D.C. Code § 28:9-102 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-102
§ 28:9-102. Definitions and index of definitions.
Status: in_force

(a) In this article:
  (1) “Accession” means goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that the identity of the original goods is not lost.
  (2) "Account", except as used in "account for", "account statement", "account to", "commodity account" in paragraph (14) of this subsection, "customer's account", "deposit account" in paragraph (29) of this subsection, "on account of", and "statement of account",  means a right to payment of a monetary obligation, whether or not earned by performance, (i) for property that has been or is to be sold, leased, licensed, assigned, or otherwise disposed of, (ii) for services rendered or to be rendered, (iii) for a policy of insurance issued or to be issued, (iv) for a secondary obligation incurred or to be incurred, (v) for energy provided or to be provided, (vi) for the use or hire of a vessel under a charter or other contract, (vii) arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, or (viii) as winnings in a lottery or other game of chance operated or sponsored by a State, governmental unit of a State, or person licensed or authorized to operate the game by a State or governmental unit of a State. The term includes controllable accounts and health-care-insurance receivables. The term does not include (i) chattel paper, (ii) commercial tort claims, (iii) deposit accounts, (iv) investment property, (v) letter-of-credit rights or letters of credit, (vi) rights to payment for money or funds advanced or sold, other than rights arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, or (vii) rights to payment evidenced by an instrument.
  (3) “Account debtor” means a person obligated on an account, chattel paper, or general intangible. The term does not include persons obligated to pay a negotiable instrument, even if the negotiable instrument evidences chattel paper.
  (4) “Accounting”, except as used in “accounting for”, means a record:
    (A) Signed by a secured party;
    (B) Indicating the aggregate unpaid secured obligations as of a date not more than 35 days earlier or 35 days later than the date of the record; and
    (C) Identifying the components of the obligations in reasonable detail.
  (5) “Agricultural lien” means an interest in farm products:
    (A) Which secures payment or performance of an obligation for:
      (i) Goods or services furnished in connection with a debtor’s farming operation; or
      (ii) Rent on real property leased by a debtor in connection with its farming operation;
    (B) Which is created by statute in favor of a person that:
      (i) In the ordinary course of its business furnished goods or services to a debtor in connection with a debtor’s farming operation; or
      (ii) Leased real property to a debtor in connection with the debtor’s farming operation; and
    (C) Whose effectiveness does not depend on the person’s possession of the personal property.
  (6) “As-extracted collateral” means:
    (A) Oil, gas, or other minerals that are subject to a security interest that:
      (i) Is created by a debtor having an interest in the minerals before extraction; and
      (ii) Attaches to the minerals as extracted; or
    (B) Accounts arising out of the sale at the wellhead or minehead of oil, gas, or other minerals in which the debtor had an interest before extraction.
  (7) [Repealed].
  (7A) "Assignee", except as used in "assignee for benefit of creditors", means a person (i) in whose favor a security interest that secures an obligation is created or provided for under a security agreement, whether or not the obligation is outstanding or (ii) to which an account, chattel paper, payment intangible, or promissory note has been sold. The term includes a person to which a security interest has been transferred by a secured party.
  (7B) "Assignor" means a person that (i) under a security agreement creates or provides for a security interest that secures an obligation or (ii) sells an account, chattel paper, payment intangible, or promissory note. The term includes a secured party that has transferred a security interest to another person.
  (8) “Bank” means an organization that is engaged in the business of banking. The term includes savings banks, savings and loan associations, credit unions, and trust companies.
  (9) “Cash proceeds” means proceeds that are money, checks, deposit accounts, or the like.
  (10) “Certificate of title” means a certificate of title with respect to which a statute provides for the security interest in question to be indicated on the certificate as a condition or result of the security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral. The term includes another record maintained as an alternative to a certificate of title by the governmental unit that issues certificates of title if a statute permits the security interest in question to be indicated on the record as a condition or result of the security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral.
  (11) (A) "Chattel paper" means:
      (i) A right to payment of a monetary obligation secured by specific goods, if the right to payment and security agreement are evidenced by a record; or
      (ii) A right to payment of a monetary obligation owed by a lessee under a lease agreement with respect to specific goods and a monetary obligation owed by the lessee in connection with the transaction giving rise to the lease, if:
        (I) The right to payment and lease agreement are evidenced by a record; and
        (II) The predominant purpose of the transaction giving rise to the lease was to give the lessee the right to possession and use of the goods.
    (B) The term does not include a right to payment arising out of a charter or other contract involving the use or hire of a vessel or a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card.
  (12) “Collateral” means the property subject to a security interest or agricultural lien. The term includes:
    (A) Proceeds to which a security interest attaches;
    (B) Accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, and promissory notes that have been sold; and
    (C) Goods that are the subject of a consignment.
  (13) “Commercial tort claim” means a claim arising in tort with respect to which:
    (A) The claimant is an organization; or
    (B) The claimant is an individual and the claim:
      (i) Arose in the course of the claimant’s business or profession; and
      (ii) Does not include damages arising out of personal injury to or the death of an individual.
  (14) “Commodity account” means an account maintained by a commodity intermediary in which a commodity contract is carried for a commodity customer.
  (15) “Commodity contract” means a commodity futures contract, an option on a commodity futures contract, a commodity option, or another contract if the contract or option is:
    (A) Traded on or subject to the rules of a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market for such a contract pursuant to federal commodities laws; or
    (B) Traded on a foreign commodity board of trade, exchange, or market, and is carried on the books of a commodity intermediary for a commodity customer.
  (16) “Commodity customer” means a person for which a commodity intermediary carries a commodity contract on its books.
  (17) “Commodity intermediary” means a person that:
    (A) Is registered as a futures commission merchant under federal commodities law; or
    (B) In the ordinary course of its business provides clearance or settlement services for a board of trade that has been designated as a contract market pursuant to federal commodities law.
  (18) “Communicate” means:
    (A) To send a written or other tangible record;
    (B) To transmit a record by any means agreed upon by the persons sending and receiving the record; or
    (C) In the case of transmission of a record to or by a filing office, to transmit a record by any means prescribed by filing-office rule.
  (19) “Consignee” means a merchant to which goods are delivered in a consignment.
  (20) “Consignment” means a transaction, regardless of its form, in which a person delivers goods to a merchant for the purpose of sale and:
    (A) The merchant:
      (i) Deals in goods of that kind under a name other than the name of the person making delivery;
      (ii) Is not an auctioneer; and
      (iii) Is not generally known by its creditors to be substantially engaged in selling the goods of others;
    (B) With respect to each delivery, the aggregate value of the goods is $1,000 or more at the time of delivery;
    (C) The goods are not consumer goods immediately before delivery; and
    (D) The transaction does not create a security interest that secures an obligation.
  (21) “Consignor” means a person that delivers goods to a consignee in a consignment.
  (22) “Consumer debtor” means a debtor in a consumer transaction.
  (23) “Consumer goods” means goods that are used or bought for use primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
  (24) “Consumer-goods transaction” means a consumer transaction in which:
    (A) An individual incurs an obligation primarily for personal, family, or household purposes; and
    (B) A security interest in consumer goods secures the obligation.
  (25) “Consumer obligor” means an obligor who is an individual and who incurred the obligation as part of a transaction entered into primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
  (26) “Consumer transaction” means a transaction in which (i) an individual incurs an obligation primarily for personal, family, or household purposes, (ii) a security interest secures the obligation, and (iii) the collateral is held or acquired primarily for personal, family, or household purposes. The term includes consumer-goods transactions.
  (27) “Continuation statement” means an amendment of a financing statement which:
    (A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
    (B) Indicates that it is a continuation statement for, or that it is filed to continue the effectiveness of, the identified financing statement.
  (27A) "Controllable account" means an account evidenced by a controllable electronic record that provides that the account debtor undertakes to pay the person that has control under § 28:12-105 of the controllable electronic record.
  (27B) "Controllable payment intangible" means a payment intangible evidenced by a controllable electronic record that provides that the account debtor undertakes to pay the person that has control under §28:12-105 of the controllable electronic record.
  (28) “Debtor” means:
    (A) A person having an interest, other than a security interest or other lien, in the collateral, whether or not the person is an obligor;
    (B) A seller of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes; or
    (C) A consignee.
  (29) “Deposit account” means a demand, time, savings, passbook, or similar account maintained with a bank. The term does not include investment property or accounts evidenced by an instrument.
  (30) “Document” means a document of title or a receipt of the type described in § 28:7-201(b) .
  (31) [Repealed].
  (31A) "Electronic money" means money in an electronic form.
  (32) “Encumbrance” means a right, other than an ownership interest, in real property. The term includes mortgages and other liens on real property.
  (33) “Equipment” means goods other than inventory, farm products, or consumer goods.
  (34) “Farm products” means goods, other than standing timber, with respect to which the debtor is engaged in a farming operation and which are:
    (A) Crops grown, growing, or to be grown, including:
      (i) Crops produced on trees, vines, and bushes; and
      (ii) Aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
    (B) Livestock, born or unborn, including aquatic goods produced in aquacultural operations;
    (C) Supplies used or produced in a farming operation; or
    (D) Products of crops or livestock in their unmanufactured states.
  (35) “Farming operation” means raising, cultivating, propagating, fattening, grazing, or any other farming, livestock, or aquacultural operation.
  (36) “File number” means the number assigned to an initial financing statement pursuant to § 28:9-519(a) .
  (37) “Filing office” means an office designated in § 28:9-501 as the place to file a financing statement.
  (38) “Filing-office rule” means a rule adopted pursuant to § 28:9-526 .
  (39) “Financing statement” means a record or records composed of an initial financing statement and any filed record relating to the initial financing statement.
  (40) “Fixture filing” means the filing of a financing statement covering goods that are or are to become fixtures and satisfying § 28:9-502(a) and (b). The term includes the filing of a financing statement covering goods of a transmitting utility which are or are to become fixtures.
  (41) “Fixtures” means goods that have become so related to particular real property that an interest in them arises under real property law.
  (42) “General intangible” means any personal property, including things in action, other than accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, goods, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money, and oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction. The term includes controllable electronic records, payment intangibles , and software.
  (43) Repealed.
  (44) “Goods” means all things that are movable when a security interest attaches. The term includes (i) fixtures, (ii) standing timber that is to be cut and removed under a conveyance or contract for sale, (iii) the unborn young of animals, (iv) crops grown, growing, or to be grown, even if the crops are produced on trees, vines, or bushes, and (v) manufactured homes. The term also includes a computer program embedded in goods and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program if (i) the program is associated with the goods in such a manner that it customarily is considered part of the goods, or (ii) by becoming the owner of the goods, a person acquires a right to use the program in connection with the goods. The term does not include a computer program embedded in goods that consist solely of the medium in which the program is embedded. The term also does not include accounts, chattel paper, commercial tort claims, deposit accounts, documents, general intangibles, instruments, investment property, letter-of-credit rights, letters of credit, money, or oil, gas, or other minerals before extraction.
  (45) “Governmental unit” means a subdivision, agency, department, county, parish, municipality, or other unit of the government of the United States, a State, or a foreign country. The term includes an organization having a separate corporate existence if the organization is eligible to issue debt on which interest is exempt from income taxation under the laws of the United States.
  (46) “Health-care-insurance receivable” means an interest in or claim under a policy of insurance which is a right to payment of a monetary obligation for health-care goods or services provided or to be provided.
  (47) “Instrument” means a negotiable instrument or any other writing that evidences a right to the payment of a monetary obligation, is not itself a security agreement or lease, and is of a type that in ordinary course of business is transferred by delivery with any necessary indorsement or assignment. The term does not include (i) investment property, (ii) letters of credit, or (iii) writings that evidence a right to payment arising out of the use of a credit or charge card or information contained on or for use with the card, or (iv) writings that evidence chattel paper.
  (48) “Inventory” means goods, other than farm products, which:
    (A) Are leased by a person as lessor;
    (B) Are held by a person for sale or lease or to be furnished under a contract of service;
    (C) Are furnished by a person under a contract of service; or
    (D) Consist of raw materials, work in process, or materials used or consumed in a business.
  (49) “Investment property” means a security, whether certificated or uncertificated, security entitlement, securities account, commodity contract, or commodity account.
  (50) “Jurisdiction of organization”, with respect to a registered organization means the jurisdiction under whose law the organization is organized.
  (51) “Letter-of-credit right” means a right to payment or performance under a letter of credit, whether or not the beneficiary has demanded or is at the time entitled to demand payment or performance. The term does not include the right of a beneficiary to demand payment or performance under a letter of credit.
  (52) “Lien creditor” means:
    (A) A creditor that has acquired a lien on the property involved by attachment, levy, or the like;
    (B) An assignee for benefit of creditors from the time of assignment;
    (C) A trustee in bankruptcy from the date of the filing of the petition; or
    (D) A receiver in equity from the time of appointment.
  (53) “Manufactured home” means a structure, transportable in one or more sections, which, in the traveling mode, is 8 body feet or more in width or 40 body feet or more in length, or, when erected on site, is 320 or more square feet, and which is built on a permanent chassis and designed to be used as a dwelling with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required utilities, and includes the plumbing, heating, air-conditioning, and electrical systems contained therein. The term includes any structure that meets all of the requirements of this paragraph except the size requirements and with respect to which the manufacturer voluntarily files a certification required by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development and complies with the standards established under Title 42 of the United States Code.
  (54) “Manufactured-home transaction” means a secured transaction:
    (A) That creates a purchase-money security interest in a manufactured home, other than a manufactured home held as inventory; or
    (B) In which a manufactured home, other than a manufactured home held as inventory, is the primary collateral.
  (54A) "Money" has the meaning in §28:1-201(b)(24) , but does not include (i) a deposit account or (ii) money in an electronic form that cannot be subjected to control under §28:9-105A .
  (55) “Mortgage” means a consensual interest in real property, including fixtures, which secures payment or performance of an obligation.
  (56) “New debtor” means a person that becomes bound as debtor under § 28:9-203(d) by a security agreement previously entered into by another person.
  (57) “New value” means (i) money, (ii) money’s worth in property, services, or new credit, or (iii) release by a transferee of an interest in property previously transferred to the transferee. The term does not include an obligation substituted for another obligation.
  (58) “Noncash proceeds” means proceeds other than cash proceeds.
  (59) “Obligor” means a person that, with respect to an obligation secured by a security interest in or an agricultural lien on the collateral, (i) owes payment or other performance of the obligation, (ii) has provided property other than the collateral to secure payment or other performance of the obligation, or (iii) is otherwise accountable in whole or in part for payment or other performance of the obligation. The term does not include issuers or nominated persons under a letter of credit.
  (60) “Original debtor”, except as used in § 28:9-310(c) , means a person that, as debtor, entered into a security agreement to which a new debtor has become bound under § 28:9-203(d) .
  (61) “Payment intangible” means a general intangible under which the account debtor’s principal obligation is a monetary obligation. The term includes a controllable payment intangible.
  (62) “Person related to,” with respect to an individual, means:
    (A) The spouse of the individual;
    (B) A brother, brother-in-law, sister, or sister-in-law of the individual;
    (C) An ancestor or lineal descendant of the individual or the individual’s spouse; or
    (D) Any other relative, by blood or marriage, of the individual or the individual’s spouse who shares the same home with the individual.
  (63) “Person related to,” with respect to an organization, means:
    (A) A person directly or indirectly controlling, controlled by, or under common control with, the organization;
    (B) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, the organization;
    (C) An officer or director of, or a person performing similar functions with respect to, a person described in subparagraph (A) of this paragraph;
    (D) The spouse of an individual described in subparagraph (A), (B), or (C) of this paragraph; or
    (E) An individual who is related by blood or marriage to an individual described in subparagraph (A), (B), (C), or (D) of this paragraph and shares the same home with the individual.
  (64) “Proceeds”, except as used in § 28:9-609(b) , means the following property:
    (A) Whatever is acquired upon the sale, lease, license, exchange, or other disposition of collateral;
    (B) Whatever is collected on, or distributed on account of, collateral;
    (C) Rights arising out of collateral;
    (D) To the extent of the value of collateral, claims arising out of the loss, nonconformity, or interference with the use of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral; or
    (E) To the extent of the value of collateral and to the extent payable to the debtor or the secured party, insurance payable by reason of the loss or nonconformity of, defects or infringement of rights in, or damage to, the collateral.
  (65) “Promissory note” means an instrument that evidences a promise to pay a monetary obligation, does not evidence an order to pay, and does not contain an acknowledgment by a bank that the bank has received for deposit a sum of money or funds.
  (66) “Proposal” means a record signed by a secured party which includes the terms on which the secured party is willing to accept collateral in full or partial satisfaction of the obligation it secures pursuant to §§ 28:9-620 , 28:9-621 , and 28:9-622 .
  (67) “Public-finance transaction” means a secured transaction in connection with which:
    (A) Debt securities are issued;
    (B) All or a portion of the securities issued have an initial stated maturity of at least 20 years; and
    (C) The debtor, obligor, secured party, account debtor or other person obligated on collateral, assignor or assignee of a secured obligation, or assignor or assignee of a security interest is a State or a governmental unit of a State.
  (68) “Public organic record” means a record that is available to the public for inspection and is:
    (A) A record consisting of the record initially filed with or issued by a state or the United States to form or organize an organization and any record filed with or issued by the state or the United States which amends or restates the initial record;
    (B) An organic record of a business trust consisting of the record initially filed with a state and any record filed with the state which amends or restates the initial record, if a statute of the state governing business trusts requires that the record be filed with the state; or
    (C) A record consisting of legislation enacted by the legislature of a state or the Congress of the United States which forms or organizes an organization, any record amending the legislation, and any record filed with or issued by the state or the United States which amends or restates the name of the organization.
  (b) "Control" as provided in § 28:7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this article :
    (1) "Applicant" § 28:5-102 .
    (2) "Beneficiary" § 28:5-102 .
    (3) "Broker" § 28:8-102 .
    (4) "Certificated security" § 28:8-102 .
    (5) "Check" § 28:3-104 .
    (6) "Clearing corporation" § 28:8-102 .
    (7) "Contract for sale" § 28:2-106 .
    (8) "Controllable electronic record". § 28:12-102 .
    (9) "Customer" § 28:4-104 .
    (10) "Entitlement holder" § 28:8-102 .
    (11) "Financial asset" § 28:8-102 .
    (12) "Holder in due course" § 28:3-302 .
    (13) (A) "Issuer" (with respect to a letter of credit or letter-of-credit right) § 28:5-102 ;
      (B) "Issuer" (with respect to a security) § 28:8-201 ; and
      (C) "Issuer" (with respect to documents of title) § 28:7-102 .
    (14) "Lease" § 28:2A-103 .
    (15) "Lease agreement" § 28:2A-103 .
    (16) "Lease contract" § 28:2A-103 .
    (17) "Leasehold interest" § 28:2A-103 .
    (18) "Lessee" § 28:2A-103 .
    (19) "Lessee in ordinary course of business" § 28:2A-103 .
    (20) "Lessor" § 28:2A-103 .
    (21) "Lessor's residual interest" § 28:2A-103 .
    (22) "Letter of credit" § 28:5-102 .
    (23) "Merchant" § 28:2-104 .
    (24) "Negotiable instrument" § 28:3-104 .
    (25) "Nominated person" § 28:5-102 .
    (26) "Note" § 28:3-104 .
    (27) "Proceeds of a letter of credit" § 28:5-114 .
    (28) "Protected purchaser". § 28:8-303 .
    (29) "Prove" § 28:3-103 .
    (30) "Qualifying purchaser". § 28:12-102 .
    (31) "Sale" § 28:2-106 .
    (32) "Securities account" § 28:8-501 .
    (33) "Securities intermediary" § 28:8-102 .
    (34) "Security" § 28:8-102 .
    (35) "Security certificate" § 28:8-102 .
    (36) "Security entitlement" § 28:8-102 .
    (37) "Uncertificated security" §§ 28:9-104 .
  (c) Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
  (69) “Pursuant to commitment,” with respect to an advance made or other value given by a secured party, means pursuant to the secured party’s obligation, whether or not a subsequent event of default or other event not within the secured party’s control has relieved or may relieve the secured party from its obligation.
  (70) “Record,” except as used in “for record,” “of record,” “record or legal title,” and “record owner,” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or which is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
  (71) “Registered organization” means an organization formed or organized solely under the law of a single state or the United States by the filing of a public organic record with the issuance of a public organic record by, or the enactment of legislation by, the state or the United States. The term includes a business trust that is formed or organized under the law of a single state if a statute of the state governing business trusts requires that the business trust’s organic record be filed with the state.
  (72) “Secondary obligor” means an obligor to the extent that:
    (A) The obligor’s obligation is secondary; or
    (B) The obligor has a right of recourse with respect to an obligation secured by collateral against the debtor, another obligor, or property of either.
  (73) “Secured party” means:
    (A) A person in whose favor a security interest is created or provided for under a security agreement, whether or not any obligation to be secured is outstanding;
    (B) A person that holds an agricultural lien;
    (C) A consignor;
    (D) A person to which accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes have been sold;
    (E) A trustee, indenture trustee, agent, collateral agent, or other representative in whose favor a security interest or agricultural lien is created or provided for; or
    (F) A person that holds a security interest arising under § 28:2-401 , 2-505, 2-711(3), 2A-508(5), 4-210, or 5-118.
  (74) “Security agreement” means an agreement that creates or provides for a security interest.
  (75) [Repealed].
  (76) “Software” means a computer program and any supporting information provided in connection with a transaction relating to the program. The term does not include a computer program that is included in the definition of goods.
  (77) “State” means a State of the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, or any territory or insular possession subject to the jurisdiction of the United States.
  (78) “Supporting obligation” means a letter-of-credit right or secondary obligation that supports the payment or performance of an account, chattel paper, a document, a general intangible, an instrument, or investment property.
  (79) [Repealed].
  (79A) "Tangible money" means money in a tangible form.
  (80) “Termination statement” means an amendment of a financing statement which:
    (A) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which it relates; and
    (B) Indicates either that it is a termination statement or that the identified financing statement is no longer effective.
  (81) “Transmitting utility” means a person primarily engaged in the business of:
    (A) Operating a railroad, subway, street railway, or trolley bus;
    (B) Transmitting communications electrically, electromagnetically, or by light;
    (C) Transmitting goods by pipeline or sewer; or
    (D) Transmitting or producing and transmitting electricity, steam, gas, or water.
D.C. Code § 28-3603 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 36 / § 28-3603
§ 28-3603. Definitions.
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter, “finance charge” and “annual percentage rate” shall have the respective meanings under the provisions of the Truth-in-Lending Act (82 Stat. 146 et seq.; 15 U.S.C. 1601   et seq.) and the regulations and interpretations thereunder; and “federally insured bank or savings and loan association” means an insured bank as defined in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or an “insured institution” as defined in section 401 of the National Housing Act.
D.C. Code § 28-3819 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 38 / § 28-3819
§ 28-3819. Rental housing locators.
Status: in_force

