22 U.S.C. § 7511 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 82: AFGHANISTAN FREEDOM SUPPORT / Subchapter I: ECONOMIC AND DEMOCRATIC DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE FOR AFGHANISTAN / Section 7511: Declaration of policy
Declaration of policy
Status: in_force

Congress makes the following declarations:

(1) The United States and the international community should support efforts that advance the development of democratic civil authorities and institutions in Afghanistan and the establishment of a new broad-based, multi-ethnic, gender-sensitive, and fully representative government in Afghanistan.

(2) The United States, in particular, should provide its expertise to meet immediate humanitarian and refugee needs, fight the production and flow of illicit narcotics, and aid in the reconstruction of Afghanistan.

(3) By promoting peace and security in Afghanistan and preventing a return to conflict, the United States and the international community can help ensure that Afghanistan does not again become a source for international terrorism.

(4) The United States should support the objectives agreed to on December 5, 2001, in Bonn, Germany, regarding the provisional arrangement for Afghanistan as it moves toward the establishment of permanent institutions and, in particular, should work intensively toward ensuring the future neutrality of Afghanistan, establishing the principle that neighboring countries and other countries in the region do not threaten or interfere in one another's sovereignty, territorial integrity, or political independence, including supporting diplomatic initiatives to support this goal.

(5) The special emergency situation in Afghanistan, which from the perspective of the American people combines security, humanitarian, political, law enforcement, and development imperatives, requires that the President should receive maximum flexibility in designing, coordinating, and administering efforts with respect to assistance for Afghanistan and that a temporary special program of such assistance should be established for this purpose.

(6) To foster stability and democratization and to effectively eliminate the causes of terrorism, the United States and the international community should also support efforts that advance the development of democratic civil authorities and institutions in the broader Central Asia region.

(Pub. L. 107–327, title I, §101, Dec. 4, 2002, 116 Stat. 2798.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Meaningful Inclusion of Afghan Women in Peace Negotiations

Pub. L. 116–92, div. A, title XII, §1216, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 1633, provided that:

"(a) In General.—The Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall seek to ensure the meaningful participation of Afghan women in the peace process in Afghanistan in a manner consistent with the Women, Peace, and Security Act of 2017 (22 U.S.C. 2152j et seq.), including through advocacy for the inclusion of Afghan women in ongoing and future negotiations to end the conflict in Afghanistan.

"(b) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 20, 2019], the Secretary of State, in coordination with the Secretary of Defense, shall submit to the appropriate committees of Congress a report describing the steps taken to fulfill the duties of the Secretary of State and the Secretary of Defense under subsection (a).

"(c) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means—

"(1) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and

"(2) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives."

Consultations With Congress on a Bilateral Security Agreement With Afghanistan

Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1225, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 1999, provided that:

"(a) Consultations Required.—Commencing not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Jan. 2, 2013], the President shall consult periodically with the appropriate committees of Congress on the status of the negotiations on a bilateral security agreement between the United States of America and the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. Such consultations shall include a briefing summarizing the purpose, objectives, and key issues relating to the agreement.

"(b) Availability of Agreement Text.—Before entering into any bilateral security agreement with Afghanistan, the President shall make available to the appropriate committees of Congress the text of such agreement.

"(c) Termination of Consultations.—The requirements of this section shall terminate on the date on which the United States and Afghanistan enter into a bilateral security agreement or the President notifies Congress that negotiations on such an agreement have been terminated.

"(d) Appropriate Committees of Congress Defined.—In this section, the term 'appropriate committees of Congress' means—

"(1) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and

"(2) the Committee on Armed Services and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives."

Strategy for the United States Relationship With Afghanistan

Pub. L. 110–53, title XX, §2041, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 518, provided that:

"(a) Congressional Findings.—Congress finds the following:

"(1) A democratic, stable, and prosperous Afghanistan is vital to the national security of the United States and to combating international terrorism.

"(2) Following the ouster of the Taliban regime in 2001, the Government of Afghanistan, with assistance from the United States and the international community, has achieved some notable successes, including—

"(A) adopting a constitution;

"(B) holding presidential, parliamentary, and provincial council elections;

"(C) improving the protection of human rights, including women's rights; and

"(D) expanding educational opportunities.

"(3) The following factors pose a serious and immediate threat to the stability of Afghanistan:

"(A) Taliban and anti-government forces, al Qaeda, and criminal networks.

"(B) Drug trafficking and corruption.

"(C) Weak institutions of administration, security, and justice, including pervasive lack of the rule of law.

"(D) Poverty, unemployment, and lack of provision of basic services.

"(4) The United States and the international community must significantly increase political, economic, and military support to Afghanistan to ensure its long-term stability and prosperity, and to deny violent extremist groups such as al Qaeda sanctuary in Afghanistan.

"(b) Statements of Policy.—The following shall be the policies of the United States:

"(1) The United States shall vigorously support the people and Government of Afghanistan as they continue to commit to the path toward a government representing and protecting the rights of all Afghans, and shall maintain its long-term commitment to the people of Afghanistan by increased assistance and the continued deployment of United States troops in Afghanistan as long as the Government of Afghanistan supports such United States involvement.

"(2) In order to reduce the ability of the Taliban and al Qaeda to finance their operations through the opium trade, the President shall engage aggressively with the Government of Afghanistan, countries in the region or otherwise influenced by the trade and transit of narcotics, as well as North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) partners of the United States, and in consultation with Congress, to assess the success of the current Afghan counter-narcotics strategy and to explore additional options for addressing the narcotics crisis in Afghanistan, including possible changes in rules of engagement for NATO and Coalition forces for participation in actions against narcotics trafficking and kingpins, and the provision of comprehensive assistance to farmers who rely on opium for their livelihood, including through the promotion of alternative crops and livelihoods.

"(3) The United States shall continue to work with and provide assistance to the Government of Afghanistan to strengthen local and national government institutions and the rule of law, including the training of judges and prosecutors, and to train and equip the Afghan National Security Forces.

"(4) The United States shall continue to call on NATO members participating in operations in Afghanistan to meet their commitments to provide forces and equipment, and to lift restrictions on how such forces can be deployed.

"(5) The United States shall continue to foster greater understanding and cooperation between the Governments of Afghanistan and Pakistan by taking the following actions:

"(A) Facilitating greater communication, including through official mechanisms such as the Tripartite Commission and the Joint Intelligence Operations Center, and by promoting other forms of exchange between the parliaments and civil society of the two countries.

"(B) Urging the Government of Afghanistan to enter into a political dialogue with Pakistan with respect to all issues relating to the border between the two countries, with the aim of establishing a mutually-recognized and monitored border, open to human and economic exchange, and with both countries fully responsible for border security.

"(c) Statement of Congress.—Congress strongly urges that the Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002 (22 U.S.C. 7501 et seq.) be reauthorized and updated to take into account new developments in Afghanistan and in the region so as to demonstrate the continued support by the United States for the people and Government of Afghanistan.

"(d) Emergency Increase in Effective Police Training and Policing Operations.—

"(1) Congressional finding.—Congress finds that police training programs in Afghanistan have achieved far less return on substantial investment to date and require a substantive review and justification of the means and purposes of such assistance, consequent to any provision of additional resources.

"(2) Assistance authorized.—The President shall make increased efforts, on an urgent basis, to—

"(A) dramatically improve the capability and effectiveness of United States and international police trainers, mentors, and police personnel for police training programs in Afghanistan, as well as develop a pretraining screening program;

"(B) increase the numbers of such trainers, mentors, and personnel only if such increase is determined to improve the performance and capabilities of the Afghanistan civil security forces; and

"(C) assist the Government of Afghanistan, in conjunction with the Afghanistan civil security forces and their leadership, in addressing the corruption crisis that is threatening to undermine Afghanistan's future.

"(3) Report.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 3, 2007], and every 6 months thereafter until September 30, 2010, the President shall transmit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on United States efforts to fulfill the requirements of this subsection. The report required by this paragraph may be transmitted concurrently with any similar report required by the Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002 [22 U.S.C. 7501 et seq.]."

[For definition of "appropriate congressional committees" as used in section 2041 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see section 2002 of Pub. L. 110–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.]

[For assignment of functions of President under section 2041(d)(3) of Pub. L. 110–53, set out above, see Memorandum of President of the United States, Sept. 28, 2007, 72 F.R. 56871, set out as a note under section 2228 of this title.]

Coordination of Assistance

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7104(b), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3780, provided that:

"(1) Findings.—Consistent with the report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, Congress makes the following findings:

"(A) The United States and its allies in the international community have made progress in promoting economic and political reform within Afghanistan, including the establishment of a central government with a democratic constitution, a new currency, and a new army, the increase of personal freedom, and the elevation of the standard of living of many Afghans.

"(B) A number of significant obstacles must be overcome if Afghanistan is to become a secure and prosperous democracy, and such a transition depends in particular upon—

"(i) improving security throughout the country;

"(ii) disarming and demobilizing militias;

"(iii) curtailing the rule of the warlords;

"(iv) promoting equitable economic development;

"(v) protecting the human rights of the people of Afghanistan;

"(vi) continuing to hold elections for public officials; and

"(vii) ending the cultivation, production, and trafficking of narcotics.

"(C) The United States and the international community must make a long-term commitment to addressing the unstable security situation in Afghanistan and the burgeoning narcotics trade, endemic poverty, and other serious problems in Afghanistan in order to prevent that country from relapsing into a sanctuary for international terrorism.

"(2) Sense of congress.—It is the sense of Congress that the United States Government should take, with respect to Afghanistan, the following actions:

"(A) Work with other nations to obtain long-term security, political, and financial commitments and fulfillment of pledges to the Government of Afghanistan to accomplish the objectives of the Afghanistan Freedom Support Act of 2002 (22 U.S.C. 7501 et seq.), especially to ensure a secure, democratic, and prosperous Afghanistan that respects the rights of its citizens and is free of international terrorist organizations.

"(B) Use the voice and vote of the United States in relevant international organizations, including the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the United Nations Security Council, to strengthen international commitments to assist the Government of Afghanistan in enhancing security, building national police and military forces, increasing counter-narcotics efforts, and expanding infrastructure and public services throughout the country.

"(C) Take appropriate steps to increase the assistance provided under programs of the Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development throughout Afghanistan and to increase the number of personnel of those agencies in Afghanistan as necessary to support the increased assistance."

Declarations of General Policy

Pub. L. 108–458, title VII, §7104(e)(2), Dec. 17, 2004, 118 Stat. 3782, provided that: "Congress makes the following declarations:

"(A) The United States reaffirms the support that it and other countries expressed for the report entitled 'Securing Afghanistan's Future' in their Berlin Declaration of April 2004. The United States should help enable the growth needed to create an economically sustainable Afghanistan capable of the poverty reduction and social development foreseen in the report.

"(B) The United States supports the parliamentary elections to be held in Afghanistan by April 2005 and will help ensure that such elections are not undermined, including by warlords or narcotics traffickers.

"(C) The United States continues to urge North Atlantic Treaty Organization members and other friendly countries to make much greater military contributions toward securing the peace in Afghanistan."
22 U.S.C. § 9241 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 99: NORTH KOREA SANCTIONS AND POLICY ENHANCEMENT / Subchapter III: PROMOTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS / Section 9241: Strategy to promote North Korean human rights
Strategy to promote North Korean human rights
Status: in_force

(a) In general

Not later than 120 days after October 25, 2018, and periodically thereafter, the Secretary of State, in coordination with other appropriate Federal departments and agencies, shall submit to the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives a report that details a United States strategy to promote initiatives to enhance international awareness of and to address the human rights situation in North Korea.

(b) Information

The report required under subsection (a) should include—

(1) a list of countries that forcibly repatriate refugees from North Korea;

(2) a list of countries where North Korean laborers work, including countries the governments of which have formal arrangements with the Government of North Korea or any person acting for or on behalf of that Government to employ North Korean workers; and

(3) a list of foreign persons that knowingly employ North Korean laborers, as described in section 9214(g)(1)(C) of this title.

(c) Strategy

The report required under subsection (a) should include—

(1) a plan to enhance bilateral and multilateral outreach, including sustained engagement with the governments of partners and allies with overseas posts to routinely demarche or brief those governments on North Korea human rights issues, including forced labor, trafficking, and repatriation of citizens of North Korea;

(2) public affairs and public diplomacy campaigns, including options to work with news organizations and media outlets to publish opinion pieces and secure public speaking opportunities for United States Government officials on issues related to the human rights situation in North Korea, including forced labor, trafficking, and repatriation of citizens of North Korea; and

(3) opportunities to coordinate and collaborate with appropriate nongovernmental organizations and private sector entities to raise awareness and provide assistance to North Korean defectors throughout the world.

(Pub. L. 114–122, title III, §302, Feb. 18, 2016, 130 Stat. 112; Pub. L. 115–44, title III, §321(a)(1), Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 951; Pub. L. 115–272, title III, §303(c)(2), Oct. 25, 2018, 132 Stat. 4157; Pub. L. 116–92, div. F, title LXXI, §7122(b)(4), Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2248.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2019—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 116–92 substituted "section 9214(g)(1)(C)" for "section 9214(b)(1)(M)".

2018—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 115–272 substituted "Not later than 120 days after October 25, 2018, and periodically thereafter" for "Not later than 180 days after February 18, 2016".

2017—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 115–44 added par. (3).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Additional Determinations; Reports

Pub. L. 115–44, title III, §321(a)(2), Aug. 2, 2017, 131 Stat. 951, provided that: "With respect to any country identified in section 302(b)(2) of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 (22 U.S.C. 9241(b)(2)), as amended by paragraph (1), the report required under section 302(a) of such Act shall—

"(A) include a determination whether each person identified in section 302(b)(3) of such Act (as amended by paragraph (1)) who is a national or a citizen of such identified country meets the criteria for sanctions under—

"(i) section 111 of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7108) (relating to the prevention of trafficking in persons); or

"(ii) section 104(a) or 104(b)(1) of the North Korea Sanctions and Policy Enhancement Act of 2016 (22 U.S.C. 9214(a)[, (b)(1)]), as amended by section 101 of this Act;

"(B) be included in the report required under section 110(b) of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (22 U.S.C. 7107(b)) (relating to the annual report on trafficking in persons); and

"(C) be considered in any determination that the government of such country has made serious and sustained efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons, as such term is defined for purposes of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 [22 U.S.C. 7101 et seq.]."
22 U.S.C. § 8811 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 95: IRAN FREEDOM AND COUNTERPROLIFERATION / Section 8811: Rule of construction
Rule of construction
Status: in_force

Nothing in this subtitle or the amendments made by this subtitle shall be construed to limit sanctions imposed with respect to Iran under any other provision of law or to limit the authority of the President to impose additional sanctions with respect to Iran.

(Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1255, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2018.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This subtitle, referred to in text, is subtitle D (§§1241–1255) of title XII of div. A of Pub. L. 112–239, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2004, known as the Iran Freedom and Counter-Proliferation Act of 2012, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of subtitle D to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 8801 of this title and Tables.
22 U.S.C. § 5859a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 67: FREEDOM FOR RUSSIA AND EMERGING EURASIAN DEMOCRACIES AND OPEN MARKETS SUPPORT / Subchapter IV: NONPROLIFERATION AND DISARMAMENT PROGRAMS AND ACTIVITIES / Section 5859a: International nonproliferation initiative
International nonproliferation initiative
Status: in_force

(a) Assistance for international nonproliferation activities

Subject to the limitations and requirements provided in this section, the Secretary of Defense, under the guidance of the President, may provide assistance to support international nonproliferation activities.

(b) Activities for which assistance may be provided

Activities for which assistance may be provided under this section are activities such as the following:

(1) Activities carried out by international organizations that are designed to ensure more effective safeguards against proliferation and more effective verification of compliance with international agreements on nonproliferation.

(2) Activities of the Department of Defense in support of the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (or any successor organization).

(3) Collaborative international nuclear security and nuclear safety projects to combat the threat of nuclear theft, terrorism, or accidents, including joint emergency response exercises, technical assistance, and training.

(4) Efforts to improve international cooperative monitoring of nuclear, biological, chemical, and missile proliferation through technical projects and improved information sharing.

(c) Form of assistance

(1) Assistance under this section may include funds and in-kind contributions of supplies, equipment, personnel, training, and other forms of assistance.

(2) Assistance under this section may be provided to international organizations in the form of funds only if the amount in the "Contributions to International Organizations" account of the Department of State is insufficient or otherwise unavailable to meet the United States fair share of assessments for international nuclear nonproliferation activities.

(3) No amount may be obligated for an expenditure under this section unless the Director of the Office of Management and Budget determines that the expenditure will be counted as discretionary spending in the national defense budget function (function 050).

(4) No assistance may be furnished under this section unless the Secretary of Defense determines and certifies to the Congress 30 days in advance that the provision of such assistance—

(A) is in the national security interest of the United States; and

(B) will not adversely affect the military preparedness of the United States.

(5) The authority to provide assistance under this section in the form of funds may be exercised only to the extent and in the amounts provided in advance in appropriations Act.

(d) Sources of assistance

(1) Funds provided as assistance under this section for any fiscal year shall be derived from amounts made available to the Department of Defense for that fiscal year. Funds provided as assistance under this section for a fiscal year may also be derived from balances in working capital accounts of the Department of Defense.

(2) Supplies and equipment provided as assistance under this section may be provided, by loan or donation, from existing stocks of the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy.

(3) The total amount of the assistance provided in the form of funds under this section, including funds used for activities of the Department of Defense in support of the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq, may not exceed $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1996, $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1997, or $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1998.

(4)(A) In the event of a significant unforeseen development related to the activities of the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq (or any successor organization) for which the Secretary of Defense determines that financial assistance under this section is required at a level which would result in the total amount of assistance provided under this section during the then-current fiscal year exceeding the amount of any limitation provided by law on the total amount of such assistance for that fiscal year, the Secretary of Defense may provide such assistance with respect to that fiscal year notwithstanding that limitation. Funds for such purpose may be derived from any funds available to the Department of Defense for that fiscal year.

(B) Financial assistance may be provided under subparagraph (A) only after the Secretary of Defense provides notice in writing to the committees of Congress named in subsection (e)(2) of the significant unforeseen development and of the Secretary's intent to provide assistance in excess of the limitation for that fiscal year. However, if the Secretary determines in any case that under the specific circumstances of that case advance notice is not possible, such notice shall be provided as soon as possible and not later than 15 days after the date on which the assistance is provided. Any notice under this subparagraph shall include a description of the development, the amount of assistance provided or to be provided, and the source of the funds for that assistance.

