serious security incident involving loss of life, serious injury, or significant destruction of property at, or related to, a United States Government diplomatic mission abroad (referred to in this subchapter as a "Serious Security Incident"), and in any case of a serious breach of security involving intelligence activities of a foreign government directed at a United States Government mission abroad, the Secretary of State shall convene a Security Review Committee, which shall issue a report providing a full account of what occurred, consistent with section 4834 of this title.

(2) Committee composition

The Secretary shall designate a Chairperson and may designate additional personnel of commensurate seniority to serve on the Security Review Committee, which shall include—

(A) the Director of the Office of Management Strategy and Solutions;

(B) the Assistant Secretary responsible for the region where the incident occurred;

(C) the Assistant Secretary of State for Diplomatic Security;

(D) the Assistant Secretary of State for Intelligence and Research;

(E) an Assistant Secretary-level representative from any involved United States Government department or agency; and

(F) other personnel determined to be necessary or appropriate.

(3) Exceptions to convening a Security Review Committee

(A) In general

The Secretary of State is not required to convene a Security Review Committee—

(i) if the Secretary determines that the incident involves only causes unrelated to security, such as when the security at issue is outside of the scope of the Secretary of State's security responsibilities under section 4802 of this title;

(ii) if operational control of overseas security functions has been delegated to another agency in accordance with section 4805 of this title;

(iii) if the incident is a cybersecurity incident and is covered by other review mechanisms; or

(iv) in the case of an incident described in paragraph (1) that involves any facility, installation, or personnel of the Department of Defense with respect to which the Secretary has delegated operational control of overseas security functions to the Secretary of Defense pursuant to section 4805 of this title.

(B) Department of Defense investigations

In the case of an incident described in subparagraph (A)(iv), the Secretary of Defense shall conduct an appropriate inquiry. The Secretary of Defense shall report the findings and recommendations of such inquiry, and the action taken with respect to such recommendations, to the Secretary of State and Congress.

(4) Facilities in Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, and Iraq

(A) Limited exemptions from requirement to convene Board

The Secretary of State is not required to convene a Board in the case of an incident that—

(i) involves serious injury, loss of life, or significant destruction of property at, or related to, a United States Government mission in Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, or Iraq; and

(ii) occurs during the period beginning on October 1, 2020, and ending on September 30, 2022.

(B) Reporting requirements

In the case of an incident described in subparagraph (A), the Secretary shall—

(i) promptly notify the Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate of the incident;

(ii) conduct an inquiry of the incident; and

(iii) upon completion of the inquiry required by clause (ii), submit to each such Committee a report on the findings and recommendations related to such inquiry and the actions taken with respect to such recommendations.

(5) Rulemaking

The Secretary of State shall promulgate regulations defining the membership and operating procedures for the Security Review Committee and provide such guidance to the Chair and ranking members of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

(b) Deadlines for convening Security Review Committees

(1) In general

The Secretary of State shall convene a Security Review Committee not later than 60 days after the occurrence of an incident described in subsection (a)(1), or 60 days after the Department first becomes aware of such an incident, whichever is earlier, except that the 60-day period for convening a Security Review Committee may be extended for one additional 60-day period if the Secretary determines that the additional period is necessary.

(2) Delay in cases involving intelligence activities

With respect to breaches of security involving intelligence activities, the Secretary of State may delay the establishment of a Board if, after consultation with the chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, the Secretary determines that the establishment of a Board would compromise intelligence sources or methods. The Secretary shall promptly advise the chairmen of such committees of each determination pursuant to this paragraph to delay the establishment of a Board.

(c) Congressional notification

Whenever the Secretary of State convenes a Security Review Committee, the Secretary shall promptly inform the chair and ranking member of—

(1) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate;

(2) the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate;

(3) the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate;

(4) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives;

(5) the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives; and

(6) the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives.

(Pub. L. 99–399, title III, §301, Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 859; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §156(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1354; Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VI, §608], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–458; Pub. L. 109–140, §3, Dec. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2650; Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LIII, §5316, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2366; Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCIII, §9302(d), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3884.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a)(1), was in the original "titles I through IV", meaning titles I through IV of Pub. L. 99–399, Aug. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 855, known as the Diplomatic Security Act, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of titles I through IV of Pub. L. 99–399 to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4801 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2022—Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(1), substituted "Security Review Committees" for "Accountability Review Boards" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(A), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in paragraphs (2) and (3), in any case of serious injury, loss of life, or significant destruction of property at, or related to, a United States Government mission abroad, and in any case of a serious breach of security involving intelligence activities of a foreign government directed at a United States Government mission abroad, which is covered by the provisions of this chapter (other than a facility or installation subject to the control of a United States area military commander), the Secretary of State shall convene an Accountability Review Board (in this subchapter referred to as the 'Board'). The Secretary shall not convene a Board where the Secretary determines that a case clearly involves only causes unrelated to security."

Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(C), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (3).

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(D)(ii), (iii), substituted subpar. (A) designation, heading, introductory provisions, cls. (i) to (iii), and "(iv) in the case" for "The Secretary of State is not required to convene a Board in the case" and subpar. (B) designation, heading, and "In the case of an incident described in subparagraph (A)(iv)" for "In any such case".

Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(D)(i), substituted "Exceptions to convening a Security Review Committee" for "Department of Defense facilities and personnel" in heading.

Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(B), redesignated par. (2) as (3). Former par. (3) redesignated (4).

Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(B), redesignated par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(2)(E), added par. (5).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(3)(A), substituted "Security Review Committees" for "Boards" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(3)(B), amended par. (1) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Except as provided in paragraph (2), the Secretary of State shall convene a Board not later than 60 days after the occurrence of an incident described in subsection (a)(1), except that such 60-day period may be extended for one additional 60-day period if the Secretary determines that the additional period is necessary for the convening of the Board."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 117–263, §9302(d)(4), amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "Whenever the Secretary of State convenes a Board, the Secretary shall promptly inform the chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives—

"(1) that a Board has been convened;

"(2) of the membership of the Board; and

"(3) of other appropriate information about the Board."

2021—Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 117–81, §5316(1), substituted "Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, and" for "Afghanistan and" in heading.

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(i). Pub. L. 117–81, §5316(2)(A), substituted "Afghanistan, Yemen, Syria, or" for "Afghanistan or".

Subsec. (a)(3)(A)(ii). Pub. L. 117–81, §5316(2)(B), substituted "beginning on October 1, 2020, and ending on September 30, 2022" for "beginning on October 1, 2005, and ending on September 30, 2009".

2005—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 109–140, §3(1), substituted "paragraphs (2) and (3)" for "paragraph (2)".

Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 109–140, §3(2), added par. (3).

1999—Pub. L. 106–113 substituted "Review Boards" for "review" in section catchline and amended text generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "In any case of serious injury, loss of life, or significant destruction of property at or related to a United States Government mission abroad, and in any case of a serious breach of security involving intelligence activities of a foreign government directed at a United States Government mission abroad, which is covered by the provisions of this chapter (other than a facility or installation subject to the control of a United States area military commander), the Secretary of State shall convene an Accountability Review Board (hereafter in this subchapter referred to as the 'Board'). With respect to breaches of security involving intelligence activities, the Secretary of State may delay establishing an Accountability Review Board if, after consultation with the Chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, the Secretary determines that doing so would compromise intelligence sources and methods. The Secretary shall promptly advise the Chairmen of such committees of each determination pursuant to this section to delay the establishment of an Accountability Review Board. The Secretary shall not convene a Board where the Secretary determines that a case clearly involves only causes unrelated to security."

1987—Pub. L. 100–204 inserted ", and in any case of a serious breach of security involving intelligence activities of a foreign government directed at a United States Government mission abroad," after "mission abroad" in first sentence, and inserted after first sentence "With respect to breaches of security involving intelligence activities, the Secretary of State may delay establishing an Accountability Review Board if, after consultation with the Chairman of the Select Committee on Intelligence of the Senate and the Chairman of the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence of the House of Representatives, the Secretary determines that doing so would compromise intelligence sources and methods. The Secretary shall promptly advise the Chairmen of such committees of each determination pursuant to this section to delay the establishment of an Accountability Review Board."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

Security Review Committees for Certain Facilities

Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXVIII, §7812(d), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2565, provided that: "The authority provided under section 301(a)(3) of the Omnibus Diplomatic Security and Antiterrorism Act of 1986 (22 U.S.C. 4831(a)(3) [now 22 U.S.C. 4831(a)(4)]) shall remain in effect for facilities in Afghanistan and shall apply to facilities in Ukraine through September 30, 2026, except that the notification and reporting requirements contained in such section shall include the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives], the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate, and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives."

Similar provisions were contained in the following prior acts:

Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVIII, §9802(e), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3924.

Pub. L. 117–103, div. K, title VII, §7034(l)(8), Mar. 15, 2022, 136 Stat. 624.

Pub. L. 116–260, div. K, title VII, §7034(l)(7), Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 1750.

Pub. L. 116–94, div. G, title VII, §7034(l)(7), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2873.

Pub. L. 116–6, div. F, title VII, §7034(m)(7), Feb. 15, 2019, 133 Stat. 327.

Pub. L. 115–141, div. K, title VII, §7034(l)(8), Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 896.

Pub. L. 114–113, div. K, title VII, §7034(k)(2), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2764.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. J, title VII, §7034(l)(2), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2625.

Pub. L. 113–76, div. K, title VII, §7034(m)(2), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 515.

Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(m)(2), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1216.

Pub. L. 111–117, div. F, title VII, §7034(r), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3363.
22 U.S.C. § 1093 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 14: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY SYSTEM / Section 1093: Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, §2205(1), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2159
Repealed. Pub. L. 96-465, title II, §2205(1), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2159
Status: repealed

Section, acts Aug. 13, 1946, ch. 957, title VIII, §853, 60 Stat. 1024; Apr. 5, 1955, ch. 23, §9, 69 Stat. 27, related to extra credit for service at unhealthful posts.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96–465, set out as an Effective Date note under section 3901 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2378b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2378b: Limitation on assistance to the Palestinian Authority
Limitation on assistance to the Palestinian Authority
Status: in_force

(a) Limitation

Assistance may be provided under this chapter to the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority only during a period for which a certification described in subsection (b) is in effect.

(b) Certification

A certification described in subsection (a) is a certification transmitted by the President to Congress that contains a determination of the President that—

(1) no ministry, agency, or instrumentality of the Palestinian Authority is effectively controlled by Hamas, unless the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority has—

(A) publicly acknowledged the Jewish state of Israel's right to exist; and

(B) committed itself and is adhering to all previous agreements and understandings with the United States Government, with the Government of Israel, and with the international community, including agreements and understandings pursuant to the Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (commonly referred to as the "Roadmap"); and

(2) the Hamas-controlled Palestinian Authority has made demonstrable progress toward—

(A) completing the process of purging from its security services individuals with ties to terrorism;

(B) dismantling all terrorist infrastructure within its jurisdiction, confiscating unauthorized weapons, arresting and bringing terrorists to justice, destroying unauthorized arms factories, thwarting and preempting terrorist attacks, and fully cooperating with Israel's security services;

(C) halting all anti-American and anti-Israel incitement in Palestinian Authority-controlled electronic and print media and in schools, mosques, and other institutions it controls, and replacing educational materials, including textbooks, with materials that promote peace, tolerance, and coexistence with Israel;

(D) ensuring democracy, the rule of law, and an independent judiciary, and adopting other reforms such as ensuring transparent and accountable governance; and

(E) ensuring the financial transparency and accountability of all government ministries and operations.

(c) Recertifications

Not later than 90 days after the date on which the President transmits to Congress an initial certification under subsection (b), and every six months thereafter—

(1) the President shall transmit to Congress a recertification that the conditions described in subsection (b) are continuing to be met; or

(2) if the President is unable to make such a recertification, the President shall transmit to Congress a report that contains the reasons therefor.

(d) Congressional notification

Assistance made available under this chapter to the Palestinian Authority may not be provided until 15 days after the date on which the President has provided notice thereof to the appropriate congressional committees in accordance with the procedures applicable to reprogramming notifications under section 2394–1(a) of this title.

(e) National security waiver

(1) In general

Subject to paragraph (2), the President may waive subsection (a) with respect to—

(A) the administrative and personal security costs of the Office of the President of the Palestinian Authority;

(B) the activities of the President of the Palestinian Authority to fulfill his or her duties as President, including to maintain control of the management and security of border crossings, to foster the Middle East peace process, and to promote democracy and the rule of law; and

(C) assistance for the judiciary branch of the Palestinian Authority and other entities.

(2) Certification

The President may only exercise the waiver authority under paragraph (1) after—

(A) consulting with, and submitting a written policy justification to, the appropriate congressional committees; and

(B) certifying to the appropriate congressional committees that—

(i) it is in the national security interest of the United States to provide assistance otherwise prohibited under subsection (a); and

(ii) the individual or entity for which assistance is proposed to be provided is not a member of, or effectively controlled by (as the case may be), Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization.

(3) Report

Not later than 10 days after exercising the waiver authority under paragraph (1), the President shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report describing how the funds provided pursuant to such waiver will be spent and detailing the accounting procedures that are in place to ensure proper oversight and accountability.

(4) Treatment of certification as notification of program change

For purposes of this subsection, the certification required under paragraph (2)(B) shall be deemed to be a notification under section 2394–1 of this title and shall be considered in accordance with the procedures applicable to notifications submitted pursuant to that section.

(f) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Appropriate congressional committees

The term "appropriate congressional committees" means—

(A) the Committee on International Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

(2) Foreign terrorist organization

The term "foreign terrorist organization" means an organization designated as a foreign terrorist organization by the Secretary of State in accordance with section 1189(a) of title 8.

(3) Palestinian Authority

The term "Palestinian Authority" means the interim Palestinian administrative organization that governs part of the West Bank and all of the Gaza Strip (or any successor Palestinian governing entity), including the Palestinian Legislative Council.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §620K, as added, Pub. L. 109–446, §2(b)(2), Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3318.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (d), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006

Pub. L. 109–446, Dec. 21, 2006, 120 Stat. 3318, as amended by Pub. L. 114–323, title VII, §715(b)(3), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1946, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the 'Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006'.

"SEC. 2. LIMITATION ON ASSISTANCE TO THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY.

"(a) Declaration of Policy.—It shall be the policy of the United States—

"(1) to support a peaceful, two-state solution to end the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians in accordance with the Performance-Based Roadmap to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (commonly referred to as the 'Roadmap');

"(2) to oppose those organizations, individuals, and countries that support terrorism and violently reject a two-state solution to end the Israeli-Palestinian conflict;

"(3) to promote the rule of law, democracy, the cessation of terrorism and incitement, and good governance in institutions and territories controlled by the Palestinian Authority; and

"(4) to urge members of the international community to avoid contact with and refrain from supporting the terrorist organization Hamas until it agrees to recognize Israel, renounce violence, disarm, and accept prior agreements, including the Roadmap.

"(b) Amendments.—

"(1) [Amended section 2378a of this title.]

"(2) [Enacted this section.]

"(c) Previously Obligated Funds.—The provisions of section 620K of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b], as added by subsection (b), shall be applicable to the unexpended balances of funds obligated prior to the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2006].

"SEC. 3. LIMITATION ON ASSISTANCE FOR THE WEST BANK AND GAZA.

"(a) Amendment.—[Enacted section 2378c of this title.]

"(b) Oversight and Related Requirements.—

"(1) Oversight.—For each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008, the Secretary of State shall certify to the appropriate congressional committees not later than 30 days prior to the initial obligation of amounts for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2151 et seq.] that procedures have been established to ensure that the Comptroller General of the United States will have access to appropriate United States financial information in order to review the use of such assistance.