(a) Definitions. — As used in this section the term or terms:
  (1) “Fee” means any fee, commission, charge, deposit, down payment or other valuable consideration, including any fee or charge for a credit check or consultation.
  (2) “Rental housing locator” or “locator” means any person who for a fee identifies or purports to identify or who provides or purports to provide any other information about any rental unit available for rent, other than a rental unit owned or managed by such person.
  (3) “Rental housing locator contract” means a contract between a rental housing locator and another person that obligates the locator for a fee to identify any number of rental units as available for rent or to provide any other information about them.
  (4) “Rental unit” means any room, suite, apartment, or single family house rented or offered for rent as a residence, including any appurtenant services, facilities, improvements or land.
(b) Repealed.
(c) Accuracy of information. — (1) Every rental housing locator shall revise and correct all information to be provided pursuant to a rental housing locator contract or otherwise made available to any customer, potential customer, or the general public, every 24 hours for rental units it advertises and every 48 hours for rental units it does not advertise, or else remove such units from its lists and discontinue the advertising of such units.
  (2) A rental housing locator shall identify as available for rent or provide other information about a rental unit only if the locator has been given permission to do so by the owner/manager of the unit, or the rental unit has been advertised, posted, or otherwise publicly offered or held out as available for rent, by the owner/manager of the rental unit.
  (3) Rental housing locator agencies shall be required to make available, upon request, records of all unadvertised and advertised listings provided to customers and potential customers to the Office of Consumer Protection and the Metropolitan Police Department.
(d) Contracts. — (1) Contracts between the rental housing locator agency and the customer shall be written, and a copy of the contract shall be supplied to the customer.
  (2) The contract shall clearly state the duration of the locator service contract.
  (3) Every rental housing locator shall refund, upon request, any fee to any customer within thirty (30) days of said request if any of the rental housing information provided to that customer by the locator fails to comply with the requirements of accuracy as defined by subsection (c) of this section or if the locator fails, upon demand, to provide the correct street address or telephone number of any rental housing unit it advertises or otherwise describes to a customer; or if the locator fails to provide a customer with rental housing listings as called for in the contract.
  (4) The contract shall include in a prominent place and in bold face type the following clauses:
    (A) The first clause shall read as follows:
    SAVE THIS DOCUMENT AND ANY RENTAL HOUSING LISTINGS PROVIDED TO YOU. WE ARE AN INFORMATION SERVICE ONLY. WE MAKE NO ATTEMPT TO SECURE YOU HOUSING. THE SERVICE OFFERS ONLY COMPILED INFORMATION CONCERNING AVAILABLE RENTAL HOUSING UNITS. NO GUARANTEE IS MADE THAT YOU WILL FIND RENTAL PROPERTY BY USING THIS SERVICE. YOU MAY BE ENTITLED TO A REFUND IF ANY OF THE RENTAL HOUSING INFORMATION PROVIDED TO YOU IS NOT CURRENT, ACCURATE OR OTHERWISE NOT IN COMPLIANCE WITH THE LAW; and
    (B) The second clause shall state that all inquiries should be made to the District of Columbia Office of Consumer Protection followed by the current address, telephone number, and hours of that office.
D.C. Code § 28-4805.01 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 48 / § 28-4805.01
§ 28-4805.01. Disbursements from income.
Status: in_force