(e) Quarterly report

(1) Not later than 30 days after the end of each quarter of a fiscal year during which the authority of the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance under this section is in effect, the Secretary of Defense shall transmit to the committees of Congress named in paragraph (2) a report of the activities to reduce the proliferation threat carried out under this section. Each report shall set forth (for the preceding quarter and cumulatively)—

(A) the amounts spent for such activities and the purposes for which they were spent;

(B) a description of the participation of the Department of Defense and the Department of Energy and the participation of other Government agencies in those activities; and

(C) a description of the activities for which the funds were spent.

(2) The committees of Congress to which reports under paragraph (1) are to be transmitted are—

(A) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate; and

(B) the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on International Relations, and the Committee on Commerce of the House of Representatives.

(f) Termination of authority

The authority of the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance under this section terminates at the close of fiscal year 2003.

(Pub. L. 102–484, div. A, title XV, §1505, Oct. 23, 1992, 106 Stat. 2569; Pub. L. 103–160, div. A, title XI, §1182(c)(5), title XVI, §1602, Nov. 30, 1993, 107 Stat. 1772, 1843; Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1070(c)(1), title XV, §1501, Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2857, 2914; Pub. L. 104–106, div. A, title XIV, §1403, title XV, §1502(c)(2)(B), Feb. 10, 1996, 110 Stat. 489, 507; Pub. L. 104–201, div. A, title XIII, §1301, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2700; Pub. L. 105–85, div. A, title XIII, §1308, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 1956; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XV, §1531(b), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2180; Pub. L. 106–65, div. A, title X, §1067(8), title XV, §1505(b), (c), Oct. 5, 1999, 113 Stat. 774, 808; Pub. L. 106–398, §1 [[div. A], title XII, §1201(b)], Oct. 30, 2000, 114 Stat. 1654, 1654A–324; Pub. L. 107–107, div. A, title XII, §1203(b), Dec. 28, 2001, 115 Stat. 1246; Pub. L. 107–314, div. A, title XII, §1204(b), Dec. 2, 2002, 116 Stat. 2664.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the Weapons of Mass Destruction Control Act of 1992 and also as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, and not as part of the Freedom for Russia and Emerging Eurasian Democracies and Open Markets Support Act of 1992 or Freedom Support Act which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–314 substituted "2003" for "2002".

2001—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 107–107 substituted "2002" for "2001".

2000—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–398 substituted "2001" for "2000".

1999—Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 106–65, §1505(c)(1), inserted "(or any successor organization)" after "United Nations Special Commission on Iraq".

Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub. L. 106–65, §1505(c)(2)(A), in first sentence, inserted "(or any successor organization)" after "United Nations Special Commission on Iraq" and substituted "the amount of any limitation provided by law on the total amount of such assistance for that fiscal year, the Secretary of Defense may provide such assistance with respect to that fiscal year notwithstanding that limitation." for "the amount specified with respect to that year under paragraph (3), the Secretary of Defense may provide such assistance notwithstanding the limitation with respect to that fiscal year under paragraph (3)."

Subsec. (d)(4)(B). Pub. L. 106–65, §1505(c)(2)(B), struck out "under paragraph (3)" after "for that fiscal year".

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 106–65, §1067(8), substituted "Committee on Armed Services" for "Committee on National Security".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 106–65, §1505(b), substituted "2000" for "1999".

1998—Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–261 substituted "1999" for "1998".

1997—Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 105–85, §1308(1), struck out "or" after "fiscal year 1996," and inserted ", or $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1998" before period at end.

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 105–85, §1308(2), substituted "1998" for "1997".

1996—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(a)(1), struck out "during fiscal years 1994 and 1995" before "the Secretary of Defense".

Subsec. (b)(2). Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(b)(1), substituted "the Department of Defense" for "the On-Site Inspection Agency".

Subsec. (c)(3). Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(b)(2), substituted "will be counted as discretionary spending in the national defense budget function (function 050)." for "will be counted against the defense category of the discretionary spending limits for fiscal year 1993 (as defined in section 665(a)(2) of title 2) for purposes of part C of the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985."

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(c)(1)(A), (B), substituted "for any fiscal year shall be derived from amounts made available to the Department of Defense for that fiscal year." for "for fiscal year 1994 shall be derived from amounts made available to the Department of Defense for fiscal year 1994. Funds provided as assistance under this section for fiscal year 1995 shall be derived from amounts made available to the Department of Defense for fiscal year 1995." and struck out "referred to in this paragraph" after "for a fiscal year".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 104–201, §1301(a)(1), struck out "or" after "fiscal year 1995," and inserted ", or $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1997" before period at end.

Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(b)(1), (c)(2), struck out "may not exceed $$25,000,000 for fiscal year 1994 or $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1995" after "under this section", substituted "the Department of Defense" for "the On-Site Inspection Agency", and inserted before period at end ", may not exceed $25,000,000 for fiscal year 1994, $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1995, or $15,000,000 for fiscal year 1996".

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 104–201, §1301(b), added par. (4).

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(a)(2), substituted "a fiscal year during which the authority of the Secretary of Defense to provide assistance under this section is in effect" for "fiscal years 1994 and 1995".

Subsec. (e)(2)(B). Pub. L. 104–106, §1502(c)(2)(B), substituted "the Committee on National Security, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on International Relations, and the Committee on Commerce" for "the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Appropriations, the Committee on Foreign Affairs, and the Committee on Energy and Commerce".

Subsec. (f). Pub. L. 104–201, §1301(a)(2), substituted "1997" for "1996".

Pub. L. 104–106, §1403(a)(3), added subsec. (f).

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–337, §1501(a)(1), substituted "fiscal years 1994 and 1995" for "fiscal year 1994".

Subsec. (b)(1). Pub. L. 103–337, §1501(b)(1), substituted "international organizations" for "the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)", struck out "nuclear" after "safeguards against", and substituted "effective verification" for "aggressive verification" and "international agreements on nonproliferation" for "the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, done on July 1, 1968".

Subsec. (b)(4). Pub. L. 103–337, §1501(b)(2), substituted "nuclear, biological, chemical, and missile proliferation through technical projects and improved information sharing" for "nuclear proliferation through joint technical projects and improved intelligence sharing".

Subsec. (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–337, §1501(c)(1), inserted "for fiscal year 1994" after "under this section" and substituted "fiscal year 1994. Funds provided as assistance under this section for fiscal year 1995 shall be derived from amounts made available to the Department of Defense for fiscal year 1995. Funds provided as assistance under this section for a fiscal year referred to in this paragraph may also be derived" for "fiscal year 1994 or".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 103–337, §1501(c)(2), inserted "for fiscal year 1994 or $20,000,000 for fiscal year 1995".

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 103–337, §1501(a), substituted "fiscal years 1994 and 1995" for "fiscal year 1994".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–337, §1070(c)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (e)(2) by striking out "and under subsection (d)(4) of this section" effective as of Oct. 23, 1992, and as if included in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993 (Pub. L. 102–484), as enacted, was executed to subsec. (e)(2) as amended by Pub. L. 103–160, §1182(c)(5), to reflect the probable intent of Congress. See 1993 Amendment note below.

1993—Subsecs. (a), (d)(1). Pub. L. 103–160, §1602(a), substituted "fiscal year 1994" for "fiscal year 1993".

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 103–160, §1602(b)(2), struck out at end "Of such amount, not more than $20,000,000 may be used for the activities of the On-Site Inspection Agency in support of the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq."

Pub. L. 103–160, §1602(b)(1), substituted "$25,000,000, including funds used for activities of the On-Site Inspection Agency in support of the United Nations Special Commission on Iraq" for "40,000,000".

Subsec. (d)(4). Pub. L. 103–160, §1602(c), struck out par. (4) which read as follows: "Not less than 30 days before obligating any funds to provide assistance under this section, the Secretary of Defense shall transmit to the committees of Congress named in subsection (e)(2) of this section a report on the proposed obligation. Each such report shall specify—

"(A) the account, budget activity, and particular program or programs from which the funds proposed to be obligated are to be derived and the amount of the proposed obligation; and

"(B) the activities and forms of assistance for which the Secretary of Defense plans to obligate the funds."

Subsec. (e)(1). Pub. L. 103–160, §1602(a), substituted "fiscal year 1994" for "fiscal year 1993".

Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 103–160, §1182(c)(5), substituted "(d)(4)" for "(d)(2)" in introductory provisions.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

Committee on Commerce of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Energy and Commerce of House of Representatives, and jurisdiction over matters relating to securities and exchanges and insurance generally transferred to Committee on Financial Services of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Seventh Congress, Jan. 3, 2001.

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Pub. L. 103–337, div. A, title X, §1070(c), Oct. 5, 1994, 108 Stat. 2857, provided in part that the amendment made by that section is effective as of Oct. 23, 1992, and as if included in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1993, Pub. L. 102–484, as enacted.
22 U.S.C. § 6208a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 71: UNITED STATES INTERNATIONAL BROADCASTING / Section 6208a: Open Technology Fund
Open Technology Fund
Status: in_force

(a) Authority

(1) In general

Grants authorized under section 6204 of this title shall be available to make annual grants for the purpose of promoting, consistent with United States law, unrestricted access to uncensored sources of information via the internet to enable journalists, including journalists employed by or affiliated with the Voice of America, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, Radio Free Asia, the Middle East Broadcasting Networks, the Office of Cuba Broadcasting, or any entity funded by or partnering with the United States Agency for Global Media, to create and disseminate, and for their audiences to receive, news and information consistent with the purposes, standards, and principles specified in sections 6201 and 6202 of this title.

(2) Establishment

There is established a grantee entity to be known as the "Open Technology Fund", which shall carry out the provisions of this section.

(b) Functions of the grantee

In furtherance of the mission set forth in subsection (a), the Open Technology Fund shall seek to advance freedom of the press and unrestricted access to the internet in repressive environments oversees, and shall—

(1) research, develop, implement, and maintain—

(A) technologies that circumvent techniques used by authoritarian governments, nonstate actors, and others to block or censor access to the internet, including circumvention tools that bypass internet blocking, filtering, and other censorship techniques used to limit or block legitimate access to content and information; and

(B) secure communication tools and other forms of privacy and security technology that facilitate the creation and distribution of news and enable audiences to access media content on censored websites;

(2) advance internet freedom by supporting private and public sector research, development, implementation, and maintenance of technologies that provide secure and uncensored access to the internet to counter attempts by authoritarian governments, nonstate actors, and others to improperly restrict freedom online;

(3) research and analyze emerging technical threats and develop innovative solutions through collaboration with the private and public sectors to maintain the technological advantage of the United States Government over authoritarian governments, nonstate actors, and others;

(4) develop, acquire, and distribute requisite internet freedom technologies and techniques for the United States Agency for Global Media, including as set forth in paragraph (1), and digital security interventions, to fully enable the creation and distribution of digital content between and to all users and regional audiences;

(5) prioritize programs for countries the governments of which restrict freedom of expression on the internet, and that are important to the national interest of the United States, and are consistent with section 7050(b)(2)(C) of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020 (Public Law 116–94); and

(6) carry out any other effort consistent with the purposes of this chapter or press freedom overseas if requested or approved by the United States Agency for Global Media.

(c) Methodology

In carrying out subsection (b), the Open Technology Fund shall—

(1) support fully open-source tools, code, and components, to the extent practicable, to ensure such supported tools and technologies are as secure, transparent, and accessible as possible, and require that any such tools, components, code, or technology supported by the Open Technology Fund remain fully open-source, to the extent practicable;

(2) support technologies that undergo comprehensive security audits to ensure that such technologies are secure and have not been compromised in a manner detrimental to the interest of the United States or to individuals and organizations benefitting from programs supported by the Open Technology Fund;

(3) review and update periodically as necessary security auditing procedures used by the Open Technology Fund to reflect current industry security standards;

(4) establish safeguards to mitigate the use of such supported technologies for illicit purposes;

(5) solicit project proposals through an open, transparent, and competitive application process to attract innovative applications and reduce barriers to entry;

(6) seek input from technical, regional, and subject matter experts from a wide range of relevant disciplines, to review, provide feedback, and evaluate proposals to ensure the most competitive projects are funded;

(7) implement an independent review process, through which proposals are reviewed by such experts to ensure the highest degree of technical review and due diligence;

(8) maximize cooperation with the public and private sectors, as well as foreign allies and partner countries, to maximize efficiencies and eliminate duplication of efforts; and

(9) utilize any other methodology approved by the United States Agency for Global Media in furtherance of the mission of the Open Technology Fund.

(d) Grant agreement

Any grant agreement with or grants made to the Open Technology Fund under this section shall be subject to the following limitations and restrictions:

(1) The headquarters of the Open Technology Fund and its senior administrative and managerial staff shall be located in a location which ensures economy, operational effectiveness, and accountability to the United States Agency for Global Media.

(2) Grants awarded under this section shall be made pursuant to a grant agreement which requires that grant funds be used only for activities consistent with this section, and that failure to comply with such requirements shall permit the grant to be terminated without fiscal obligation to the United States.

(3) Any grant agreement under this section shall require that any contract entered into by the Open Technology Fund shall specify that all obligations are assumed by the grantee and not by the United States Government.

(4) Any grant agreement under this section shall require that any lease agreements entered into by the Open Technology Fund shall be, to the maximum extent possible, assignable to the United States Government.

(5) Administrative and managerial costs for operation of the Open Technology Fund should be kept to a minimum and, to the maximum extent feasible, should not exceed the costs that would have been incurred if the Open Technology Fund had been operated as a Federal entity rather than as a grantee.

(6) Grant funds may not be used for any activity the purpose of which is influencing the passage or defeat of legislation considered by Congress.

(e) Relationship to the United States Agency for Global Media

(1) In general

The Open Technology Fund shall be subject to the same oversight and governance by the United States Agency for Global Media as other grantees of the Agency as set forth in section 6204 of this title.

(2) Assistance

The United States Agency for Global Media, its broadcast entities, and the Open Technology Fund should render assistance to each other as may be necessary to carry out the purposes of this section or any other provision of this chapter.

(3) Not a Federal agency or instrumentality

Nothing in this section may be construed to make the Open Technology Fund a Federal agency or instrumentality.

(4) Detailees

Under the Intergovernmental Personnel Act [42 U.S.C. 4701 et seq.], employees of a grantee of the United States Agency for Global Media may be detailed to the Agency, and Federal employees may be detailed to a grantee of the United States Agency for Global Media.

(f) Relationship to other United States Government-funded Internet freedom programs

The United States Agency for Global Media shall ensure that internet freedom research and development projects of the Open Technology Fund are coordinated with internet freedom programs of the Department of State and other relevant United States Government departments, in order to share information and best-practices relating to the implementation of subsections (b) and (c).

(g) Reporting requirements

(1) Annual report

The Open Technology Fund shall highlight, in its annual report, internet freedom activities, including a comprehensive assessment of the Open Technology Fund's activities relating to the implementation of subsections (b) and (c). Each such report shall include the following:

(A) An assessment of the current state of global internet freedom, including trends in censorship and surveillance technologies and internet shutdowns, and the threats such pose to journalists, citizens, and human rights and civil-society organizations.

(B) A description of the technology projects supported by the Open Technology Fund and the associated impact of such projects in the prior year, including the countries and regions in which such technologies were deployed, and any associated metrics indicating audience usage of such technologies, as well as future-year technology project initiatives.

(2) Assessment of the effectiveness of the Open Technology Fund

Not later than two years after January 1, 2021, the Inspector General of the Department of State and the Foreign Service shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the following:

(A) Whether the Open Technology Fund is technically sound and cost effective.

(B) Whether the Open Technology Fund is satisfying the requirements of this section.

(C) The extent to which the interests of the United States are being served by maintaining the work of the Open Technology Fund.

(h) Audit authorities

(1) In general

Financial transactions of the Open Technology Fund, as such relate to functions carried out under this section, may be audited by the Government Accountability Office in accordance with such principles and procedures and under such rules and regulations as may be prescribed by the Comptroller General of the United States. Any such audit shall be conducted at the place or places at which accounts of the Open Technology Fund are normally kept.

(2) Access by GAO

The Government Accountability Office shall have access to all books, accounts, records, reports, files, papers, and property belonging to or in use by the Open Technology Fund pertaining to financial transactions as may be necessary to facilitate an audit. The Government Accountability Office shall be afforded full facilities for verifying transactions with any assets held by depositories, fiscal agents, and custodians. All such books, accounts, records, reports, files, papers, and property of the Open Technology Fund shall remain in the possession and custody of the Open Technology Fund.

(3) Exercise of authorities

Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the Inspector General of the Department of State and the Foreign Service is authorized to exercise the authorities of the Inspector General Act of 1978 with respect to the Open Technology Fund.

(Pub. L. 103–236, title III, §309A, as added Pub. L. 116–283, div. A, title XII, §1299P(b), Jan. 1, 2021, 134 Stat. 4016.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 7050(b)(2)(C) of the Further Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2020, referred to in subsec. (b)(5), is section 7050(b)(2)(C) of Pub. L. 116–94, div. G, title VII, Dec. 20, 2019, 133 Stat. 2915, which is not classified to the Code.

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (b)(6) and (e)(2), was in the original "this Act", and was translated, to reflect the probable intent of Congress, as reading "this title", meaning title III of Pub. L. 103–236, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 432, known as the United States International Broadcasting Act of 1994, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 6201 of this title and Tables.

The Intergovernmental Personnel Act, referred to in subsec. (e)(4), probably means the Intergovernmental Personnel Act of 1970, Pub. L. 91–648, Jan. 5, 1971, 84 Stat. 1909, which is classified principally to chapter 62 (§4701 et seq.) of Title 42, The Public Health and Welfare. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 4701 of Title 42 and Tables.