"(2) Vetting.—Prior to any obligation of amounts for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008 for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, the Secretary of State shall take all appropriate steps to ensure that such assistance is not provided to or through any individual or entity that the Secretary knows, or has reason to believe, advocates, plans, sponsors, engages in, or has engaged in, terrorist activity. The Secretary shall, as appropriate, establish procedures specifying the steps to be taken in carrying out this paragraph and shall terminate assistance to any individual or entity that the Secretary has determined advocates, plans, sponsors, or engages in terrorist activity.

"(3) Prohibition.—No amounts made available for fiscal year 2007 or 2008 for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 may be made available for the purpose of recognizing or otherwise honoring individuals who commit, or have committed, acts of terrorism.

"(4) Audits.—

"(A) In general.—The Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development shall ensure that Federal or non-Federal audits of all contractors and grantees, and significant subcontractors and subgrantees, that receive amounts for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 are conducted for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008 to ensure, among other things, compliance with this subsection.

"(B) Audits by inspector general of usaid.—Of the amounts available for each of the fiscal years 2007 and 2008 for assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank or Gaza under the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, up to $1,000,000 for each such fiscal year may be used by the Office of the Inspector General of the United States Agency for International Development for audits, inspections, and other activities in furtherance of the requirements of subparagraph (A). Such amounts are in addition to amounts otherwise available for such purposes.

"SEC. 4. DESIGNATION OF TERRITORY CONTROLLED BY THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY AS TERRORIST SANCTUARY.

"It is the sense of Congress that, during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(b)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority, the territory controlled by the Palestinian Authority should be deemed to be in use as a sanctuary for terrorists or terrorist organizations for purposes of [former] section 6(j)(5) of the Export Administration Act of 1979 (50 U.S.C. App. 2405(j)(5)) [former 50 U.S.C. 4605(j)(5)] and section 140 of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989 (22 U.S.C. 2656f).

"SEC. 5. DENIAL OF VISAS FOR OFFICIALS OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY.

"(a) In General.—Except as provided in subsection (b), a visa should not be issued to any alien who is an official of, under the control of, or serving as a representative of the Hamas-led Palestinian Authority during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(b)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

"(b) Exception.—The restriction under subsection (a) should not apply to—

"(1) the President of the Palestinian Authority and his or her personal representatives, provided that the President and his or her personal representatives are not affiliated with Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization; and

"(2) members of the Palestinian Legislative Council who are not members of Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization.

"SEC. 6. TRAVEL RESTRICTIONS ON OFFICIALS AND REPRESENTATIVES OF THE PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY AND THE PALESTINE LIBERATION ORGANIZATION STATIONED AT THE UNITED NATIONS IN NEW YORK CITY.

"(a) In General.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, and except as provided in subsection (b), the President should restrict the travel of officials and representatives of the Palestinian Authority and of the Palestine Liberation Organization, who are stationed at the United Nations in New York City to a 25-mile radius of the United Nations headquarters building during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(b)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

"(b) Exception.—The travel restrictions described in subsection (a) should not apply to the President of the Palestinian Authority and his or her personal representatives, provided that the President and his or her personal representatives are not affiliated with Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization.

"SEC. 7. PROHIBITION ON PALESTINIAN AUTHORITY REPRESENTATION IN THE UNITED STATES.

"(a) Prohibition.—Notwithstanding any other provision of law, it shall be unlawful to establish or maintain an office, headquarters, premises, or other facilities or establishments within the jurisdiction of the United States at the behest or direction of, or with funds provided by, the Palestinian Authority during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(b)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

"(b) Enforcement.—

"(1) Attorney general.—The Attorney General shall take the necessary steps and institute the necessary legal action to effectuate the policies and provisions of subsection (a).

"(2) Relief.—Any district court of the United States for a district in which a violation of subsection (a) occurs shall have authority, upon petition of relief by the Attorney General, to grant injunctive and such other equitable relief as it shall deem necessary to enforce the provisions of subsection (a).

"(c) Waiver.—Subsection (a) shall not apply if the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that the establishment or maintenance of an office, headquarters, premises, or other facilities is vital to the national security interests of the United States.

"SEC. 8. INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS.

"(a) Requirement.—The President should direct the United States Executive Director at each international financial institution to use the voice, vote, and influence of the United States to prohibit assistance to the Palestinian Authority (other than assistance described under subsection (b)) during any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(b)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority.

"(b) Exceptions.—The prohibition on assistance described in subsection (a) should not apply with respect to the following types of assistance:

"(1) Assistance to meet food, water, medicine, or sanitation needs, or other assistance to meet basic human needs.

"(2) Assistance to promote democracy, human rights, freedom of the press, non-violence, reconciliation, and peaceful coexistence, provided that such assistance does not directly benefit Hamas or other foreign terrorist organizations.

"(c) Definition.—In this section, the term 'international financial institution' has the meaning given the term in section 1701(c)(2) of the International Financial Institutions Act (22 U.S.C. 262r(c)(2)).

"SEC. 9. DIPLOMATIC CONTACTS WITH PALESTINIAN TERROR ORGANIZATIONS.

"No funds authorized or available to the Department of State may be used for or by any officer or employee of the United States Government to negotiate with members or official representatives of Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade, or any other Palestinian terrorist organization (except in emergency or humanitarian situations), unless and until such organization—

"(1) recognizes Israel's right to exist;

"(2) renounces the use of terrorism;

"(3) dismantles the infrastructure in areas within its jurisdiction necessary to carry out terrorist acts, including the disarming of militias and the elimination of all instruments of terror; and

"(4) recognizes and accepts all previous agreements and understandings between the State of Israel and the Palestinian Authority.

"SEC. 10. ISRAELI–PALESTINIAN PEACE, RECONCILIATION AND DEMOCRACY FUND.

"(a) Establishment of Fund.—Not later than 60 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2006], the Secretary of State shall establish a fund to be known as the 'Israeli-Palestinian Peace, Reconciliation and Democracy Fund' (in this section referred to as the 'Fund'). The purpose of the Fund shall be to support, primarily, through Palestinian and Israeli organizations, the promotion of democracy, human rights, freedom of the press, and non-violence among Palestinians, and peaceful coexistence and reconciliation between Israelis and Palestinians.

"(b) Authorization of Appropriations.—There is authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary of State $20,000,000 for fiscal year 2007 for purposes of the Fund.

"SEC. 11. REPORTING REQUIREMENT.

"Not later than 90 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2006], and annually thereafter, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that—

"(1) describes the steps that have been taken by the United States Government to ensure that other countries and international organizations, including multilateral development banks, do not provide direct assistance to the Palestinian Authority for any period for which a certification described in section 620K(b) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(b)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act) is not in effect with respect to the Palestinian Authority; and

"(2) identifies any countries and international organizations, including multilateral development banks, that are providing direct assistance to the Palestinian Authority during such a period, and describes the nature and amount of such assistance.

"SEC. 12. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

"(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

"(2) Palestinian authority.—The term 'Palestinian Authority' has the meaning given the term in section 620K(e)(2) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2378b(e)(2)] (as added by section 2(b)(2) of this Act)."

Executive Documents

Assistance for the West Bank and Gaza

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2007–20, June 1, 2007, 72 F.R. 34973, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 550(b) of the Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 2006 (FOAA)(Public Law 109–102), as amended by the Emergency Supplemental Appropriations Act for Defense, the Global War on Terror, and Hurricane Recovery, 2006 (Public Law 109–234), sections 620K(e) and 620L(b)(4) of the Foreign Assistance Act [of 1961], as added by the Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act of 2006 (Public Law 109–446), and section 301 of title 3, United States Code, I hereby certify and report that:

With respect to the provision of assistance for the administrative and personal security costs of the Office of the President of the Palestinian Authority; for the activities of the President of the Palestinian Authority to promote democracy, peaceful resolution of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and the rule of law and to fulfill his duties as President, including, among other things, to maintain control of the management and security of border crossings and to foster the Middle East peace process; and, with respect to independent agencies:

• it is in the national security interest of the United States to provide such assistance;

• as the case may be, the President of the Palestinian Authority, the President's party, and independent agencies and any members thereof, including any individual or entity for which assistance is proposed to be provided, are not members of, appointed by, or effectively controlled by Hamas or any other foreign terrorist organization; and

• such assistance provided hereunder will not be transferred or retransferred to any member of Hamas or other foreign terrorist organization or to any entity effectively controlled by Hamas or other foreign terrorist organization.

Accordingly, I hereby waive section 550(a) of the FOAA, as amended, and section 620K(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act, as amended, with respect to such assistance, and authorize such assistance for the above purposes.

Furthermore, I hereby determine that, with respect to assistance to nongovernmental organizations for the West Bank and Gaza other than assistance covered by paragraphs (b)(1), (2), and (3) of section 620L of the Foreign Assistance Act, as amended, it is in the national security interest of the United States to provide such assistance as the Secretary of State deems appropriate, and assign to the Secretary of State the functions under section 620L(b)(4)(B) regarding the specific programs, projects, and activities to be carried out using such assistance.

I also hereby assign the functions of the President under section 550(b) and (c) of the FOAA, as amended and as carried forward under the Revised Continuing Appropriations Resolution, 2007 (Public Law 110–5), to the Secretary of State.

You are hereby authorized and directed to report this determination to the Congress and publish it in the Federal Register.

George W. Bush.
22 U.S.C. § 283dd (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Subchapter XII: INTER-AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK / Section 283dd: Restrictions
Restrictions
Status: in_force

(a) 1 Unless authorized by law, neither the President nor any person or agency shall, on behalf of the United States—

(1) subscribe to additional shares of stock of the Corporation;

(2) vote for or agree to any amendment of the agreement which increases the obligations of the United States, or which changes the purpose or functions of the Corporation; or

(3) make a loan or provide other financing to the Corporation.

(Pub. L. 98–473, title I, §101(1) [title I], Oct. 12, 1984, 98 Stat. 1884, 1885.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section is based on section 205 of title II of S. 2416, Ninety-eighth Congress, as introduced Mar. 13, 1984, and enacted into law by Pub. L. 98–473.

1 So in original. No subsec. (b) has been enacted.
22 U.S.C. § 2571 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 35: ARMS CONTROL AND DISARMAMENT / Subchapter III: FUNCTIONS / Section 2571: Research, development and other studies
Research, development and other studies
Status: in_force

The Secretary of State is authorized and directed to exercise his powers in this subchapter in such manner as to ensure the acquisition of a fund of theoretical and practical knowledge concerning disarmament and nonproliferation. To this end, the Secretary of State is authorized and directed, under the direction of the President, (1) to ensure the conduct of research, development, and other studies in the fields of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament; (2) to make arrangements (including contracts, agreements, and grants) for the conduct of research, development, and other studies in the fields of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament by private or public institutions or persons; and (3) to coordinate the research, development, and other studies conducted in the fields of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament by or for other Government agencies. In carrying out his responsibilities under this chapter, the Secretary of State shall, to the maximum extent feasible, make full use of available facilities, Government and private. The authority of the Secretary under this chapter with respect to research, development, and other studies concerning arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament shall be limited to participation in the following:

(a) Control, reduction and elimination of armed forces and armaments

the detection, identification, inspection, monitoring, limitation, reduction, control, and elimination of armed forces and armaments, including thermonuclear, nuclear, missile, conventional, bacteriological, chemical, and radiological weapons:

(b) Weapon detection and identification tests

the techniques and systems of detecting, identifying, inspecting, and monitoring of tests of nuclear, thermonuclear, and other weapons;

(c) Analysis of national budgets and economic indicators

the analysis of national budgets, levels of industrial production, and economic indicators to determine the amounts spent by various countries for armaments 1 and of all aspects of anti-satellite activities;

(d) Space, earth's surface and underwater regions

the control, reduction, and elimination of armed forces and armaments in space, in areas on and beneath the earth's surface, and in underwater regions;

(e) Structure and operation of international control

the structure and operation of international control and other organizations useful for arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament;

(f) Training of control system personnel

the training of scientists, technicians, and other personnel for manning the control systems which may be created by international arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament agreements;

(g) Danger of war from accident, miscalculation, or surprise attack

the reduction and elimination of the danger of war resulting from accident, miscalculation, or possible surprise attack, including (but not limited to) improvements in the methods of communications between nations;

(h) Economic and political consequences of disarmament

the economic and political consequences of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament, including the problems of readjustment arising in industry and the reallocation of national resources;

(i) Disarmament implications of foreign and national security policies of United States

the arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament implications of foreign and national security policies of the United States with a view to a better understanding of the significance of such policies for the achievement of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament;

(j) National security and foreign policy implications of disarmament

the national security and foreign policy implications of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament proposals with a view to a better understanding of the effect of such proposals upon national security and foreign policy;

(k) Methods for maintenance of peace and security during stages of disarmament

methods for the maintenance of peace and security during different stages of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament;

(l) War prevention factors

the scientific, economic, political, legal, social, psychological, military, and technological factors related to the prevention of war with a view to a better understanding of how the basic structure of a lasting peace may be established; and

(m) Other related problems

such related problems as the Secretary of State may determine to be in need of research, development, or study in order to carry out the provisions of this chapter.

(Pub. L. 87–297, title III, §301, formerly §31, Sept. 26, 1961, 75 Stat. 633; Pub. L. 88–186, §5, Nov. 26, 1963, 77 Stat. 342; Pub. L. 95–108, §3, Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 871; Pub. L. 97–339, §4, Oct. 15, 1982, 96 Stat. 1636; Pub. L. 103–236, title VII, §719(c), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 501; renumbered §301 and amended Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, §1223(6), (21), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–769, 2681–772.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1998—Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(6)(A)–(E), in introductory provisions, inserted "this subchapter in" after "powers in", substituted "Secretary of State" for "Director" wherever appearing and "ensure" for "insure" in two places, struck out "in accordance with procedures established under section 2575 of this title" after "other Government agencies", and substituted "The authority of the Secretary under this chapter with respect to research, development, and other studies concerning arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament shall be limited to participation in the following:" for "The authority of the Director with respect to research, development, and other studies shall be limited to participation in the following insofar as they relate to arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament:".

Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(6)(F), inserted "and" at end.

Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 105–277, §1223(6)(B), substituted "Secretary of State" for "Director".

1994—Pub. L. 103–236, in introductory provisions, substituted "fields of arms control, nonproliferation, and disarmament" for "field of arms control and disarmament" in three places, in first sentence, inserted "and nonproliferation" after "disarmament", and in fourth sentence, inserted ", nonproliferation," after "arms control" wherever appearing.

1982—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 97–339 inserted "and of all aspects of antisatellite activities".

1977—Pub. L. 95–108 struck out "United States" before "private" in cl. (2) of opening par.

1963—Pub. L. 88–186 inserted "United States" before "private" in cl. (2) of opening par.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Apr. 1, 1999, see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6511 of this title.

Report on International Transfer of Conventional Arms

Pub. L. 92–352, title III, §302, July 13, 1972, 86 Stat. 495, directed Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, with cooperation of other agencies, to prepare a comprehensive report on international transfer of conventional arms and submit this report no later than one year after July 13, 1972, with an interim report submitted no later than six months after July 13, 1972.

1 So in original. Probably should be followed by a comma.
22 U.S.C. § 7002 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 77: UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONS / Subchapter VI: RELATED ISSUES / Section 7002: United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission
Status: in_force

(a) Purposes

The purposes of this section are as follows:

(1) To establish the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission to review the national security implications of trade and economic ties between the United States and the People's Republic of China.

(2) To facilitate the assumption by the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission of its duties regarding the review referred to in paragraph (1) by providing for the transfer to that Commission of staff, materials, and infrastructure (including leased premises) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission that are appropriate for the review upon the submittal of the final report of the Trade Deficit Review Commission.

(b) Establishment of United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission

(1) In general

There is hereby established a commission to be known as the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission (in this section referred to as the "Commission").

(2) Purpose

The purpose of the Commission is to monitor, investigate, and report to Congress on the national security implications of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China.