A trustee shall make the following disbursements from income to the extent that they are not disbursements to which § 28-4802.01(2)(B) or (C) applies:
(1) One-half of the regular compensation of the trustee and of any person providing investment advisory or custodial services to the trustee;
(2) One-half of all expenses for accountings, judicial proceedings, or other matters that involve both the income and remainder interests;
(3) All of the other ordinary expenses incurred in connection with the administration, management, or preservation of trust property and the distribution of income, including interest, ordinary repairs, regularly recurring taxes assessed against principal, and expenses of a proceeding or other matter that concerns primarily the income interest; and
(4) Recurring premiums on insurance covering the loss of a principal asset or the loss of income from or use of the asset.
D.C. Code § 28-2953 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29A / § 28-2953
§ 28-2953. Variation by agreement or amendment.
Status: in_force

(a) The effect of §§ 28-2951 through 28-2955 , §§ 28-2957 through 28-2960 , and § 28-2963 may not be varied by agreement, except as provided in those sections. Subject to subsection (b) of this section, the effect of §§ 28-2956 , 28-2961 , and 28-2962 may be varied by agreement.
(b) A provision in an account agreement or other record that substantially excuses liability or substantially limits remedies for failure to perform an obligation under this chapter is not sufficient to vary the effect of a provision of this chapter .
(c) If a beneficiary is a party to an account agreement, the bank and the depositor may amend the agreement without the consent of the beneficiary only if the agreement expressly permits the amendment.
(d) If a beneficiary is not a party to an account agreement and the bank and the depositor know the beneficiary has knowledge of the agreement's terms, the bank and the depositor may amend the agreement without the consent of the beneficiary only if the amendment does not adversely and materially affect a payment right of the beneficiary.
(e) If a beneficiary is not a party to an account agreement and the bank and the depositor do not know whether the beneficiary has knowledge of the agreement's terms, the bank and the depositor may amend the agreement without the consent of the beneficiary only if the amendment is made in good faith.
D.C. Code § 28:8-509 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-509
§ 28:8-509. Specification of duties of securities intermediary by other statute or regulation; manner of performance of duties of securities intermediary and exercise of rights of entitlement holder.
Status: in_force

(a) If the substance of a duty imposed upon a securities intermediary by §§ 28:8-504 through 28:8-508 is the subject of other statute, regulation, or rule, compliance with that statute, regulation, or rule satisfies the duty.
(b) To the extent that specific standards for the performance of the duties of a securities intermediary or the exercise of the rights of an entitlement holder are not specified by other statute, regulation, or rule or by agreement between the securities intermediary and entitlement holder, the securities intermediary shall perform its duties and the entitlement holder shall exercise its rights in a commercially reasonable manner.
(c) The obligation of a securities intermediary to perform the duties imposed by §§ 28:8-504 through 28:8-508 is subject to:
  (1) Rights of the securities intermediary arising out of a security interest under a security agreement with the entitlement holder or otherwise; and
  (2) Rights of the securities intermediary under other law, regulation, rule, or agreement to withhold performance of its duties as a result of unfulfilled obligations of the entitlement holder to the securities intermediary.
(d) Sections 28:8-504 through 28:8-508 do not require a securities intermediary to take any action that is prohibited by other statute, regulation, or rule.
D.C. Code § 28:9-519 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-519
§ 28:9-519. Numbering, maintaining, and indexing records; communicating information provided in records.
Status: in_force

(a) For each record filed in a filing office, the filing office shall:
  (1) Assign a unique number to the filed record;
  (2) Create a record that bears the number assigned to the filed record and the date and time of filing;
  (3) Maintain the filed record for public inspection; and
  (4) Index the filed record in accordance with subsections (c), (d), and (e) of this section.
(b) A file number must include a digit that:
  (1) Is mathematically derived from or related to the other digits of the file number; and
  (2) Aids the filing office in determining whether a number communicated as the file number includes a single-digit or transpositional error.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (d) and (e), the filing office shall:
  (1) Index an initial financing statement according to the name of the debtor and index all filed records relating to the initial financing statement in a manner that associates with one another an initial financing statement and all filed records relating to the initial financing statement; and
  (2) Index a record that provides a name of a debtor which was not previously provided in the financing statement to which the record relates also according to the name that was not previously provided.
(d) If a financing statement is filed as a fixture filing or covers as-extracted collateral or timber to be cut, the filing office shall index it:
  (1) Under the names of the debtor and of each owner of record shown on the financing statement as if they were the mortgagors under a mortgage of the real property described; and
  (2) To the extent that the law of the District provides for indexing of records of mortgages under the name of the mortgagee, under the name of the secured party as if the secured party were the mortgagee thereunder, or, if indexing is by description, as if the financing statement were a record of a mortgage of the real property described.
(e) If a financing statement is filed as a fixture filing or covers as-extracted collateral or timber to be cut, the filing office shall index an assignment filed under § 28:9-514(a) or an amendment filed under § 28:9-514(b) :
  (1) Under the name of the assignor as grantor; and
  (2) To the extent that the law of the District provides for indexing a record of the assignment of a mortgage under the name of the assignee, under the name of the assignee.
(f) The filing office shall maintain a capability:
  (1) To retrieve a record by the name of the debtor and by the file number assigned to the initial financing statement to which the record relates; and
  (2) To associate and retrieve with one another an initial financing statement and each filed record relating to the initial financing statement.
(g) The filing office may not remove a debtor’s name from the index until one year after the effectiveness of a financing statement naming the debtor lapses under § 28:9-515 with respect to all secured parties of record.
(h) The filing office shall perform the acts required by subsections (a) through (e) at the time and in the manner prescribed by filing-office rule, but not later than 2 business days after the filing office receives the record in question.
D.C. Code § 28-3601 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 36 / § 28-3601
§ 28-3601. Direct motor vehicle installment loans.
Status: in_force

The provisions of the Act approved April 22, 1960 (Public Law 86-431, 74 Stat. 69; D.C. Code, 1967   Ed., Chapter 9 of Title 40 , [ Chapter 6 of Title 50 , 2001 Ed.]), covering installment sales of motor vehicles, as amended, and the regulations issued thereunder, shall apply to the extent appropriate to, a direct installment loan, secured by a security interest in a motor vehicle, made by a federally insured bank or savings and loan association doing business in the District of Columbia, subject to section 28-3602  .
D.C. Code § 28:2-612 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-612
§ 28:2-612. “Installment contract”; breach.
Status: in_force

(1) An “installment contract” is one which requires or authorizes the delivery of goods in separate lots to be separately accepted, even though the contract contains a clause “each delivery is a separate contract” or its equivalent.
(2) The buyer may reject any installment which is non-conforming if the non-conformity substantially impairs the value of that installment and cannot be cured or if the non-conformity is a defect in the required documents; but if the non-conformity does not fall within subsection (3) and the seller gives adequate assurance of its cure the buyer must accept that installment.
(3) Whenever non-conformity or default with respect to one or more installments substantially impairs the value of the whole contract there is a breach of the whole. But the aggrieved party reinstates the contract if he accepts a non-conforming installment without seasonably notifying of cancellation or if he brings an action with respect only to past installments or demands performance as to future installments.
D.C. Code § 28:9-326A — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-326A
§ 28:9-326A. Priority of security interest in controllable account, controllable electronic record, and controllable payment intangible.
Status: in_force

A security interest in a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible held by a secured party having control of the account, electronic record, or payment intangible has priority over a conflicting security interest held by a secured party that does not have control.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-517 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-517
§ 28:2A-517. Revocation of acceptance of goods.
Status: in_force

(a) A lessee may revoke acceptance of a lot or commercial unit whose nonconformity substantially impairs its value to the lessee if the lessee has accepted it:
  (1) Except in the case of a finance lease, on the reasonable assumption that its nonconformity would be cured and it has not been seasonably cured; or
  (2) Without discovery of the nonconformity if the lessee’s acceptances was reasonably induced either by the lessor’s assurances or, except in the case of a finance lease, by the difficulty of discovery before acceptance.
(b) Except in the case of a financial lease that is not a consumer lease, a lessee may revoke acceptance of a lot or commercial unit if the lessor defaults under the lease contract and the default substantially impairs the value of that lot or commercial unit to the lessee.
(c) If the lease agreement so provides, the lessee may revoke acceptance of a lot or commercial unit because of other defaults by the lessor.
(d) Revocation of acceptance must occur within a reasonable time after the lessee discovers or should have discovered the ground for it and before any substantial change in condition of the goods which is not caused by the nonconformity. Revocation is not effective until the lessee notifies the lessor.
(e) A lessee who so revokes has the same rights and duties with regard to the goods involved as if the lessee had rejected them.
D.C. Code § 28:9-609 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-609
§ 28:9-609. Secured party’s right to take possession after default.
Status: in_force

(a) After default, a secured party:
  (1) May take possession of the collateral; and
  (2) Without removal, may render equipment unusable and dispose of collateral on a debtor’s premises under § 28:9-610 .
(b) A secured party may proceed under subsection (a):
  (1) Pursuant to judicial process; or
  (2) Without judicial process, if it proceeds without breach of the peace.
(c) If so agreed, and in any event after default, a secured party may require the debtor to assemble the collateral and make it available to the secured party at a place to be designated by the secured party which is reasonably convenient to both parties.
D.C. Code § 28:9-508 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-508
§ 28:9-508. Effectiveness of financing statement if new debtor becomes bound by security agreement.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this section, a filed financing statement naming an original debtor is effective to perfect a security interest in collateral in which a new debtor has or acquires rights to the extent that the financing statement would have been effective had the original debtor acquired rights in the collateral.
(b) If the difference between the name of the original debtor and that of the new debtor causes a filed financing statement that is effective under subsection (a) to be seriously misleading under § 28:9-506 :
  (1) The financing statement is effective to perfect a security interest in collateral acquired by the new debtor before, and within 4 months after, the new debtor becomes bound under § 28:9-203(d) ; and
  (2) The financing statement is not effective to perfect a security interest in collateral acquired by the new debtor more than 4 months after the new debtor becomes bound under § 28:9-203(d) unless an initial financing statement providing the name of the new debtor is filed before the expiration of that time.
(c) This section does not apply to collateral as to which a filed financing statement remains effective against the new debtor under § 28:9-507(a) .
D.C. Code § 28:1-310 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-310
§ 28:1-310. Subordinated obligations.
Status: in_force

An obligation may be issued as subordinated to performance of another obligation of the person obligated, or a creditor may subordinate its right to performance of an obligation by agreement with either the person obligated or another creditor of the person obligated. Subordination does not create a security interest as against either the common debtor or a subordinated creditor.
D.C. Code § 28-4525 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45A / § 28-4525
§ 28-4525. Penalties.
Status: in_force