The Inspector General Act of 1978, referred to in subsec. (h)(3), is Pub. L. 95–452, Oct. 12, 1978, 92 Stat. 1101, which was set out in the Appendix to Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, and was substantially repealed and restated in chapter 4 (§401 et seq.) of Title 5 by Pub. L. 117–286, §§3(b), 7, Dec. 27, 2022, 136 Stat. 4206, 4361. For disposition of sections of the Act into chapter 4 of Title 5, see Disposition Table preceding section 101 of Title 5.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective and applicable beginning on July 1, 2021, see section 1299P(e) of Pub. L. 116–283, set out as an Effective Date of 2021 Amendment note under section 6203 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 262c (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 7: INTERNATIONAL BUREAUS, CONGRESSES, ETC. / Section 262c: Commitments for United States contributions to international financial institutions fostering economic development in less developed countries; continuation of participation
Commitments for United States contributions to international financial institutions fostering economic development in less developed countries; continuation of participation
Status: in_force

(a) Congressional findings

It is the sense of the Congress that—

(1) for humanitarian, economic, and political reasons, it is in the national interest of the United States to assist in fostering economic development in the less developed countries of this world;

(2) the development-oriented international financial institutions have proved themselves capable of playing a significant role in assisting economic development by providing to less developed countries access to capital and technical assistance and soliciting from them maximum self-help and mutual cooperation;

(3) this has been achieved with minimal risk of financial loss to contributing countries;

(4) such institutions have proved to be an effective mechanism for sharing the burden among developed countries of stimulating economic development in the less developed world; and

(5) although continued United States participation in the international financial institutions is an important part of efforts by the United States to assist less developed countries, more of this burden should be shared by other developed countries. As a step in that direction, in future negotiations, the United States should work toward aggregate contributions to future replenishments to international financial institutions covered by this Act not to exceed 25 per centum.

(b) Funding commitments to international financial institutions; availability of funds subject to appropriations

The Congress recognizes that economic development is a long-term process needing funding commitments to international financial institutions. It also notes that the availability of funds for the United States contribution to international financial institutions is subject to the appropriations process.

(Pub. L. 95–118, title I, §101, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1067.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This Act, referred to in subsec. (a)(5), is Pub. L. 95–118, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1067, known as the International Financial Institutions Act, which enacted sections 262c, 262d, 262e to 262g–3, 262m to 262p–4q, 262p–5 to 262p–12, 262p–13 to 262p–17, 262r to 262r–5, 262s to 262t, 282i, 284n, 285s, 285t, 286e–1f, and 290g–10 of this title, repealed sections 283y, 284m, and 290g–9 of this title, and enacted provisions set out as notes under sections 262c and 282i of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1977 Amendment note set out under section 261 of this title and Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective Oct. 3, 1977, see section 1001 of Pub. L. 95–118, set out as a note under section 282i of this title.

Future United States Contributions to the International Financial Institutions

Pub. L. 96–536, §101(b) [H.J. Res. 637, §101(b); H.R. 4473, title I], Dec. 16, 1980, 94 Stat. 3167, provided in part that: "It is the sense of the Congress that the United States share of contributions to future replenishments of the International Financial Institutions should not exceed the percentages enumerated below for each of the respective accounts within these institutions:

"Asian Development Bank:

"Paid-in capital, 16.3 percent;

"Callable capital, 16.3 percent;

"Asian Development Fund, 22.2 percent;

"African Development Bank:

"Special Fund, 18 percent;

"Inter-American Development Bank:

"Paid-in capital, 34.5 percent;

"Callable capital, 34.5 percent;

"Fund for Special Operations, 40 percent;

"International Bank for Reconstruction and Development:

"Paid-in capital, 24 percent;

"Callable capital, 24 percent;

"International Development Association, 25 percent;

"International Finance Corporation, 23 percent."

Similar provisions were contained in the following appropriation acts:

Pub. L. 96–123, §101(a) [incorporating Pub. L. 95–481, title III], Nov. 20, 1979, 93 Stat. 923.

Pub. L. 95–481, title III, Oct. 18, 1978, 92 Stat. 1599.

Pub. L. 95–148, title III, Oct. 31, 1977, 91 Stat. 1238.

Standards for Human Needs and Protection of Human Rights; Consultation for Development of Criteria; Report to Congress

Pub. L. 95–118, title VII, §703, Oct. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 1070, directed the Secretary of State and the Secretary of the Treasury to initiate a wide consultation designed to develop a viable standard for the meeting of basic human needs and the protection of human rights and a mechanism for acting together to insure that the rewards of international economic cooperation are especially available to those who subscribe to such standards, and report to Congress not later than one year after Oct. 3, 1977.
22 U.S.C. § 8727 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 94: IRAN THREAT REDUCTION AND SYRIA HUMAN RIGHTS / Subchapter II: ADDITIONAL MEASURES RELATING TO SANCTIONS AGAINST IRAN / Section 8727: Identification of, and immigration restrictions on, senior officials of the Government of Iran and their family members
Identification of, and immigration restrictions on, senior officials of the Government of Iran and their family members
Status: in_force

(a) Identification

Not later than 180 days after August 10, 2012, and annually thereafter, the President shall publish a list of each individual the President determines is—

(1) a senior official of the Government of Iran described in subsection (b) that is involved in Iran's—

(A) illicit nuclear activities or proliferation of weapons of mass destruction or delivery systems for weapons of mass destruction;

(B) support for international terrorism; or

(C) commission of serious human rights abuses against citizens of Iran or their family members; or

(2) a family member of such an official.

(b) Senior officials of the Government of Iran described

A senior official of the Government of Iran described in this subsection is any senior official of that Government, including—

(1) the Supreme Leader of Iran;

(2) the President of Iran;

(3) a member of the Cabinet of the Government of Iran;

(4) a member of the Assembly of Experts;

(5) a senior member of the Intelligence Ministry of Iran; or

(6) a senior member of Iran's Revolutionary Guard Corps, including a senior member of a paramilitary organization such as Ansar-e-Hezbollah or Basij-e Motaz'afin.

(c) Exclusion from United States

Except as provided in subsection (d), the Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Secretary of Homeland Security shall exclude from the United States, any alien who is on the list required by subsection (a).

(d) Exception to comply with United Nations Headquarters agreement

Subsection (c) shall not apply to an individual if admitting the individual to the United States is necessary to permit the United States to comply with the Agreement between the United Nations and the United States of America regarding the Headquarters of the United Nations, signed June 26, 1947, and entered into force November 21, 1947, and other applicable international obligations.

(e) Waiver

The President may waive the application of subsection (a) or (c) with respect to an individual if the President—

(1) determines that such a waiver is essential to the national interests of the United States; and

(2) not less than 7 days before the waiver takes effect, notifies Congress of the waiver and the reason for the waiver.

(Pub. L. 112–158, title II, §221, Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1238.)

Termination of Section

For termination of section, see section 8785(a) of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2701 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2701: Educational facilities
Educational facilities
Status: in_force

Whenever the Secretary of State determines that educational facilities are not available, or that existing educational facilities are inadequate, to meet the needs of children of United States citizens stationed outside the United States who are engaged in carrying out Government activities, the Secretary may, in such manner as he deems appropriate and under such regulations as he may prescribe, establish, operate, and maintain primary schools, and school dormitories and related educational facilities for primary and secondary schools, outside the United States, make grants of funds for such purposes, or otherwise provide for such educational facilities. The authorities of the Foreign Service Buildings Act, 1926 [22 U.S.C. 292 et seq.], and of paragraphs (h) and (i) of section 2670 of this title, may be utilized by the Secretary in providing assistance for educational facilities. Such assistance may include physical security enhancements and hiring, transporting, and payment of teachers and other necessary personnel. Notwithstanding any other provision of law, where the child of a United States citizen employee of an agency of the United States Government who is stationed outside the United States attends an educational facility assisted by the Secretary of State under this section, the head of that agency is authorized to reimburse, or credit with advance payment, the Department of State for funds used in providing assistance to such educational facilities, by grant or otherwise, under this section.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §29, as added Pub. L. 96–465, title II, §2201(a), Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2154; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(a), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282; amended Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXII, §2201, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–804; Pub. L. 114–323, title I, §114, Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1911.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The Foreign Service Buildings Act, 1926, referred to in text, is act May 7, 1926, ch. 250, 44 Stat. 403, which is classified generally to chapter 8 (§292 et seq.) of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see section 299 of this title and Tables.

Amendments

2016—Pub. L. 114–323 inserted "physical security enhancements and" after "may include".

1998—Pub. L. 105–277 inserted at end "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, where the child of a United States citizen employee of an agency of the United States Government who is stationed outside the United States attends an educational facility assisted by the Secretary of State under this section, the head of that agency is authorized to reimburse, or credit with advance payment, the Department of State for funds used in providing assistance to such educational facilities, by grant or otherwise, under this section."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date

Section effective Feb. 15, 1981, except as otherwise provided, see section 2403 of Pub. L. 96–465, set out as a note under section 3901 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 4605 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 56: UNITED STATES INSTITUTE OF PEACE / Section 4605: Board of Directors
Board of Directors
Status: in_force

(a) Vested powers

The powers of the Institute shall be vested in a Board of Directors unless otherwise specified in this chapter.

(b) Membership

The Board shall consist of fifteen voting members as follows:

(1) The Secretary of State (or if the Secretary so designates, another officer of the Department of State who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate).

(2) The Secretary of Defense (or if the Secretary so designates, another officer of the Department of Defense who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate).

(3) The president of the National Defense University (or if the president so designates, the vice president of the National Defense University).

(4) Twelve individuals appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

(c) Political affiliation

Not more than eight voting members of the Board (including members described in paragraphs (1) through (4) of subsection (b)) may be members of the same political party.

(d) Qualifications

(1) Each individual appointed to the Board under subsection (b)(4) shall have appropriate practical or academic experience in peace and conflict resolution efforts of the United States.

(2) Officers and employees of the United States Government may not be appointed to the Board under subsection (b)(4).

(e) Term of office: commencement and termination, interim and remainder service, limitation

(1) Members of the Board appointed under subsection (b)(4) shall be appointed to four year terms, except that—

(A) the term of six of the members initially appointed shall be two years, as designated by the President at the time of their nomination;

(B) a member may continue to serve until his or her successor is appointed; and

(C) a member appointed to replace a member whose term has not expired shall be appointed to serve the remainder of that term.

(2) The terms of the members of the Board initially appointed under subsection (b)(4) shall begin on January 20, 1985, and subsequent terms shall begin upon the expiration of the preceding term, regardless of when a member is appointed to fill that term.

(3) The President may not nominate an individual for appointment to the Board under subsection (b)(4) prior to January 20, 1985, but shall submit the names of eleven nominees for initial Board membership under subsection (b)(4) not later than ninety days after that date. If the Senate rejects such a nomination or if such a nomination is withdrawn, the President shall submit the name of a new nominee within fifteen days.

(4) An individual appointed as a member of the Board under subsection (b)(4) may not be appointed to more than two terms on the Board.

(5) The term of a member of the Board shall not commence until the member is confirmed by the Senate and sworn in as a member of the Board.

(f) Removal from office

A member of the Board appointed under subsection (b)(4) may be removed by the President—

(1) in consultation with the Board, for conviction of a felony, malfeasance in office, persistent neglect of duties, or inability to discharge duties;

(2) upon the recommendation of eight voting members of the Board; or

(3) upon the recommendation of a majority of the members of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Education and Labor of the House of Representatives and a majority of the members of the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Labor and Human Resources of the Senate.

A recommendation made in accordance with paragraph (2) may be made only pursuant to action taken at a meeting of the Board, which may be closed pursuant to the procedures of subsection (h)(3). Only members who are present may vote. A record of the vote shall be maintained. The President shall be informed immediately by the Board of the recommendation.

(g) Conflict of interests

No member of the Board may participate in any decision, action, or recommendation with respect to any matter which directly and financially benefits the member or pertains specifically to any public body or any private or nonprofit firm or organization with which the member is then formally associated or has been formally associated within a period of two years, except that this subsection shall not be construed to prohibit an ex officio member of the Board from participation in actions of the Board which pertain specifically to the public body of which that member is an officer.

(h) Meetings; Chairman; Vice Chairman; quorum; notice in Federal Register; closure

Meetings of the Board shall be conducted as follows:

(1) The President shall stipulate by name the nominee who shall be the first Chairman of the Board. The first Chairman shall serve for a term of three years. Thereafter, the Board shall elect a Chairman every three years from among the directors appointed by the President under subsection (b)(4) and may elect a Vice Chairman if so provided by the Institute's bylaws.

(2) The Board shall meet at least semiannually, at any time pursuant to the call of the Chairman or as requested in writing to the Chairman by at least five members of the Board. A majority of the members of the Board shall constitute a quorum for any Board meeting.

(3) All meetings of the Board shall be open to public observation and shall be preceded by reasonable public notice. Notice in the Federal Register shall be deemed to be reasonable public notice for purposes of the preceding sentence. In exceptional circumstances, the Board may close those portions of a meeting, upon a majority vote of its members present and with the vote taken in public session, which are likely to disclose information likely to affect adversely any ongoing peace proceeding or activity or to disclose information or matters exempted from public disclosure pursuant to subsection (c) of section 552b of title 5.

(i) Compensation

A director appointed by the President under subsection (b)(4) shall be entitled to receive the daily equivalent of the annual rate of basic pay in effect for grade GS–18 of the General Schedule under section 5332 of title 5 for each day during which the director is engaged in the performance of duties as a member of the Board.

(j) Travel expenses

While away from his home or regular place of business in the performance of duties for the Institute, a director shall be allowed travel expenses, including a per diem in lieu of subsistence, not to exceed the expenses allowed persons employed intermittently in Government service under section 5703(b) 1 of title 5.

(Pub. L. 98–525, title XVII, §1706, Oct. 19, 1984, 98 Stat. 2654; Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XII, §1225(c)(1), Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–773; Pub. L. 110–315, title IX, §921(b)(1), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3456.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 5703 of title 5, referred to in subsec. (j), was amended generally by Pub. L. 94–22, §4, May 19, 1975, 89 Stat. 85, and, as so amended, does not contain a subsec. (b).

Amendments

2008—Pub. L. 110–315, §921(b)(1)(A), substituted "(b)(4)" for "(b)(5)" wherever appearing.

Subsec. (e)(5). Pub. L. 110–315, §921(b)(1)(B), added par. (5).

1998—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–277, §1225(c)(1), redesignated par. (4) as (3) and struck out former par. (3) which read as follows: "The Director of the Arms Control and Disarmament Agency (or if the Director so designates, another officer of that Agency who was appointed with the advice and consent of the Senate)."

Subsec. (b)(4), (5). Pub. L. 105–277, §1225(c)(1)(B), (C), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and substituted "Twelve" for "Eleven". Former par. (4) redesignated (3).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on Education and Labor of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Education and the Workforce of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 5, One Hundred Eighteenth Congress, Jan. 9, 2023.

Committee on Labor and Human Resources of Senate changed to Committee on Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions of Senate by Senate Resolution No. 20, One Hundred Sixth Congress, Jan. 19, 1999.

Effective Date of 2008 Amendment

Pub. L. 110–315, title IX, §921(b)(2), Aug. 14, 2008, 122 Stat. 3456, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect as if enacted on June 1, 2007, and shall apply to any member of the Board of Directors of the Institute of Peace confirmed by the Senate and sworn in as a member of the Board of Directors on or after such date."

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–277 effective Apr. 1, 1999, see section 1201 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as an Effective Date note under section 6511 of this title.

References in Other Laws to GS–16, 17, or 18 Pay Rates

References in laws to the rates of pay for GS–16, 17, or 18, or to maximum rates of pay under the General Schedule, to be considered references to rates payable under specified sections of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, see section 529 [title I, §101(c)(1)] of Pub. L. 101–509, set out in a note under section 5376 of Title 5.

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 8203 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 89: ADVANCING DEMOCRATIC VALUES / Section 8203: Definitions
Definitions
Status: in_force

In this chapter:

(1) Annual Report on Advancing Freedom and Democracy

The term "Annual Report on Advancing Freedom and Democracy" refers to the annual report submitted to Congress by the Department of State pursuant to section 665(c) of the Foreign Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003 (Public Law 107–228; 22 U.S.C. 2151n note), in which the Department reports on actions taken by the United States Government to encourage respect for human rights and democracy.

(2) Appropriate congressional committees

The term "appropriate congressional committees" means the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate.

(3) Assistant Secretary

The term "Assistant Secretary" means the Assistant Secretary of State for Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor.

(4) Community of Democracies and Community

The terms "Community of Democracies" and "Community" mean the association of democratic countries committed to the global promotion of democratic principles, practices, and values, which held its First Ministerial Conference in Warsaw, Poland, in June 2000.

(5) Department

The term "Department" means the Department of State.

(6) Nondemocratic country or democratic transition country

The term "nondemocratic country" or "democratic transition country" shall include any country which is not governed by a fully functioning democratic form of government, as determined by the Secretary, taking into account the general consensus regarding the status of civil and political rights in a country by major nongovernmental organizations that conduct assessments of such conditions in countries and whether the country exhibits the following characteristics:

(A) All citizens of such country have the right to, and are not restricted in practice from, fully and freely participating in the political life of such country.

(B) The national legislative body of such country and, if directly elected, the head of government of such country, are chosen by free, fair, open, and periodic elections, by universal and equal suffrage, and by secret ballot.

(C) More than one political party in such country has candidates who seek elected office at the national level and such parties are not restricted in their political activities or their process for selecting such candidates, except for reasonable administrative requirements commonly applied in countries categorized as fully democratic.

(D) All citizens in such country have a right to, and are not restricted in practice from, fully exercising such fundamental freedoms as the freedom of expression, conscience, and peaceful assembly and association, and such country has a free, independent, and pluralistic media.

(E) The current government of such country did not come to power in a manner contrary to the rule of law.

(F) Such country possesses an independent judiciary and the government of such country generally respects the rule of law.

(G) Such country does not violate other core principles enshrined in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, United Nations Commission on Human Rights Resolution 1499/57 (entitled "Promotion of the Right to Democracy"), and the United Nations General Assembly Resolution 55/96 (entitled "Promoting and consolidating democracy").

(H) As applicable, whether the country has scored favorably on the political, civil liberties, corruption, and rule of law indicators used to determine eligibility for financial assistance disbursed from the Millennium Challenge Account.

(7) Secretary

The term "Secretary" means the Secretary of State.

(Pub. L. 110–53, title XXI, §2104, Aug. 3, 2007, 121 Stat. 527.)
22 U.S.C. § 3964 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IV: COMPENSATION / Section 3964: Assignments to salary class
Assignments to salary class
Status: in_force

(a) The Secretary shall assign all Foreign Service officers and Foreign Service personnel (other than Foreign Service personnel who are paid in accordance with section 3967 of this title or section 3968 of this title) to appropriate salary classes in the Foreign Service Schedule.

(b)(1) The salary class to which a member of the Service is assigned under this section shall not be affected by the assignment of the member to a position classified under subchapter V.