(3) Membership

The Commission shall be composed of 12 members, who shall be appointed in the same manner provided for the appointment of members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(c)(3) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act (19 U.S.C. 2213 note), except that—

(A) appointment of members by the Speaker of the House of Representatives shall be made after consultation with the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, in addition to consultation with the chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives provided for under clause (iii) of subparagraph (A) of that section;

(B) appointment of members by the President pro tempore of the Senate upon the recommendation of the majority leader of the Senate shall be made after consultation with the chairman of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, in addition to consultation with the chairman of the Committee on Finance of the Senate provided for under clause (i) of that subparagraph;

(C) appointment of members by the President pro tempore of the Senate upon the recommendation of the minority leader of the Senate shall be made after consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Armed Services of the Senate, in addition to consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Finance of the Senate provided for under clause (ii) of that subparagraph;

(D) appointment of members by the minority leader of the House of Representatives shall be made after consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Armed Services of the House of Representatives, in addition to consultation with the ranking minority member of the Committee on Ways and Means of the House of Representatives provided for under clause (iv) of that subparagraph;

(E) persons appointed to the Commission shall have expertise in national security matters and United States-China relations, in addition to the expertise provided for under subparagraph (B)(i)(I) of that section;

(F) each appointing authority referred to under subparagraphs (A) through (D) of this paragraph shall—

(i) appoint 3 members to the Commission;

(ii) make the appointments on a staggered term basis, such that—

(I) 1 appointment shall be for a term expiring on December 31, 2003;

(II) 1 appointment shall be for a term expiring on December 31, 2004; and

(III) 1 appointment shall be for a term expiring on December 31, 2005;

(iii) make all subsequent appointments on an approximate 2-year term basis to expire on December 31 of the applicable year; and

(iv) make appointments not later than 30 days after the date on which each new Congress convenes;

(G) members of the Commission may be reappointed for additional terms of service as members of the Commission; and

(H) members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission as of October 30, 2000, shall serve as members of the Commission until such time as members are first appointed to the Commission under this paragraph.

(4) Retention of support

The Commission shall retain and make use of such staff, materials, and infrastructure (including leased premises) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission as the Commission determines, in the judgment of the members of the Commission, are required to facilitate the ready commencement of activities of the Commission under subsection (c) or to carry out such activities after the commencement of such activities.

(5) Chairman and Vice Chairman

The members of the Commission shall select a Chairman and Vice Chairman of the Commission from among the members of the Commission.

(6) Meetings

(A) Meetings

The Commission shall meet at the call of the Chairman of the Commission.

(B) Quorum

A majority of the members of the Commission shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of business of the Commission.

(7) Voting

Each member of the Commission shall be entitled to one vote, which shall be equal to the vote of every other member of the Commission.

(c) Duties

(1) Annual report

Not later than December 1 each year (beginning in 2002), the Commission shall submit to Congress a report, in both unclassified and classified form, regarding the national security implications and impact of the bilateral trade and economic relationship between the United States and the People's Republic of China. The report shall include a full analysis, along with conclusions and recommendations for legislative and administrative actions, if any, of the national security implications for the United States of the trade and current balances with the People's Republic of China in goods and services, financial transactions, and technology transfers. The Commission shall also take into account patterns of trade and transfers through third countries to the extent practicable.

(2) Contents of report

Each report under paragraph (1) shall include, at a minimum, a full discussion of the following:

(A) The role of the People's Republic of China in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and other weapon systems (including systems and technologies of a dual use nature), including actions the United States might take to encourage the People's Republic of China to cease such practices.

(B) The qualitative and quantitative nature of the transfer of United States production activities to the People's Republic of China, including the relocation of manufacturing, advanced technology and intellectual property, and research and development facilities, the impact of such transfers on the national security of the United States (including the dependence of the national security industrial base of the United States on imports from China), the economic security of the United States, and employment in the United States, and the adequacy of United States export control laws in relation to the People's Republic of China.

(C) The effects of the need for energy and natural resources in the People's Republic of China on the foreign and military policies of the People's Republic of China, the impact of the large and growing economy of the People's Republic of China on world energy and natural resource supplies, prices, and the environment, and the role the United States can play (including through joint research and development efforts and technological assistance) in influencing the energy and natural resource policies of the People's Republic of China.

(D) Foreign investment by the United States in the People's Republic of China and by the People's Republic of China in the United States, including an assessment of its economic and security implications, the challenges to market access confronting potential United States investment in the People's Republic of China, and foreign activities by financial institutions in the People's Republic of China.

(E) The military plans, strategy and doctrine of the People's Republic of China, the structure and organization of the People's Republic of China military, the decision-making process of the People's Republic of China military, the interaction between the civilian and military leadership in the People's Republic of China, the development and promotion process for leaders in the People's Republic of China military, deployments of the People's Republic of China military, resources available to the People's Republic of China military (including the development and execution of budgets and the allocation of funds), force modernization objectives and trends for the People's Republic of China military, and the implications of such objectives and trends for the national security of the United States.

(F) The strategic economic and security implications of the cyber capabilities and operations of the People's Republic of China.

(G) The national budget, fiscal policy, monetary policy, capital controls, and currency management practices of the People's Republic of China, their impact on internal stability in the People's Republic of China, and their implications for the United States.

(H) The drivers, nature, and implications of the growing economic, technological, political, cultural, people-to-people, and security relations of the People's Republic of China's with other countries, regions, and international and regional entities (including multilateral organizations), including the relationship among the United States, Taiwan, and the People's Republic of China.

(I) The compliance of the People's Republic of China with its commitments to the World Trade Organization, other multilateral commitments, bilateral agreements signed with the United States, commitments made to bilateral science and technology programs, and any other commitments and agreements strategic to the United States (including agreements on intellectual property rights and prison labor imports), and United States enforcement policies with respect to such agreements.

(J) The implications of restrictions on speech and access to information in the People's Republic of China for its relations with the United States in economic and security policy, as well as any potential impact of media control by the People's Republic of China on United States economic interests.

(K) The safety of food, drug, and other products imported from China, the measures used by the People's Republic of China Government and the United States Government to monitor and enforce product safety, and the role the United States can play (including through technical assistance) to improve product safety in the People's Republic of China.

(3) Recommendations of report

Each report under paragraph (1) shall also include recommendations for action by Congress or the President, or both, including specific recommendations for the United States to invoke Article XXI (relating to security exceptions) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994 with respect to the People's Republic of China, as a result of any adverse impact on the national security interests of the United States.

(d) Hearings

(1) In general

The Commission or, at its direction, any panel or member of the Commission, may for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this section, hold hearings, sit and act at times and places, take testimony, receive evidence, and administer oaths to the extent that the Commission or any panel or member considers advisable.

(2) Information

The Commission may secure directly from the Department of Defense, the Central Intelligence Agency, and any other Federal department or agency information that the Commission considers necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its duties under this section, except the provision of intelligence information to the Commission shall be made with due regard for the protection from unauthorized disclosure of classified information relating to sensitive intelligence sources and methods or other exceptionally sensitive matters, under procedures approved by the Director of Central Intelligence.

(3) Security

The Office of Senate Security shall—

(A) provide classified storage and meeting and hearing spaces, when necessary, for the Commission; and

(B) assist members and staff of the Commission in obtaining security clearances.

(4) Security clearances

All members of the Commission and appropriate staff shall be sworn and hold appropriate security clearances.

(e) Commission personnel matters

(1) Compensation of members

Members of the Commission shall be compensated in the same manner provided for the compensation of members of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(1) and section 127(g)(6) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act (19 U.S.C. 2213 note).

(2) Travel expenses

Travel expenses of the Commission shall be allowed in the same manner provided for the allowance of the travel expenses of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(2) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act.

(3) Staff

An executive director and other additional personnel for the Commission shall be appointed, compensated, and terminated in the same manner provided for the appointment, compensation, and termination of the executive director and other personnel of the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(3) and section 127(g)(6) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act. The executive director and any personnel who are employees of the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission shall be employees under section 2105 of title 5 for purposes of chapters 63, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, and 90 of that title.

(4) Detail of government employees

Federal Government employees may be detailed to the Commission in the same manner provided for the detail of Federal Government employees to the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(4) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act.

(5) Foreign travel for official purposes

Foreign travel for official purposes by members and staff of the Commission may be authorized by either the Chairman or the Vice Chairman of the Commission.

(6) Procurement of temporary and intermittent services

The Chairman of the Commission may procure temporary and intermittent services for the Commission in the same manner provided for the procurement of temporary and intermittent services for the Trade Deficit Review Commission under section 127(g)(5) of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act.

(f) Authorization of appropriations

(1) In general

There is authorized to be appropriated to the Commission for fiscal year 2001, and for each fiscal year thereafter, such sums as may be necessary to enable the Commission to carry out its functions under this section.

(2) Availability

Amounts appropriated to the Commission shall remain available until expended.

(g) Applicability of chapter 10 of title 5

The provisions of chapter 10 of title 5 shall apply to the activities of the Commission.

(h) Effective date

This section shall take effect on the first day of the 107th Congress.

(Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XII, §1238], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–334; Pub. L. 107–67, title VI, §§645(a), 648, Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 556; Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, §2(b)(1), (c)(1), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 552; Pub. L. 109–108, title VI, §635(b), Nov. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2347; Pub. L. 110–161, div. J, title I, Dec. 26, 2007, 121 Stat. 2285; Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, §1259B(a), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3578; Pub. L. 117–286, §4(a)(173), Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4324.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 127 of the Trade Deficit Review Commission Act, referred to in subsecs. (b)(3) and (e), is section 127 of Pub. L. 105–277, which is set out in a note under section 2213 of Title 19, Customs Duties.

The first day of the 107th Congress, referred to in subsec. (h), was Jan. 3, 2001.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001, and not as part of the U.S.-China Relations Act of 2000 which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 117–286 substituted "chapter 10 of title 5" for "FACA" in heading and "chapter 10 of title 5" for "the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.)" in text.

2014—Subsec. (c)(2). Pub. L. 113–291 added subpars. (A) to (K) and struck out former subpars. (A) to (J) which described required contents of report.

2007—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 110–161 substituted "December" for "June".

2005—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–108 amended heading and text of subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, text read as follows: "The provisions of the Federal Advisory Committee Act (5 U.S.C. App.) shall not apply to the Commission."

2003—Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(A), inserted "Economic and" before "Security" in section catchline.

Subsec. (a)(1), (2). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(B), inserted "Economic and" before "Security".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(C)(i), inserted "Economic and" before "Security" in heading.

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(C)(ii), inserted "Economic and" before "Security".

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(C)(iii)(I), which directed the amendment of introductory provisions by inserting "Economic and" before "Security", could not be executed because "Security" does not appear.

Subsec. (b)(3)(F). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(c)(1), added subpar. (F) and struck out former subpar. (F) which read as follows: "members shall be appointed to the Commission not later than 30 days after the date on which each new Congress convenes;".

Subsecs. (b)(3)(H), (4), (e)(1), (2). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(C)(iii)(II), (iv), (D)(i), (ii), which directed insertion of "Economic and" before "Security", could not be executed because "Security" does not appear.

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(D)(iii)(II), inserted "Economic and" before "Security" in second sentence.

Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(D)(iii)(I), which directed the amendment of first sentence by inserting "Economic and" before "Security", could not be executed because "Security" does not appear.

Subsec. (e)(4), (6). Pub. L. 108–7, §2(b)(1)(D)(iv), (v), which directed the amendment of pars. (4) and (6) by inserting "Economic and" before "Security", could not be executed because "Security" does not appear.

2001—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 107–67, §648, substituted "June" for "March".

Subsec. (e)(3). Pub. L. 107–67, §645(a), inserted at end "The executive director and any personnel who are employees of the United States-China Security Review Commission shall be employees under section 2105 of title 5 for purposes of chapters 63, 81, 83, 84, 85, 87, 89, and 90 of that title."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the intelligence community deemed to be a reference to the Director of National Intelligence. Reference to the Director of Central Intelligence or the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency in the Director's capacity as the head of the Central Intelligence Agency deemed to be a reference to the Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. See section 1081(a), (b) of Pub. L. 108–458, set out as a note under section 3001 of Title 50, War and National Defense.

Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, §2(b)(2), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 552, provided that: "Any reference in any Federal law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of authority, or any document of or relating to the United States-China Security Review Commission shall be deemed to refer to the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission."

Effective Date of 2014 Amendment

Pub. L. 113–291, div. A, title XII, §1259B(b), Dec. 19, 2014, 128 Stat. 3579, provided that: "The amendments made by subsection (a) [amending this section] shall take effect on the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 19, 2014], and shall apply with respect to annual reports submitted under section 1238(c) of the Floyd D. Spence National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2001 [22 U.S.C. 7002(c)] after such date of enactment."

Effective Date of 2003 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, §2(c)(3), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 554, provided that: "This section [amending this section and enacting provisions set out as notes under this section] shall take effect on the date of enactment of this Act [Feb. 20, 2003]."

Effective Date of 2001 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–67, title VI, §645(b), Nov. 12, 2001, 115 Stat. 556, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on January 3, 2001."

Responsibilities of the Commission

Pub. L. 108–7, div. P, §2(c)(2), Feb. 20, 2003, 117 Stat. 553, provided that: "The United States-China Commission shall focus, in lieu of any other areas of work or study, on the following:

"(A) Proliferation practices.—The Commission shall analyze and assess the Chinese role in the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and other weapons (including dual use technologies) to terrorist-sponsoring states, and suggest possible steps which the United States might take, including economic sanctions, to encourage the Chinese to stop such practices.

"(B) Economic reforms and united states economic transfers.—The Commission shall analyze and assess the qualitative and quantitative nature of the shift of United States production activities to China, including the relocation of high-technology, manufacturing, and R&D facilities; the impact of these transfers on United States national security, including political influence by the Chinese Government over American firms, dependence of the United States national security industrial base on Chinese imports, the adequacy of United States export control laws, and the effect of these transfers on United States economic security, employment, and the standard of living of the American people; analyze China's national budget and assess China's fiscal strength to address internal instability problems and assess the likelihood of externalization of such problems.

"(C) Energy.—The Commission shall evaluate and assess how China's large and growing economy will impact upon world energy supplies and the role the United States can play, including joint R&D efforts and technological assistance, in influencing China's energy policy.

"(D) United states capital markets.—The Commission shall evaluate the extent of Chinese access to, and use of United States capital markets, and whether the existing disclosure and transparency rules are adequate to identify Chinese companies which are active in United States markets and are also engaged in proliferation activities or other activities harmful to United States security interests.

"(E) Corporate reporting.—The Commission shall assess United States trade and investment relationship with China, including the need for corporate reporting on United States investments in China and incentives that China may be offering to United States corporations to relocate production and R&D to China.

"(F) Regional economic and security impacts.—The Commission shall assess the extent of China's 'hollowing-out' of Asian manufacturing economies, and the impact on United States economic and security interests in the region; review the triangular economic and security relationship among the United States, Taipei and Beijing, including Beijing's military modernization and force deployments aimed at Taipei, and the adequacy of United States executive branch coordination and consultation with Congress on United States arms sales and defense relationship with Taipei.

"(G) United states-china bilateral programs.—The Commission shall assess science and technology programs to evaluate if the United States is developing an adequate coordinating mechanism with appropriate review by the intelligence community with Congress; assess the degree of non-compliance by China and United States-China agreements on prison labor imports and intellectual property rights; evaluate United States enforcement policies; and recommend what new measures the United States Government might take to strengthen our laws and enforcement activities and to encourage compliance by the Chinese.

"(H) World trade organization compliance.—The Commission shall review China's record of compliance to date with its accession agreement to the WTO, and explore what incentives and policy initiatives should be pursued to promote further compliance by China.

"(I) Media control.—The Commission shall evaluate Chinese government efforts to influence and control perceptions of the United States and its policies through the internet, the Chinese print and electronic media, and Chinese internal propaganda."

Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation act:

Pub. L. 109–108, title VI, §635(a), Nov. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2346.
22 U.S.C. § 503 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 10: HEMISPHERAL RELATIONS / Subchapter I: GENERALLY / Section 503: Facilitating work of foreign traveling salesmen; licenses and certificates of identification
Facilitating work of foreign traveling salesmen; licenses and certificates of identification
Status: in_force

Whereas the United States has entered into conventions with the Governments of Uruguay, Guatemala, Salvador, Panama, and Venezuela which were signed on August 27, 1918, December 3, 1918, January 28, 1919, February 8, 1919, and July 3, 1919, respectively, for facilitating the work of traveling salesmen; and

Whereas Articles I and II of each of said conventions read as follows:

"Article I. Manufacturers, merchants, and traders domiciled within the jurisdiction of one of the high contracting parties may operate as commercial travelers either personally or by means of agents or employees within the jurisdiction of the other high contracting party on obtaining from the latter, upon payment of a single fee, a license which shall be valid throughout its entire territorial jurisdiction.

"In case either of the high contracting parties shall be engaged in war, it reserves to itself the right to prevent from operating within its jurisdiction under the provisions of this treaty, or otherwise, enemy nationals or other aliens whose presence it may consider prejudicial to public order and national safety.

"Art. II. In order to secure the license above mentioned the applicant must obtain from the country of domicile of the manufacturers, merchants, and traders represented a certificate attesting his character as commercial traveler. This certificate, which shall be issued by the authority to be designated in each country for the purpose, shall be visaed by the consul of the country in which the applicant proposes to operate, and the authorities of the latter shall, upon the presentation of such certificate, issue to the applicant the national license as provided in Article I."

Now, therefore, the Secretary of Commerce, or any person in the Department of Commerce designated by him, is authorized to issue the licenses and certificates of identification which are provided for by the said Articles I and II, respectively, of the said conventions, or which may be provided for by similar articles in any convention or treaty that may, on and after September 22, 1922, be concluded by the United States with a foreign government, and is further authorized to collect a reasonable fee for each license and certificate of identification issued. The amount of such fee shall be fixed by regulations made by the Secretary of Commerce and shall be paid into the Treasury of the United States quarterly.

(Sept. 22, 1922, ch. 414, 42 Stat. 1028.)
22 U.S.C. § 2191 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2191: Repealed. Pub. L. 115-254, div. F, title VI, §1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513
Repealed. Pub. L. 115-254, div. F, title VI, §1464(2), Oct. 5, 2018, 132 Stat. 3513
Status: repealed

Section 2191, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §231, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 809; amended Pub. L. 93–390, §2(1), Aug. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 763; Pub. L. 95–268, §2, Apr. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 213; Pub. L. 97–65, §2, Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1021; Pub. L. 99–204, §§3, 4(a), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1669; Pub. L. 100–461, title V, §555, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–36; Pub. L. 102–549, title I, §101, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651; Pub. L. 103–392, title I, §105, Oct. 22, 1994, 108 Stat. 4099, related to congressional statement of purpose and the creation and functions of Overseas Private Investment Corporation.

Section 2191a, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §231A, as added Pub. L. 99–204, §5(a), Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1670; amended Pub. L. 100–418, title II, §2203(c), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1328; Pub. L. 102–549, title I, §102(a), Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651; Pub. L. 104–188, title I, §1954(b)(3), Aug. 20, 1996, 110 Stat. 1928; Pub. L. 106–158, §3(a), Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1745, related to additional requirements.

Section 2191b, Pub. L. 111–117, div. F, title VII, §7079(b), Dec. 16, 2009, 123 Stat. 3396, related to worker rights and human rights guidelines.

Section 2192, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §232, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 810, related to capital of the Corporation.

Section 2193, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §233, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 810; amended Pub. L. 97–65, §3(a), (b), Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1021, 1022; Pub. L. 106–158, §4, Dec. 9, 1999, 113 Stat. 1746; Pub. L. 106–200, title I, §123(c)(1), May 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 269; Pub. L. 108–158, §3(e), Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1950, related to organization and management of the Corporation.

Section 2194, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §234, as added Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 811; amended 1970 Reorg. Plan No. 2, §102, eff. July 1, 1970, 35 F.R. 7959, 84 Stat. 2085; Pub. L. 93–390, §2(2), Aug. 27, 1974, 88 Stat. 764; Pub. L. 95–268, §3, Apr. 24, 1978, 92 Stat. 214; Pub. L. 97–65, §4, Oct. 16, 1981, 95 Stat. 1022; Pub. L. 99–204, §§6(a), 7, 8, Dec. 23, 1985, 99 Stat. 1671, 1672; Pub. L. 100–461, title V, §555, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–36; Pub. L. 101–218, §8(c), Dec. 11, 1989, 103 Stat. 1868; Pub. L. 102–549, title I, §103, Oct. 28, 1992, 106 Stat. 3651; Pub. L. 106–31, title VI, §6001, May 21, 1999, 113 Stat. 112; Pub. L. 108–158, §§4(a), 5(a), Dec. 3, 2003, 117 Stat. 1950, related to investment insurance and other programs.

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 231 of Pub. L. 87–195, pt. 1, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 432, related to general authority of President to participate in financing of surveys of investment opportunities in less developed friendly countries, prior to the general reorganization of this subpart by Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807.

A prior section 232 of Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 432 as amended by Pub. L. 87–565, pt. I, §105, Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 257; Pub. L. 88–633, pt. I, §104, Oct. 7, 1964, 78 Stat. 1010; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. I, §105, Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 451, authorized appropriations for surveys of investment opportunities, prior to the general reorganization of this subpart by Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807.

A prior section 233 of Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 432, contained definitions, prior to the general reorganization of this subpart by Pub. L. 91–175, pt. I, §105, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 807.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of Repeal

Repeal effective at the end of the transition period, as defined in section 9681 of this title, see section 9684 of this title.

Appropriation of Moneys in Advance as Requisite to Purchases, Investments, or Other Acquisitions of Equity by Fund Created Under Pilot Equity Finance Program

Pub. L. 100–461, title V, §555, Oct. 1, 1988, 102 Stat. 2268–36, provided in part: "That purchases, investments or other acquisitions of equity by the fund created by section 104 of H.R. 5263 as hereby enacted [former 22 U.S.C. 2194(g)(5)] are limited to such amounts as may be provided in advance in appropriations Acts", and further provided "That purchases, investments or other acquisitions of equity by the fund created by section 104 of S. 2757 as hereby enacted [former 22 U.S.C. 2194(g)(5)] are limited to such amounts as may be provided in advance in appropriations Acts".

Overseas Private Investment Corporation; Reaffirmation of Support

Pub. L. 100–418, title II, §2203(a), Aug. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 1328, provided that Congress reaffirmed its support for the former Overseas Private Investment Corporation as a United States Government agency serving important development assistance goals.

Executive Documents

Ex. Ord. No. 11579. Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Ex. Ord. No. 11579, Jan. 19, 1971, 36 F.R. 969, as amended by Ex. Ord. No. 12107, Dec. 28, 1978, 44 F.R. 1055; Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, provided:

By virtue of the authority vested in me by the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (75 Stat. 424), as amended (hereinafter the "Act") [section 2151 et seq. of this title] and section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, and as President of the United States, it is ordered as follows:

Section 1. Transfer to Overseas Private Investment Corporation. All obligations, assets and related rights and responsibilities arising out of, or related to, predecessor programs and authorities similar to those provided for in sections 234(a), (b) and (d) of the Act [former section 2194(a), (b) and (d) of this title] are hereby transferred to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (hereinafter the "Corporation").

Sec. 2. Delegation of functions. (a) [Revoked by Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673.]

(b) The function of prescribing regulations relating to the reinstatement or restoration of officers and employees of the Corporation to other government positions, when their appointment to a position in the Corporation was made from another government position and their separation from the Corporation was not made for cause, is hereby delegated to the Office of Personnel Management.

Sec. 3. Allocation and transfer of funds. Funds made available under section 232 of the Act (repealed by section 105 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1969) [former section 2192 of this title] which are obligated but unexpended are hereby transferred to the Corporation.

Sec. 4. General provisions. (a) As used in this order, the words "function" or "functions" include any duty, obligation, power, authority, responsibility, right, privilege, discretion, or activity.

(b) The Corporation shall be deemed to be the successor of the Agency for International Development and the Administrator thereof, with respect to all functions vested in the Corporation pursuant to law.

(c) Except to the extent that they may be inconsistent with this order, all determinations, authorizations, regulations, rulings, certificates, orders, directives, contracts, agreements, and other actions made, issued, or entered into with respect to any function affected by this order and not revoked, superseded or otherwise made inapplicable before the date of this order, shall continue in full force and effect until amended, modified, or terminated by appropriate authority.

(d) Executive Order No. 10973 of November 3, 1961, as amended [formerly set out as a note under section 2381 of this title], is hereby superseded insofar as any provision therein is in conflict with any provision herein.

(e) The provisions of this order shall become effective upon adoption by the Board of Directors of bylaws for the Corporation.

[For transfer of functions, personnel, assets, and liabilities of the Overseas Private Investment Corporation to the United States International Development Finance Corporation and treatment of related references, see sections 9683 and 9686(d) of this title.]
22 U.S.C. § 4083b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IX: TRAVEL, LEAVE, AND OTHER BENEFITS / Section 4083b: Overseas operations leave
Overseas operations leave
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions

In this section—

(1) the term "agency" means an Executive agency (as that term is defined in section 105 of title 5), but does not include the Government Accountability Office.

(2) the term "employee" means an officer or an individual who is—

(A) appointed in the civil service, the Foreign Service, or any appointment authority other than the uniformed services (as that term is defined in section 101 of title 37), by one of the following acting in an official capacity:

(i) The President.

(ii) A Member or Members of Congress, or Congress.

(iii) An individual who is an employee under this section.

(iv) The head of a Government-controlled corporation;

(B) engaged in the performance of a Federal function under authority of law or an Executive act; and

(C) subject to the supervision of an individual described in subparagraph (A) while engaged in the performance of the duties of his or her position; and

(3) the term "leave year" means the period beginning with the first day of the first complete pay period in a calendar year and ending with the day immediately before the first day of the first complete pay period in the following calendar year.

(b) Leave for overseas operations

The Secretary or other head of an agency may prescribe regulations to grant up to 10 days of paid leave, per leave year, to an employee of the agency serving abroad for the purpose of local holidays.

(c) Discretionary authority of the Secretary or other agency head

Use of the authority under subsection (b) is at the sole and exclusive discretion of the head of the agency concerned.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §903b, as added Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXII, §7215(a), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2537.)
22 U.S.C. § 2794 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 39: ARMS EXPORT CONTROL / Subchapter IV: GENERAL, ADMINISTRATIVE, AND MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS / Section 2794: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

For purposes of this chapter, the term—

(1) "excess defense article" has the meaning provided by section 2403(g) of this title;

(2) "value" means, in the case of an excess defense article, except as otherwise provided in section 2761(a) of this title, not less than the greater of—

(A) the gross cost incurred by the United States Government in repairing, rehabilitating, or modifying such article, plus the scrap value; or

(B) the market value, if ascertainable;

(3) "defense article", except as provided in paragraph (7) of this section, means, with respect to a sale or transfer by the United States under the authority of this chapter or any other foreign assistance or sales program of the United States—

(A) any weapon, weapons system, munition, aircraft, vessel, boat, or other implement of war,

(B) any property, installation, commodity, material, equipment, supply, or goods used for the purposes of making military sales,

(C) any machinery, facility, tool, material, supply, or other item necessary for the manufacture, production, processing, repair, servicing, storage, construction, transportation, operation, or use of any article listed in this paragraph, and

(D) any component or part of any article listed in this paragraph,

but does not include merchant vessels or (as defined by the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.]) source material (except uranium depleted in the isotope 235 which is incorporated in defense articles solely to take advantage of high density or pyrophoric characteristics unrelated to radioactivity), byproduct material, special nuclear material, production facilities, utilization facilities, or atomic weapons or articles involving Restricted Data;

(4) "defense service", except as provided in paragraph (7) of this section, means, with respect to a sale or transfer by the United States under the authority of this chapter or any other foreign assistance or sales program of the United States, any service, test, inspection, repair, training, publication, technical or other assistance, or defense information (as defined in section 2403(e) of this title), used for the purposes of making military sales, but does not include design and construction services under section 2769 of this title;

(5) "training" includes formal or informal instruction of foreign students in the United States or overseas by officers or employees of the United States, contract technicians, or contractors (including instruction at civilian institutions), or by correspondence courses, technical, educational, or information publications and media of all kinds, training aid, orientation, training exercise, and military advice to foreign military units and forces;

(6) "major defense equipment" means any item of significant military equipment on the United States Munitions List having a nonrecurring research and development cost of more than $50,000,000 or a total production cost of more than $200,000,000;

(7) "defense articles and defense services" means, with respect to commercial exports subject to the provisions of section 2778 of this title, those items designated by the President pursuant to subsection (a)(1) of such section;

(8) "design and construction services" means, with respect to sales under section 2769 of this title, the design and construction of real property facilities, including necessary construction equipment and materials, engineering services, construction contract management services relating thereto, and technical advisory assistance in the operation and maintenance of real property facilities provided or performed by any department or agency of the Department of Defense or by a contractor pursuant to a contract with such department or agency;

(9) "significant military equipment" means articles—

(A) for which special export controls are warranted because of the capacity of such articles for substantial military utility or capability; and

(B) identified on the United States Munitions List;

(10) "weapons of mass destruction" has the meaning provided by section 2302(1) of title 50; and

(11) "Sales territory" means a country or group of countries to which a defense article or defense service is authorized to be reexported.

(Pub. L. 90–629, ch. 4, §47, as added Pub. L. 93–189, §25(12), Dec. 17, 1973, 87 Stat. 731; amended Pub. L. 94–329, title II, §215, June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 746; Pub. L. 96–92, §22, Oct. 29, 1979, 93 Stat. 710; Pub. L. 96–533, title I, §105(f), Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3135; Pub. L. 99–83, title I, §107(b), title XII, §1211(b)(3), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 197, 279; Pub. L. 104–164, title I, §144, July 21, 1996, 110 Stat. 1434; Pub. L. 107–228, div. B, title XII, §1202(b), title XIV, §1405(a)(4), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1427, 1458; Pub. L. 113–276, title II, §§207, 208(b)(1)(B), Dec. 18, 2014, 128 Stat. 2992, 2993.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in text, was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 90–629, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1321, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2751 of this title and Tables.

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in par. (3), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, §1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.

Amendments

2014—Par. (2). Pub. L. 113–276, §208(b)(1)(B), substituted "2761(a) of this title," for "2761(a) of this title,," in introductory provisions.

Par. (3). Pub. L. 113–276, §207(1), in introductory provisions, substituted "means, with respect to a sale or transfer by the United States under the authority of this chapter or any other foreign assistance or sales program of the United States—" for "includes—".

Par. (4). Pub. L. 113–276, §207(2), substituted "means, with respect to a sale or transfer by the United States under the authority of this chapter or any other foreign assistance or sales program of the United States," for "includes".

2002—Par. (10). Pub. L. 107–228, §1202(b), added par. (10).

Par. (11). Pub. L. 107–228, §1405(a)(4), added par. (11).

1996—Par. (9). Pub. L. 104–164 added par. (9).

1985—Par. (2). Pub. L. 99–83, §107(b), inserted ", except as otherwise provided in section 2761(a) of this title,".

Par. (6). Pub. L. 99–83, §1211(b)(3), substituted "military" for "combat".

1980—Par. (4). Pub. L. 96–533, §105(f)(1), excluded from term "defense service" design and construction services under section 2769 of this title.

Par. (8). Pub. L. 96–533, §105(f)(2)–(4), added par. (8).