(a) Injunctive relief. — Any appropriate agency of the District of Columbia or any person injured by any violation of the provisions of this chapter, or any trade association representative of such a person, may bring an action in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia to prevent, restrain, or enjoin such a violation. In such an action, it shall not be necessary that actual damages to the plaintiff be alleged or proved, but where alleged and proved, in addition to equitable and injunctive relief, the court shall award the plaintiff as monetary relief threefold the total damage sustained by the person, and, as determined by the court, the costs of suit, including reasonable attorney’s fees.
(b) Monetary relief. — In the event no injunctive relief is sought or required, any person injured by a violation of the provisions of this chapter may maintain an action for damages alone in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia. In such an action, the court shall award the plaintiff as monetary relief threefold the total damage sustained by the person, and, as determined by the court, the costs of suit, including reasonable attorney’s fees.
(c) Suspension or revocation of license. — The Mayor may suspend or revoke any business license or permit of any wholesaler or retailer engaged in the retail or wholesale trade of cigarettes upon sufficient cause appearing of the violation of any provision of this chapter. Such a wholesaler or retailer shall be entitled to due process, including notice and the opportunity for a hearing before the appropriate agency of the District of Columbia. Any suspension shall be for a period not to exceed 5 consecutive business days. A revocation shall be issued only upon a finding by the appropriate agency of the District of Columbia that the affected business license or permit holder is guilty of wilful and persistent violations of the provisions of this chapter. Any person who has had a business license or permit revoked, pursuant to the terms of this section, may apply to the appropriate agency of the District of Columbia for reinstatement only after the expiration of 1 year. Any suspension or revocation issued pursuant to this section shall be reviewable by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-102 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-102
§ 28:4A-102. Subject matter.
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in § 28:4A-108 , this article applies to funds transfers defined in § 28:4A-104 .
D.C. Code § 28:1-202 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-202
§ 28:1-202. Notice; knowledge.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person has “notice” of a fact if the person:
  (1) Has actual knowledge of it;
  (2) Has received a notice or notification of it; or
  (3) From all the facts and circumstances known to the person at the time in question, has reason to know that it exists.
(b) “Knowledge” means actual knowledge. “Knows” has a corresponding meaning.
(c) “Discover”, “learn”, or words of similar import refer to knowledge rather than to reason to know.
(d) A person “notifies” or “gives” a notice or notification to another person by taking such steps as may be reasonably required to inform the other person in ordinary course whether or not the other person actually comes to know of it.
(e) Subject to subsection (f) of this section, a person “receives” a notice or notification when:
  (1) It comes to that person’s attention; or
  (2) It is duly delivered in a form reasonable under the circumstances at the place of business through which the contract was made or at another location held out by that person as the place for receipt of such communications.
(f) Notice, knowledge, or a notice or notification received by an organization is effective for a particular transaction from the time it is brought to the attention of the individual conducting that transaction and, in any event, from the time it would have been brought to the individual’s attention if the organization had exercised due diligence. An organization exercises due diligence if it maintains reasonable routines for communicating significant information to the person conducting the transaction and there is reasonable compliance with the routines. Due diligence does not require an individual acting for the organization to communicate information unless the communication is part of the individual’s regular duties or the individual has reason to know of the transaction and that the transaction would be materially affected by the information.
D.C. Code § 28:3-410 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-410
§ 28:3-410. Acceptance varying draft.
Status: in_force

(a) If the terms of a drawee’s acceptance vary from the terms of the draft as presented, the holder may refuse the acceptance and treat the draft as dishonored. In that case, the drawee may cancel the acceptance.
(b) The terms of a draft are not varied by an acceptance to pay at a particular bank or place in the United States, unless the acceptance states that the draft is to be paid only at that bank or place.
(c) If the holder assents to an acceptance varying the terms of a draft, the obligation of each drawer and endorser that does not expressly assent to the acceptance is discharged.
D.C. Code § 28:9-709 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-709
§ 28:9-709. Priority.
Status: in_force

(a) This article determines the priority of conflicting claims to collateral. However, if the relative priorities of the claims were established before July 1, 2001, former Article 9 determines priority.
(b) For purposes of § 28:9-322(a) , the priority of a security interest that becomes enforceable under § 28:9-203 dates from July 1, 2001 if the security interest is perfected under this article by the filing of a financing statement before July 1, 2001 which would not have been effective to perfect the security interest under former Article 9. This subsection does not apply to conflicting security interests each of which is perfected by the filing of such a financing statement.
D.C. Code § 28:3-407 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-407
§ 28:3-407. Alteration.
Status: in_force

(a) “Alteration” means (i) an unauthorized change in an instrument that purports to modify in any respect the obligation of a party, or (ii) an unauthorized addition of words or numbers or other change to an incomplete instrument relating to the obligation of a party.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, an alteration fraudulently made discharges a party whose obligation is affected by the alteration unless that party assents or is precluded from asserting the alteration. No other alteration discharges a party, and the instrument may be enforced according to its original terms.
(c) A payor bank or drawee paying a fraudulently altered instrument or a person taking it for value, in good faith and without notice of the alteration, may enforce rights with respect to the instrument (i) according to its original terms, or (ii) in the case of an incomplete instrument altered by unauthorized completion, according to its terms as completed.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-505 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-505
§ 28:4A-505. Preclusion of objection to debit of customer’s account.
Status: in_force

If a receiving bank has received payment from its customer with respect to a payment order issued in the name of the customer as sender and accepted by the bank, and the customer received notification reasonably identifying the order, the customer is precluded from asserting that the bank is not entitled to retain the payment unless the customer notifies the bank of the customer’s objection to the payment within one year after the notification was received by the customer.
D.C. Code § 28:2-302 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-302
§ 28:2-302. Unconscionable contract or clause.
Status: in_force

(1) If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may refuse to enforce the contract, or it may enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.
(2) When it is claimed or appears to the court that the contract or any clause thereof may be unconscionable the parties shall be afforded a reasonable opportunity to present evidence as to its commercial setting, purpose and effect to aid the court in making the determination.
D.C. Code § 28:11-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:11-104
§ 28:11-104. Transition provision on change of requirement of filing.
Status: in_force

A security interest for the perfection of which filing or the taking of possession was required under article 9 of this subtitle, effective January 1, 1965, and which attached prior to the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101  ) but was not perfected shall be deemed perfected on such effective date of this act if this act permits perfection without filing or authorizes filing in the office or offices where a prior ineffective filing was made.
D.C. Code § 28-3304 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3304
§ 28-3304. Action to recover usury paid.
Status: in_force

If a person or corporation in the District directly or indirectly takes or receives a greater amount of interest than is declared by this chapter to be lawful, whether in advance or not, the person or corporation paying the same may within one year after the date of payment sue for and recover the amount of the unlawful interest so paid.
D.C. Code § 28:9-303 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-303
§ 28:9-303. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in goods covered by a certificate of title.
Status: in_force

(a) This section applies to goods covered by a certificate of title, even if there is no other relationship between the jurisdiction under whose certificate of title the goods are covered and the goods or the debtor.
(b) Goods become covered by a certificate of title when a valid application for the certificate of title and the applicable fee are delivered to the appropriate authority. Goods cease to be covered by a certificate of title at the earlier of the time the certificate of title ceases to be effective under the law of the issuing jurisdiction or the time the goods become covered subsequently by a certificate of title issued by another jurisdiction.
(c) The local law of the jurisdiction under whose certificate of title the goods are covered governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in goods covered by a certificate of title from the time the goods become covered by the certificate of title until the goods cease to be covered by the certificate of title.
D.C. Code § 28:3-502 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-502
§ 28:3-502. Dishonor.
Status: in_force

(a) Dishonor of a note is governed by the following rules:
  (1) If the note is payable on demand, the note is dishonored if presentment is duly made to the maker and the note is not paid on the day of presentment.
  (2) If the note is not payable on demand and is payable at or through a bank or the terms of the note require presentment, the note is dishonored if presentment is duly made and the note is not paid on the day it becomes payable or the day of presentment, whichever is later.
  (3) If the note is not payable on demand and paragraph (2) of this subsection does not apply, the note is dishonored if it is not paid on the day it becomes payable.
(b) Dishonor of an unaccepted draft other than a documentary draft is governed by the following rules:
  (1) If a check is duly presented for payment to the payor bank otherwise than for immediate payment over the counter, the check is dishonored if the payor bank makes timely return of the check or sends timely notice of dishonor or nonpayment under section 28:4-301 or 28:4-302, or becomes accountable for the amount of the check under section 28:4-302.
  (2) If a draft is payable on demand and paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply, the draft is dishonored if presentment for payment is duly made to the drawee and the draft is not paid on the day of presentment.
  (3) If a draft is payable on a date stated in the draft, the draft is dishonored if (i) presentment for payment is duly made to the drawee and payment is not made on the day the draft becomes payable or the day of presentment, whichever is later, or (ii) presentment for acceptance is duly made before the day the draft becomes payable and the draft is not accepted on the day of presentment.
  (4) If a draft is payable on elapse of a period of time after sight or acceptance, the draft is dishonored if presentment for acceptance is duly made and the draft is not accepted on the day of presentment.
(c) Dishonor of an unaccepted documentary draft occurs according to the rules stated in subsection (b)(2), (3), and (4) of this section, except that payment or acceptance may be delayed without dishonor until no later than the close of the third business day of the drawee following the day on which payment or acceptance is required by those paragraphs.
(d) Dishonor of an accepted draft is governed by the following rules:
  (1) If the draft is payable on demand, the draft is dishonored if presentment for payment is duly made to the acceptor and the draft is not paid on the day of presentment.
  (2) If the draft is not payable on demand, the draft is dishonored if presentment for payment is duly made to the acceptor and payment is not made on the day it becomes payable or the day of presentment, whichever is later.
(e) In any case in which presentment is otherwise required for dishonor under this section and presentment is excused under section 28:3-504, dishonor occurs without presentment if the instrument is not duly accepted or paid.
(f) If a draft is dishonored because timely acceptance of the draft was not made and the person entitled to demand acceptance consents to a late acceptance, from the time of acceptance the draft is treated as never having been dishonored.
D.C. Code § 28-3602 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 36 / § 28-3602
§ 28-3602. Finance charge.
Status: in_force

Such a bank or savings and loan association may contract for and receive interest at the rate provided for in Chapter 33 of this subtitle , or, in lieu of such interest, a finance charge which, if expressed as an annual percentage rate, does not exceed a rate of 21% per annum on the unpaid balances of principal.
D.C. Code § 28:8-306 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-306
§ 28:8-306. Effect of guaranteeing signature, indorsement, or instruction.
Status: in_force

(a) A person who guarantees a signature of an indorser of a security certificate warrants that at the time of signing:
  (1) The signature was genuine;
  (2) The signer was an appropriate person to indorse, or if the signature is by an agent, the agent had actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person; and
  (3) The signer had legal capacity to sign.
(b) A person who guarantees a signature of the originator of an instruction warrants that at the time of signing:
  (1) The signature was genuine;
  (2) The signer was an appropriate person to originate the instruction, or if the signature is by an agent, the agent had actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person, if the person specified in the instruction as the registered owner was, in fact, the registered owner, as to which fact the signature guarantor does not make a warranty; and
  (3) The signer had legal capacity to sign.
(c) A person who specially guarantees the signature of an originator of an instruction makes the warranties of a signature guarantor under subsection (b) of this section and also warrants that at the time the instruction is presented to the issuer:
  (1) The person specified in the instruction as the registered owner of the uncertificated security will be the registered owner; and
  (2) The transfer of the uncertificated security requested in the instruction will be registered by the issuer free from all liens, security interests, restrictions, and claims other than those specified in the instruction.
(d) A guarantor under subsections (a) and (b) of this section or a special guarantor under subsection (c) of this section does not otherwise warrant the rightfulness of the transfer.
(e) A person who guarantees an indorsement of a security certificate makes the warranties of a signature guarantor under subsection (a) of this section and also warrants the rightfulness of the transfer in all respects.
(f) A person who guarantees an instruction requesting the transfer of an uncertificated security makes the warranties of a special signature guarantor under subsection (c) of this section and also warrants the rightfulness of the transfer in all respects.
(g) An issuer may not require a special guaranty of signature, a guaranty of indorsement, or a guaranty of instruction as a condition to registration of transfer.
(h) The warranties under this section are made to a person taking or dealing with the security in reliance on the guaranty, and the guarantor is liable to the person for loss resulting from their breach. An indorser or originator of an instruction whose signature, indorsement, or instruction has been guaranteed is liable to a guarantor for any loss suffered by the guarantor as a result of breach of the warranties of the guarantor.
D.C. Code § 28:1-203 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-203
§ 28:1-203. Lease distinguished from security interest.
Status: in_force

(a) Whether a transaction in the form of a lease creates a lease or security interest is determined by the facts of each case.
(b) A transaction in the form of a lease creates a security interest if the consideration that the lessee is to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is an obligation for the term of the lease and is not subject to termination by the lessee, and:
  (1) The original term of the lease is equal to or greater than the remaining economic life of the goods;
  (2) The lessee is bound to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods or is bound to become the owner of the goods;
  (3) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for the remaining economic life of the goods for no additional consideration or for nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement; or
  (4) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for no additional consideration or for nominal additional consideration upon compliance with the lease agreement.
(c) A transaction in the form of a lease does not create a security interest merely because:
  (1) The present value of the consideration the lessee is obligated to pay the lessor for the right to possession and use of the goods is substantially equal to or is greater than the fair market value of the goods at the time the lease is entered into;
  (2) The lessee assumes risk of loss of the goods;
  (3) The lessee agrees to pay, with respect to the goods, taxes, insurance, filing, recording, or registration fees, or service or maintenance costs;
  (4) The lessee has an option to renew the lease or to become the owner of the goods;
  (5) The lessee has an option to renew the lease for a fixed rent that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal at the time the option is to be performed; or
  (6) The lessee has an option to become the owner of the goods for a fixed price that is equal to or greater than the reasonably predictable fair market value of the goods at the time the option is to be performed.
(d) Additional consideration is nominal if it is less than the lessee’s reasonably predictable cost of performing under the lease agreement if the option is not exercised. Additional consideration is not nominal if:
  (1) When the option to renew the lease is granted to the lessee, the rent is stated to be the fair market rent for the use of the goods for the term of the renewal determined at the time the option is to be performed; or
  (2) When the option to become the owner of the goods is granted to the lessee, the price is stated to be the fair market value of the goods determined at the time the option is to be performed.
(e) The remaining economic life of the goods and reasonably predictable fair market rent, fair market value, or cost of performing under the lease agreement must be determined with reference to the facts and circumstances at the time the transaction is entered into.
D.C. Code § 28:6-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:6-104
§ 28:6-104. Obligations of buyer.
Status: repealed