(2) Except as authorized by subchapter I of chapter 35 of title 5, changes in the salary class of a member of the Senior Foreign Service or a member of the Service assigned to a salary class in the Foreign Service Schedule shall be made only in accordance with subchapter VI. The Secretary shall prescribe regulations (which shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of subchapter VI of chapter 53 of title 5 and with the regulations prescribed to carry out such provisions) providing for retention of pay by members of the Service in cases in which reduction-in-force procedures are applied.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §404, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2088; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §180(a)(3), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 415.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

1994—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 103–236 struck out "who are family members of Government employees paid in accordance with a local compensation plan established under" after "section 3967 of this title or".
22 U.S.C. § 4064 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY / Section 4064: Reemployment
Reemployment
Status: in_force

(a) Termination of annuity; coverage under same retirement system or another contributory retirement system; rights and benefits

(1)(A) 1 Except in the case of an annuitant who makes an election under subsection (b) or in the case of a waiver under subsection (g), if any former participant, who has retired and is receiving an annuity under this part or part II of this subchapter, becomes employed in an appointive or elective position in the Government, payment of any annuity under either part to the annuitant shall terminate effective on the date of the employment and the reemployment service shall be covered service under the rules of the system under which the appointment is made.

(B) If the annuity of an individual is terminated under subparagraph (A) and that individual becomes covered under the same retirement system from which that annuity is terminated, that individual shall be entitled to a redetermination of rights under that system upon termination of the employment.

(C) If the annuity is terminated and the individual becomes covered under another contributory retirement system for Government employees pursuant to paragraph (A), the individual shall be entitled to benefits under the rules of that system. In addition, the individual shall be entitled to a resumption of any annuity terminated by reason of the employment.

(b) Part-time, intermittent, or temporary employment; election to continue receiving annuity; reduction in amount of annuity; resumption of full annuity

(1) A participant who is entitled to an annuity under this part or part II of this subchapter and becomes employed in an appointive or elective position in the Government on a part-time, intermittent, or temporary basis may elect to continue to receive either or both annuities as provided in this subsection.

(2) The total annuity payable under this subchapter to an annuitant making an election under paragraph (1) shall be reduced during the part-time, intermittent, or temporary employment referred to in paragraph (1) as necessary to meet the requirements of paragraph (3).

(3)(A) The sum of—

(i) the total annuity payable under this subchapter to an annuitant making an election under paragraph (1), and

(ii) the annual rate of pay payable to the annuitant during the part-time, intermittent, or temporary employment referred to in paragraph (1),

may not exceed, in any calendar year, the amount described in subparagraph (B).

(B) The amount referred to in subparagraph (A) is the greater of—

(i) the highest annual rate of basic pay which is payable during such year for full-time employment in the position in which the annuitant is employed, or

(ii) the basic pay the annuitant was entitled to receive under this chapter on the date of retirement from the Service.

(C) For purposes of this section, the term "annuity" means the annuity earned by the reemployed member based on his or her service irrespective of whether or not the amount payable is reduced by the amount of an annuity payable under section 4054 or 4060(b) of this title.

(4) Upon termination of the part-time, intermittent, or temporary employment referred to in paragraph (1), payment of the full annuity of an annuitant who has made an election under paragraph (1) of this subsection shall resume.

(c) Amount of annuity on resumption; amount resulting from redetermination of rights

The amount of annuity which has been terminated or reduced under this section by reason of the reemployment of the annuitant and is resumed under this section shall be the amount of the annuity which would have been payable if the annuitant had not accepted the reemployment. The amount of an annuity resulting from a redetermination of rights pursuant to subsection (a) shall not be less than the amount of an annuity resumed under the previous sentence.

(d) Annuity rights to be determined under this section

The annuity rights of any participant who is reemployed in the Government shall be determined under this section instead of section 8468 of title 5.

(e) Notice; direct payment of salary

When any such retired participant is reemployed, the employer shall send a notice of such reemployment to the Secretary of State, together with all pertinent information relating to such employment, and shall pay directly to such participant the salary of the position in which he or she is serving.

(f) Recovery of overpayment

In the event of any overpayment under this section, such overpayment shall be recovered by withholding the amount involved from the salary payable to such reemployed participant or from any other moneys, including annuity payments, payable under this subchapter.

(g) Waiver of annuity limitations

(1) The Secretary of State may waive the application of subsections (a) through (d) on a case-by-case basis for an annuitant reemployed on a temporary basis, or grant authority to the head of an Executive agency to waive the application of subsections (a) through (d) on a case-by-case basis for an annuitant reemployed on a temporary basis—

(A) if, and for so long as, such waiver is necessary due to an emergency involving a direct threat to life or property or other unusual circumstances;

(B) if the annuitant is employed in a position for which there is exceptional difficulty in recruiting or retaining a qualified employee; or

(C)(i) to provide assistance to consular posts with a substantial backlog of visa applications; or

(ii) to provide assistance to meet the demand resulting from the passport and travel document requirements set forth in section 7209(b) of the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 (Public Law 108–458; 8 U.S.C. 1185 note), including assistance related to the investigation of fraud in connection with an application for a passport.

(2) The Secretary should prescribe procedures for the exercise of any authority under paragraph (1)(B), including criteria for any exercise of authority and procedures for a delegation of authority.

(h) Effects of waiver

A reemployed annuitant as to whom a waiver under subsection (g) is in effect shall not be considered a participant for purposes of this part or part II, or an employee for purposes of chapter 83 or 84 of title 5.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §824, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2122; Pub. L. 99–335, title IV, §§402(a)(2), 410, June 6, 1986, 100 Stat. 609, 613; Pub. L. 99–556, title IV, §403, Oct. 27, 1986, 100 Stat. 3136; Pub. L. 105–277, div. C, title I, §103, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–585; Pub. L. 109–234, title I, §1602(a), June 15, 2006, 120 Stat. 440; Pub. L. 109–289, div. B, title II, §20941, as added Pub. L. 110–5, §2, Feb. 15, 2007, 121 Stat. 46; Pub. L. 110–50, §2, July 30, 2007, 121 Stat. 261; Pub. L. 110–321, §1, Sept. 19, 2008, 122 Stat. 3535; Pub. L. 111–32, title XI, §1115(c)(1), June 24, 2009, 123 Stat. 1905; Pub. L. 114–323, title IV, §405(a), Dec. 16, 2016, 130 Stat. 1929.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2016—Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 114–323, §405(a)(1), struck out "to facilitate the assignment of persons to Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan or to posts vacated by members of the Service assigned to Iraq, Pakistan, and Afghanistan," before "if the annuitant".

Subsec. (g)(2), (3). Pub. L. 114–323, §405(a)(2), (3), redesignated par. (3) as (2) and struck out former par. (2) which read as follows:

"(2)(A) The authority of the Secretary to waive the application of subsections (a) through (d) for an annuitant pursuant to subparagraph (B) of paragraph (1), or to grant authority to the head of an Executive agency to waive the application of such subsections to an annuitant under such subparagraph, shall terminate on October 1, 2010. An annuitant reemployed pursuant to such authority prior to such termination date may be employed for a period ending not later than one year after such date.

"(B) The authority of the Secretary to waive the application of subsections (a) through (d) for an annuitant pursuant to subparagraph (C)(i) of paragraph (1) shall terminate on September 30, 2009.

"(C) The authority of the Secretary to waive the application of subsections (a) through (d) for an annuitant pursuant to subparagraph (C)(ii) of paragraph (1) shall terminate on September 30, 2009."

2009—Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 111–32 inserted ", Pakistan," after "Iraq" in two places.

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 111–32, §1115(c)(1), which directed amendment of subsec. (g)(2) by substituting "2010" for "2009", was executed by making the substitution in subpar. (A) only, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

2008—Subsec. (g)(2)(A), (B). Pub. L. 110–321 substituted "2009" for "2008".

2007—Subsec. (g)(1). Pub. L. 109–289, §20941(1)(A), as added by Pub. L. 110–5, substituted "The Secretary" for "To facilitate the assignment of persons to Iraq and Afghanistan or to posts vacated by members of the Service assigned to Iraq and Afghanistan, the Secretary" in introductory provisions.

Subsec. (g)(1)(B). Pub. L. 109–289, §20941(1)(B), as added by Pub. L. 110–5, substituted "to facilitate the assignment of persons to Iraq and Afghanistan or to posts vacated by members of the Service assigned to Iraq and Afghanistan, if" for "if".

Subsec. (g)(1)(C). Pub. L. 110–50, §2(1), added subpar. (C).

Subsec. (g)(2). Pub. L. 110–50, §2(2), designated existing provisions as subpar. (A) and added subpars. (B) and (C).

Pub. L. 109–289, §20941(2), as added by Pub. L. 110–5, substituted "such subparagraph" for "subparagraphs (A) or (B) of such paragraph".

Subsec. (g)(3). Pub. L. 109–289, §20941(3), as added by Pub. L. 110–5, substituted "paragraph (1)(B)" for "paragraph (1)".

2006—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–234 amended subsec. (g) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (g) read as follows: "The Secretary of State may waive the application of the paragraphs (a) through (d) of this section, on a case-by-case basis, for an annuitant reemployed on a temporary basis, but only if, and for so long as, the authority is necessary due to an emergency involving a direct threat to life or property or other unusual circumstances."

1998—Pub. L. 105–277, which directed amendment of section 824 of the Foreign Service Act, in subsec. (a)(1)(A), by inserting "or in the case of a waiver under subsection (g)" after "subsection (b)", and by adding subsecs. (g) and (h), was executed to this section, which is section 824 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1986—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–335, §410, amended subsec. (a) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (a) read as follows: "Notwithstanding any other law, any member of the Service who has retired and is receiving an annuity under this part, and who is reemployed in the Government service in any part-time or full-time appointive position, shall be entitled to receive the salary of the position in which he or she is serving plus so much of the annuity payable under this part which when combined with such salary does not exceed during any calendar year the basic salary the member was entitled to receive under this chapter on the date of retirement from the Service. Any such reemployed member of the Service who receives salary during any calendar year in excess of the maximum amount which he or she may be entitled to receive under this subsection shall be entitled to such salary in lieu of benefits under this part."

Pub. L. 99–335, §402(a)(2), substituted "this part" for "this subchapter" in three places.

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–335, §410, amended subsec. (b) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (b) read as follows: "When any such retired member of the Service is reemployed, the employer shall send a notice of such reemployment to the Secretary of State, together with all pertinent information relating to such employment, and shall pay directly to such member the salary of the position in which he or she is serving."

Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 99–556, §403, amended par. (3) generally. Prior to amendment, par. (3) read as follows: "The sum of—

"(A) the total annuity payable under this subchapter to an annuitant making an election under paragraph (1), and

"(B) the annual rate of pay payable to the annuitant during the part-time, intermittent, or temporary employment referred to in paragraph (1),

may not exceed, in any calendar year, the highest annual rate of pay which is payable during such year for full-time employment in the position in which the annuitant is employed."

Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 99–335, §410, amended subsec. (c) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (c) read as follows: "In the event of any overpayment under this section, such overpayment shall be recovered by withholding the amount involved from the salary payable to such reemployed member of the Service or from any other moneys, including annuity payments, payable under this part."

Pub. L. 99–335, §402(a)(2), substituted "this part" for "this subchapter".

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1986 Amendments

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–556 effective Jan. 1, 1987, and applicable to any individual in a reemployed status on or after that date, see section 408 of Pub. L. 99–556, set out as a note under section 4046 of this title.

Amendment by Pub. L. 99–335 effective Jan. 1, 1987, see section 702(a) of Pub. L. 99–335, set out as an Effective Date note under section 8401 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Department of State Inspector General Waiver Authority

Pub. L. 117–263, div. I, title XCVIII, §9802(f), Dec. 23, 2022, 136 Stat. 3924, provided that: "The Inspector General of the Department [of State] may waive the provisions of subsections (a) through (d) of section 824 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4064), on a case-by-case basis, for an annuitant reemployed by the Inspector General on a temporary basis, subject to the same constraints and in the same manner by which the Secretary of State may exercise such waiver authority pursuant to subsection (g) of such section."

Extension of Authority

Extensions of the waiver authority of the Secretary of State under former subsec. (g)(2) of this section (see 2016 Amendment note above) were contained in the following acts:

Pub. L. 114–113, div. K, title VII, §7034(k)(4), Dec. 18, 2015, 129 Stat. 2764.

Pub. L. 113–235, div. J, title VII, §7034(l)(4), Dec. 16, 2014, 128 Stat. 2625.

Pub. L. 113–76, div. K, title VII, §7034(m)(4), Jan. 17, 2014, 128 Stat. 515.

Pub. L. 112–74, div. I, title VII, §7034(m)(4), Dec. 23, 2011, 125 Stat. 1216.

1 So in original. No par. (2) has been enacted.
22 U.S.C. § 4084 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter IX: TRAVEL, LEAVE, AND OTHER BENEFITS / Section 4084: Health care program
Health care program
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment

The Secretary of State shall establish a health care program to promote and maintain the physical and mental health of members of the Service, and (when incident to service abroad) other designated eligible Government employees, and members of the families of such members and employees.

(b) Services provided

Any such health care program may include (1) medical examinations for applicants for employment, (2) medical examinations and inoculations or vaccinations, and other preventive and remedial care and services as necessary, for members of the Service and employees of the Department who are citizens of the United States and for members of their families, (3) health education and disease prevention programs for all employees, and (4) examinations necessary in order to establish disability or incapacity of participants in the Foreign Service Retirement and Disability System or Foreign Service Pension System or to provide survivor benefits under subchapter VIII.

(c) Facilities; employment of personnel

The Secretary of State may establish health care facilities and provide for the services of physicians, nurses, or other health care personnel at Foreign Service posts abroad at which, in the opinion of the Secretary of State, a sufficient number of Government employees are assigned to warrant such facilities or services.

(d) Costs of treatment

If an individual eligible for health care under this section incurs an illness, injury, or medical condition which requires treatment while assigned to a post abroad or located overseas pursuant to Government authorization, the Secretary may pay the cost of such treatment.

(e) Death or separation of member

Health care may be provided under this section to a member of the Service or other designated eligible Government employee after the separation of such member or employee from Government service. Health care may be provided under this section to a member of the family of a member of the Service or of a designated eligible Government employee after the separation from Government service or the death of such member of the Service or employee or after dissolution of the marriage.

(f) Review; medical care contracts

The Secretary of State shall review on a continuing basis the health care program provided for in this section. Whenever the Secretary of State determines that all or any part of such program can be provided for as well and as cheaply in other ways, the Secretary may, for such individuals, locations, and conditions as the Secretary of State deems appropriate, contract for health care pursuant to such arrangements as the Secretary deems appropriate.

(g) Retention of medical reimbursements

Reimbursements paid to the Department of State for funding the costs of medical care abroad for employees and eligible family members shall be credited to the currently available applicable appropriation account. Such reimbursements shall be available for obligation and expenditure during the fiscal year in which they are received or for such longer period of time as may be provided in law.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §904, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2127; Pub. L. 99–93, title I, §122, Aug. 16, 1985, 99 Stat. 413; Pub. L. 100–238, title II, §243, Jan. 8, 1988, 101 Stat. 1776; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title III, §316, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1379; Pub. L. 109–140, §2, Dec. 22, 2005, 119 Stat. 2650.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2005—Subsec. (g). Pub. L. 109–140 added subsec. (g).

2002—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 107–228 substituted "families, (3) health education and disease prevention programs for all employees, and (4)" for "families, and (3)".

1988—Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 100–238 inserted "or Foreign Service Pension System" after "System".

1985—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 99–93, §122(1), substituted "shall" for "may".

Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 99–93, §122(2), inserted ", and other preventive and remedial care and services as necessary,".

Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–93, §122(3), amended subsec. (d) generally. Prior to amendment, subsec. (d) read as follows: "If an individual eligible for health care under this section incurs an illness, injury, or medical condition while abroad which requires hospitalization or similar treatment, the Secretary may pay all or part of the cost of such treatment. Limitations on such payments established by regulation may be waived whenever the Secretary determines that the illness, injury, or medical condition clearly was caused or materially aggravated by the fact that the individual concerned is or has been located abroad."

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1988 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 100–238 effective 90 days after Jan. 8, 1988, see section 261(a) of Pub. L. 100–238, set out as a note under section 4054 of this title.

Electronic Medical Records Requirement

Pub. L. 118–159, div. G, title LXXI, §7103(b), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2522, provided that: "Not later than December 31, 2027, the Secretary [of State] shall have fully implemented an electronic medical records process or system for all Foreign Service personnel and their Eligible Family Members that eliminates reliance on paper medical records and includes appropriate safeguards to protect personal privacy."

Improving Mental Health Services for Foreign and Civil Servants

Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXII, §6222(a), Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 978, provided that:

"(a) Additional Personnel to Address Mental Health.—

"(1) In general.—The Secretary [of State] shall seek to increase the number of personnel within the Bureau of Medical Services to address mental health needs for both foreign and civil servants.

"(2) Employment targets.—Not later than 180 days after the date of the enactment of this division [Dec. 22, 2023], the Secretary shall seek to employ not fewer than 10 additional personnel in the Bureau of Medical Services, compared to the number of personnel employed as of the date of the enactment of this division."

Coronavirus Pandemic Response

Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title XI, §21010, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 592, provided that: "The Department of State and the United States Agency for International Development are authorized to enter into contracts with individuals for the provision of personal services (as described in section 104 of part 37 of title 48, Code of Federal Regulations and including pursuant to section 904 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4084)) to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, within the United States and abroad, subject to prior consultation with, and the notification procedures of, the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives: Provided, That such individuals may not be deemed employees of the United States for the purpose of any law administered by the Office of Personnel Management: Provided further, That not later than 15 days after utilizing this authority, the Secretary of State shall provide a report to the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate and the Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives on the overall staffing needs for the Office of Medical Services: Provided further, That the authority made available pursuant to this section shall expire on September 30, 2022."