1979—Par. (3). Pub. L. 96–92 defined "defense article" to include uranium depleted in the isotope 235 which is incorporated in defense articles solely to take advantage of high density or pyrophoric characteristics unrelated to radioactivity.

1976—Pars. (3) to (7). Pub. L. 94–329 added pars. (3) to (7).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6432a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 73: INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM / Subchapter II: COMMISSION ON INTERNATIONAL RELIGIOUS FREEDOM / Section 6432a: Powers of the Commission
Powers of the Commission
Status: in_force

(a) Hearings and sessions

The Commission may, for the purpose of carrying out its duties under this subchapter, hold hearings, sit and act at times and places in the United States, take testimony and receive evidence as the Commission considers advisable to carry out the purposes of this chapter.

(b) Information from Federal agencies

The Commission may secure directly from any Federal department or agency such information as the Commission considers necessary to carry out the provisions of this section. Upon request of the Chairperson of the Commission, the head of such department or agency shall furnish such information to the Commission, subject to applicable law.

(c) Postal services

The Commission may use the United States mails in the same manner and under the same conditions as other departments and agencies of the Federal Government.

(d) Administrative procedures

The Commission may adopt such rules and regulations, relating to administrative procedure, as may be reasonably necessary to enable it to carry out the provisions of this subchapter.

(e) Views of the Commission

The Members of the Commission may speak in their capacity as private citizens. Statements on behalf of the Commission shall be issued in writing over the names of the Members. The Commission shall in its written statements clearly describe its statutory authority, distinguishing that authority from that of appointed or elected officials of the United States Government. Oral statements, where practicable, shall include a similar description. If a Member of the Commission is invited to speak at an event in his or her capacity as a Commissioner, the Member shall provide notice of the request to all Commissioners and the Executive Director as soon as the Commissioner becomes aware of such invitation. Speeches and responses to questions at official events shall reflect the views of the Commission. Official speeches and other prepared materials shall be made available to all Commissioners in advance of the event. If a Commissioner is speaking in his or her private capacity, he or she shall include qualifying language that the views they are representing are his or her own views and not the views of the Commission.

(f) Travel

(1) In general

The Members of the Commission may, with the approval of the Commission, conduct such travel as is necessary to carry out the purpose of this subchapter. Each trip must be approved by a majority of the Commission. This provision shall not apply to the Ambassador-at-Large, whose travel shall not require approval by the Commission.

(2) Prohibition against payment of official travel by non-Federal sources

Members of the Commission and Commission staff may not accept payment from a non-Federal source for expenses related to official travel on behalf of the Commission.

(g) Annual disclosures

Not later than March 1 of each year, each Member of the Commission shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees (as defined in section 6433a(a) of this title) with respect to the most recently concluded 12-month period, that discloses any travel by the Member outside of the United States that was paid for or reimbursed by a person or entity other than the Member, a relative of the Member, or the Federal Government, including—

(1) who paid for or reimbursed the travel;

(2) a good faith estimate of the cost of the travel, if the travel was funded by a person or entity that does not employ the Member; and

(3) brief details of the travel and events related to such travel.

(Pub. L. 105–292, title II, §203, as added Pub. L. 106–55, §1(b)(3), Aug. 17, 1999, 113 Stat. 401; amended Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title VIII, §§804(b), 806(b), (c), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3077, 3078.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsec. (a), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 105–292, Oct. 27, 1998, 112 Stat. 2787, known as the International Religious Freedom Act of 1998, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6401 of this title and Tables.

Prior Provisions

A prior section 203 of Pub. L. 105–292 was renumbered section 205 and is classified to section 6433 of this title.

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 116–94, §804(b), inserted at end "If a Member of the Commission is invited to speak at an event in his or her capacity as a Commissioner, the Member shall provide notice of the request to all Commissioners and the Executive Director as soon as the Commissioner becomes aware of such invitation. Speeches and responses to questions at official events shall reflect the views of the Commission. Official speeches and other prepared materials shall be made available to all Commissioners in advance of the event. If a Commissioner is speaking in his or her private capacity, he or she shall include qualifying language that the views they are representing are his or her own views and not the views of the Commission."

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 116–94, §806(b), designated existing provisions as par. (1), inserted heading, and added par. (2).

Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 116–94, §806(c), added subsec. (g).
22 U.S.C. § 3423 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 49: SUPPORT OF PEACE TREATY BETWEEN EGYPT AND ISRAEL / Subchapter II: MULTINATIONAL FORCE AND OBSERVERS PARTICIPATION / Section 3423: United States contributions to costs
United States contributions to costs
Status: in_force

(a) United States share of the costs

In accordance with the agreement set forth in the exchanges of letters between the United States and Egypt and between the United States and Israel which were signed on August 3, 1981, the United States share of the costs of the Multinational Force and Observers—

(1) shall not exceed 60 per centum of the budget for the expenses connected with the establishment and initial operation of the Multinational Force and Observers during the period ending September 30, 1982; and

(2) shall not exceed 331/3 per centum of the budget for the annual operating expenses of the Multinational Force and Observers for each financial year beginning after that date.

(b) Authorization of appropriations

(1) There are authorized to be appropriated to the President to carry out chapter 6 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 [22 U.S.C. 2348 et seq.], in addition to amounts otherwise available to carry out that chapter, $125,000,000 for the fiscal year 1982 for use in paying the United States contribution to the budget of the Multinational Force and Observers. Amounts appropriated under this subsection are authorized to remain available until expended.

(2) Expenditures made pursuant to section 138 of the joint resolution entitled "Joint resolution making continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1982, and for other purposes", approved October 1, 1981 (Public Law 97–51), or pursuant to any subsequent corresponding provision applicable to the fiscal year 1982, shall be charged to the appropriation authorized by this subsection.

(c) Reimbursements to the United States

Unless required by law, reimbursements to the United States by the Multinational Force and Observers shall be on the basis of identifiable costs actually incurred as a result of requirements imposed by the Multinational Force and Observers, and shall not include administrative surcharges.

(Pub. L. 97–132, §4, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1694.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, referred to in subsec. (b)(1), is Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424. Chapter 6 of part II of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 is classified to part VI (§2348 et seq.) of subchapter II of chapter 32 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Section 138 of the joint resolution entitled "Joint resolution making continuing appropriations for the fiscal year 1982, and for other purposes", approved October 1, 1981 (Public Law 97–51), referred to in subsec. (b)(2), is section 138 of Pub. L. 97–51, Oct. 1, 1981, 95 Stat. 967, which is not classified to the Code.
22 U.S.C. § 2201 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2201: Assistance to disadvantaged children in Asia
Assistance to disadvantaged children in Asia
Status: in_force

(a) Congressional findings

The Congress recognizes the humanitarian needs of disadvantaged children in Asian countries where there has been or continues to be a heavy presence of United States military and related personnel in recent years. Moreover, the Congress finds that inadequate provision has been made for the care and welfare of such disadvantaged children, particularly those fathered by the 1 United States citizens.

(b) Authority of President

Accordingly, the President is authorized to expend up to $3,000,000 of funds made available under part I of this subchapter, in addition to funds otherwise available for such purposes, to help meet the needs of these disadvantaged children in Asia by assisting in the expansion and improvement of orphanages, hostels, day care centers, school feeding programs, and health, education, and welfare programs. Assistance provided under this section shall be furnished under the auspices of and by international organizations or private voluntary agencies operating within, and in cooperation with, the countries of Asia where these disadvantaged children reside.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §241, as added Pub. L. 95–424, title I, §116, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 952; amended Pub. L. 99–83, title IX, §903(a), Aug. 8, 1985, 99 Stat. 268.)

Editorial Notes

Prior Provisions

A prior section 2201, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §241, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 433; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. I, §105, Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 382, related to general authority of President respecting development research and use of funds for research into problems of population growth, prior to repeal by Pub. L. 94–161, title III, §306(1), Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 858.

Amendments

1985—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–83 substituted "$3,000,000" for "$2,000,000".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to Part I Deemed To Include Section 2293

References to part I of this subchapter are deemed to include a reference to section 2293 of this title. See section 2293(d)(1) of this title.

Effective Date of 1985 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–83 effective Oct. 1, 1985, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 99–83, set out as a note under section 2151–1 of this title.

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as an Effective Date of 1978 Amendment note under section 2151 of this title.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.

1 So in original.
22 U.S.C. § 1641b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter III: CLAIMS AGAINST BULGARIA, HUNGARY, RUMANIA, ITALY, AND THE SOVIET UNION / Section 1641b: Claims of nationals of the United States against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania
Claims of nationals of the United States against Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania
Status: in_force

The Commission shall receive and determine in accordance with applicable substantive law, including international law, the validity and amounts of claims of nationals of the United States against the Governments of Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania, or any of them, arising out of the failure to—

(1) restore or pay compensation for property of nationals of the United States as required by article 23 of the treaty of peace with Bulgaria, articles 26 and 27 of the treaty of peace with Hungary, and articles 24 and 25 of the treaty of peace with Rumania. Awards under this paragraph shall be in amounts not to exceed two-thirds of the loss or damage actually sustained;

(2) pay effective compensation for the nationalization, compulsory liquidation, or other taking, prior to August 9, 1955, of property of nationals of the United States in Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania;

(3) meet obligations expressed in currency of the United States arising out of contractual or other rights acquired by nationals of the United States prior to April 24, 1941, in the case of Bulgaria, and prior to September 1, 1939, in the case of Hungary and Rumania, and which became payable prior to September 15, 1947;

(4) pay effective compensation for the nationalization, compulsory liquidation, or other taking of property of nationals of the United States in Bulgaria and Rumania, between August 9, 1955, and the effective date of the claims agreement between the respective country and the United States; and

(5) pay effective compensation for the nationalization, compulsory liquidation, or other taking of property of nationals of the United States in Hungary, between August 9, 1955, and the date the United States-Hungarian Claims Agreement of March 6, 1973, enters into force.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title III, §303, as added Aug. 9, 1955, ch. 645, §3, 69 Stat. 571; amended Pub. L. 90–421, §1(9), (10), July 24, 1968, 82 Stat. 422; Pub. L. 93–460, §1(2), (3), Oct. 20, 1974, 88 Stat. 1386.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1974—Par. (5). Pub. L. 93–460, §1(3), added par. (5).

1968—Par. (4). Pub. L. 90–421, §1(10), added par. (4).
22 U.S.C. § 2384 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2384: Statutory officers
Statutory officers
Status: in_force

(a) Appointment

The President may appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, twelve officers in the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, and in the selection of one of such persons due consideration shall be given to persons qualified as professional engineers.

(b) Rate of compensation; title of officers; order of succession

Within the limitations established by subsection (a) of this section, the President may fix the rate of compensation, and may designate the title of, any officer appointed pursuant to the authority contained in that subsection. The President may also fix the order of succession among the officers provided for in subsection (a) of this section in the event of the absence, death, resignation, or disability of one or more of said officers.

(c) Appointment of certain statutory officers to comparable positions

Any person who was appointed by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to any statutory position authorized by any provision of law repealed by section 642(a) and who is serving in one of such positions at the time of transfer of functions pursuant to subsections (c) and (d) of section 2381 of this title, may be appointed by the President to a comparable position authorized by subsection (a) of this section on the date of the establishment of the agency primarily responsible for administering subchapter I of this chapter, without further action by the Senate.

(d) Repealed. Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §124(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 541

(e) Coordinator for security assistance

In addition to the officers otherwise provided for in this section, the President shall appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, one officer for the purpose of coordinating security assistance programs.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §624, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 447; Pub. L. 87–565, pt. III, §302(b), Aug. 1, 1962, 76 Stat. 262; Pub. L. 88–205, pt. III, §302(b), Dec. 16, 1963, 77 Stat. 388; Pub. L. 88–426, title III, §305(33), (42), Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 426, 428; Pub. L. 89–171, pt. III, §302(b), Sept. 6, 1965, 79 Stat. 660; Pub. L. 89–583, pt. III, §302(b), Sept. 19, 1966, 80 Stat. 807; Pub. L. 90–137, pt. III, §302(a), Nov. 14, 1967, 81 Stat. 460; Pub. L. 91–175, pt. III, §304, Dec. 30, 1969, 83 Stat. 821; Pub. L. 92–226, pt. III, §302, Feb. 7, 1972, 86 Stat. 28; Pub. L. 94–329, title III, §301(b), June 30, 1976, 90 Stat. 750; Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §124(a)(1), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 541; Pub. L. 95–105, title I, §109(a)(1), Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 846; Pub. L. 95–424, title V, §504, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 959; Pub. L. 96–533, title VII, §706, Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3158; Pub. L. 97–113, title VII, §705(b)(1), Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1545; Pub. L. 98–164, title X, §1002(b), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1052; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(e)(4), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 405.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 642(a), referred to in subsec. (c), means section 642(a) of Pub. L. 87–195, which is set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 103–236 struck out subsec. (f) which provided for an Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs and prescribed the Assistant Secretary's duties.

1983—Subsec. (f)(2)(C). Pub. L. 98–164 inserted provisions relating to providing advice to the Administrator of the Agency for International Development on policy framework.

1981—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 97–113 struck out subsec. (g) which related to the Inspector General and the duties, responsibilities, and compensation of such official. See sections 2, 8A, and 11 of the Inspector General Act of 1978, Pub. L. 95–452, Oct. 12, 1978, 92 Stat. 1101, as amended, set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1980—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 96–533 substituted in pars. (1) to (5) "Inspector General" for "Auditor General" wherever appearing; in par. (3), imposed upon the Inspector General requirement of supervising, directing, and controlling security activities, including audit, investigative, and security activities relating to programs and operations within the United States International Development Cooperation Agency; in par. (4) required submission of an annual report to the Director; and added pars. (6) to (9).

1978—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 95–424 added subsec. (g).

1977—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 95–88 struck out subsec. (d) which provided for an Inspector General, Foreign Assistance.

Subsec. (f)(1). Pub. L. 95–105, §109(a)(1)(A), substituted references to the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs for references to the Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs.

Subsec. (f)(2). Pub. L. 95–105, §109(a)(1)(B), substituted "Assistant Secretary of State" for "Coordinator".

1976—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 94–329 added subsec. (f).

1972—Subsec. (e). Pub. L. 92–226 added subsec. (e).

1969—Subsec. (d)(2)(A). Pub. L. 91–175, §304(1), inserted provision including the Overseas Private Investment Corporation in Inspector General's reviews and audits, and inserted provision authorizing the conduct of such reviews and audits for programs under section 290f of this title.

Subsec. (d)(5), (7). Pub. L. 91–175, §304(2), (3), included section 290f of this title within provisions of this section.

1967—Subsec. (d)(2)(B). Pub. L. 90–137 struck out "of assistance" after "programs" in two places.

1966—Subsec. (d)(8). Pub. L. 89–583 added par. (8).

1965—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 89–171, §302(b)(1), struck out "paragraph (3) of" before "subsection (a) of this section" the second time it appears and substituted "of one or more of said officers" for "of the officers provided for in paragraphs (1) and (2) of that subsection".

Subsec. (d)(2)(A), (5), (7). Pub. L. 89–171, §302(b)(2), substituted "the Latin American Development Act, as amended" for "Public Law 86–735".

1964—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 88–426, §305(42), repealed provisions which related to the appointment of an Under Secretary, Deputy Under Secretary and ten Assistant Secretaries and prescribed their rates of compensation.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 88–426, §305(33), repealed provisions which prescribed the compensation of the Inspector General, Deputy Inspector General and Assistant Inspector Generals. See section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

1963—Subsec. (a)(2), (3). Pub. L. 88–205, §302(b)(1), (2), reduced the number of Deputy Under Secretaries from two to one in par. (2), and increased the number of Assistant Secretaries from 9 to 10 in par. (3).

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 88–205, §302(b)(3), made conforming changes in language to reflect that only one Deputy Under Secretary may now be appointed.