Repealed.
D.C. Code § 28:7-103 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-103
§ 28:7-103. Relation of article to treaty or statute.
Status: in_force

(a) This article is subject to any treaty or statute of the United States or regulatory statute of the District of Columbia to the extent the treaty, statute, or regulatory statute is applicable.
(b) This article does not modify or repeal any law prescribing the form or content of a document of title or the services or facilities to be afforded by a bailee, or otherwise regulating a bailee’s business in respects not specifically treated in this article. However, violation of such a law does not affect the status of a document of title that otherwise is within the definition of a document of title.
(c) This article modifies, limits, and supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, approved June 30, 2000 (114 Stat. 464; 15 U.S.C. § 7001, et seq.), but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c)) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)).
(d) To the extent there is a conflict between Chapter 49 of Subtitle II of this title , the Uniform Electronic Transactions Act, and this article, this article governs.
D.C. Code § 28:7-301 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-301
§ 28:7-301. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription; “Said to contain”; “Shipper’s weight, load, and count”; improper handling.
Status: in_force

(a) A consignee of a nonnegotiable bill of lading which has given value in good faith, or a holder to which a negotiable bill has been duly negotiated, relying upon the description of the goods in the bill or upon the date shown in the bill, may recover from the issuer damages caused by the misdating of the bill or the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that the bill indicates that the issuer does not know whether any part or all of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as in a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition or the receipt or description is qualified by the phrase “contents or condition of contents of packages unknown”, “said to contain”, “shipper’s weight, load, and count”, or words of similar import, if that indication is true.
(b) If goods are loaded by the issuer of a bill of lading;
  (1) The issuer shall count the packages of goods if shipped in packages and ascertain the kind and quantity if shipped in bulk; and
  (2) Words such as “shipper’s weight, load, and count”, or words of similar import indicating that the description was made by the shipper are ineffective except as to goods concealed in packages.
(c) If bulk goods are loaded by a shipper that makes available to the issuer of a bill of lading adequate facilities for weighing those goods, the issuer shall ascertain the kind and quantity within a reasonable time after receiving the shipper’s request in a record to do so. In that case, “shipper’s weight” or words of similar import are ineffective.
(d) The issuer of a bill of lading, by including in the bill the words “shipper’s weight, load, and count”, or words of similar import, may indicate that the goods were loaded by the shipper, and, if that statement is true, the issuer is not liable for damages caused by the improper loading. However, omission of such words does not imply liability for damages caused by improper loading.
(e) A shipper guarantees to an issuer the accuracy at the time of shipment of the description, marks, labels, number, kind, quantity, condition, and weight, as furnished by the shipper, and the shipper shall indemnify the issuer against damage caused by inaccuracies in those particulars. This right of indemnity does not limit the issuer’s responsibility or liability under the contract of carriage to any person other than the shipper.
D.C. Code § 28:3-204 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-204
§ 28:3-204. Indorsement.
Status: in_force

(a) “Indorsement” means a signature, other than that of a signer as maker, drawer, or acceptor, that alone or accompanied by other words is made on an instrument for the purpose of (i) negotiating the instrument, (ii) restricting payment of the instrument, or (iii) incurring indorser’s liability on the instrument, but regardless of the intent of the signer, a signature and its accompanying words is an indorsement unless the accompanying words, terms of the instrument, place of the signature, or other circumstances unambiguously indicate that the signature was made for a purpose other than indorsement. For the purpose of determining whether a signature is made on an instrument, a paper affixed to the instrument is a part of the instrument.
(b) “Indorser” means a person who makes an indorsement.
(c) For the purpose of determining whether the transferee of an instrument is a holder, an indorsement that transfers a security interest in the instrument is effective as an unqualified indorsement of the instrument.
(d) If an instrument is payable to a holder under a name that is not the name of the holder, indorsement may be made by the holder in the name stated in the instrument or in the holder’s name or both, but signature in both names may be required by a person paying or taking the instrument for value or collection.
D.C. Code § 28-3152 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 31A / § 28-3152
§ 28-3152. Merchant’s civil recovery for dishonored checks.
Status: in_force

(a) Any person who, for himself or herself, or for another person, with intent to defraud, makes, draws, utters, or delivers any check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money for goods or services upon any bank or other depository and knows or should have known that payment of the check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money for goods or services will be refused by the drawee bank or other depository, either because the drawer does not have sufficient funds in or credit with the bank or other depository, or the drawer, with intent to defraud, has ordered a stop payment on the check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money for goods or services, shall be civilly liable to the payee who has presented the check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money as provided in this section.
(b) A person shall be liable under subsection (a) of this section only if the check, draft, order, or other instrument for payment of money is dishonored and the drawer fails to pay the face amount of that check, draft, order, or other instrument for payment of money within 30 days following the mailing by the merchant of a written demand for payment as provided in subsection (f) of this section.
(c) Any person liable under subsection (a) of this section shall be liable to the merchant for the face amount of the check, and:
  (1) Additional damages in the amount of 2 times the amount of the check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money, or $100, whichever is greater;
  (2) Costs; and
  (3) Reasonable attorney fees.
(d) The refusal of the drawee bank or other depository to make payment on a check, draft, order, or other instrument because the drawer does not have sufficient funds in or credit with the bank or other depository shall be prima facie evidence of the drawer’s intent to defraud and of knowledge of insufficient funds in or credit with such bank or other depository.
(e) The additional damages authorized under subsection (c)(1) of this section shall only be available to those merchants that post or otherwise give conspicuous notice at their place of business of the additional damages, including reference to the section of law authorizing the additional damages.
(f) The written demand for payment of the dishonored check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money required by subsection (b) of this section shall be in the form prescribed in subsection (g) of this section and shall be sent to the drawer’s last known residence address and the last known place of business, if any, by first-class mail and by certified mail, return receipt requested with delivery restricted to the drawer, on or after the date the merchant received notice that the check, draft, order, or other instrument for the payment of money has been dishonored.
(g) The written demand for payment required by subsection (f) of this section shall be in substantially the following form and shall be printed in at least 10-point type:
“DEMAND FOR PAYMENT OF DISHONORED CHECK, DRAFT, ORDER, OR OTHER INSTRUMENT FOR THE PAYMENT OF MONEY Notice: You may be sued 30 days after this notice if you don’t make payment within 30 days of this notice
DATE:
TO:     Name of Drawer
Last known residence address
or place of business
YOUR CHECK, DRAFT, ORDER, OR OTHER INSTRUMENT FOR THE PAYMENT OF MONEY IN THE AMOUNT OF $ ____    , DATED ________    , PAYABLE TO THE ORDER OF ____________     HAS BEEN DISHONORED BY THE BANK/DEPOSITORY UPON WHICH IT WAS DRAWN, BECAUSE:
( )        YOU HAD NO ACCOUNT WITH THAT BANK/DEPOSITORY
( )        YOU HAD INSUFFICIENT FUNDS OR CREDIT WITH THAT BANK/DEPOSITORY
( )        A STOP PAYMENT ORDER WAS ISSUED
( )        OTHER (specify)
IF YOU DO NOT MAKE PAYMENT, YOU COULD BE SUED UNDER SECTION ____     OF THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA OFFICIAL CODE TO RECOVER PAYMENT. IF JUDGMENT IS RENDERED AGAINST YOU IN COURT, IT MAY ALSO INCLUDE NOT ONLY THE ORIGINAL FACE AMOUNT OF THE CHECK, BUT ALSO ADDITIONAL DAMAGES, AS FOLLOWS:
(1) TWO TIMES THE FACE AMOUNT OF THE CHECK, OR $100, WHICHEVER IS GREATER;
(2) COSTS; AND
(3) REASONABLE ATTORNEY FEES.
NAME OF PAYEE: (PHONE NUMBER) ADDRESS TO WHICH PAYMENT SHOULD BE DELIVERED IF YOU DISPUTE ANY OF THE FACTS LISTED ABOVE, CONTACT THE PAYEE IMMEDIATELY.”.
(h) The remedies provided by this chapter are in addition to civil remedies otherwise provided by law.
(i) The recovery of damages from the alleged offender shall not prohibit criminal prosecution of the alleged offender under § 22-1510 .
(j) The recovery of civil damages by a merchant or a finding of liability under this chapter shall not be admissible in a criminal proceeding.
(k) A conviction or plea of guilty of making, drawing, or uttering a check, draft, order, or other instrument for payment of money with the intent to defraud under § 22-1510 is not a prerequisite to the maintenance of a civil action under this chapter.
D.C. Code § 28-2957 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29A / § 28-2957
§ 28-2957. Property interest of depositor or beneficiary.
Status: in_force

(a) Neither a depositor nor a beneficiary has a property interest in a special deposit.
(b) Any property interest with respect to a special deposit is only in the right to receive payment if the bank is obligated to pay a beneficiary and not in the special deposit itself. Any property interest under this subsection is determined under other law.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-202 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-202
§ 28:2A-202. Final  expression: parol or extrinsic evidence.
Status: in_force

Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a record intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented:
(1) By course of dealing or usage of trade or by course of performance; and
(2) By evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the record to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.
D.C. Code § 28-4704 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 47 / § 28-4704
§ 28-4704. Duties at inception of trusteeship.
Status: repealed

Repealed.
D.C. Code § 28:2-711 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-711
§ 28:2-711. Buyer’s remedies in general; buyer’s security interest in rejected goods.
Status: in_force

(1) Where the seller fails to make delivery or repudiates or the buyer rightfully rejects or justifiably revokes acceptance then with respect to any goods involved, and with respect to the whole of the breach goes to the whole contract (section 28:2-612), the buyer may cancel and whether or not he has done so may in addition to recovering so much of the price as has been paid
  (a) “cover” and have damages under the next section as to all the goods affected whether or not they have been identified to the contract; or
  (b) recover damages for non-delivery as provided in this article (section 28:2-713).
(2) Where the seller fails to deliver or repudiates the buyer may also
  (a) if the goods have been identified recover them as provided in this article (section 28:2-502); or
  (b) in a proper case obtain specific performance or replevy the goods as provided in this article (section 28:2-716).
(3) On rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance a buyer has a security interest in goods in his possession or control for any payments made on their price and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, care and custody and may hold such goods and resell them in like manner as an aggrieved seller (section 28:2-706).
D.C. Code § 28-2906 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29 / § 28-2906
§ 28-2906. Nonliability of corporation and transfer agent.
Status: in_force

A corporation or transfer agent does not incur liability to any person by making a transfer or otherwise acting in a manner authorized by this chapter.
D.C. Code § 28:12-202 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:12-202
§ 28:12-202. Saving clause.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in this part , a transaction validly entered into before  April 20, 2024 and the rights, duties, and interests flowing from the transaction remain valid thereafter and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced as required or permitted by law other than this subtitle or, if applicable, this subtitle , as though the 2024 Act had not taken effect.
(b) Except as provided in this part, Article 9 , as amended by the 2024 Act, and Article 12 apply to a transaction, lien, or other interest in property, even if the transaction, lien, or interest was entered into, created, or acquired before April 20, 2024.
(c) Except as provided in subsection (d) of this section and §§ 28:12-203 to 28:12-207 :
  (1) A transaction, lien, or interest in property that was validly entered into, created, or transferred before April 20, 2024 and was not governed by this subtitle , but would be subject to Article 9 as amended by the 2024 Act or Article 12 if it had been entered into, created, or transferred on or after April 20, 2024, including the rights, duties, and interests flowing from the transaction, lien, or interest, remains valid on and after April 20, 2024; and
  (2) The transaction, lien, or interest may be terminated, completed, consummated, and enforced as required or permitted by the 2024 Act or by the law that would apply if the 2024 Act had not taken effect.
(d) The 2024 Act does not affect an action, case, or proceeding commenced before April 20, 2024.
D.C. Code § 28:7-303 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-303
§ 28:7-303. Diversion; reconsignment; change of instructions.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless the bill of lading otherwise provides, a carrier may deliver the goods to a person or destination other than that stated in the bill or may otherwise dispose of the goods, without liability for misdelivery, on instructions from:
  (1) The holder of a negotiable bill;
  (2) The consignor on a nonnegotiable bill, even if the consignee has given contrary instructions;
  (3) The consignee on a nonnegotiable bill in the absence of contrary instructions from the consignor, if the goods have arrived at the billed destination or if the consignee is in possession of the tangible bill or in control of the electronic bill; or
  (4) The consignee on a nonnegotiable bill, if the consignee is entitled as against the consignor to dispose of the goods.
(b) Unless instructions described in subsection (a) of this section are included in a negotiable bill of lading, a person to which the bill is duly negotiated may hold the bailee according to the original terms.
D.C. Code § 28-3802 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 38 / § 28-3802
§ 28-3802. Definitions.
Status: in_force