[For definition of "coronavirus" as used in section 21010 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out above, see section 23005 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out as a note under section 162b of Title 2, The Congress.]
22 U.S.C. § 4052 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 52: FOREIGN SERVICE / Subchapter VIII: FOREIGN SERVICE RETIREMENT AND DISABILITY / Section 4052: Mandatory retirement
Mandatory retirement
Status: in_force

(a)(1) Except as provided in subsection (b), any participant shall be retired from the Service at the end of the month in which the participant has reached age 65 and has at least 5 years of service credit toward retirement under the System (excluding military and naval service), and shall receive retirement benefits in accordance with section 4046 of this title.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1)—

(A) an individual described in section 4(a)(2) of the Department of State Special Agents Retirement Act of 1998 who is otherwise eligible for immediate retirement under this subchapter; or

(B) a Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector of the Office of Inspector General of the Agency for International Development who would have been eligible for retirement pursuant to either section 8336(c) or 8412(d)(1) of title 5, as applicable, had the employee remained in civil service,

shall be separated from the Service on the last day of the month in which such individual under subparagraph (A) or such Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector under subparagraph (B) attains 57 years of age or completes 20 years of service if then over that age. If the head of the agency judges that the public interest so requires, that agency head may exempt such an employee from automatic separation under this subsection until that employee attains 60 years of age. The employing office shall notify the employee in writing of the date of separation at least 60 days before that date. Action to separate the employee is not effective without the consent of the employee, until the last day of the month in which the 60-day notice expires.

(b)(1) Any participant who is otherwise required to retire under subsection (a) while occupying a position to which he or she was appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, may continue to serve until that appointment is terminated.

(2) Whenever the Secretary determines it to be in the public interest, any participant who is otherwise required to retire under subsection (a) may be retained on active service for a period not to exceed 5 years.

(3) Any participant who completes a period of service authorized by this subsection shall be retired at the end of the month in which such authorized service is completed.

(Pub. L. 96–465, title I, §812, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2113; Pub. L. 101–513, title V, §587(b), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2056; Pub. L. 102–499, §4(c), Oct. 24, 1992, 106 Stat. 3265; Pub. L. 105–382, §3, Nov. 13, 1998, 112 Stat. 3408; Pub. L. 117–225, §3(b)(2)(B)(ii), Dec. 9, 2022, 136 Stat. 2296.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 4(a)(2) of the Department of State Special Agents Retirement Act of 1998, referred to in subsec. (a)(2)(A), is section 4(a)(2) of Pub. L. 105–382, which is set out as a note under section 4044 of this title.

Amendments

2022—Subsec. (a)(2)(B). Pub. L. 117–225, which directed amendment of title VIII of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 by inserting "(1)" after "or 8412(d)" in subsec. (a)(2)(B) of this section, was executed as if the amendment had been directed to chapter 8 of title I of the Foreign Service Act of 1980, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.

1998—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 105–382 amended first sentence generally. Prior to amendment, first sentence read as follows: "Notwithstanding paragraph (1), a Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector of the Office of Inspector General of the Agency for International Development who would have been eligible for retirement pursuant to either section 8336(c) or 8412(d) of title 5, as applicable, had the employee remained in civil service, shall be separated from the Service on the last day of the month in which that Foreign Service criminal investigator/inspector attains 57 years of age or completes 20 years of service if then over that age."

1992—Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 102–499 substituted "57" for "55".

1990—Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 101–513 designated existing provisions as par. (1) and added par. (2).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2022 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 117–225 effective Dec. 9, 2022, and applicable to an individual who suffers an illness or injury described in certain Code provisions on or after the date that is 2 years after Dec. 9, 2022, see section 3(f) of Pub. L. 117–225, set out as a note under section 8336 of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees.

Effective Date of 1998 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 105–382 effective Nov. 13, 1998, with provisions relating to applicability with respect to certain individuals, see section 4 of Pub. L. 105–382, as amended, set out as a note under section 4044 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6091 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 69A: CUBAN LIBERTY AND DEMOCRATIC SOLIDARITY (LIBERTAD) / Subchapter IV: EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN ALIENS / Section 6091: Exclusion from United States of aliens who have confiscated property of United States nationals or who traffic in such property
Exclusion from United States of aliens who have confiscated property of United States nationals or who traffic in such property
Status: in_force

(a) Grounds for exclusion

The Secretary of State shall deny a visa to, and the Attorney General shall exclude from the United States, any alien who the Secretary of State determines is a person who, after March 12, 1996—

(1) has confiscated, or has directed or overseen the confiscation of, property a claim to which is owned by a United States national, or converts or has converted for personal gain confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national;

(2) traffics in confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national;

(3) is a corporate officer, principal, or shareholder with a controlling interest of an entity which has been involved in the confiscation of property or trafficking in confiscated property, a claim to which is owned by a United States national; or

(4) is a spouse, minor child, or agent of a person excludable under paragraph (1), (2), or (3).

(b) Definitions

As used in this section, the following terms have the following meanings:

(1) Confiscated; confiscation

The terms "confiscated" and "confiscation" refer to—

(A) the nationalization, expropriation, or other seizure by the Cuban Government of ownership or control of property—

(i) without the property having been returned or adequate and effective compensation provided; or

(ii) without the claim to the property having been settled pursuant to an international claims settlement agreement or other mutually accepted settlement procedure; and

(B) the repudiation by the Cuban Government of, the default by the Cuban Government on, or the failure of the Cuban Government to pay—

(i) a debt of any enterprise which has been nationalized, expropriated, or otherwise taken by the Cuban Government;

(ii) a debt which is a charge on property nationalized, expropriated, or otherwise taken by the Cuban Government; or

(iii) a debt which was incurred by the Cuban Government in satisfaction or settlement of a confiscated property claim.

(2) Traffics

(A) Except as provided in subparagraph (B), a person "traffics" in confiscated property if that person knowingly and intentionally—

(i)(I) transfers, distributes, dispenses, brokers, or otherwise disposes of confiscated property,

(II) purchases, receives, obtains control of, or otherwise acquires confiscated property, or

(III) improves (other than for routine maintenance), invests in (by contribution of funds or anything of value, other than for routine maintenance), or begins after March 12, 1996, to manage, lease, possess, use, or hold an interest in confiscated property,

(ii) enters into a commercial arrangement using or otherwise benefiting from confiscated property, or

(iii) causes, directs, participates in, or profits from, trafficking (as described in clause (i) or (ii)) by another person, or otherwise engages in trafficking (as described in clause (i) or (ii)) through another person,

without the authorization of any United States national who holds a claim to the property.

(B) The term "traffics" does not include—

(i) the delivery of international telecommunication signals to Cuba;

(ii) the trading or holding of securities publicly traded or held, unless the trading is with or by a person determined by the Secretary of the Treasury to be a specially designated national;

(iii) transactions and uses of property incident to lawful travel to Cuba, to the extent that such transactions and uses of property are necessary to the conduct of such travel; or

(iv) transactions and uses of property by a person who is both a citizen of Cuba and a resident of Cuba, and who is not an official of the Cuban Government or the ruling political party in Cuba.

(c) Exemption

This section shall not apply where the Secretary of State finds, on a case by case basis, that the entry into the United States of the person who would otherwise be excluded under this section is necessary for medical reasons or for purposes of litigation of an action under subchapter III.

(d) Effective date

(1) In general

This section applies to aliens seeking to enter the United States on or after March 12, 1996.

(2) Trafficking

This section applies only with respect to acts within the meaning of "traffics" that occur on or after March 12, 1996.

(Pub. L. 104–114, title IV, §401, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 822.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Subchapter III, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original "title III", meaning title III of Pub. L. 104–114, Mar. 12, 1996, 110 Stat. 814, which enacted subchapter III of this chapter and sections 1643l and 1643m of this title and amended section 1611 of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure. For complete classification of title III to the Code, see Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Reports on Determinations Under Title IV of the LIBERTAD Act

Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. B, title XXVIII, §2802, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–845, as amended by Pub. L. 106–113, div. B, §1000(a)(7) [div. A, title II, §209(b)], Nov. 29, 1999, 113 Stat. 1536, 1501A–423; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title II, §216(b), Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1366, provided that:

"(a) Reports Required.—Not later than 30 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Oct. 21, 1998] and every 3 months thereafter during the period ending September 30, 2003, the Secretary of State shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees [Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives and Committee on Foreign Relations of the Senate] a report on the implementation of section 401 of the Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity (LIBERTAD) Act of 1996 (22 U.S.C. 6091). Each report shall include—

"(1) an unclassified list, by economic sector, of the number of entities then under review pursuant to that section;

"(2) an unclassified list of all entities and a classified list of all individuals that the Secretary of State has determined to be subject to that section;

"(3) an unclassified list of all entities and a classified list of all individuals that the Secretary of State has determined are no longer subject to that section;

"(4) an explanation of the status of the review underway for the cases referred to in paragraph (1); and

"(5) an unclassified explanation of each determination of the Secretary of State under section 401(a) of that Act and each finding of the Secretary under section 401(c) of that Act—

"(A) since the date of the enactment of this Act, in the case of the first report under this subsection; and

"(B) in the preceding 3-month period, in the case of each subsequent report.

"(b) Protection of Identity of Concerned Entities.—In preparing the report under subsection (a), the names of entities shall not be identified under paragraph (1) or (4)."
22 U.S.C. § 2426 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter III: GENERAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS / Section 2426: Discrimination against United States personnel
Discrimination against United States personnel
Status: in_force

(a) Assignment of personnel on basis of ability and experience

The President shall not take into account, in assigning officers and employees of the United States to carry out any economic development assistance programs funded under this chapter in any foreign country, the race, religion, national origin, or sex of any such officer or employee. Such assignments shall be made solely on the basis of ability and relevant experience.

(b) Prohibition on use of funds in country practicing discrimination

Effective six months after December 20, 1975, or on such earlier date as the President may determine, none of the funds made available under this chapter may be used to provide economic development assistance to any country which objects to the presence of any officer or employee of the United States who is present in such country for the purpose of carrying out any program of economic development assistance authorized by the provisions of this chapter on the basis of the race, religion, national origin, or sex of such officer or employee.

(c) Rules and regulations

The Secretary of State shall promulgate such rules and regulations as he may deem necessary to carry out the provisions of this section.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. III, §666, as added Pub. L. 94–161, title III, §318, Dec. 20, 1975, 89 Stat. 868.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a) and (b), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 87–195, Sept. 4, 1961, 75 Stat. 424, known as the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 2151 of this title and Tables.

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 6918 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 77: UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONS / Subchapter II: CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA / Section 6918: Staff of the Commission
Staff of the Commission
Status: in_force

(a) Personnel and administration committee

The Commission shall have a personnel and administration committee composed of the Chairman, the Cochairman, the senior member of the Commission from the minority party of the House of Representatives, and the senior member of the Commission from the minority party of the Senate.

(b) Committee functions

All decisions pertaining to the hiring, firing, and fixing of pay of personnel of the Commission shall be by a majority vote of the personnel and administration committee, except that—

(1) the Chairman shall be entitled to appoint and fix the pay of the staff director, and the Cochairman shall be entitled to appoint and fix the pay of the Cochairman's senior staff member; and

(2) the Chairman and Cochairman shall each have the authority to appoint, with the approval of the personnel and administration committee, at least four professional staff members who shall be responsible to the Chairman or the Cochairman (as the case may be) who appointed them.

Subject to subsection (d), the personnel and administration committee may appoint and fix the pay of such other personnel as it considers desirable.

(c) Staff appointments

All staff appointments shall be made without regard to the provisions of title 5 governing appointments in the competitive service, and without regard to the provisions of chapter 51 and subchapter III of chapter 53 of such title relating to classification and general schedule pay rates.

(d) Qualifications of professional staff

The personnel and administration committee shall ensure that the professional staff of the Commission consists of persons with expertise in areas including human rights, internationally recognized worker rights, international economics, law (including international law), rule of law and other foreign assistance programming, Chinese politics, economy and culture, and the Chinese language.

(e) Commission employees as congressional employees

(1) In general

For purposes of pay and other employment benefits, rights, and privileges, and for all other purposes, any employee of the Commission shall be considered to be a congressional employee as defined in section 2107 of title 5.

(2) Competitive status

For purposes of section 3304(i)(1) 1 of title 5, employees of the Commission shall be considered as if they are in positions in which they are paid by the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of Representatives.

(Pub. L. 106–286, div. B, title III, §308, Oct. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 899; Pub. L. 118–188, §2(a)(2)(C), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2645.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

Section 3304(i)(1) of title 5, referred to in subsec. (e)(2), probably means section 3304(c)(1) of title 5 prior to the amendments made by Pub. L. 104–65, §16(a), (b), Dec. 19, 1995, 109 Stat. 703, which struck out section 3304(c) of title 5 and redesignated section 3304(d) of title 5 as 3304(c), and by Pub. L. 118–188, §2(a)(1)(A), Dec. 23, 2024, 138 Stat. 2644, which redesignated section 3304(c) of title 5 as section 3304(i). Prior to these amendments, section 3304(c)(1) related to acquisition of competitive status by an individual who served for at least 3 years in the legislative branch in a position in which he was paid by the Secretary of the Senate or the Clerk of the House of Representatives.

Amendments

2024—Subsec. (e)(2). Pub. L. 118–188 substituted "3304(i)(1)" for "3304(c)(1)".

1 See References in Text note below.
22 U.S.C. § 2670 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 38: DEPARTMENT OF STATE / Section 2670: Insurance on motor vehicles in foreign countries; tie lines and teletype equipment; ice and drinking water; excise taxes on negotiable instruments; remains of deceased persons; relief, protection, and burial of seamen; acknowledgement of services of foreign vessels and aircraft; rentals and leases
Insurance on motor vehicles in foreign countries; tie lines and teletype equipment; ice and drinking water; excise taxes on negotiable instruments; remains of deceased persons; relief, protection, and burial of seamen; acknowledgement of services of foreign vessels and aircraft; rentals and leases
Status: in_force

The Secretary of State is authorized to—

(a) obtain insurance on official motor vehicles operated by the Department of State in foreign countries, and pay the expenses incident thereto;

(b) rent tie lines and teletype equipment;

(c) provide ice and drinking water for United States Embassies and Consulates abroad;

(d) pay excise taxes on negotiable instruments which are negotiated by the Department of State abroad;

(e) Omitted;

(f) pay expenses incident to the relief, protection, and burial of American seamen, and alien seamen from United States vessels in foreign countries and in the United States Territories and possessions;

(g) pay the expenses incurred in the acknowledgment of the services of officers and crews of foreign vessels and aircraft in rescuing American seamen, airmen, or citizens from shipwreck or other catastrophe abroad or at sea;

(h) rent or lease, for periods of less than ten years, such offices, buildings, grounds, and living quarters for the use of the Foreign Service abroad as he may deem necessary, and make payments therefor in advance;

(i) maintain, improve, and repair properties rented or leased pursuant to authority contained in subsection (h) of this section and furnish fuel, water, and utilities for such properties;

(j) provide emergency medical attention and dietary supplements, and other emergency assistance, for United States citizens incarcerated abroad or destitute United States citizens abroad who are unable to obtain such services otherwise, such assistance to be provided on a reimbursable basis to the extent feasible;

(k) subject to the availability of appropriated funds, obtain insurance on the historic and artistic articles of furniture, fixtures, and decorative objects which may from time-to-time be within the responsibility of the Fine Arts Committee of the Department of State for the Diplomatic Rooms of the Department;

(l) make payments in advance, of the United States share of necessary expenses for international fisheries commissions, from appropriations available for such purpose;

(m) establish, maintain, and operate passport and dispatch agencies; and

(n) pay expenses to provide internet services in residences owned or leased by the United States Government in foreign countries for the use of Department personnel where Department personnel receive a post hardship differential equivalent to 30 percent or more above basic compensation.

(Aug. 1, 1956, ch. 841, title I, §3, 70 Stat. 890; Pub. L. 95–45, §2, June 15, 1977, 91 Stat. 221; 1977 Reorg. Plan No. 2, §9(a)(7), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639; Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §108(a), Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 966; renumbered title I, Pub. L. 97–241, title II, §202(a), Aug. 24, 1982, 96 Stat. 282; Pub. L. 100–204, title I, §126(b), Dec. 22, 1987, 101 Stat. 1342; Pub. L. 102–138, title I, §166, Oct. 28, 1991, 105 Stat. 676; Pub. L. 103–236, title I, §162(k)(3), Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 409; Pub. L. 118–31, div. F, title LXII, §6225, Dec. 22, 2023, 137 Stat. 980.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Section was formerly classified to section 170h of Title 5 prior to the general revision and enactment of Title 5, Government Organization and Employees, by Pub. L. 89–554, §1, Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 378.

Subsec. (e) of this section, relating to the payment of the actual expenses of preparing and transporting to their former homes the remains of persons, not United States Government employees, who die away from their homes while participating in international educational exchange activities under the jurisdiction of the Department of State, was omitted pursuant to Reorg. Plan No. 2 of 1977, §9(a)(7), 42 F.R. 62461, 91 Stat. 1639, set out under section 1461 of this title, effective on or before July 1, 1978, at such time as specified by the President, which abolished the functions of the Secretary of State under subsec. (e).

Amendments

2023—Subsec. (n). Pub. L. 118–31 added subsec. (n).

1994—Subsec. (m). Pub. L. 103–236 added subsec. (m).

1991—Subsec. (l). Pub. L. 102–138 added subsec. (l).

1987—Subsec. (k). Pub. L. 100–204 added subsec. (k).

1978—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95–426 inserted "or destitute United States citizens abroad" after "incarcerated abroad".

1977—Subsec. (j). Pub. L. 95–45 added subsec. (j).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 1994 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 103–236 applicable with respect to officials, offices, and bureaus of Department of State when executive orders, regulations, or departmental directives implementing the amendments by sections 161 and 162 of Pub. L. 103–236 become effective, or 90 days after Apr. 30, 1994, whichever comes earlier, see section 161(b) of Pub. L. 103–236, as amended, set out as a note under section 2651a of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Pub. L. 95–426, title I, §108(b), Oct. 7, 1978, 92 Stat. 966, provided that: "The amendment made by this section [amending this section] shall take effect on October 1, 1978."

Providing Medical Services or Related Support in Response to Coronavirus Pandemic

Pub. L. 116–136, div. B, title XI, §21008, Mar. 27, 2020, 134 Stat. 592, provided that: "The Secretary of State, to prevent, prepare for, and respond to coronavirus, may exercise the authorities of section 3(j) of the State Department Basic Authorities Act of 1956 (22 U.S.C. 2670(j)) to provide medical services or related support for private United States citizens, nationals, and permanent resident aliens abroad, or third country nationals connected to such persons or to the diplomatic or development missions of the United States abroad, who are unable to obtain such services or support otherwise: Provided, That such assistance shall be provided on a reimbursable basis to the extent feasible: Provided further, That such reimbursements may be credited to the applicable Department of State appropriation and shall remain available until expended: Provided further, That the Secretary shall prioritize providing medical services or related support to individuals eligible for the health program under section 904 of the Foreign Service Act of 1980 (22 U.S.C. 4084): Provided further, That the authority made available pursuant to this section shall expire on September 30, 2022."