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 88–205, §302(b)(4), inserted "who shall be appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the Senate," and increased the salary of the Deputy Inspector General, Foreign Assistance, from $19,500 to $20,000.

1962—Subsecs. (d), (e). Pub. L. 87–565 redesignated subsec. (e) as (d), inserted ", and programs being conducted by United States Government Agencies under sections 1942 to 1945 of this title," in par. 2(A), and ", and sections 1942 to 1945 of this title," in pars. (5) and (7), and repealed former subsec. (d) which related to the temporary continuation of certain statutory positions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter II

References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§2346 et seq.), VI (§2348 et seq.), and VIII (§2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.

Effective Date of 1977 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §124(c), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 542, provided that: "The amendments made by this section [amending this section and section 5315 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as a note under this section] shall take effect on July 1, 1978."

Effective Date of 1964 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 88–426 effective on first day of first pay period which begins on or after July 1, 1964, except to the extent provided in section 501(c) of Pub. L. 88–426, see Pub. L. 88–426, title V, §501, Aug. 14, 1964, 78 Stat. 435.

Assistant Administrator for Management

Pub. L. 112–166, §2(v)(1), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1288, provided that: "Notwithstanding section 624(a) of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (22 U.S.C. 2384(a)), the appointment by the President of the Assistant Administrator for Management at the United States Agency for International Development shall not be subject to the advice and consent of the Senate."

Assumption of Duties by Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs

Pub. L. 95–105, title I, §109(a)(6), Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 846, provided that: "The individual holding the position of Coordinator for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs on the date of enactment of this section [Aug. 17, 1977] shall assume the duties of the Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs and shall not be required to be reappointed by reason of the enactment of this section."

Report to Speaker of the House and Congressional Committees on Office of Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs

Pub. L. 95–105, title I, §109(a)(7), Aug. 17, 1977, 91 Stat. 847, which required the Secretary of State, not later than Jan. 31, 1978, to transmit to the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the chairmen of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations and the Senate Committee on the Judiciary a comprehensive report on the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, including its current mandate and operations, the mandate and operations of its predecessor offices, and proposals for the reorganization of the Department of State that would strengthen human rights and humanitarian considerations in the conduct of United States foreign policy and promote the ability of the United States to participate effectively in international humanitarian efforts, was repealed by Pub. L. 97–241, title V, §505(a)(3), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 299, and Pub. L. 98–164, title X, §1011(a)(5), Nov. 22, 1983, 97 Stat. 1061.

Assignment of Duties and Responsibilities to Inspector General, Foreign Service

Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §124(a)(2), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 542, which provided that the President (A) may assign to the Inspector General, Foreign Service, any of the duties and responsibilities vested by such section 624(d) [subsec. (d) of this section] in the Inspector General, Foreign Assistance, and (B) may authorize the Inspector General, Foreign Service, to exercise such of the authorities granted by such section 624(d) [subsec. (d) of this section] to the Inspector General, Foreign Assistance, as the President determines are necessary to carry out any duties or responsibilities so assigned, was repealed by Pub. L. 96–465, title II, §2205(11), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2160. See section 3929 of this title.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.

Agency for International Development

For appointments under subsec. (a) to United States Agency for International Development, see section 1–200(b) and (c) of Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2214 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2214: Report
Report
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Not later than June 30, 2006, and each June 30 thereafter, the Administrator of the Agency, acting through the Director of the office, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report that contains a detailed description of the implementation of this subpart for the previous fiscal year.

(b) Contents

To the extent practicable, the report submitted under subsection (a) should contain the following:

(1) Information about assistance provided under section 2211a of this title, including—

(A) the amount of each grant or other form of assistance;

(B) the name and type of each intermediary and implementing partner organization receiving assistance;

(C) the name of each country receiving assistance; and

(D) the methodology used to ensure compliance with the targeted assistance requirements under subsection (c) of such section.

(2) The percentage of assistance provided under section 2211a of this title, disaggregated by income level, including for the very poor, and by gender.

(3) The estimated number of individuals that received assistance under section 2211a of this title, disaggregated by income level (or an appropriate proxy for income level, including for the very poor), by gender, and by type of assistance.

(4) The results of the monitoring system required under section 2211b of this title.

(5) Information about any method in place to assess poverty levels under section 2211c of this title.

(c) Availability to public

The report required by this section shall be made available to the public on the Internet website of the Agency.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §258, as added Pub. L. 108–484, §6, Dec. 23, 2004, 118 Stat. 3928; amended Pub. L. 115–428, §4(h), Jan. 9, 2019, 132 Stat. 5515.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 115–428 amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) related to required contents of report, including number of grants provided and information on distribution of assistance.
22 U.S.C. § 2677 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2677: Availability of funds for travel expenses and transportation of personal effects, household goods, or automobiles
Availability of funds for travel expenses and transportation of personal effects, household goods, or automobiles
Status: in_force

Appropriated funds made available to the Department of State for expenses in connection with travel of personnel outside the continental United States, including travel of dependents and transportation of personal effects, household goods, or automobiles of such personnel shall be available for such expenses when any part of such travel or transportation begins in one fiscal year pursuant to travel orders issued in that year, notwithstanding the fact that such travel or transportation may not be completed during that same fiscal year.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §10, 70 Stat. 891; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(a), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 170o of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.
22 U.S.C. § 1643k (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 21: SETTLEMENT OF INTERNATIONAL CLAIMS / Subchapter V: CLAIMS AGAINST CUBA AND CHINA / Section 1643k: Fees for services; limitation; penalty
Fees for services; limitation; penalty
Status: in_force

No remuneration on account of any services rendered on behalf of any claimant in connection with any claim filed with the Commission under this subchapter shall exceed 10 per centum of so much of the total amount of such claim, as determined under this subchapter, as does not exceed $20,000, plus 5 per centum of so much of such amount, if any, as exceeds $20,000. Any agreement to the contrary shall be unlawful and void. Whoever, in the United States or elsewhere, demands or receives on account of services so rendered, any remuneration in excess of the maximum permitted by this section, shall be fined not more than $5,000 or imprisoned not more than twelve months, or both.

(Mar. 10, 1950, ch. 54, title V, §512, as added Pub. L. 88–666, Oct. 16, 1964, 78 Stat. 1113.)
22 U.S.C. § 2651 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2651: Establishment of Department
Establishment of Department
Status: in_force

There shall be at the seat of government an executive department to be known as the "Department of State", and a Secretary of State, who shall be the head thereof.

(R.S. §199.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

R.S. §199 derived from acts July 27, 1789, ch. 4, §1, 1 Stat. 28; Sept. 15, 1789, ch. 14, §1, 1 Stat. 68.

Section was formerly classified to section 151 of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–204, title XIII, §1301, Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1432, provided that: "Except as otherwise provided in this Act [see Short Title of 1987 Amendment note below], this Act shall take effect on the date of its enactment [Dec. 22, 1987]."

Short Title of 2022 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–273, §1, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4182, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'War Crimes Rewards Expansion Act'."

Short Title of 2021 Amendment

Pub. L. 117–81, div. E, title LVI, §5601, Dec. 27, 2021, 135 Stat. 2377, provided that: "This title [enacting sections 2732a and 2732b of this title, amending section 6553 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1475g and 2732a of this title] may be cited as the 'Public Diplomacy Modernization Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 117–46, §1, Oct. 8, 2021, 135 Stat. 391, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2680b of this title and section 3519b of Title 50, War and National Defense, and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2680b of this title and section 3519b of Title 50] may be cited as the 'Helping American Victims Afflicted by Neurological Attacks Act of 2021' or the 'HAVANA Act of 2021'."

Pub. L. 116–326, §1, Jan. 13, 2021, 134 Stat. 5095, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2731 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2731 of this title] may be cited as the 'Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism Act'."

Short Title of 2019 Amendment

Pub. L. 116–94, div. J, title VI, §601, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 3069, provided that: "This title [amending section 2708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Rescuing Animals With Rewards Act of 2019' or the 'RAWR Act'."

Pub. L. 115–441, §1, Jan. 14, 2019, 132 Stat. 5586, provided that: "This Act [amending section 4028 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2656 of this title] may be cited as the 'Elie Wiesel Genocide and Atrocities Prevention Act of 2018'."

Short Title of 2018 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–409, §1(a), Dec. 31, 2018, 132 Stat. 5387, provided that: "This Act [enacting provisions set out as a note preceding section 1971 of this title and as notes under sections 2656, 3301, and 9203 of this title] may be cited as the 'Asia Reassurance Initiative Act of 2018'."

Pub. L. 115–141, div. R, §1, Mar. 23, 2018, 132 Stat. 1123, provided that: "This division [amending section 2708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as a note under section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Targeted Rewards for the Global Eradication of Human Trafficking' or the 'TARGET Act'."

Short Title of 2017 Amendment

Pub. L. 115–94, §1, Dec. 18, 2017, 131 Stat. 2038, provided that: "This Act [amending sections 254c, 304, and 4803 of this title and provisions set out as notes under sections 287, 1465b, and 6901 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of State Authorities Act, Fiscal Year 2017, Improvements Act'."

Short Title of 2016 Amendment

Pub. L. 114–323, §1(a), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1905, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Department of State Authorities Act, Fiscal Year 2017'."

Short Title of 2013 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–283, §1, Jan. 15, 2013, 126 Stat. 2492, provided that: "This Act [amending section 2708 of this title and enacting provisions set out as notes under section 2708 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of State Rewards Program Update and Technical Corrections Act of 2012'."

Short Title of 2004 Amendment

Pub. L. 108–332, §1, Oct. 16, 2004, 118 Stat. 1282, provided that: "This Act [enacting section 2731 of this title, amending sections 2151n, 2304, and 6412 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2151n and 2731 of this title] may be cited as the 'Global Anti-Semitism Review Act of 2004'."

Short Title of 2002 Amendment

Pub. L. 107–228, §1, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1350, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003'."

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, §101, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1355, provided that: "This division [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Department of State Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003'."

Short Title of 1999 Amendment

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [§1], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–405, provided that: "This Act [H.R. 3427, as enacted by section 1000(a)(7) of Pub. L. 106–113, see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Admiral James W. Nance and Meg Donovan Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 2000 and 2001'."

Short Title of 1998 Amendment

Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XX, §2001, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–801, provided that: "This subdivision [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1998 and 1999'."

Short Title of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–236, §1, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 382, provided that: "This Act [see Tables for classification] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1994 and 1995'."

Short Title of 1991 Amendment

Pub. L. 102–138, §1, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 647, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 269, 276c–4, 276l, 276m, 296a, 1475g, 1475h, 2075, 2652b, 2656g, 2656h, 2679b, 2680–1, 2686a, 2720, 2721, 2722, 2723, 2798, 4012a, 4351 to 4357, and 5601 to 5606 of this title and section 4613 of Title 50, War and National Defense, amending sections 277d–3, 290f, 294, 301, 1465ee, 1471, 1474, 1477c, 1928e, 2669, 2670, 2695, 2696, 2703, 2706, 2717, 2718, 2780, 2797b, 2797c, 2877, 2905, 3005, 3942, 3961, 3968, 4010, 4053, 4081, 4115, 4131, 4134, 4136, 4137, 4139, 4140, 4413, and 4852 of this title, sections 202 and 208 of Title 3, The President, sections 5315, 5523, 5551, 5922, 5923, and 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 2051 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 4605 of Title 50, repealing section 4509 of this title and former sections 269 and 2075 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 287e, 290f, 1475g, 2452, 2778, 4001, 4115, 4351, 4354, 4356, and 5601 of this title, sections 202 and 208 of Title 3, sections 5315, 5551, and 5561 of Title 5, and section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, amending provisions set out as notes under sections 287e, 2680, and 4021 of this title and section 5561 of Title 5, and repealing provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287e, 1461, 2656, and 4010 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1992 and 1993'."

Short Title of 1990 Amendment

Pub. L. 101–246, §1(a), Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 15, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 1464a, 1464b, 1465aa to 1465ff, 1475f, 2414a, 2461, 2665a, 2678, 2715 to 2719, 2877a, 4027, 4141, 4141a to 4141c, 4863, and 4864 of this title, amending sections 277a, 277b, 277d–12, 290f, 300, 1461, 1465c, 1469, 1474, 1475e, 2456, 2460, 2606, 2656f, 2669, 2684, 2696, 2698, 2703, 2708, 2709, 2871, 2877, 3905, 3968, 4002, 4010, 4056, 4057, 4069a to 4069c, 4081, 4303, 4304, 4403, 4801, 4802, and 4852 of this title, sections 8345 and 9101 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 1101 and 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, repealing section 4192 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 287e, 1461, 1463, 1465aa, 1465c, 1469, 2151, 2456, 2460, 2656, 2715, 3941, 3968, 4001, 4140, 4171, 4301, and 4852 of this title, sections 5921 and 5928 of Title 5, and section 1102 of Title 8, amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287, 2151, and 4851 of this title and section 1182 of Title 8, and repealing provisions set out as notes under sections 2414a and 2656 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991'."

Short Title of 1987 Amendment

Pub. L. 100–204, §1(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1331, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 288f–3, 1464, 2656f, 2664a, 2713, 4069a to 4069c, 4315, 4316, 4341 to 4343, and 5201 to 5203 of this title, amending sections 288h, 290j–1, 1469, 1471, 1475e, 1477c, 1627, 1928a, 1928b, 2151n, 2291, 2304, 2460, 2661, 2670, 2697, 2706, 2707, 2778, 2877, 3905, 3922a, 3927, 3941, 3942, 3946, 3949, 3961, 3965, 4001, 4010, 4023, 4137, 4173, 4302, 4303, 4305, 4403, 4412, 4413, 4831, 4834, 4851, 4861, and 4904 of this title, sections 5313, 5315, and 8332 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, sections 2492 and 2605 of Title 19, Customs Duties, and section 1364 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, enacting provisions set out as notes under this section, sections 287, 287e, 1461, 1463, 1471, 2601, 2656, 2680, 2697, 2707, 3922a, 3941 to 3943, 3946, 3965, 4041, 4301, 4315, 4316, 4341, 4802, 4851, and 5201 of this title, section 112b of Title 1, General Provisions, section 5313 of Title 5, sections 1182, 1201, and 1255a of Title 8, section 2901 of Title 15, Commerce and Trade, section 3181 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 2605 of Title 19, and section 1364 of Title 28, and amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287, 287b, 287e, and 4021 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1988 and 1989'."

Short Title of 1985 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–93, §1(a), Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 405, provided that: "This Act [enacting sections 1461–1a, 2592, 2606, 2709, 2710, 2883, 3922a, 3929a, 4309a, 4314, 4414, 4415, and 4701 to 4715 of this title, amending sections 290j–1, 1477c, 2357, 2589, 2601, 2605, 2652, 2669, 2685, 2704, 2871, 2875, 2877, 3930, 3945, 4084, 4301, 4302, 4304, 4305, 4403, and 4413 of this title, section 208 of Title 3, The President, sections 5314, 5315, and 5316 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, sections 2 and 11 of the Appendix to Title 5, and sections 1622 and 4336 of Title 50, War and National Defense, repealing sections 2666 and 2667 of this title, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 287e, 1477c, 1928, 2291, 2605, 2656, 2669, 2697, 2875, 2877, 3943, 3945, 4021, and 4314 of this title, section 1182 of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality, section 3181 of Title 18, Crimes and Criminal Procedure, section 701 of Title 47, Telecommunications, and section 1701 of Title 50, amending provisions set out as notes under this section and sections 287 and 287e of this title, and repealing provisions set out as a note under section 3901 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Years 1986 and 1987'."