As used in this chapter —
(1) “revolving credit account” means a revolving credit account as defined in section 28-3701 of this subtitle;
(2) “consumer credit sale” means a sale of goods or services in which —
  (A) a credit is granted by a person who regularly engages as a seller in credit transactions of the same kind;
  (B) the buyer is a natural person;
  (C) the goods or services are purchased primarily for a personal, family, household, or agricultural purpose;
  (D) either the debt is payable in installments or a finance charge is made; and
  (E) the amount financed does not exceed $25,000.
The term includes any contract in the form of a bailment or lease if the bailee or lessee contracts to pay as compensation for use a sum substantially equivalent to or in excess of the aggregate value of the property and services involved and it is agreed that the bailee or lessee will become, or for no other or a nominal consideration has the option to become, the owner of the property upon full compliance with his obligations under the contract.
(3) “direct installment loan” means a direct installment loan as that term is used in section 28-3308 and does not include a loan secured on real estate or a direct motor vehicle installment loan covered by Chapter 36 of this subtitle .
(4) “cross collateral” means an arrangement wherein a seller in a “consumer credit sale” secures a debt arising from the sale by contracting for a security interest in other property if as a result of a prior sale the seller has an existing security interest in the other property. The seller may also contract for a security interest in the property sold in the subsequent sale as a security for the previous debt.
D.C. Code § 28:2-716 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-716
§ 28:2-716. Buyer’s right to specific performance or replevin.
Status: in_force

(1) Specific performance may be decreed where the goods are unique or in other proper circumstances.
(2) The decree for specific performance may include such terms and conditions as to payment of the price, damages, or other relief as the court may deem just.
(3) The buyer has a right of replevin for goods identified to the contract if after reasonable effort he is unable to effect cover for such goods or the circumstances reasonably indicate that such effort will be unavailing or if the goods have been shipped under reservation and satisfaction of the security interest in them has been made or tendered. In the case of goods bought for personal, family, or household purposes, the buyer’s right of replevin vests upon acquisition of a special property, even if the seller had not then repudiated or failed to deliver.
D.C. Code § 28:7-203 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-203
§ 28:7-203. Liability for nonreceipt or misdescription.
Status: in_force

A party to or purchaser for value in good faith of a document of title, other than a bill of lading, that relies upon the description of the goods in the document may recover from the issuer damages caused by the nonreceipt or misdescription of the goods, except to the extent that:
(1) The document conspicuously indicates that the issuer does not know whether all or part of the goods in fact were received or conform to the description, such as a case in which the description is in terms of marks or labels or kind, quantity, or condition, or the receipt or description is qualified by “contents, condition, and quality unknown”, “said to contain”, or words of similar import, if the indication is true; or
(2) The party or purchaser otherwise has notice of the nonreceipt or misdescription.
D.C. Code § 28-3307 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3307
§ 28-3307. Council of the District of Columbia authorized to exempt certain mortgages and loans.
Status: in_force

The Council of the District of Columbia is authorized from time to time to provide by regulation for the exemption from the provisions of this chapter of any mortgage or loan insured or guaranteed under the National Housing Act or Chapter 37 of Title 38, United States Code, the interest rate of which is subject to regulation by an officer or agency of the Federal Government. The Council is further authorized to amend or repeal any such regulation at any time, but no such amendment or repeal shall affect any such loan or mortgage lawfully made or committed to be made while such exemption is in effect.
D.C. Code § 28-2109 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 21 / § 28-2109
§ 28-2109. Assignment to hinder or defraud creditors.
Status: in_force

This chapter does not prevent a creditor otherwise entitled from attacking an assignment as made to hinder or defraud the creditors of the assignor. When the court finds an assignment to have been made with that intent, it may enjoin any proceeding thereunder, and upon finally decreeing the assignment to be void may appoint a trustee with power to take possession of all the property of the debtor, and may make and enforce all orders necessary to put him in possession of the property. The trustee shall qualify in the same manner and perform the same duties as the trustees provided for by this chapter.
D.C. Code § 28:9-334 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-334
§ 28:9-334. Priority of security interests in fixtures and crops.
Status: in_force

(a) A security interest under this article may be created in goods that are fixtures or may continue in goods that become fixtures. A security interest does not exist under this article in ordinary building materials incorporated into an improvement on land.
(b) This article does not prevent creation of an encumbrance upon fixtures under real property law.
(c) In cases not governed by subsections (d) through (h), a security interest in fixtures is subordinate to a conflicting interest of an encumbrancer or owner of the related real property other than the debtor.
(d) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (h), a perfected security interest in fixtures has priority over a conflicting interest of an encumbrancer or owner of the real property if the debtor has an interest of record in or is in possession of the real property and:
  (1) The security interest is a purchase-money security interest;
  (2) The interest of the encumbrancer or owner arises before the goods become fixtures; and
  (3) The security interest is perfected by a fixture filing before the goods become fixtures or within 20 days thereafter.
(e) A perfected security interest in fixtures has priority over a conflicting interest of an encumbrancer or owner of the real property if:
  (1) The debtor has an interest of record in the real property or is in possession of the real property and the security interest:
    (A) Is perfected by a fixture filing before the interest of the encumbrancer or owner is of record; and
    (B) Has priority over any conflicting interest of a predecessor in title of the encumbrancer or owner;
  (2) Before the goods become fixtures, the security interest is perfected by any method permitted by this article and the fixtures are readily removable:
    (A) Factory or office machines;
    (B) Equipment that is not primarily used or leased for use in the operation of the real property; or
    (C) Replacements of domestic appliances that are consumer goods;
  (3) The conflicting interest is a lien on the real property obtained by legal or equitable proceedings after the security interest was perfected by any method permitted by this article; or
  (4) The security interest is:
    (A) Created in a manufactured home in a manufactured-home transaction; and
    (B) Perfected pursuant to a statute described in § 28:9-311(a)(2) .
(f) A security interest in fixtures, whether or not perfected, has priority over a conflicting interest of an encumbrancer or owner of the real property if:
  (1) The encumbrancer or owner has, in a signed record, consented to the security interest or disclaimed an interest in the goods as fixtures; or
  (2) The debtor has a right to remove the goods as against the encumbrancer or owner.
(g) The priority of the security interest under subsection (f)(2) continues for a reasonable time if the debtor’s right to remove the goods as against the encumbrancer or owner terminates.
(h) A mortgage is a construction mortgage to the extent that it secures an obligation incurred for the construction of an improvement on land, including the acquisition cost of the land, if a recorded record of the mortgage so indicates. Except as otherwise provided in subsections (e) and (f), a security interest in fixtures is subordinate to a construction mortgage if a record of the mortgage is recorded before the goods become fixtures and the goods become fixtures before the completion of the construction. A mortgage has this priority to the same extent as a construction mortgage to the extent that it is given to refinance a construction mortgage.
(i) A perfected security interest in crops growing on real property has priority over a conflicting interest of an encumbrancer or owner of the real property if the debtor has an interest of record in or is in possession of the real property.
D.C. Code § 28:3-301 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-301
§ 28:3-301. Person entitled to enforce instrument.
Status: in_force

“Person entitled to enforce” an instrument means (i) the holder of the instrument, (ii) a nonholder in possession of the instrument who has the rights of a holder, or (iii) a person not in possession of the instrument who is entitled to enforce the instrument pursuant to section 28:3-309   or 28:3-418(d)  . A person may be a person entitled to enforce the instrument even though the person is not the owner of the instrument or is in wrongful possession of the instrument.
D.C. Code § 28-5001 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 50 / § 28-5001
§ 28-5001. Definitions.
Status: in_force

For the purposes of this chapter, the term:
(1) “Assist in the transmission” means actions taken by a person to procure, enable, finance, or otherwise actively support the transmission of a commercial electronic mail message by another person, if the person or entity providing the assistance knows or should have known that the initiator of the commercial electronic mail message is engaged, or intends to engage, in any practice that violates this chapter. The term “assist in the transmission” shall not include activities of any person or entity related to the design, manufacture, or distribution of any technology, product, or component that has a commercially significant use other than to violate or circumvent this chapter.
(2) “Commercial electronic mail message” means an electronic mail message sent for the purpose of encouraging the purchase, rental of, or investment in, property, goods, intangibles, or services.
(3) “Electronic mail” means an electronic message or computer file containing an image of a message that is transmitted between 2 or more computers, electronic terminals, or cellular telephones, and includes electronic messages that are transmitted within or between computer networks.
(4) “Electronic mail service provider” means any entity that is an intermediary in sending or receiving electronic mail or that provides to end-users of electronic mail services the ability to send or receive electronic mail.
(5) “Header information” means the source, destination, and routing information attached to an electronic mail message, including the originating domain name and originating electronic mail address, and any other information that appears in the line identifying, or purporting to identify, a person initiating the message.
D.C. Code § 28:9-341 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-341
§ 28:9-341. Bank’s rights and duties with respect to deposit account.
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in § 28:9-340(c) , and unless the bank otherwise agrees in a signed record, a bank’s rights and duties with respect to a deposit account maintained with the bank are not terminated, suspended, or modified by:
(1) The creation, attachment, or perfection of a security interest in the deposit account;
(2) The bank’s knowledge of the security interest; or
(3) The bank’s receipt of instructions from the secured party.
D.C. Code § 28:2-202 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-202
§ 28:2-202. Final  expression: parol or extrinsic evidence.
Status: in_force

Terms with respect to which the confirmatory memoranda of the parties agree or which are otherwise set forth in a writing intended by the parties as a final expression of their agreement with respect to such terms as are included therein may not be contradicted by evidence of any prior agreement or of a contemporaneous oral agreement but may be explained or supplemented:
(a) by course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade ( § 28:1-303 ); and
(b) by evidence of consistent additional terms unless the court finds the record to have been intended also as a complete and exclusive statement of the terms of the agreement.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-509 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-509
§ 28:2A-509. Lessee’s rights on improper delivery; rightful rejection.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to the provisions of § 28:2A-510 on default in installment lease contracts, if the goods or the tender or delivery fail in any respect to conform to the lease contract, the lessee may reject or accept the goods or accept any commercial unit or units and reject the rest of the goods.
(b) Rejection of goods is ineffective unless it is within a reasonable time after tender or delivery of the goods and the lessee seasonably notifies the lessor.
D.C. Code § 28:1-204 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-204
§ 28:1-204. Value.
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in Articles 3 , 4 , 5 , and 12 , a person gives value for rights if the person acquires them:
(1) In return for a binding commitment to extend credit or for the extension of immediately available credit, whether or not drawn upon and whether or not a charge-back is provided for in the event of difficulties in collection;
(2) As security for, or in total or partial satisfaction of, a preexisting claim;
(3) By accepting delivery under a preexisting contract for purchase; or
(4) In return for any consideration sufficient to support a simple contract.
D.C. Code § 28:9-319 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-319
§ 28:9-319. Rights and title of consignee with respect to creditors and purchasers.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), for purposes of determining the rights of creditors of, and purchasers for value of goods from, a consignee, while the goods are in the possession of the consignee, the consignee is deemed to have rights and title to the goods identical to those the consignor had or had power to transfer.
(b) For purposes of determining the rights of a creditor of a consignee, law other than this article determines the rights and title of a consignee while goods are in the consignee’s possession if, under this part, a perfected security interest held by the consignor would have priority over the rights of the creditor.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-527 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-527
§ 28:2A-527. Lessor’s rights to dispose of goods.
Status: in_force