[For definition of "coronavirus" as used in section 21008 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out above, see section 23005 of Pub. L. 116–136, set out as a note under section 162b of Title 2, The Congress.]
22 U.S.C. § 6543 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 74: FOREIGN AFFAIRS AGENCIES CONSOLIDATION / Subchapter III: UNITED STATES INFORMATION AGENCY / Section 6543: Savings provisions
Savings provisions
Status: in_force

(a) Continuing legal force and effect

All orders, determinations, rules, regulations, permits, agreements, grants, contracts, certificates, licenses, registrations, privileges, and other administrative actions—

(1) that have been issued, made, granted, or allowed to become effective by the President, any Federal agency or official thereof, or by a court of competent jurisdiction, in the performance of functions exercised by the Broadcasting Board of Governors of the United States Information Agency on the day before the effective date of this subchapter, and

(2) that are in effect at the time this subchapter takes effect, or were final before the effective date of this subchapter and are to become effective on or after the effective date of this subchapter,

shall continue in effect according to their terms until modified, terminated, superseded, set aside, or revoked in accordance with law by the President, the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or other authorized official, a court of competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law.

(b) Pending proceedings

(1) In general

The provisions of this part, or amendments made by this part, shall not affect any proceedings, including notices of proposed rulemaking, or any application for any license, permit, certificate, or financial assistance pending before the Broadcasting Board of Governors of the United States Information Agency at the time this subchapter takes effect, with respect to functions exercised by the Board as of the effective date of this subchapter but such proceedings and applications shall be continued.

(2) Orders, appeals, and payments

Orders shall be issued in such proceedings, appeals shall be taken therefrom, and payments shall be made pursuant to such orders, as if this part had not been enacted, and orders issued in any such proceedings shall continue in effect until modified, terminated, superseded, or revoked by a duly authorized official, by a court of competent jurisdiction, or by operation of law.

(3) Statutory construction

Nothing in this subsection shall be deemed to prohibit the discontinuance or modification of any such proceeding under the same terms and conditions and to the same extent that such proceeding could have been discontinued or modified if this part had not been enacted.

(c) Nonabatement of proceedings

No suit, action, or other proceeding commenced by or against any officer in the official capacity of such individual as an officer of the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any commission or component thereof, shall abate by reason of the enactment of this part. No cause of action by or against the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any commission or component thereof, or by or against any officer thereof in the official capacity of such officer, shall abate by reason of the enactment of this part.

(d) Continuation of proceedings with substitution of parties

(1) Substitution of parties

If, before the effective date of this subchapter, USIA or the Broadcasting Board of Governors, or any officer thereof in the official capacity of such officer, is a party to a suit which is related to the functions transferred by this part, then effective on such date such suit shall be continued with the Broadcasting Board of Governors or other appropriate official of the Board substituted or added as a party.

(2) Liability of the Board

The Board shall participate in suits continued under paragraph (1) where the Broadcasting Board of Governors or other appropriate official of the Board is added as a party and shall be liable for any judgments or remedies in those suits or proceedings arising from the exercise of the functions transferred by this part to the same extent that USIA would have been liable if such judgment or remedy had been rendered on the day before the abolition of USIA.

(e) Administrative actions relating to promulgation of regulations

Any administrative action relating to the preparation or promulgation of a regulation by the Broadcasting Board of Governors relating to a function exercised by the Board before the effective date of this subchapter may be continued by the Board with the same effect as if this part had not been enacted.

(f) References

Reference in any other Federal law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of authority, or any document of or relating to the Broadcasting Board of Governors of the United States Information Agency with regard to functions exercised before the effective date of this subchapter, shall be deemed to refer to the Board.

(Pub. L. 105–277, div. G, subdiv. A, title XIII, §1327, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–783.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

For the effective date of this subchapter, referred to in subsecs. (a), (b)(1), (d)(1), (e), and (f), meaning the effective date of title XIII of subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, see section 1301 of Pub. L. 105–277, set out as a note under section 6531 of this title.

This part, referred to in subsecs. (b) to (e), was in the original "this chapter", meaning chapter 3 (§§1321–1328) of title XIII of subdiv. A of div. G of Pub. L. 105–277, Oct. 21, 1998, 112 Stat. 2681–777. For complete classification of chapter 3 to the Code, see Tables.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Broadcasting Board of Governors renamed United States Agency for Global Media pursuant to section 6204(a)(21) of this title. The renaming was effectuated by notice to congressional appropriations committees dated May 24, 2018, and became effective Aug. 22, 2018.
22 U.S.C. § 3652 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 51: PANAMA CANAL / Subchapter I: ADMINISTRATION AND REGULATIONS / Section 3652: Panama Canal Employment System; merit and other employment requirements
Panama Canal Employment System; merit and other employment requirements
Status: in_force

(a) Establishment; merit and other employment requirements

The Commission shall establish a Panama Canal Employment System and prescribe the regulations necessary for its administration. The Panama Canal Employment System shall—

(1) be established in accordance with and be subject to the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty of 1977 and related agreements, the provisions of this part, and any other applicable provision of law;

(2) be based on the consideration of the merit of each employee or candidate for employment and the qualifications and fitness of the employee to hold the position concerned;

(3) conform, to the extent practicable and consistent with the provisions of this chapter, to the policies, principles, and standards applicable to the competitive service;

(4) in the case of employees who are citizens of the United States, provide for the appropriate interchange of those employees between positions under the Panama Canal Employment System and positions in the competitive service; and

(5) not be subject to the provisions of title 5, unless specifically made applicable by this chapter.

(b) Applicability to any Executive agency and Smithsonian Institution

(1) The head of any Executive agency (other than the Commission) and the Smithsonian Institution may elect to have the Panama Canal Employment System made applicable in whole or in part to personnel of that agency in the Republic of Panama.

(2) Any Executive agency (other than the Commission) and the Smithsonian Institution, to the extent of any election under paragraph (1), shall conduct its employment and pay practices relating to employees in accordance with the Panama Canal Employment System.

(3) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, the Panama Canal Act Amendments of 1996 (subtitle B of title XXXV of Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2860), or the Panama Canal Transition Facilitation Act of 1997 (subtitle B of title XXXV of Public Law 105–85; 110 1 Stat. 2062), or the Panama Canal Commission Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999, this subpart, as in effect on September 22, 1996, shall continue to apply to an Executive agency or the Smithsonian Institution to the extent of an election under paragraph (1) by the head of the agency or the Institution, respectively.

(c) Exclusion of employees or positions from coverage

The Commission may exclude any employee or position from coverage under any provision of this subpart, other than the interchange rights extended under subsection (a)(4).

(Pub. L. 96–70, title I, §1212, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 464; Pub. L. 104–201, div. C, title XXXV, §3530(a), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2862; Pub. L. 105–85, div. C, title XXXV, §§3523(d), 3550(d)(5), Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2065, 2074; Pub. L. 105–261, div. A, title XXXV, §§3507(c), 3512(a)(2), Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2269, 2271.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

This chapter, referred to in subsecs. (a)(3), (5) and (b)(3), was in the original "this Act", meaning Pub. L. 96–70, Sept. 27, 1979, 93 Stat. 452, known as the Panama Canal Act of 1979, which is classified principally to this chapter. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 3601 of this title and Tables.

The Panama Canal Act Amendments of 1996, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is subtitle B of title XXXV of div. C of Pub. L. 104–201, Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2860. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1996 Amendment note set out under section 3601 of this title and Tables.

The Panama Canal Transition Facilitation Act of 1997, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is subtitle B of title XXXV of div. C of Pub. L. 105–85, Nov. 18, 1997, 111 Stat. 2062. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title of 1997 Amendment note set out under section 3601 of this title and Tables.

The Panama Canal Commission Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999, referred to in subsec. (b)(3), is title XXXV of div. C of Pub. L. 105–261, Oct. 17, 1998, 112 Stat. 2267, which amended this section and sections 3612, 3612b, 3620, 3642, 3657, 3664, 3671, 3723, 3731, 3751, 3771, 3772, 3776, 3779, and 3862 of this title, repealed sections 3646, 3647, and 3663 of this title, and enacted provisions set out as notes under section 3657 of this title. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Tables.

Amendments

1998—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–261, §3512(a)(2), inserted "the" after "by the head of".

Pub. L. 105–261, §3507(c), substituted "the Panama Canal Transition Facilitation Act of 1997 (subtitle B of title XXXV of Public Law 105–85; 110 Stat. 2062), or the Panama Canal Commission Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999" for "the Panama Canal Transition Facilitation Act of 1997".

1997—Subsec. (b)(3). Pub. L. 105–85, §3550(d)(5), substituted "as in effect on September 22, 1996" for "as last in effect before September 23, 1996".

Pub. L. 105–85, §3523(d), substituted ", the Panama Canal Act Amendments of 1996 (subtitle B of title XXXV of Public Law 104–201; 110 Stat. 2860), or the Panama Canal Transition Facilitation Act of 1997" for "or the Panama Canal Act Amendments of 1996".

1996—Pub. L. 104–201 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to (c) requiring the Commission to establish a Panama Canal Employment System for former subsecs. (a) to (d) requiring the President to establish such a System.

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Savings Provision

Pub. L. 104–201, div. C, title XXXV, §3530(b), Sept. 23, 1996, 110 Stat. 2863, provided that: "The Panama Canal Employment System and all elections, rules, regulations, and orders relating thereto, as last in effect before the amendment made by subsection (a) [amending this section] takes effect, shall continue in effect, according to their terms, until modified, terminated, or superseded under section 1212 of the Panama Canal Act of 1979 [this section], as amended by subsection (a)."

Executive Documents

Coordination of Pay and Employment Practices

For provisions requiring consultations with the Secretary of Defense for agencies under this subpart with respect to the establishment of rates of pay and other matters deemed appropriate by the Secretary in order to develop compatible or unified systems of basic pay and employment practices, see section 1–201 of Ex. Ord. No. 12215, May 27, 1980, 45 F.R. 36043, set out as a note under section 3601 of this title.

1 So in original. Probably should be "111".
22 U.S.C. § 6912 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 77: UNITED STATES-CHINA RELATIONS / Subchapter II: CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA / Section 6912: Functions of the Commission
Functions of the Commission
Status: in_force

(a) Monitoring compliance with human rights

The Commission shall monitor the acts of the People's Republic of China which reflect compliance with or violation of human rights, in particular, those contained in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, including, but not limited to, effectively affording—

(1) the right to engage in free expression without fear of any prior restraints;

(2) the right to peaceful assembly without restrictions, in accordance with international law;

(3) religious freedom, including the right to worship free of involvement of and interference by the government;

(4) the right to liberty of movement and freedom to choose a residence within the People's Republic of China and the right to leave from and return to the People's Republic of China;

(5) the right of a criminal defendant—

(A) to be tried in his or her presence, and to defend himself or herself in person or through legal assistance of his or her own choosing;

(B) to be informed, if he or she does not have legal assistance, of the right set forth in subparagraph (A);

(C) to have legal assistance assigned to him or her in any case in which the interests of justice so require and without payment by him or her in any such case if he or she does not have sufficient means to pay for it;

(D) to a fair and public hearing by a competent, independent, and impartial tribunal established by the law;

(E) to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law; and

(F) to be tried without undue delay;

(6) the right to be free from torture and other forms of cruel or unusual punishment;

(7) protection of internationally recognized worker rights;

(8) freedom from incarceration as punishment for political opposition to the government;

(9) freedom from incarceration as punishment for exercising or advocating human rights (including those described in this section);

(10) freedom from arbitrary arrest, detention, or exile;

(11) the right to fair and public hearings by an independent tribunal for the determination of a citizen's rights and obligations; and

(12) free choice of employment.

(b) Victims lists

The Commission shall compile and maintain lists of persons believed to be imprisoned, detained, or placed under house arrest, tortured, or otherwise persecuted by the Government of the People's Republic of China due to their pursuit of the rights described in subsection (a). In compiling such lists, the Commission shall exercise appropriate discretion, including concerns regarding the safety and security of, and benefit to, the persons who may be included on the lists and their families.

(c) Monitoring development of rule of law

The Commission shall monitor the development of the rule of law in the People's Republic of China, including, but not limited to—

(1) progress toward the development of institutions of democratic governance;

(2) processes by which statutes, regulations, rules, and other legal acts of the Government of the People's Republic of China are developed and become binding within the People's Republic of China;

(3) the extent to which statutes, regulations, rules, administrative and judicial decisions, and other legal acts of the Government of the People's Republic of China are published and are made accessible to the public;

(4) the extent to which administrative and judicial decisions are supported by statements of reasons that are based upon written statutes, regulations, rules, and other legal acts of the Government of the People's Republic of China;

(5) the extent to which individuals are treated equally under the laws of the of the 1 People's Republic of China without regard to citizenship;

(6) the extent to which administrative and judicial decisions are independent of political pressure or governmental interference and are reviewed by entities of appellate jurisdiction; and

(7) the extent to which laws in the People's Republic of China are written and administered in ways that are consistent with international human rights standards, including the requirements of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

(d) Bilateral cooperation

The Commission shall monitor and encourage the development of programs and activities of the United States Government and private organizations with a view toward increasing the interchange of people and ideas between the United States and the People's Republic of China and expanding cooperation in areas that include, but are not limited to—

(1) increasing enforcement of human rights described in subsection (a); and

(2) developing the rule of law in the People's Republic of China.

(e) Contacts with nongovernmental organizations

In performing the functions described in subsections (a) through (d), the Commission shall, as appropriate, seek out and maintain contacts with nongovernmental organizations, including receiving reports and updates from such organizations and evaluating such reports.

(f) Cooperation with Special Coordinator

In performing the functions described in subsections (a) through (d), the Commission shall cooperate with the Special Coordinator for Tibetan Issues in the Department of State.

(g) Annual reports

The Commission shall issue a report to the President and the Congress not later than 12 months after October 10, 2000, and not later than the end of each 12-month period thereafter, setting forth the findings of the Commission during the preceding 12-month period, in carrying out subsections (a) through (c). The Commission's report may contain recommendations for legislative or executive action.

(h) Specific information in annual reports

The Commission's report under subsection (g) shall include—

(1) specific information as to the nature and implementation of laws or policies concerning the rights set forth in paragraphs (1) through (12) of subsection (a), and as to restrictions applied to or discrimination against persons exercising any of the rights set forth in such paragraphs; and

(2) a description of the status of negotiations between the Government of the People's Republic of China and the Dalai Lama or his representatives, and measures taken to safeguard Tibet's distinct historical, religious, cultural, and linguistic identity and the protection of human rights.

(i) Congressional hearings on annual reports

(1) The Committee on International Relations of the House of Representatives shall, not later than 30 days after the receipt by the Congress of the report referred to in subsection (g), hold hearings on the contents of the report, including any recommendations contained therein, for the purpose of receiving testimony from Members of Congress, and such appropriate representatives of Federal departments and agencies, and interested persons and groups, as the committee deems advisable, with a view to reporting to the House of Representatives any appropriate legislation in furtherance of such recommendations. If any such legislation is considered by the Committee on International Relations within 45 days after receipt by the Congress of the report referred to in subsection (g), it shall be reported by the committee not later than 60 days after receipt by the Congress of such report.

(2) The provisions of paragraph (1) are enacted by the Congress—

(A) as an exercise of the rulemaking power of the House of Representatives, and as such are deemed a part of the rules of the House, and they supersede other rules only to the extent that they are inconsistent therewith; and

(B) with full recognition of the constitutional right of the House to change the rules (so far as relating to the procedure of the House) at any time, in the same manner and to the same extent as in the case of any other rule of the House.

(j) Supplemental reports

The Commission may submit to the President and the Congress reports that supplement the reports described in subsection (g), as appropriate, in carrying out subsections (a) through (c).

(Pub. L. 106–286, div. B, title III, §302, Oct. 10, 2000, 114 Stat. 895; Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, §615, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1396.)

Editorial Notes

Amendments

2002—Subsec. (h). Pub. L. 107–228 substituted "shall include—" for "shall include", inserted par. (1) designation before "specific information", and added par. (2).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Change of Name

Committee on International Relations of House of Representatives changed to Committee on Foreign Affairs of House of Representatives by House Resolution No. 6, One Hundred Tenth Congress, Jan. 5, 2007.

1 So in original.
22 U.S.C. § 6102 (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 70: MANSFIELD FELLOWSHIP PROGRAM / Section 6102: Program requirements
Program requirements
Status: in_force

The program established under this chapter shall comply with the following requirements:

(1) United States citizens who are eligible for fellowships under this chapter shall be employees of the Federal Government having at least two years experience in any branch of the Government, a strong career interest in United States-Japan relations, and a demonstrated commitment to further service in the Federal Government, and such other qualifications as are determined by the Center.

(2) Not more than 10 fellowships may be awarded each year of which not more than 3 shall be awarded to individuals who are not detailed employees of the Government.

(3)(A) Fellows shall agree to maintain satisfactory progress in language training and appropriate behavior in Japan, as determined by the Center, as a condition of continued receipt of Federal funds.

(B) Fellows who are not detailees shall agree to return to the Federal Government for further employment for a period of at least 2 years following the end of their fellowships, unless, in the determination of the Center, the fellow is unable (for reasons beyond the fellow's control and after receiving assistance from the Center as provided in paragraph (8)) to find reemployment for such period.

(4) During the period of the fellowship, the Center shall provide—

(A) to each fellow who is not a detailee a stipend at a rate of pay equal to the rate of pay that individual was receiving when he or she entered the program, plus a cost-of-living adjustment calculated at the same rate of pay, and for the same period of time, for which such adjustments were made to the salaries of individuals occupying competitive positions in the civil service during the same period as the fellowship; and

(B) to each fellow (including detailees) certain allowances and benefits as that individual would have been entitled to, but for his or her separation from Government service, as a United States Government civilian employee overseas under the Standardized Regulations (Government Civilians, Foreign Areas) of the Department of State, as follows: a living quarters allowance to cover the higher cost of housing in Japan, a post allowance to cover the significantly higher costs of living in Japan, an education allowance to assist parents in providing their children with educational services ordinarily provided without charge by United States public schools, moving expenses of up to $1,000 for personal belongings of fellows and their families in their move to Japan and one-round-trip economy-class airline ticket to Japan for each fellow and the fellow's immediate family.

(5)(A) For the first year of each fellowship, the Center shall provide fellows with intensive Japanese language training in the Washington, D.C., area, as well as courses in the political economy of Japan.