Short Title of 1976 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–350, §1, July 12, 1976, 90 Stat. 823, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 817, 1065, 1076a, 1463, 1475a, 1928e, 2458a, 2661a, 2689, and 2690 of this title, amending sections 276e, 276i, 295, 889, 915, 1001, 1002, 1004, 1007, 1063, 1064, 1071, 1076, 1081, 1082, 1084, 1086, 1091, 1105, 1111, 1116, 1121, 1229, 1474, 1754, 2872, 2873, 2877, 2902, 2905, and 2906 of this title, repealing sections 1083, 1092, and 1094 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 801, 915, 1001, 1063, 1064, 1076, 1076a, 1086, 1091, 1121, 1229, and 2871 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1977'."

Short Title of 1975 Amendment

Pub. L. 94–141, §1, Nov. 29, 1975, 89 Stat. 756, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 276a–1, 1037 to 1037c, 2576, 2687, and 2688 of this title, amending sections 276, 276c, 295, 966, 991, 995, 1934, 2321d, 2551, 2562, 2585, 2589, 2590, 2601, 2666, 2679a, and 2791 of this title and section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 1037a and 2679a of this title, amending provision set out as a note under section 287e, and repealing provision set out as a note under section 966 of this title] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1976'."

Short Title of 1974 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–475, §1, Oct. 26, 1974, 88 Stat. 1439, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 966, 2679a, 2680a, and 2686 of this title, amending sections 901a, 1439, 1476, and 2680 of this title and section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 901a, 966, and 2151 of this title] may be cited as the 'State Department/USIA Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 1975'."

Short Title of 1973 Amendment

Pub. L. 93–126, §1, Oct. 18, 1973, 87 Stat. 451, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 287e–1, 901a, 2655a, and 2685 of this title and amending sections 276, 277d–28, 277d–29, 277d–31, 993, 1754, and 2823 of this title, section 194a of Title 2, The Congress, section 5924 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and provisions set out as a note under section 214 of this title] may be cited as the 'Department of State Appropriations Authorization Act of 1973'."

Short Title of 1972 Amendment

Pub. L. 92–352, §1, July 13, 1972, 86 Stat. 489, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 1474, 1475, 2291a, and 2821 to 2826 of this title and section 194a of Title 2, The Congress, amending sections 901, 1461, 1476, 2291, 2501a, 2502, 2589, 2652, 2653, and 2680 of this title, sections 5313, 5314, 5315, and 8331 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and section 241 of former Title 31, Money and Finance, repealing section 2511 of this title, and enacting provisions set out as notes under sections 2511, 2571, and 2652 of this title, section 8331 of Title 5, and section 241 of former Title 31] may be cited as the 'Foreign Relations Authorization Act of 1972'."

Short Title

Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841 (first sentence), as added by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §111(2), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 654, provided: "That this Act [enacting sections 2662, 2669 to 2672, 2673 to 2680a, 2684, 2687 to 2692, 2695 to 2723, 4301 to 4316, 4341 to 4343, and 4351 to 4357 of this title] may be cited as the 'State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956'."

Act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §48, formerly §33, as added Oct. 17, 1980, Pub. L. 96–465, title II, §2201(a), 94 Stat. 2157, and renumbered §34 and redesignated title I, Aug. 24, 1982, Pub. L. 97–241, title I, §117, title II, §202(a), 96 Stat. 279, 282; renumbered §35 and §36, Nov. 22, 1983, Pub. L. 98–164, title I, §§123, 124, 97 Stat. 1025; renumbered §37, Oct. 19, 1984, Pub. L. 98–533, title I, §102, 98 Stat. 2708; renumbered §38 and §39, Aug. 16, 1985, Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §§125(a), 128, 99 Stat. 415, 419; renumbered §40 and §41, Aug. 27, 1986, Pub. L. 99–399, title V, §§504(1), 506(1), 100 Stat. 871; renumbered §42, Dec. 22, 1987, Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §126(a)(1), 101 Stat. 1341; renumbered §43, Nov. 18, 1988, Pub. L. 100–690, title IV, §4603(1), 102 Stat. 4287; renumbered §44, §45, §46, §47, and §48, Feb. 16, 1990, Pub. L. 101–246, title I, §§115(c)(1), 117(1), 118(1), 119(1), 150(1), 104 Stat. 23, 25, 26, 42, which provided that act Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, was to be cited as the "State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956", was repealed by Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §111(1), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 654.

References to Diplomatic and Consular Programs Account

Pub. L. 116–94, div. G, title I, par. (7), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2817, provided that: "References to the 'Diplomatic and Consular Programs' account in any provision of law shall in this fiscal year, and each fiscal year thereafter, be construed to include the 'Diplomatic Programs' account."

Compliance With Congressional Budget Act

Pub. L. 101–246, title XI, §1101, Feb. 16, 1990, 104 Stat. 90, provided that:

"(a) Limitation on Spending Authority.—Any new spending authority (within the meaning of section 401 of the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 [2 U.S.C. 651]) which is provided under this Act [see Short Title of 1990 Amendment note above] shall be effective for any fiscal year only to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts.

"(b) Limitation on Contract Authority.—Any authority provided by this Act to enter into contracts shall be effective only—

"(1) to the extent that the budget authority for the obligation to make outlays, which is created by the contract, has been provided in advance by an appropriation Act; or

"(2) to the extent or in such amounts as are provided in advance in appropriation Acts."

Challenges to Appointment and Continuance in Office of Secretary of State First Appointed After May 3, 1980; Constitutional Provisions Governing Compensation and Emoluments

Pub. L. 96–241, §2, May 3, 1980, 94 Stat. 343, provided that:

"(a) Any person aggrieved by an action of the Secretary of State may bring a civil action in an appropriate United States district court to contest the constitutionality of the appointment and continuance in office of the Secretary of State on the ground that such appointment and continuance in office is in violation of article I, section 6, clause 2, of the Constitution. The United States district courts shall have exclusive jurisdiction, without regard to the sum or value of the matter in controversy, to determine the validity of such appointment and continuance in office.

"(b) Any action brought under this section shall be heard and determined by a panel of three judges in accordance with section 2284 of title 28, United States Code. Any review of the action of a court convened pursuant to such section shall be by petition of certiorari to the Supreme Court.

"(c) Any judge designated to hear any action brought under this section shall cause such action to be in every way expedited.

"(d) This section applies only with respect to the Secretary of State who is first appointed to that office after the enactment of this Act [May 3, 1980]."

Definitions

Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, §7002, Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2521, provided that: "In this division [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Administrator.—The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.

"(2) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"(3) Department.—The term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(4) Secretary.—The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State.

"(5) USAID.—The term 'USAID' means the United States Agency for International Development."

Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, §6002, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 964, provided that: "In this division [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"(2) Department.—The term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(3) Secretary.—The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, §9002, Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3857, provided that: "In this division [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Administrator.—The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of USAID.

"(2) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"(3) Department.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(4) Secretary.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State.

"(5) USAID.—The term 'USAID' means the United States Agency for International Development."

Pub. L. 114–323, §2, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1907, provided that: "In this Act [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and

"(B) the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"(2) Department.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(3) Foreign service.—The term 'Foreign Service' has the meaning given such term in section 102 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 3902).

"(4) Inspector general.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Inspector General' means the Office of Inspector General of the Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors [now United States Agency for Global Media].

"(5) Peacekeeping credits.—The term 'peacekeeping credits' means the amounts by which United States assessed peacekeeping contributions exceed actual expenditures, apportioned to the United States, of peacekeeping operations by the United Nations during a United Nations peacekeeping fiscal year.

"(6) Secretary.—Unless otherwise specified, the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Pub. L. 107–228, §3, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1355, provided that: "In this Act [see Tables for classification]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives.

"(2) Department.—The term 'Department' means the Department of State.

"(3) Secretary.—Except as otherwise provided, the term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [§3], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–409, provided that: "In this Act [see Short Title of 1999 Amendment note set out above]:

"(1) Appropriate congressional committees.—Except as otherwise provided in section 902(1) [113 Stat. 1501A–475], the term 'appropriate congressional committees' means the Committee on International Relations [now Committee on Foreign Affairs] of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

"(2) Secretary.—The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Executive Documents

Emergency Preparedness Functions

For assignment of certain emergency preparedness functions to Secretary of State, see Parts 1, 2, and 13 of Ex. Ord. No. 12656, Nov. 18, 1988, 53 F.R. 47491, set out as a note under section 5195 of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare.

Order of Succession

For order of succession during any period when both Secretary and Deputy Secretary of State are unable to perform functions and duties of office of Secretary, see Ex. Ord. No. 13251, Dec. 28, 2001, 67 F.R. 1599, listed in a table under section 3345 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.
22 U.S.C. § 1741b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 23: PROTECTION OF CITIZENS ABROAD / Subchapter II: HOSTAGE RECOVERY AND HOSTAGE-TAKING ACCOUNTABILITY / Section 1741b: Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell
Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

The President shall establish an interagency Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell.

(b) Participation

The President shall direct the heads of each of the following executive departments, agencies, and offices to make available personnel to participate in the Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell:

(1) The Department of State.

(2) The Department of the Treasury.

(3) The Department of Defense.

(4) The Department of Justice.

(5) The Office of the Director of National Intelligence.

(6) The Federal Bureau of Investigation.

(7) The Central Intelligence Agency.

(8) Other agencies as the President, from time to time, may designate.

(c) Personnel

The Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell shall include—

(1) a Director, who shall be a full-time senior officer or employee of the United States Government;

(2) a Family Engagement Coordinator who shall—

(A) work to ensure that all interactions by executive branch officials with a hostage's family occur in a coordinated fashion and that the family receives consistent and accurate information from the United States Government; and

(B) if directed, perform the same function as set out in subparagraph (A) with regard to the family of a United States national who is unlawfully or wrongfully detained abroad; and

(3) other officers and employees as deemed appropriate by the President.

(d) Duties

The Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell shall—

(1) coordinate efforts by participating agencies to ensure that all relevant information, expertise, and resources are brought to bear to secure the safe recovery of United States nationals held hostage abroad;

(2) if directed, coordinate the United States Government's response to other hostage-takings occurring abroad in which the United States has a national interest;

(3) if directed, coordinate or assist the United States Government's response to help secure the release of United States nationals unlawfully or wrongfully detained abroad; and

(4) pursuant to policy guidance coordinated through the National Security Council—

(A) identify and recommend hostage recovery options and strategies to the President through the National Security Council or the Deputies Committee of the National Security Council;

(B) coordinate efforts by participating agencies to ensure that information regarding hostage events, including potential recovery options and engagements with families and external actors (including foreign governments), is appropriately shared within the United States Government to facilitate a coordinated response to a hostage-taking;

(C) assess and track all hostage-takings of United States nationals abroad and provide regular reports to the President and Congress on the status of such cases and any measures being taken toward the hostages' safe recovery;

(D) provide a forum for intelligence sharing and, with the support of the Director of National Intelligence, coordinate the declassification of relevant information;

(E) coordinate efforts by participating agencies to provide appropriate support and assistance to hostages and their families in a coordinated and consistent manner and to provide families with timely information regarding significant events in their cases;

(F) make recommendations to agencies in order to reduce the likelihood of United States nationals' being taken hostage abroad and enhance United States Government preparation to maximize the probability of a favorable outcome following a hostage-taking; and

(G) coordinate with agencies regarding congressional, media, and other public inquiries pertaining to hostage events.

(e) Administration

The Hostage Recovery Fusion Cell shall be located within the Federal Bureau of Investigation for administrative purposes.

(Pub. L. 116–260, div. FF, title III, §304, Dec. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 3094.)
22 U.S.C. § 1755 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 24: MUTUAL SECURITY PROGRAM / Subchapter I: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 1755: Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, §642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
Repealed. Pub. L. 87-195, pt. III, §642(a)(2), Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 460
Status: repealed

Section 1755, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, §503, 68 Stat. 850; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, §9(b), 69 Stat. 288; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–141, §9(a), 71 Stat. 363; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85–477, ch. V, §501(17), 72 Stat. 271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86–108, ch. IV, §401(a), 73 Stat. 252, provided for termination of assistance under this chapter. See section 2367 of this title.

Section 1756, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, §504, 68 Stat. 851; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–141, §9(b), 71 Stat. 363; June 30, 1958, Pub. L. 85–477, ch. V §501(18), 72 Stat. 271; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86–108, ch. IV, §401(b), 73 Stat. 252; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86–472, ch. IV, §401(b), 74 Stat. 139, related to small business participation in furnishing of commodities and services. See section 2352 of this title.

Section 1757, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, §505, 68 Stat. 851; July 8, 1955, ch. 301, §9(c), 69 Stat. 288; Aug. 14, 1957, Pub. L. 85–141, §9(c), 71 Stat. 363; July 24, 1959, Pub. L. 86–108, ch. IV, §401(c), 73 Stat. 252; May 14, 1960, Pub. L. 86–472, ch. IV, §401(c), 74 Stat. 139, provided for manner and terms of furnishing loan assistance and sales. See section 2395 of this title.

Section 1758, act Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, §506, 68 Stat. 852, related to patents and technical information. See section 2356 of this title.

Section 1759, acts Aug. 26, 1954, ch. 937, ch. IV, §507, 68 Stat. 852; July 18, 1956, ch. 627, §9(c), 70 Stat. 560, related to availability of funds.
22 U.S.C. § 3961 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IV: COMPENSATION / Section 3961: Salaries of chiefs of mission
Salaries of chiefs of mission
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in section 3942(b) of this title, each chief of mission shall receive a salary, as determined by the President, at one of the annual rates payable for levels II through V of the Executive Schedule under sections 5313 through 5316 of title 5, except that the total compensation, exclusive of danger pay, for any chief of mission shall be subject to the limitation on certain payments under section 5307 of title 5 or the limitation under section 3962(a)(3) of this title, whichever is higher.

(b) The salary of a chief of mission shall commence upon the effective date of appointment to that position. The official services of a chief of mission are not terminated by the appointment of a successor, but shall continue for such additional period, not to exceed 50 days after relinquishment of charge of the mission, as the Secretary of State may determine. During that period, the Secretary of State may require the chief of mission to perform such functions as the Secretary of State deems necessary in the interest of the Government.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §401, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2087; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §177(a), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1362; Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §142(b), Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 668; Pub. L. 108–447, div. B, title IV, §412(c), Dec. 8, 2004, 118 Stat. 2905.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2004—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 108–447, which directed the substitution of "shall be subject to the limitation on certain payments under section 5307 of title 5 or the limitation under section 3962(a)(3) of this title, whichever is higher" for "shall not exceed the annual rate of pay payable for level I of such Executive Schedule", was executed by making the substitution for "shall not exceed the annual rate payable for level I of such Executive Schedule" to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1991—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–138 substituted "Except as provided in section 3942(b) of this title, each" for "Each" and "level I of such" for "level II of such".

1987—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–204 substituted "Each chief" for "Except as provided in section 3942(b) of this title, each chief", and inserted before period at end ", except that the total compensation, exclusive of danger pay, for any chief of mission shall not exceed the annual rate payable for level II of such Executive Schedule".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1987 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–204 not applicable to salary of any individual serving under Presidential appointment under section 3942 of this title immediately before Dec. 22, 1987, during the period such individual continues to serve in such position, see section 177(c) of Pub. L. 100–204, set out as a note under section 3942 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4609 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 56: UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE / Section 4609: Funding
Funding
Status: in_force

(a) Authorization of appropriations

(1) In general

For the purpose of carrying out this chapter, there are authorized to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2009 through 2014.

(2) Availability

Funds appropriated pursuant to the authority of paragraph (1) shall remain available until expended.

(b) Transfer of unobligated funds; reports of use of funds to Congress and President

The Board of Directors may transfer to the legal entity authorized to be established under section 4603(c) of this title any funds not obligated or expended from appropriations to the Institute for a fiscal year, and such funds shall remain available for obligation or expenditure for the purposes of such legal entity without regard to fiscal year limitations. Any use by such legal entity of appropriated funds shall be reported to each House of the Congress and to the President of the United States.

(c) Contractual authority

Any authority provided by this chapter to enter into contracts shall be effective for a fiscal year only to such extent or in such amounts as are provided in appropriation Acts.