(a) After a default by a lessee under the lease contract of the type described in § 28:2A-523(a) or § 28:2A-523(c) or after the lessor refuses to deliver or takes possession of goods ( § 28:2A-525 or § 28:2A-526 ), or, if agreed, after other default by a lessee, the lessor may dispose of the goods concerned or the undelivered balance thereof by lease, sale, or otherwise.
(b) Except as otherwise provided with respect to damages liquidated in the lease agreement ( § 28:2A-504 ) or otherwise determined pursuant to agreement of the parties ( § 28:1-302 and § 28:2A-503 ), if the disposition is by lease agreement substantially similar to the original lease agreement and the lease agreement is made in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages (i) accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of the commencement of the term of the new lease agreement, (ii) the present value, as of the same date, of the total rent for the then remaining lease term of the original lease agreement minus the present value, as of the same date, of the rent under the new lease agreement applicable to that period of the new lease term which is comparable to the then remaining term of the original lease agreement, and (iii) any incidental damages allowed under § 28:2A-530 , less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default.
(c) If the lessor’s disposition is by lease agreement that for any reason does not qualify for treatment under subsection (b) of this section, or is by sale or otherwise, the lessor may recover from the lessee as if the lessor had elected not to dispose of the goods and § 28:2A-528 governs.
(d) A subsequent buyer or lessee who buys or leases from the lessor in good faith for value as a result of a disposition under this section takes the goods free of the original lease contract and any rights of the original lessee even though the lessor fails to comply with one or more of the requirements of this article.
(e) The lessor is not accountable to the lessee for any profit made on any disposition. A lessee who has rightfully rejected or justifiably revoked acceptance shall account to the lessor for any excess over the amount of the lessee’s security interest ( § 28:2A-508(e) ).
D.C. Code § 28:2-323 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-323
§ 28:2-323. Form of bill of lading required in overseas shipment; “overseas”.
Status: in_force

(1) Where the contract contemplates overseas shipment and contains a term C.I.F. or C. & F. or F.O.B. vessel, the seller unless otherwise agreed must obtain a negotiable bill of lading stating that the goods have been loaded on board or, in the case of a term C.I.F. or C. & F., received for shipment.
(2) Where in a case within subsection (1) a tangible bill of lading has been issued in a set of parts, unless otherwise agreed if the documents are not to be sent from abroad the buyer may demand tender of the full set; otherwise only one part of the bill of lading need be tendered. Even if the agreement expressly requires a full set
  (a) due tender of a single part is acceptable within the provisions of this article on cure of improper delivery (subsection (1) of section 28:2-508); and
  (b) even though the full set is demanded, if the documents are sent from abroad the person tendering an incomplete set may nevertheless require payment upon furnishing an indemnity which the buyer in good faith deems adequate.
(3) A shipment by water or by air or a contract contemplating such shipment is “overseas” insofar as by usage of trade or agreement it is subject to the commercial, financing or shipping practices characteristic of international deep water commerce.
D.C. Code § 28:8-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-104
§ 28:8-104. Acquisition of security or financial asset or interest therein.
Status: in_force

(a) A person acquires a security or an interest therein, under this article, if:
  (1) The person is a purchaser to whom a security is delivered pursuant to § 28:8-301 ; or
  (2) The person acquires a security entitlement to the security pursuant to § 28:8-501 .
(b) A person acquires a financial asset, other than a security, or an interest therein, under this article, if the person acquires a security entitlement to the financial asset.
(c) A person who acquires a security entitlement to a security or other financial asset has the rights specified in Part 5, but is a purchaser of any security, security entitlement, or other financial asset held by the securities intermediary only to the extent provided in § 28:8-503 .
(d) Unless the context shows that a different meaning is intended, a person who is required by other law, regulation, rule, or agreement to transfer, deliver, present, surrender, exchange, or otherwise put in the possession of another person a security or financial asset satisfies that requirement by causing the other person to acquire an interest in the security or financial asset pursuant to subsection (a) or (b) of this section.
D.C. Code § 28-4502 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45 / § 28-4502
§ 28-4502. Contract, combination, or conspiracy to restrain trade.
Status: in_force

Every contract, combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce all or any part of which is within the District of Columbia is declared to be illegal.
D.C. Code § 28-3309 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3309
§ 28-3309. Council of the District of Columbia authorized to exempt certain loans, and to change rates of interest.
Status: in_force

The Council of the District of Columbia is authorized from time to time to provide by regulation for (1) the exemption from the provisions of this chapter of any loan or financial transaction, and (2) the change of any interest rate specified in this chapter. The Council is further authorized to amend or repeal any such regulation at any time, but no such amendment or repeal relating to any exemption made under authority of this section shall affect any such loan or financial transaction lawfully made or entered into while such exemption is in effect.
D.C. Code § 28:2-303 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-303
§ 28:2-303. Allocation or division of risks.
Status: in_force

Where this article allocates a risk or a burden as between the parties “unless otherwise agreed”, the agreement may not only shift the allocation but may also divide the risk or burden.
D.C. Code § 28:2-107 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-107
§ 28:2-107. Goods to be severed from realty; recording.
Status: in_force

(1) A contract for the sale of minerals or the like (including oil and gas) or a structure or its materials to be removed from realty is a contract for the sale of goods within this article if they are to be severed by the seller but until severance a purported present sale thereof which is not effective as a transfer of an interest in land is effective only as a contract to sell.
(2) A contract for the sale apart from the land of growing crops or other things attached to realty and capable of severance without material harm thereto but not described in subsection (1) or of timber to be cut is a contract for the sale of goods within this article whether the subject matter is to be severed by the buyer or by the seller even though it forms part of the realty at the time of contracting, and the parties can by identification effect a present sale before severance.
(3) The provisions of this section are subject to any third party rights provided by the law relating to realty records, and the contract for sale may be executed and recorded as a document transferring an interest in land and shall then constitute notice to third parties of the buyer’s rights under the contract for sale.
D.C. Code § 28:2-316.01 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-316.01
§ 28:2-316.01. Limitation of exclusion or modification of warranties consumers.
Status: in_force

(1) The provisions of section 28:2-316 do not apply to the sale of consumer goods, as defined by section 28:9-109, services, or both.
(2) Any oral or written language used by a seller of consumer goods and services, which attempts to exclude or modify any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose or to exclude or modify the consumer’s remedies for breach of those warranties, is unenforceable. However, such merchant may recover from the manufacturer any damages resulting from breach of the implied warranty of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose.
(3) The provisions of subsection (2) do not apply to particular defects and limitations of consumer goods and services noted conspicuously in writing at the time of sale.
(4) Any oral or written language used by a manufacturer of consumer goods, which attempts to limit or modify a consumer’s remedies for breach of the manufacturer’s express warranties is unenforceable, unless the manufacturer provided reasonable and expeditious means of performing the warranty obligations.
D.C. Code § 28:9-513 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-513
§ 28:9-513. Termination statement.
Status: in_force

(a) A secured party shall cause the secured party of record for a financing statement to file a termination statement for the financing statement if the financing statement covers consumer goods and:
  (1) There is no obligation secured by the collateral covered by the financing statement and no commitment to make an advance, incur an obligation, or otherwise give value; or
  (2) The debtor did not authorize the filing of the initial financing statement.
(b) To comply with subsection (a), a secured party shall cause the secured party of record to file the termination statement:
  (1) Within one month after there is no obligation secured by the collateral covered by the financing statement and no commitment to make an advance, incur an obligation, or otherwise give value; or
  (2) If earlier, within 20 days after the secured party receives a signed demand from a debtor.
(c) In cases not governed by subsection (a), within 20 days after a secured party receives a signed demand from a debtor, the secured party shall cause the secured party of record for a financing statement to send to the debtor a termination statement for the financing statement or file the termination statement in the filing office if:
  (1) Except in the case of a financing statement covering accounts or chattel paper that has been sold or goods that are the subject of a consignment, there is no obligation secured by the collateral covered by the financing statement and no commitment to make an advance, incur an obligation, or otherwise give value;
  (2) The financing statement covers accounts or chattel paper that has been sold but as to which the account debtor or other person obligated has discharged its obligation;
  (3) The financing statement covers goods that were the subject of a consignment to the debtor but are not in the debtor’s possession; or
  (4) The debtor did not authorize the filing of the initial financing statement.
(d) Except as otherwise provided in § 28:9-510 , upon the filing of a termination statement with the filing office, the financing statement to which the termination statement relates ceases to be effective. Except as otherwise provided in § 28:9-510 , for purposes of §§ 28:9-519(g) , 28:9-522(a) , and 28:9-523(c) , the filing with the filing office of a termination statement relating to a financing statement that indicates that the debtor is a transmitting utility also causes the effectiveness of the financing statement to lapse.
D.C. Code § 28:9-518 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-518
§ 28:9-518. Claim concerning inaccurate or wrongfully filed record.
Status: in_force

(a) A person may file in the filing office an information statement with respect to a record indexed there under the person’s name if the person believes that the record is inaccurate or was wrongfully filed.
(b) An information statement under subsection (a) of this section shall:
  (1) Identify the record to which it relates by the file number assigned to the initial financing statement to which the record relates;
  (2) Indicate that it is an information statement; and
  (3) Provide the basis for the person’s belief that the record is inaccurate and indicate the manner in which the person believes the record should be amended to cure any inaccuracy or provide the basis for the person’s belief that the record was wrongfully filed.
(c) A person may file in the filing office an information statement with respect to a record filed there if the person is a secured party of record with respect to the financing statement to which the record relates and believes that the person that filed the record was not entitled to do so under § 28:9-509(d) .
(d) An information statement under subsection (c) of this section shall:
  (1) Identify the record to which it relates by the file number assigned to the initial financing statement to which the record relates;
  (2) Indicate that it is an information statement; and
  (3) Provide the basis for the person’s belief that the person that filed the record was not entitled to do so under § 28:9-509(d) .
(e) The filing of an information statement does not affect the effectiveness of an initial financing statement or other filed record.
D.C. Code § 28:3-413 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-413
§ 28:3-413. Obligation of acceptor.
Status: in_force

(a) The acceptor of a draft is obliged to pay the draft (i) according to its terms at the time it was accepted, even though the acceptance states that the draft is payable “as originally drawn” or equivalent terms, (ii) if the acceptance varies the terms of the draft, according to the terms of the draft as varied, or (iii) if the acceptance is of a draft that is an incomplete instrument, according to its terms when completed, to the extent stated in sections 28:3-115 and 28:3-407. The obligation is owed to a person entitled to enforce the draft or to the drawer or an indorser who paid the draft under section 28:3-414 or 28:3-415.
(b) If the certification of a check or other acceptance of a draft states the amount certified or accepted, the obligation of the acceptor is that amount. If (i) the certification or acceptance does not state an amount, (ii) the amount of the instrument is subsequently raised, and (iii) the instrument is then negotiated to a holder in due course, the obligation of the acceptor is the amount of the instrument at the time it was taken by the holder in due course.
D.C. Code § 28-3912 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 39 / § 28-3912
§ 28-3912. Submissions to the Council.
Status: in_force

The Department shall, in coordination with the Office of the Attorney General, submit 2 plans to the Council:
(1) A detailed plan for fiscal year 2006 on the steps that the Department shall take in providing consumer protection education in the District, including the dissemination of information regarding legal options through the Department and before the Office of the Attorney General and the Courts, to be submitted by September 1, 2005; and
(2) A plan to fully implement this subchapter in fiscal year 2007, including any recommended amendments to this subchapter, to be submitted by February 1, 2006, in anticipation of the fiscal year 2007 budget.
D.C. Code § 28-4707 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 47 / § 28-4707
§ 28-4707. Investment costs.
Status: repealed

Repealed.
D.C. Code § 28-2303 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 23 / § 28-2303
§ 28-2303. Assignment of nonnegotiable contract.
Status: in_force

An owner of a nonnegotiable written agreement for the payment of money, including a nonnegotiable bill of exchange and a promissory note, or for the delivery of personal property, an open account, debt, and demand of a liquidated character, except a claim against the United States or the salary of a public officer, may assign it in writing, and the assignee may maintain an action thereon in his own name.
D.C. Code § 28-4917 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 49 / § 28-4917
§ 28-4917. Acceptance and distribution of electronic records by governmental agencies.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in § 28-4911(f) , the Mayor shall determine whether, and the extent to which, a governmental agency will send and accept electronic records and electronic signatures to and from other persons and otherwise create, generate, communicate, store, process, use, and rely upon electronic records and electronic signatures.
(b) To the extent that a governmental agency uses electronic records and electronic signatures under subsection (a) of this section, the Mayor, giving due consideration to security, may specify:
  (1) The manner and format in which the electronic records must be created, generated, sent, communicated, received, and stored and the systems established for those purposes;
  (2) If electronic records must be signed by electronic means, the type of electronic signature required, the manner and format in which the electronic signature must be affixed to the electronic record, and the identity of, or criteria that must be met by, any third party used by a person filing a document to facilitate the process;
  (3) Control processes and procedures as appropriate to ensure adequate preservation, disposition, integrity, security, confidentiality, and auditability of electronic records; and
  (4) Any other required attributes for electronic records which are specified for corresponding nonelectronic records or reasonably necessary under the circumstances.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in § 28-4911(f) , this chapter does not require a governmental agency of the District of Columbia to use or permit the use of electronic records or electronic signatures.
D.C. Code § 28:7-602 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-602
§ 28:7-602. Judicial process against goods covered by negotiable document of title.
Status: in_force