(B) Such training shall be of the same quality as training provided to Foreign Service officers before they are assigned to Japan.

(C) The Center may waive any or all of the training required by subparagraph (A) to the extent that a fellow has Japanese language skills or knowledge of Japan's political economy, and the 2-year fellowship period shall be shortened to the extent such training is less than one year.

(6) Any fellow who is not a detailee who does not comply with the requirements of this section shall reimburse the United States Information Agency for the Federal funds expended for the Fellow's participation in the fellowship, together with interest on such funds (calculated at the prevailing rate), as follows:

(A) Full reimbursement for noncompliance with paragraph (3)(A) or (9).

(B) Pro rata reimbursement for noncompliance with paragraph (3)(B) for any period the fellow is reemployed by the Federal Government that is less than the period specified in paragraph (3)(B), at a rate equal to the amount the fellow received during the final year of the fellowship for the same period of time, including any allowances and benefits provided under paragraph (4).

(7) The Center shall select fellows based solely on merit. The Center shall make positive efforts to recruit candidates reflecting the cultural, racial, and ethnic diversity of the United States.

(8) The Center shall assist, to the extent possible, any fellow who is not a detailee in finding employment in the Federal Government if such fellow was not able, at the end of the fellowship, to be reemployed in the agency from which he or she separated to become a fellow.

(9) No fellow may engage in any intelligence or intelligence-related activity on behalf of the United States Government.

(10) The financial records of the Center shall be audited annually in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards by independent certified public accountants or independent licensed public accountants, certified or licensed by a regulatory authority of a State or other political subdivision of the United States. The audit shall be conducted at the place or places where the financial records of the Center are normally kept. All books, financial records, files, and other papers, things, and property belonging to or in use by the Center and necessary to facilitate the audit shall be made available to the person or persons conducting the audit, and full facilities for verifying transactions with the balances or securities held by depositories, fiscal agents, and custodians shall be afforded to such person or persons.

(11) The Center shall provide a report of the audit to the Director of the United States Information Agency no later than six months following the close of the fiscal year for which the audit is made. The report shall set forth the scope of the audit and include such statements, together with the independent auditor's opinion of those statements, as are necessary to present fairly the Center's assets and liabilities, surplus or deficit, with reasonable detail, including a statement of the Center's income and expenses during the year, including a schedule of all contracts and grants requiring payments in excess of $5,000 and any payments of compensation, salaries, or fees at a rate in excess of $5,000 per year. The report shall be produced in sufficient copies for the public.

(Pub. L. 103–236, title II, §253, Apr. 30, 1994, 108 Stat. 428.)

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Transfer of Functions

United States Information Agency (other than Broadcasting Board of Governors and International Broadcasting Bureau) abolished and functions transferred to Secretary of State, see sections 6531 and 6532 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 2151p (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 32: FOREIGN ASSISTANCE / Subchapter I: INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT / Section 2151p: Environmental and natural resources
Environmental and natural resources
Status: in_force

(a) Congressional statement of findings

The Congress finds that if current trends in the degradation of natural resources in developing countries continue, they will severely undermine the best efforts to meet basic human needs, to achieve sustained economic growth, and to prevent international tension and conflict. The Congress also finds that the world faces enormous, urgent, and complex problems, with respect to natural resources, which require new forms of cooperation between the United States and developing countries to prevent such problems from becoming unmanageable. It is, therefore, in the economic and security interest of the United States to provide leadership both in thoroughly reassessing policies relating to natural resources and the environment, and in cooperating extensively with developing countries in order to achieve environmentally sound development.

(b) Assistance authority and emphasis

In order to address the serious problems described in subsection (a), the President is authorized to furnish assistance under subchapter I of this chapter for developing and strengthening the capacity of developing countries to protect and manage their environment and natural resources. Special efforts shall be made to maintain and where possible to restore the land, vegetation, water, wildlife, and other resources upon which depend economic growth and human well-being, especially of the poor.

(c) Implementation considerations applicable to programs and projects

(1) The President, in implementing programs and projects under this part and part X of this subchapter, shall take fully into account the impact of such programs and projects upon the environment and natural resources of developing countries. Subject to such procedures as the President considers appropriate, the President shall require all agencies and officials responsible for programs or projects under this part and part X of this subchapter—

(A) to prepare and take fully into account an environmental impact statement for any program or project under this part and part X of this subchapter significantly affecting the environment of the global commons outside the jurisdiction of any country, the environment of the United States, or other aspects of the environment which the President may specify; and

(B) to prepare and take fully into account an environmental assessment of any proposed program or project under this part and part X of this subchapter significantly affecting the environment of any foreign country.

Such agencies and officials should, where appropriate, use local technical resources in preparing environmental impact statements and environmental assessments pursuant to this subsection.

(2) The President may establish exceptions from the requirements of this subsection for emergency conditions and for cases in which compliance with those requirements would be seriously detrimental to the foreign policy interests of the United States.

(Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, §117, formerly §118, as added Pub. L. 95–88, title I, §113(a), Aug. 3, 1977, 91 Stat. 537; amended Pub. L. 95–424, title I, §110, Oct. 6, 1978, 92 Stat. 948; Pub. L. 96–53, title I, §122, Aug. 14, 1979, 93 Stat. 366; Pub. L. 97–113, title III, §307, Dec. 29, 1981, 95 Stat. 1533; renumbered §117 and amended Pub. L. 99–529, title III, §301(1), (2), Oct. 24, 1986, 100 Stat. 3014; Pub. L. 101–513, title V, §562(d)(4), Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 2031.)

Editorial Notes

Codification

Other sections 117 of Pub. L. 87–195, pt. I, were classified to section 2151o of this title prior to repeal by Pub. L. 95–424 and Pub. L. 103–149.

Amendments

1990—Subsec. (c)(1). Pub. L. 101–513 inserted "and part X of this subchapter" after "this part" wherever appearing.

1986—Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–529, §301(2), struck out subsec. (d) relating to loss of tropical forests in developing countries. See section 2151p–1 of this title.

1981—Pub. L. 97–113 amended section generally, substituting subsecs. (a) to (d) for former subsecs. (a) and (b) which authorized President to furnish assistance under this subchapter for developing and strengthening capacity of less developed countries to protect and manage their environment and natural resources and directed President to take into consideration environmental consequences of development actions in carrying out this part.

1979—Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–53 repealed subsec. (c) which related to studies and report to Congress by the President on the identification of major environmental and natural resource problems.

1978—Pub. L. 95–424 designated existing provisions as subsec. (a) and added subsecs. (b) and (c).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

References to Subchapter I Deemed To Include Certain Parts of Subchapter II

References to subchapter I of this chapter are deemed to include parts IV (§2346 et seq.), VI (§2348 et seq.), and VIII (§2349aa et seq.) of subchapter II of this chapter, and references to subchapter II are deemed to exclude such parts. See section 202(b) of Pub. L. 92–226, set out as a note under section 2346 of this title, and sections 2348c and 2349aa–5 of this title.

Effective Date of 1979 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 96–53 effective Oct. 1, 1979, see section 512(a) of Pub. L. 96–53, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.

Effective Date of 1978 Amendment

Amendment by Pub. L. 95–424 effective Oct. 1, 1978, see section 605 of Pub. L. 95–424, set out as a note under section 2151 of this title.

Defending Economic Livelihoods and Threatened Animals

Pub. L. 115–353, Dec. 21, 2018, 132 Stat. 5070, provided that:

"SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE.

"This Act may be cited as the 'Defending Economic Livelihoods and Threatened Animals Act' or the 'DELTA Act'.

"SEC. 2. FINDINGS.

"Congress finds the following:

"(1) The greater Okavango River Basin, which ranges from the highland plateau of Angola to northeastern Namibia and northern Botswana, and also provides critical natural resources that sustain wildlife in Zambia and Zimbabwe, is the largest freshwater watershed in southern Africa.

"(2) The greater Okavango River Basin is the main source of water and livelihoods for over 1 million people, and the effective management and protection of this critical watershed will help advance important conservation and economic growth objectives for Angola, Botswana, Namibia, local communities, and the broader region.

"(3) The greater Okavango River Basin is home to the largest remaining elephant population in the world, as well as other threatened wildlife species.

"(4) Poaching and trafficking of threatened wildlife species in the greater Okavango River Basin has increased in recent years, and has the potential to undermine regional stability by disrupting local governance and management of resources, and supplanting key economic opportunities for community members.

"(5) Governments in the region have taken important steps to coordinate through existing conservation frameworks to combat trafficking, ensure responsible resource management, support local livelihoods, and protect threatened wildlife species.

"SEC. 3. SENSE OF CONGRESS.

"It is the sense of Congress that it is in the interest of the United States to engage, as appropriate, with the Governments of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and neighboring countries, and in partnership with donors, regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations, local communities, and the private sector, to advance conservation efforts and promote economic growth and stability in the greater Okavango River Basin and neighboring watersheds and conservation areas.

"SEC. 4. STATEMENT OF POLICY.

"It is the policy of the United States to promote inclusive economic growth through conservation and biodiversity programs that facilitate transboundary cooperation, improve water and natural resource management, and build local capacity to protect and preserve threatened wildlife species in the greater Okavango River Basin and neighboring watersheds and conservation areas.

"SEC. 5. STRATEGY.

"(a) In General.—The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall seek, as appropriate, to work with the Governments of Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and neighboring countries, and in partnership with donors, regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations, local communities, and the private sector, to develop a strategy to—

"(1) create and advance a cooperative framework to promote responsible natural resource, water, and wildlife management practices in the greater Okavango River Basin;

"(2) protect traditional migration routes of elephants and other threatened wildlife species;

"(3) combat wildlife poaching and trafficking;

"(4) address human health and development needs of local communities; and

"(5) catalyze economic growth in such countries and across the broader region.

"(b) Elements.—The strategy established pursuant to subsection (a) shall—

"(1) promote cooperative and responsible water, natural resource, and wildlife management policies and practices within and among the countries of Angola, Botswana, and Namibia, with a particular focus on the greater Okavango River Basin and the critical headwaters located in Angola;

"(2) protect and restore wildlife habitats and traditional migratory patterns of elephants and other threatened species;

"(3) combat wildlife poaching and trafficking in Angola, Botswana, Namibia, and those areas of Zambia and Zimbabwe that border Angola, Botswana, or Namibia, including within regional and national parks and reserves, by building the capacity of the governments of such countries, local law enforcement, community leaders, and park rangers to detect, disrupt, and prosecute poachers and traffickers;

"(4) promote conservation as a foundation for inclusive economic growth and development within a comprehensive assistance strategy that places Angola, Botswana, and Namibia on a trajectory toward graduation from the need for United States foreign assistance;

"(5) identify opportunities and mechanisms to leverage regional organizations, nongovernmental organizations, and public-private partnerships to contribute to support the implementation of the strategy;

"(6) establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, including measurable goals, objectives, and benchmarks of success, that are included in grants, contracts, and cooperative agreements to ensure the effective use of United States foreign assistance; and

"(7) coordinate with and build the capacity of regional conservation frameworks in order to advance regional conservation objectives.

"SEC. 6. UNITED STATES SUPPORT.

"(a) In General.—The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, are authorized to prioritize and advance ongoing efforts to—

"(1) promote inclusive economic growth and development through responsible water and natural resource management and wildlife protection activities in the greater Okavango River Basin;

"(2) provide technical assistance to governments and local communities in Angola, Botswana, and Namibia to create a policy-enabling environment for such responsible water and natural resource management and wildlife protection activities; and

"(3) build the capacity of local law enforcement, park rangers, and community leaders to combat wildlife poaching and trafficking.

"(b) Coordination and Integration With Regional Conservation Frameworks.—The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall coordinate assistance provided by Department of State, the United States Agency for International Development, and such other relevant Federal agencies with existing regional conservation frameworks in order to ensure regional integration of conservation, wildlife trafficking, and water management initiatives, to prevent duplication of efforts, and to advance regional conservation objectives.

"(c) Coordination With Private Sector.—The Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, are authorized to work with the private sector and nongovernmental organizations to leverage public and private capital to promote responsible resource management, combat wildlife poaching and trafficking, and support inclusive economic growth and local livelihoods in the greater Okavango River Basin.

"(d) Monitoring and Evaluation.—The Secretary and the Administrator shall establish monitoring and evaluation mechanisms, to include measurable goals, objectives, and benchmarks, to ensure the effective use of United States foreign assistance to achieve the objectives of this section.

"SEC. 7. REPORT.

"(a) In General.—Not later than 1 year after the date of the enactment of this Act [Dec. 21, 2018], the Secretary and the Administrator, in coordination with the heads of other relevant Federal agencies, shall submit to the appropriate congressional committees a report on the implementation of this Act.

"(b) Matters To Be Included.—The report required under subsection (a) shall include a description of the strategy required by section 5, including—

"(1) the monitoring and evaluation plans and indicators used to measure performance under the strategy;

"(2) any legislative impediments to meeting the objectives of such strategy;

"(3) the extent to which Angola, Botswana, and Namibia have demonstrated a commitment and willingness to cooperate to advance efforts described in section 5(b);

"(4) progress made to date in meeting the objectives of such strategy;

"(5) efforts to coordinate, deconflict, and streamline conservation programs in order to maximize resource effectiveness;

"(6) the extent to which Angola, Botswana, and Namibia and other government[s] in the region are investing resources to advance conservation initiatives; and

"(7) the extent to which other funding sources, including through private sector investment and other investment by Angola, Botswana, and Namibia, have been identified to advance conservation initiatives.

"SEC. 8. DEFINITIONS.

"In this Act:

"(1) Administrator.—The term 'Administrator' means the Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development.

"(2) Appropriate congressional committees.—The term 'appropriate congressional committees' means—

"(A) the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Appropriations of the House of Representatives; and

"(B) the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Appropriations of the Senate.

"(3) Secretary.—The term 'Secretary' means the Secretary of State."

Clean Water for the Americas Partnership

Pub. L. 107–228, div. A, title VI, subtitle D, Sept. 30, 2002, 116 Stat. 1402, provided that:

"SEC. 641. SHORT TITLE.

"This subtitle may be cited as the 'Clean Water for the Americas Partnership Act of 2002'.

"SEC. 642. DEFINITIONS.

"In this subtitle:

"(1) Joint project.—The term 'joint project' means a project between a United States association or nonprofit entity and a Latin American or Caribbean association or nongovernmental organization.

"(2) Latin american or caribbean nongovernmental organization.—The term 'Latin American or Caribbean nongovernmental organization' includes any institution of higher education, any private nonprofit entity involved in international education activities, or any research institute or other research organization, based in the region.

"(3) Region.—The term 'region' refers to the region comprised of the member countries of the Organization of American States (other than the United States and Canada).

"(4) United states association.—The term 'United States association' means a business league described in section 501(c)(6) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986 (26 U.S.C. 501(c)(6)), and exempt from taxation under section 501(a) of such Code (26 U.S.C. 501(a)).

"(5) United states nonprofit entity.—The term 'United States nonprofit entity' includes any institution of higher education (as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)), any private nonprofit entity involved in international education activities, or any research institute or other research organization, based in the United States.

"SEC. 643. ESTABLISHMENT OF PROGRAM.

"The President is authorized to establish a program which shall be known as the 'Clean Water for the Americas Partnership'.

"SEC. 644. ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT.

"The President is authorized to conduct a comprehensive assessment of the environmental problems in the region to determine—

"(1) which environmental problems threaten human health the most, particularly the health of the urban poor;

"(2) which environmental problems are most threatening, in the long-term, to the region's natural resources;

"(3) which countries have the most pressing environmental problems; and

"(4) whether and to what extent there is a market for United States environmental technology, practices, knowledge, and innovations in the region.

"SEC. 645. ESTABLISHMENT OF TECHNOLOGY AMERICA CENTERS.

"(a) Authority To Establish.—The President, acting through the Director General of the United States and Foreign Commercial Service of the Department of Commerce, is authorized to establish Technology America Centers (TEAMs) in the region to serve the entire region and, where appropriate, to establish TEAMs in urban areas of the region to focus on urban environmental problems.

"(b) Functions.—The TEAMs would link United States private sector environmental technology firms with local partners, both public and private, by providing logistic and information support to United States firms seeking to find local partners and opportunities for environmental projects. TEAMs should emphasize assisting United States small businesses.

"(c) Location.—In determining whether to locate a TEAM in a country, the President, acting through the Director General of the United States and Foreign Commercial Service of the Department of Commerce, shall take into account the country's need for logistic and informational support and the opportunities presented for United States firms in the country. A TEAM may be located in a country without regard to whether a mission of the United States Agency for International Development is established in that country.

"SEC. 646. PROMOTION OF WATER QUALITY, WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS, AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY.

"Subject to the availability of appropriations, the President is authorized to provide matching grants to United States associations and United States nonprofit entities for the purpose of promoting water quality, water treatment systems, and energy efficiency in the region. The grants shall be used to support joint projects, including professional exchanges, academic fellowships, training programs in the United States or in the region, cooperation in regulatory review, development of training materials, the establishment and development in the region of local chapters of the associations or nonprofit entities, and the development of online exchanges.

"SEC. 647. GRANTS FOR PREFEASIBILITY STUDIES WITHIN A DESIGNATED SUBREGION.

"(a) Grant Authority.—

"(1) In general.—Subject to the availability of appropriations, the Director of the Trade and Development Agency is authorized to make grants for prefeasibility studies for water projects in any country within a single subregion or in a single country designated under paragraph (2).

"(2) Designation of subregion.—The Director of the Trade and Development Agency shall designate in advance a single subregion or a single country for purposes of paragraph (1).

"(b) Matching Requirement.—The Director of the Trade and Development Agency may not make any grant under this section unless there are made available non-Federal contributions in an amount equal to not less than 25 percent of the amount of Federal funds provided under the grant.

"(c) Limitation Per Single Project.—With respect to any single project, grant funds under this section shall be available only for the prefeasibility portion of that project.

"(d) Definitions.—In this section:

"(1) Prefeasibility.—The term 'prefeasibility' means, with respect to a project, not more than 25 percent of the design phase of the project.

"(2) Subregion.—The term 'subregion' means an area within the region and includes areas such as Central America, the Andean region, and the Southern cone.

"SEC. 648. CLEAN WATER TECHNICAL SUPPORT COMMITTEE.

"(a) In General.—The President is authorized to establish a Clean Water Technical Support Committee (in this section referred to as the 'Committee') to provide technical support and training services for individual water projects.