(d) Extension

Any authorization of appropriations made for the purposes of carrying out this chapter shall be extended in the same manner as applicable programs are extended under section 1226a of title 20.

(Pub. L. 98–525, title XVII, §1710, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2659; Pub. L. 99–498, title XVI, §1601(a)(1), (b), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1612; Pub. L. 100–569, title III, §301[(a)], Oct. 31, 1988, 102 Stat. 2863; Pub. L. 102–325, title XV, §1554(a), July 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 839; Pub. L. 103–208, §2(k)(14), Dec. 20, 1993, 107 Stat. 2486; Pub. L. 105–244, title IX, §931(2), Oct. 7, 1998, 112 Stat. 1834; Pub. L. 110–315, title IX, §921(c), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3456.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2008—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 110–315, §921(c)(1), substituted "to be appropriated such sums as may be necessary for fiscal years 2009 through 2014" for "to be appropriated $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1999 and such sums as may be necessary for each of the 4 succeeding fiscal years".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 110–315, §921(c)(2), added subsec. (d).

1998—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 105–244 substituted "1999" for "1993" and "4" for "6".

1993—Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 103–208 substituted "6" for "4" before "succeeding fiscal years".

1992—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 102–325 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows:

"(1) For the purpose of carrying out this chapter (except for paragraph (9) of section 4604(b) of this title), there are authorized to be appropriated $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1989; $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1990; $10,000,000 for fiscal year 1991; $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1992; and $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1993.

"(2) Funds appropriated pursuant to paragraph (1) are authorized to remain available until expended."

1988—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 100–569 amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "For the purpose of carrying out this chapter (except for paragraph (9) of section 4604(b) of this title), there are authorized to be appropriated $6,000,000 for the fiscal year 1987 and $10,000,000 for the fiscal year 1988. Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available to the Institute until expended."

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–498 substituted "fiscal year 1987" for "fiscal year 1985", "fiscal year 1988" for "fiscal year 1986", and "Amounts appropriated under this section are authorized to remain available to the Institute until expended" for "Moneys appropriated for the fiscal year 1985 shall remain available to the Institute through the fiscal year 1986".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–244 effective Oct. 1, 1998, except as otherwise provided in Pub. L. 105–244, see section 3 of Pub. L. 105–244, set out as a note under section 1001 of Title 20, Education.

Effective Date of 1993 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–208 effective as if included in the Higher Education Amendments of 1992, Pub. L. 102–325, except as otherwise provided, see section 5(a) of Pub. L. 103–208, set out as a note under section 1051 of Title 20, Education.

Effective Date of 1992 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 102–325 effective Oct. 1, 1992, see section 2 of Pub. L. 102–325, set out as a note under section 1001 of Title 20, Education.

Effective Date of 1986 Amendment

Pub. L. 99–498, title XVI, §1601(a)(2), Oct. 17, 1986, 100 Stat. 1612, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1986."
22 U.S.C. § 2507 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 34: THE PEACE CORPS / Section 2507: Training program
Training program
Status: in_force

(a) Applicants for enrollment and enrolled volunteers

The President shall make provision for such training, including training under section 2507a of this title, as the President deems appropriate for each applicant for enrollment as a volunteer and each enrolled volunteer. All of the provisions of this chapter applicable respectively to volunteers and volunteer leaders shall be applicable to applicants for enrollment as such during any period of training occurring prior to enrollment, and the respective terms "volunteers" and "volunteer leaders" shall include such applicants during any such period of training. As part of the training provided to all volunteers under subsection (a), and in coordination with the Inspector General of the Peace Corps, the President shall provide all volunteers with information regarding the mandate of the Inspector General and the availability (including contact information) of the Inspector General and the Office of Victim Advocacy as a resource for volunteers. The President shall ensure that volunteers receive such information at least once during training that occurs prior to enrollment and at least once during each significant instance of training after enrollment.

(b) Citizen trainees for voluntary programs; foreign nationals as trainees; advances of funds or reimbursement basis; use of credits

The President may also make provision, on the basis of advances of funds or reimbursement to the United States, for training for citizens of the United States, other than those referred to in subsection (a) of this section, who have been selected for service abroad in programs not carried out under authority of this chapter which are similar to those authorized by this chapter. The provisions of section 2508 of this title shall apply, on a similar advance of funds or a reimbursement basis, with respect to persons while within the United States for training under authority of this subsection. Advances or reimbursements received under this subsection may be credited to the current applicable appropriation, fund, or account and shall be available for the purposes for which such appropriation, fund, or account is authorized to be used.

(c) Training records

The President shall implement procedures to maintain a record verifying each individual completing training provided to meet each requirement in this section and sections 2507a, 2507b, 2507f, and 2507g(b) of this title.

(Pub. L. 87–293, title I, §8, Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 616; Pub. L. 102–511, title IX, §904, Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3356; Pub. L. 112–57, §8(a)(2), Nov. 21, 2011, 125 Stat. 745; Pub. L. 115–256, title II, §201, Oct. 9, 2018, 132 Stat. 3654.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–293, Sept. 22, 1961, 75 Stat. 612, known as the Peace Corps Act. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2501 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–256, §201(1) substituted "the President deems" for "he deems" and inserted at end "As part of the training provided to all volunteers under subsection (a), and in coordination with the Inspector General of the Peace Corps, the President shall provide all volunteers with information regarding the mandate of the Inspector General and the availability (including contact information) of the Inspector General and the Office of Victim Advocacy as a resource for volunteers. The President shall ensure that volunteers receive such information at least once during training that occurs prior to enrollment and at least once during each significant instance of training after enrollment."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 115–256, §201(2), added subsec. (c).

2011—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 112–57 inserted ", including training under section 2507a of this title," after "for such training".

1992—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 102–511 struck out subsec. (c) which read as follows: "Training hereinabove provided for shall include instruction in the philosophy, strategy, tactics, and menace of communism."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Functions of President under this section delegated to Director of Peace Corps by section 1–103 of Ex. Ord. No. 12137, May 16, 1979, 44 F.R. 29023, eff. May 16, 1979, set out as a note under section 2501 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6085 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69A: CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) / Subchapter III: PROTECTION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS OF UNITED STATES NATIONALS / Section 6085: Effective date
Effective date
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Subject to subsections (b) and (c), this subchapter and the amendments made by this subchapter shall take effect on August 1, 1996.

(b) Suspension authority

(1) Suspension authority

The President may suspend the effective date under subsection (a) for a period of not more than 6 months if the President determines and reports in writing to the appropriate congressional committees at least 15 days before such effective date that the suspension is necessary to the national interests of the United States and will expedite a transition to democracy in Cuba.

(2) Additional suspensions

The President may suspend the effective date under subsection (a) for additional periods of not more than 6 months each, each of which shall begin on the day after the last day of the period during which a suspension is in effect under this subsection, if the President determines and reports in writing to the appropriate congressional committees at least 15 days before the date on which the additional suspension is to begin that the suspension is necessary to the national interests of the United States and will expedite a transition to democracy in Cuba.

(c) Other authorities

(1) Suspension

After this subchapter and the amendments of this subchapter have taken effect—

(A) no person shall acquire a property interest in any potential or pending action under this subchapter; and

(B) the President may suspend the right to bring an action under this subchapter with respect to confiscated property for a period of not more than 6 months if the President determines and reports in writing to the appropriate congressional committees at least 15 days before the suspension takes effect that such suspension is necessary to the national interests of the United States and will expedite a transition to democracy in Cuba.

(2) Additional suspensions

The President may suspend the right to bring an action under this subchapter for additional periods of not more than 6 months each, each of which shall begin on the day after the last day of the period during which a suspension is in effect under this subsection, if the President determines and reports in writing to the appropriate congressional committees at least 15 days before the date on which the additional suspension is to begin that the suspension is necessary to the national interests of the United States and will expedite a transition to democracy in Cuba.

(3) Pending suits

The suspensions of actions under paragraph (1) shall not affect suits commenced before the date of such suspension, and in all such suits, proceedings shall be had, appeals taken, and judgments rendered in the same manner and with the same effect as if the suspension had not occurred.

(d) Rescission of suspension

The President may rescind any suspension made under subsection (b) or (c) upon reporting to the appropriate congressional committees that doing so will expedite a transition to democracy in Cuba.

(Pub. L. 104–114, title III, §306, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 821.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (c)(1), was in the original "this title", meaning title III of Pub. L. 104–114, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 814, which enacted this subchapter and sections 1643l and 1643m of this title and amended section 1611 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Tables.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Authority To Suspend the Provisions of Title III of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996

Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 31, 2013, 78 F.R. 9573, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, I hereby delegate to you the authority to suspend the provisions of title III of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996 (Public Law 104–114; 22 U.S.C. 6021–6091), as authorized by section 306(c)(2) of the Act.

You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.
22 U.S.C. § 2429b (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2429b: Transferred
Transferred
Status: transferred

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section, Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §671, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §130, Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 543, which related to notification of program changes, was transferred to section 2394–1 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 1961 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 24A: MIDDLE EAST PEACE AND STABILITY / Section 1961: Economic assistance
Economic assistance
Status: in_force

The President is authorized to cooperate with and assist any nation or group of nations in the general area of the Middle East desiring such assistance in the development of economic strength dedicated to the maintenance of national independence.

(Pub. L. 85–7, §1, Mar. 9, 1957, 71 Stat. 5.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Appropriations, Fiscal Year 1957; Restriction; Report to Congress

Pub. L. 85–7, §3, Mar. 9, 1957, 71 Stat. 5, authorized President to use, for balance of fiscal year 1957, funds not to exceed $200,000,000 for military and economic assistance for Middle East from appropriations available under Mutual Security Act of 1954, restricted availability of funds for military assistance to funds appropriated for military assistance and for economic assistance to funds appropriated for other than military assistance, and required that funds not be available until 15 days after reports on proposed use of funds be supplied to appropriate Congressional committees.
22 U.S.C. § 3303 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 48: TAIWAN RELATIONS / Section 3303: Application to Taiwan of laws and international agreements
Application to Taiwan of laws and international agreements
Status: in_force

(a) Application of United States laws generally

The absence of diplomatic relations or recognition shall not affect the application of the laws of the United States with respect to Taiwan, and the laws of the United States shall apply with respect to Taiwan in the manner that the laws of the United States applied with respect to Taiwan prior to January 1, 1979.

(b) Application of United States laws in specific and enumerated areas

The application of subsection (a) of this section shall include, but shall not be limited to, the following:

(1) Whenever the laws of the United States refer or relate to foreign countries, nations, states, governments, or similar entities, such terms shall include and such laws shall apply with respect to Taiwan.

(2) Whenever authorized by or pursuant to the laws of the United States to conduct or carry out programs, transactions, or other relations with respect to foreign countries, nations, states, governments, or similar entities, the President or any agency of the United States Government is authorized to conduct and carry out, in accordance with section 3305 of this title, such programs, transactions, and other relations with respect to Taiwan (including, but not limited to, the performance of services for the United States through contracts with commercial entities on Taiwan), in accordance with the applicable laws of the United States.

(3)(A) The absence of diplomatic relations and recognition with respect to Taiwan shall not abrogate, infringe, modify, deny, or otherwise affect in any way any rights or obligations (including but not limited to those involving contracts, debts, or property interests of any kind) under the laws of the United States heretofore or hereafter acquired by or with respect to Taiwan.

(B) For all purposes under the laws of the United States, including actions in any court in the United States, recognition of the People's Republic of China shall not affect in any way the ownership of or other rights or interests in properties, tangible and intangible, and other things of value, owned or held on or prior to December 31, 1978, or thereafter acquired or earned by the governing authorities on Taiwan.

(4) Whenever the application of the laws of the United States depends upon the law that is or was applicable on Taiwan or compliance therewith, the law applied by the people on Taiwan shall be considered the applicable law for that purpose.

(5) Nothing in this chapter, nor the facts of the President's action in extending diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China, the absence of diplomatic relations between the people on Taiwan and the United States, or the lack of recognition by the United States, and attendant circumstances thereto, shall be construed in any administrative or judicial proceeding as a basis for any United States Government agency, commission, or department to make a finding of fact or determination of law, under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954 [42 U.S.C. 2011 et seq.] and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 [22 U.S.C. 3201 et seq.], to deny an export license application or to revoke an existing export license for nuclear exports to Taiwan.

(6) For purposes of the Immigration and Nationality Act [8 U.S.C. 1101 et seq.], Taiwan may be treated in the manner specified in the first sentence of section 202(b) of that Act [8 U.S.C. 1152(b)].

(7) The capacity of Taiwan to sue and be sued in courts in the United States, in accordance with the laws of the United States, shall not be abrogated, infringed, modified, denied, or otherwise affected in any way by the absence of diplomatic relations or recognition.

(8) No requirement, whether expressed or implied, under the laws of the United States with respect to maintenance of diplomatic relations or recognition shall be applicable with respect to Taiwan.

(c) Treaties and other international agreements

For all purposes, including actions in any court in the United States, the Congress approves the continuation in force of all treaties and other international agreements, including multilateral conventions, entered into by the United States and the governing authorities on Taiwan recognized by the United States as the Republic of China prior to January 1, 1979, and in force between them on December 31, 1978, unless and until terminated in accordance with law.

(d) Membership in international financial institutions and other international organizations

Nothing in this chapter may be construed as a basis for supporting the exclusion or expulsion of Taiwan from continued membership in any international financial institution or any other international organization.

(Pub. L. 96–8, §4, Apr. 10, 1979, 93 Stat. 15.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Atomic Energy Act of 1954, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), is act Aug. 1, 1946, ch. 724, as added by act Aug. 30, 1954, ch. 1073, §1, 68 Stat. 919, which is classified principally to chapter 23 (§2011 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2011 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), is Pub. L. 95–242, Mar. 10, 1978, 92 Stat. 120, which is classified principally to chapter 47 (§3201 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3201 of this title and Tables.

The Immigration and Nationality Act, referred to in subsec. (b)(6), is act June 27, 1952, ch. 477, 66 Stat. 163, which is classified principally to chapter 12 (§1101 et seq.) of Title 8, Aliens and Nationality. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1101 of Title 8 and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective as of January 1, 1979, see section 18 of Pub. L. 96–8, set out as a note under section 3301 of this title.

Concerning the Participation of Taiwan in the International Civil Aviation Organization

Pub. L. 113–17, §1, July 12, 2013, 127 Stat. 480, directed the Secretary of State to develop a strategy to obtain observer status for Taiwan at the triennial International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Assembly and other related meetings, activities, and mechanisms thereafter, to instruct the United States Mission to the ICAO to officially request observer status for Taiwan at such Assembly, meetings, activities, and mechanisms, to actively urge ICAO member states to support such observer status and participation for Taiwan, and to submit a report to Congress on the strategy developed by not later than 30 days after July 12, 2013.

Semiannual Reports on United States Support for Membership or Participation of Taiwan in International Organizations

Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title VII, §704], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–460, provided that:

"(a) Reports Required.—Not later than 60 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Nov. 29, 1999], and every 6 months thereafter for fiscal years 2000 and 2001, the Secretary of State shall submit to Congress a report in a classified and unclassified manner on the status of efforts by the United States Government to support—

"(1) the membership of Taiwan in international organizations that do not require statehood as a prerequisite to such membership; and

"(2) the appropriate level of participation by Taiwan in international organizations that may require statehood as a prerequisite to full membership.

"(b) Report Elements.—Each report under subsection (a) shall—

"(1) set forth a comprehensive list of the international organizations in which the United States Government supports the membership or participation of Taiwan;

"(2) describe in detail the efforts of the United States Government to achieve the membership or participation of Taiwan in each organization listed; and

"(3) identify the obstacles to the membership or participation of Taiwan in each organization listed, including a list of any governments that do not support the membership or participation of Taiwan in each such organization."