"(b) Composition.—The Committee shall consist of international investors, lenders, water service providers, suppliers, advisers, and others with a direct interest in accelerating development of water projects in the region.

"(c) Functions.—Members of the Committee shall act as field advisers and may form specialized working groups to provide in-country training and technical assistance, and shall serve as a source of technical support to resolve barriers to project development.

"SEC. 649. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.

"(a) In General.—There are authorized to be appropriated to the President $10,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 2003, 2004, and 2005 to carry out this subtitle.

"(b) Availability of Funds.—Funds appropriated pursuant to subsection (a) are authorized to remain available until expended.

"SEC. 650. REPORT.

"Eighteen months after the establishment of the program pursuant to section 643, the President shall submit a report to the appropriate congressional committees containing—

"(1) an assessment of the progress made in carrying out the program established under this subtitle; and

"(2) any recommendations for the enactment of legislation to make changes in the program established under this subtitle.

"SEC. 651. TERMINATION DATE.

"(a) In General.—Except as provided in subsection (b), the authorities of this subtitle shall terminate 3 years after the date of establishment of the program described in section 643.

"(b) Exception.—In lieu of the termination date specified in subsection (a), the termination required by that subsection shall take effect five years after the date of establishment of the program described in section 643 if, prior to the termination date specified in subsection (a), the President determines and certifies to the appropriate congressional committees that it would be in the national interest of the United States to continue the program described in such section 643 for an additional 2-year period.

"SEC. 652. EFFECTIVE DATE.

"This subtitle shall take effect 90 days after the date of enactment of this Act [Sept. 30, 2002]."

[For definition of "appropriate congressional committees" as used in subtitle D of title VI of div. A of Pub. L. 107–228, set out above, see section 3 of Pub. L. 107–228, set out as a note under section 2651 of this title.]

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

For delegation of functions of President under this section, see Ex. Ord. No. 12163, Sept. 29, 1979, 44 F.R. 56673, as amended, set out as a note under section 2381 of this title.
22 U.S.C. § 8513a (2024) — Title 22: FOREIGN RELATIONS AND INTERCOURSE / Chapter 92: COMPREHENSIVE IRAN SANCTIONS, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND DIVESTMENT / Subchapter I: SANCTIONS / Section 8513a: Imposition of sanctions with respect to the financial sector of Iran
Imposition of sanctions with respect to the financial sector of Iran
Status: in_force

(a) Findings

Congress makes the following findings:

(1) On November 21, 2011, the Secretary of the Treasury issued a finding under section 5318A of title 31 that identified Iran as a jurisdiction of primary money laundering concern.

(2) In that finding, the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network of the Department of the Treasury wrote, "The Central Bank of Iran, which regulates Iranian banks, has assisted designated Iranian banks by transferring billions of dollars to these banks in 2011. In mid-2011, the CBI transferred several billion dollars to designated banks, including Saderat, Mellat, EDBI and Melli, through a variety of payment schemes. In making these transfers, the CBI attempted to evade sanctions by minimizing the direct involvement of large international banks with both CBI and designated Iranian banks.".

(3) On November 22, 2011, the Under Secretary of the Treasury for Terrorism and Financial Intelligence, David Cohen, wrote, "Treasury is calling out the entire Iranian banking sector, including the Central Bank of Iran, as posing terrorist financing, proliferation financing, and money laundering risks for the global financial system.".

(b) Designation of financial sector of Iran as of primary money laundering concern

The financial sector of Iran, including the Central Bank of Iran, is designated as a primary money laundering concern for purposes of section 5318A of title 31 because of the threat to government and financial institutions resulting from the illicit activities of the Government of Iran, including its pursuit of nuclear weapons, support for international terrorism, and efforts to deceive responsible financial institutions and evade sanctions.

(c) Freezing of assets of Iranian financial institutions

The President shall, pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.), block and prohibit all transactions in all property and interests in property of an Iranian financial institution if such property and interests in property are in the United States, come within the United States, or are or come within the possession or control of a United States person.

(d) Imposition of sanctions with respect to the Central Bank of Iran and other Iranian financial institutions

(1) In general

Except as specifically provided in this subsection, beginning on the date that is 60 days after December 31, 2011, the President—

(A) shall prohibit the opening, and prohibit or impose strict conditions on the maintaining, in the United States of a correspondent account or a payable-through account by a foreign financial institution that the President determines has knowingly conducted or facilitated any significant financial transaction with the Central Bank of Iran or another Iranian financial institution designated by the Secretary of the Treasury for the imposition of sanctions pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.); and

(B) may impose sanctions pursuant to the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.) with respect to the Central Bank of Iran.

(2) Exception for sales of agricultural commodities, food, medicine, and medical devices

The President may not impose sanctions under paragraph (1) with respect to any person for conducting or facilitating a transaction for the sale of agricultural commodities, food, medicine, or medical devices to Iran.

(3) Applicability of sanctions with respect to foreign central banks

Except as provided in paragraph (4), sanctions imposed under paragraph (1)(A) shall apply with respect to a central bank of a foreign country, only insofar as it engages in a financial transaction for the sale or purchase of petroleum or petroleum products to or from Iran conducted or facilitated on or after that date that is 180 days after December 31, 2011.

(4) Applicability of sanctions with respect to petroleum transactions

(A) Report required

Not later than October 25, 2012, and the last Thursday of every other month thereafter, the Administrator of the Energy Information Administration, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of State, and the Director of National Intelligence, shall submit to Congress a report on the availability and price of petroleum and petroleum products produced in countries other than Iran in the 2-month period preceding the submission of the report.

(B) Determination required

Not later than 90 days after December 31, 2011, and every 180 days thereafter, the President shall make a determination, based on the reports required by subparagraph (A), of whether the price and supply of petroleum and petroleum products produced in countries other than Iran is sufficient to permit purchasers of petroleum and petroleum products from Iran to reduce significantly in volume their purchases from Iran.

(C) Application of sanctions

Except as provided in subparagraph (D), sanctions imposed under paragraph (1)(A) shall apply with respect to a financial transaction conducted or facilitated by a foreign financial institution on or after the date that is 180 days after December 31, 2011, for the purchase of petroleum or petroleum products from Iran if the President determines pursuant to subparagraph (B) that there is a sufficient supply of petroleum and petroleum products from countries other than Iran to permit a significant reduction in the volume of petroleum and petroleum products purchased from Iran by or through foreign financial institutions.

(D) Exception

(i) In general

Sanctions imposed pursuant to paragraph (1) shall not apply with respect to a financial transaction described in clause (ii) conducted or facilitated by a foreign financial institution if the President determines and reports to Congress, not later than 90 days after the date on which the President makes the determination required by subparagraph (B), and every 180 days thereafter, that the country with primary jurisdiction over the foreign financial institution—

(I) has significantly reduced reduced 1 its volume of crude oil purchases from Iran during the period beginning on the date on which the President submitted the last report with respect to the country under this subparagraph; or

(II) in the case of a country that has previously received an exception under this subparagraph, has, after receiving the exception, reduced its crude oil purchases from Iran to zero.

(ii) Financial transactions described

A financial transaction conducted or facilitated by a foreign financial institution is described in this clause if—

(I) the financial transaction is only for trade in goods or services between the country with primary jurisdiction over the foreign financial institution and Iran; and

(II) any funds owed to Iran as a result of such trade are credited to an account located in the country with primary jurisdiction over the foreign financial institution.

(5) Applicability of sanctions with respect to Chinese financial institutions

(A) In general

For the purpose of paragraph (1)(A), a "significant financial transaction" shall include, based on relevant facts and circumstances, any transaction—

(i) by a Chinese financial institution (without regard to the size, number, frequency, or nature of the transaction) involving the purchase of petroleum or petroleum products from Iran; and

(ii) by a foreign financial institution (without regard to the size, number, frequency, or nature of the transaction) involving the purchase of Iranian unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), UAV parts, or related systems.

(B) Determination required

Not later than 180 days after April 24, 2024, and every year thereafter for 5 years, the President shall—

(i) determine whether any—

(I) Chinese financial institution has engaged in a significant financial transaction as described in paragraph (1)(A)(i); and

(II) financial institution has engaged in a significant financial transaction as described in paragraph (1)(A)(ii); and

(ii) transmit the determination under clause (i) to the Committee on Foreign Affairs and the Committee on Financial Services of the House of Representatives and to the Committee on Foreign Relations and the Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs of the Senate.

(6) Waiver

The President may waive the imposition of sanctions under paragraph (1) for a period of not more than 120 days, and may renew that waiver for additional periods of not more than 120 days, if the President—

(A) determines that such a waiver is in the national security interest of the United States; and

(B) submits to Congress a report—

(i) providing a justification for the waiver;

(ii) certifying that the country with primary jurisdiction over the foreign financial institution otherwise subject to the sanctions faced exceptional circumstances that prevented the country from being able to reduce significantly its purchases of petroleum and petroleum products from Iran; and

(iii) that includes any concrete cooperation the President has received or expects to receive as a result of the waiver.

(e) Multilateral diplomacy initiative

(1) In general

The President shall—

(A) carry out an initiative of multilateral diplomacy to persuade countries purchasing oil from Iran—

(i) to limit the use by Iran of revenue from purchases of oil to purchases of non-luxury consumers goods from the country purchasing the oil; and

(ii) to prohibit purchases by Iran of—

(I) military or dual-use technology, including items—

(aa) in the Annex to the Missile Technology Control Regime Guidelines;

(bb) in the Annex on Chemicals to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction, done at Paris January 13, 1993, and entered into force April 29, 1997 (commonly known as the "Chemical Weapons Convention");

(cc) in Part 1 or 2 of the Nuclear Suppliers Group Guidelines; or

(dd) on a control list of the Wassenaar Arrangement on Export Controls for Conventional Arms and Dual-Use Goods and Technologies; or

(II) any other item that could contribute to Iran's conventional, nuclear, chemical, or biological weapons program; and

(B) conduct outreach to petroleum-producing countries to encourage those countries to increase their output of crude oil to ensure there is a sufficient supply of crude oil from countries other than Iran and to minimize any impact on the price of oil resulting from the imposition of sanctions under this section.

(2) Report required

Not later than 180 days after December 31, 2011, and every 180 days thereafter, the President shall submit to Congress a report on the efforts of the President to carry out the initiative described in paragraph (1)(A) and conduct the outreach described in paragraph (1)(B) and the results of those efforts.

(f) Form of reports

Each report submitted under this section shall be submitted in unclassified form, but may contain a classified annex.

(g) Implementation; penalties

(1) Implementation

The President may exercise all authorities provided under sections 203 and 205 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1702 and 1704) to carry out this section.

(2) Penalties

The penalties provided for in subsections (b) and (c) of section 206 of the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (50 U.S.C. 1705) shall apply to a person that violates, attempts to violate, conspires to violate, or causes a violation of this section or regulations prescribed under this section to the same extent that such penalties apply to a person that commits an unlawful act described in section 206(a) of that Act.

(h) Definitions

In this section:

(1) Account; correspondent account; payable-through account

The terms "account", "correspondent account", and "payable-through account" have the meanings given those terms in section 5318A of title 31.

(2) Foreign financial institution

The term "foreign financial institution" has the meaning of that term as determined by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to section 8513(i) of this title.

(3) Significant reductions

The terms "reduce significantly", "significant reduction", and "significantly reduced", with respect to purchases from Iran of petroleum and petroleum products, include a reduction in such purchases in terms of price or volume toward a complete cessation of such purchases.

(4) United States person

The term "United States person" means—

(A) a natural person who is a citizen or resident of the United States or a national of the United States (as defined in section 1101(a) of title 8); and

(B) an entity that is organized under the laws of the United States or a jurisdiction within the United States.

(i) Termination

The provisions of this section shall terminate on the date that is 30 days after the date on which the President submits to Congress the certification described in section 8551(a) of this title.

(Pub. L. 112–81, div. A, title XII, §1245, Dec. 31, 2011, 125 Stat. 1647; Pub. L. 112–158, title V, §§503(a)(1), (b)(1), 504(a), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1260, 1261; Pub. L. 112–239, div. A, title XII, §1250, Jan. 2, 2013, 126 Stat. 2016; Pub. L. 118–50, div. S, §2, Apr. 24, 2024, 138 Stat. 1003.)

Editorial Notes

References in Text

The International Emergency Economic Powers Act, referred to in subsecs. (c) and (d)(1), is title II of Pub. L. 95–223, Dec. 28, 1977, 91 Stat. 1626, which is classified generally to chapter 35 (§1701 et seq.) of Title 50, War and National Defense. For complete classification of this Act to the Code, see Short Title note set out under section 1701 of Title 50 and Tables.

Codification

Section was enacted as part of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012, and not as part of the Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act of 2010 which comprises this chapter.

Amendments

2024—Subsec. (d)(5), (6). Pub. L. 118–50 added par. (5) and redesignated former par. (5) as (6).

2013—Subsec. (d)(5)(B)(ii), (iii). Pub. L. 112–239 added cl. (ii) and redesignated former cl. (ii) as (iii).

2012—Subsec. (d)(2). Pub. L. 112–158, §503(a)(1), inserted "agricultural commodities," after "sales of" in heading and after "sale of" in text.

Subsec. (d)(3). Pub. L. 112–158, §504(a)(1)(A), struck out "a foreign financial institution owned or controlled by the government of a foreign country, including" after "with respect to".

Subsec. (d)(4)(A). Pub. L. 112–158, §503(b)(1), substituted "October 25, 2012, and the last Thursday of every other month thereafter" for "60 days after December 31, 2011, and every 60 days thereafter" and "2-month period" for "60-day period".

Subsec. (d)(4)(D)(i). Pub. L. 112–158, §504(a)(1)(B)(i), (ii), designated existing provisions as cl. (i) and inserted cl. heading, substituted "a financial transaction described in clause (ii) conducted or facilitated by a foreign financial institution" for "a foreign financial institution" and "institution—" for "institution has significantly", inserted subcl. (I) designation and "has significantly reduced" before "reduced its volume", and added subcl. (II).

Subsec. (d)(4)(D)(ii). Pub. L. 112–158, §504(a)(1)(B)(iii), added cl. (ii).

Subsec. (h)(3), (4). Pub. L. 112–158, §504(a)(2), added par. (3) and redesignated former par. (3) as (4).

Subsec. (i). Pub. L. 112–158, §504(a)(3), added subsec. (i).

Statutory Notes and Related Subsidiaries

Effective Date of 2012 Amendment

Pub. L. 112–158, title V, §503(a)(2), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1261, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect as if included in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2012 (Public Law 112–81; 125 Stat. 1298)."

Pub. L. 112–158, title V, §503(b)(2), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1261, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraph (1) [amending this section] shall take effect on September 1, 2012."

Pub. L. 112–158, title V, §504(b), Aug. 10, 2012, 126 Stat. 1262, provided that: "The amendments made by paragraphs (1) and (2) of subsection (a) [amending this section] shall apply with respect to financial transactions conducted or facilitated on or after the date that is 180 days after the date of the enactment of this Act [Aug. 10, 2012]."

Executive Documents

Delegation of Functions

Ex. Ord. No. 13599, Feb. 5, 2012, 77 F.R. 6659, which is listed in a table under section 1701 of Title 50, War and National Defense, provided in section 10 that the Secretary of the Treasury, in consultation with the Secretary of State, is authorized to exercise the functions and authorities conferred upon the President by subsecs. (d)(1)(A) and (g)(1) of this section and to redelegate such functions and authorities consistent with applicable law; and provided in section 11 that the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of Energy, and the Director of National Intelligence, is authorized to exercise the functions and authorities conferred upon the President by subsec. (d)(4)(D) of this section and that the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, is authorized to exercise the functions and authorities conferred upon the President by subsecs. (e)(1), (2) and (g)(1) of this section and to redelegate all such functions and authorities consistent with applicable law.

Memorandum of President of the United States, Jan. 20, 2014, 79 F.R.6453, provided:

Memorandum for the Secretary of State

By the authority vested in me as President by the Constitution and the laws of the United States of America, including section 301 of title 3 of the United States Code, I hereby delegate to the Secretary of State, in consultation with the Secretary of the Treasury, the authority conferred upon the President by section 1245(d)(5) of the Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA).

Any reference in this memorandum to provisions of the FY 2012 NDAA related to the subject of this memorandum shall be deemed to include references to any hereafter enacted provisions of law that is the same or substantially the same as such provisions.

You are authorized and directed to publish this memorandum in the Federal Register.

Barack Obama.      

Presidential Determinations Relating to Petroleum or Petroleum Products from Iran

The following Presidential Determinations related to the existence of sufficient supplies of petroleum and petroleum products from countries other than Iran pursuant to subsec. (d)(4)(B) and (C) of this section:

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2025–01, Nov. 7, 2024, 89 F.R. 92025.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2024–04, May 8, 2024, 89 F.R. 46015.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2024–01, Nov. 11, 2023, 88 F.R. 82775.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2023–08, May 11, 2023, 88 F.R. 32619.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2023–03, Jan. 30, 2023, 88 F.R. 8347.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2022–12, May 12, 2022, 87 F.R. 30383.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2022–04, Nov. 12, 2021, 86 F.R. 64795.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2021–07, May 19, 2021, 86 F.R. 28235.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2021–03, Jan. 14, 2021, 86 F.R. 7789.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2020–06, June 5, 2020, 85 F.R. 36995.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2020–03, Oct. 25, 2019, 84 F.R. 59917.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2019–12, Apr. 29, 2019, 84 F.R. 22327.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2019–04, Oct. 31, 2018, 83 F.R. 57673.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2018–08, May 14, 2018, 83 F.R. 26345.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2018–1 [2018–01], Nov. 15, 2017, 82 F.R. 59503.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2017–06, May 17, 2017, 82 F.R. 28391.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2017–01, Nov. 14, 2016, 81 F.R. 85833.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2016–06, May 19, 2016, 81 F.R. 37481.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2016–03, Nov. 18, 2015, 80 F.R. 75921.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2015–06, May 19, 2015, 80 F.R. 32851.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2015–02, Nov. 21, 2014, 79 F.R. 71619.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2014–11, June 4, 2014, 79 F.R. 33841.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2014–03, Nov. 29, 2013, 78 F.R. 76717.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2013–10, June 5, 2013, 78 F.R. 35537.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2013–03, Dec. 7, 2012, 77 F.R. 76213.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2012–09, June 11, 2012, 77 F.R. 36387.

Determination of President of the United States, No. 2012–05, Mar. 30, 2012, 77 F.R. 21387.

1 So in original.