Unless a document of title was originally issued upon delivery of the goods by a person that did not have power to dispose of them, a lien does not attach by virtue of any judicial process to goods in the possession of a bailee for which a negotiable document of title is outstanding unless possession or control of the document is first surrendered to the bailee or the document’s negotiation is enjoined. The bailee may not be compelled to deliver the goods pursuant to process until possession or control of the document is surrendered to the bailee or to the court. A purchaser of the document for value without notice of the process or injunction takes free of the lien imposed by judicial process.
D.C. Code § 28:9-304 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-304
§ 28:9-304. Law governing perfection and priority of security interests in deposit accounts.
Status: in_force

(a) The local law of a bank’s jurisdiction governs perfection, the effect of perfection or nonperfection, and the priority of a security interest in a deposit account maintained with that bank, even if the transaction does not bear any relation to the bank's jurisdiction.
(b) The following rules determine a bank’s jurisdiction for purposes of this part:
  (1) If an agreement between the bank and its customer governing the deposit account expressly provides that a particular jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction for purposes of this part, this article, or Subtitle I of Title 28 , that jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction.
  (2) If paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply and an agreement between the bank and its customer governing the deposit account expressly provides that the agreement is governed by the law of a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction.
  (3) If neither paragraph (1) nor paragraph (2) of this subsection applies and an agreement between the bank and its customer governing the deposit account expressly provides that the deposit account is maintained at an office in a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the bank’s jurisdiction.
  (4) If none of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection applies, the bank’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction in which the office identified in an account statement as the office serving the customer’s account is located.
  (5) If none of the preceding paragraphs of this subsection applies, the bank’s jurisdiction is the jurisdiction in which the chief executive office of the bank is located.
D.C. Code § 28:9-339 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-339
§ 28:9-339. Priority subject to subordination.
Status: in_force

This article does not preclude subordination by agreement by a person entitled to priority.
D.C. Code § 28-4804.03 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 48 / § 28-4804.03
§ 28-4804.03. Business and other activities conducted by trustee.
Status: in_force

(a) If a trustee who conducts a business or other activity determines that it is in the best interest of all the beneficiaries to account separately for the business or activity instead of accounting for it as part of the trust’s general accounting records, the trustee may maintain separate accounting records for its transactions, whether or not its assets are segregated from other trust assets.
(b) A trustee who accounts separately for a business or other activity may determine the extent to which its net cash receipts must be retained for working capital, the acquisition or replacement of fixed assets, and other reasonably foreseeable needs of the business or activity, and the extent to which the remaining net cash receipts are accounted for as principal or income in the trust’s general accounting records. If a trustee sells assets of the business or other activity, other than in the ordinary course of the business or activity, the trustee shall account for the net amount received as principal in the trust’s general accounting records to the extent the trustee determines that the amount received is no longer required in the conduct of the business.
(c) Activities for which a trustee may maintain separate accounting records include:
  (1) Retail, manufacturing, service, and other traditional business activities;
  (2) Farming;
  (3) Raising and selling livestock and other animals;
  (4) Management of rental properties;
  (5) Extraction of minerals and other natural resources;
  (6) Timber operations; and
  (7) Activities to which § 28-4804.14 applies.
D.C. Code § 28-4804.06 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 48 / § 28-4804.06
§ 28-4804.06. Obligation to pay money.
Status: in_force

(a) An amount received as interest, whether determined at a fixed, variable, or floating rate, on an obligation to pay money to the trustee, including an amount received as consideration for prepaying principal, shall be allocated to income without any provision for amortization of premium.
(b) A trustee shall allocate to principal an amount received from the sale, redemption, or other disposition of an obligation to pay money to the trustee more than one year after it is purchased or acquired by the trustee, including an obligation whose purchase price or value when it is acquired is less than its value at maturity. If the obligation matures within one year after it is purchased or acquired by the trustee, an amount received in excess of its purchase price or its value when acquired by the trust shall be allocated to income.
(c) This section does not apply to an obligation to which § 28-4804.09 , § 28-4804.10 , § 28-4804.11 , § 28-4804.12 , § 28-4804.14 , or § 28-4804.15 applies.
D.C. Code § 28-5107 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 51 / § 28-5107
§ 28-5107. Waiver void.
Status: in_force

Any portion of an agreement which waives any provision of this chapter shall be void.
D.C. Code § 28:9-314A — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-314A
§ 28:9-314A. Perfection by possession and control of chattel paper.
Status: in_force

(a) A secured party may perfect a security interest in chattel paper by taking possession of each authoritative tangible copy of the record evidencing the chattel paper and obtaining control of each authoritative electronic copy of the electronic record evidencing the chattel paper.
(b) A security interest is perfected under subsection (a) of this section not earlier than the time the secured party takes possession and obtains control and remains perfected under subsection (a) of this section only while the secured party retains possession and control.
(c) § 28:9-313(c) and (f) through (i) applies to perfection by possession of an authoritative tangible copy of a record evidencing chattel paper.
D.C. Code § 28:9-606 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-606
§ 28:9-606. Time of default for agricultural lien.
Status: in_force

For purposes of this part, a default occurs in connection with an agricultural lien at the time the secured party becomes entitled to enforce the lien in accordance with the statute under which it was created.
D.C. Code § 28:7-701 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-701
§ 28:7-701. Applicability.
Status: in_force

This article applies to a document of title that is issued or a bailment that arises on or after the effective date of this article. This article does not apply to a document of title that is issued or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this article even if the document of title or bailment would be subject to this article if the document of title had been issued or bailment had arisen on or after the effective date of this article. This article does not apply to a right of action that has accrued before the effective date of this article.
D.C. Code § 28:4-103 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-103
§ 28:4-103. Variation by agreement; measure of damages; action constituting ordinary care.
Status: in_force

(a) The effect of the provisions of this article may be varied by agreement, but the parties to the agreement cannot disclaim a bank’s responsibility for its lack of good faith or failure to exercise ordinary care or limit the measure of damages for the lack or failure. However, the parties may determine by agreement the standards by which the bank’s responsibility is to be measured if those standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
(b) Federal Reserve regulations and operating circulars, clearing-house rules, and the like have the effect of agreements under subsection (a) of this section, whether or not specifically assented to by all parties interested in items handled.
(c) Action or nonaction approved by this article or pursuant to Federal Reserve regulations or operating circulars is the exercise of ordinary care and, in the absence of special instructions, action or nonaction consistent with clearing-house rules and the like or with a general banking usage not disapproved by this article, is prima facie the exercise of ordinary care.
(d) The specification or approval of certain procedures by this article is not disapproval of other procedures that may be reasonable under the circumstances.
(e) The measure of damages for failure to exercise ordinary care in handling an item is the amount of the item reduced by an amount that could not have been realized by the exercise of ordinary care. If there is also bad faith it includes any other damages the party suffered as a proximate consequence.
D.C. Code § 28-2301 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 23 / § 28-2301
§ 28-2301. Assignment of judgment or money decree.
Status: in_force

A judgment or money decree may be assigned in writing, and upon the assignment thereof being filed in the clerk’s office the assignee may maintain an action or sue out an execution on the judgment in his own name, as the original plaintiff might have done.
D.C. Code § 28:9-619 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-619
§ 28:9-619. Transfer of record or legal title.
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, “transfer statement” means a record signed by a secured party stating:
  (1) That the debtor has defaulted in connection with an obligation secured by specified collateral;
  (2) That the secured party has exercised its post-default remedies with respect to the collateral;
  (3) That, by reason of the exercise, a transferee has acquired the rights of the debtor in the collateral; and
  (4) The name and mailing address of the secured party, debtor, and transferee.
(b) A transfer statement entitles the transferee to the transfer of record of all rights of the debtor in the collateral specified in the statement in any official filing, recording, registration, or certificate-of-title system covering the collateral. If a transfer statement is presented with the applicable fee and request form to the official or office responsible for maintaining the system, the official or office shall:
  (1) Accept the transfer statement;
  (2) Promptly amend its records to reflect the transfer; and
  (3) If applicable, issue a new appropriate certificate of title in the name of transferee.
(c) A transfer of the record or legal title to collateral to a secured party under subsection (b) or otherwise is not of itself a disposition of collateral under this article and does not of itself relieve the secured party of its duties under this article.
D.C. Code § 28-3303 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3303
§ 28-3303. Usury defined.
Status: in_force

If a person or corporation contracts in the District,
(1) verbally, to pay a greater rate of interest than 6% per annum, or
(2) in writing, to pay a greater rate than is permitted under section 28-3301, 28-3308, under Chapter 36 of this subtitle , or under § 26-301 et seq., the creditor shall forfeit the whole of the interest so contracted to be received.
This section does not affect sections 26-901   to 26-912  .
D.C. Code § 28-2909 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29 / § 28-2909
§ 28-2909. Tax obligations.
Status: in_force

This chapter does not affect any obligation of a corporation or transfer agent with respect to estate, inheritance, succession, or other taxes imposed by the laws of the District of Columbia.
D.C. Code § 28-4803.01 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 48 / § 28-4803.01
§ 28-4803.01. When right to income begins and ends.
Status: in_force

(a) An income beneficiary is entitled to net income from the date on which the income interest begins. An income interest begins on the date specified in the terms of the trust or, if no date is specified, on the date an asset becomes subject to a trust or successive income interest.
(b) An asset becomes subject to a trust:
  (1) On the date it is transferred to the trust in the case of an asset that is transferred to a trust during the transferor’s life;
  (2) On the date of a testator’s death in the case of an asset that becomes subject to a trust by reason of a will, even if there is an intervening period of administration of the testator’s estate; or
  (3) On the date of an individual’s death in the case of an asset that is transferred to a fiduciary by a third party because of the individual’s death.
(c) An asset becomes subject to a successive income interest on the day after the preceding income interest ends, as determined under subsection (d) of this section, even if there is an intervening period of administration to wind up the preceding income interest.
(d) An income interest ends on the day before an income beneficiary dies or another terminating event occurs, or on the last day of a period during which there is no beneficiary to whom a trustee may distribute income.
D.C. Code § 28-4601 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 46 / § 28-4601
§ 28-4601. Definitions.
Status: in_force

For the purposes of this chapter the term:
(1) “Consumer” means any person who is solicited to purchase or who purchases the services of a consumer credit service organization.
(2) (A) “Consumer credit service organization” means any person who, with respect to the extension of credit by others, sells, provides, performs, or represents that he or she can sell, provide, or perform, in return for the payment of money or other valuable consideration, any of the following services:
    (i) Improvement of a consumer’s credit record, history, or rating;
    (ii) Obtain an extension of credit for a consumer; or
    (iii) Provide advice or assistance to a consumer regarding any matter related to the consumer’s personal, household, or family credit.
  (B) A consumer credit service organization shall include a salesperson, agent, or representative of a consumer credit service organization.
  (C) A consumer credit service organization shall include an independent agent who sells or attempts to sell the services of a consumer credit service organization.
  (D) A consumer credit service organization does not include:
    (i) Any person authorized to make a loan or extension of credit under the laws of the District of Columbia (“District”) or the United States who is subject to regulation and supervision by the District or the United States, or a lender approved by the United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development for participation in any mortgage insurance program under the National Housing Act, approved June 27, 1934 (48 Stat. 1246; 12 U.S.C. 1701 et seq.);
    (ii) Any bank, savings bank, or savings and loan institution whose deposits or accounts are eligible for insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation, or a subsidiary of any bank, savings bank, or savings and loan institution with deposits or accounts that are eligible for insurance by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation or the Federal Savings and Loan Corporation;
    (iii) Any credit union doing business in the District pursuant to the Federal Credit Union Act, approved August 1, 1964 (78 Stat. 377; § 26-521 et seq.);
    (iv) Any nonprofit organization exempt from taxation under Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1954, approved August 16, 1954 (68A Stat. 3; 26 U.S.C. 1 et seq.);
    (v) Any person who operates a collection agency pursuant to the laws of the District;
    (vi) Any person licensed to practice law in the District if the person renders consumer credit services within the course and scope of his or her practice;
    (vii) Any broker-dealer registered with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission or the United States Commodity Futures Trading Commission if the broker-dealer is acting within the scope of the applicable federal securities or commodity futures laws and regulations; or
    (viii) Any consumer reporting agency as defined in the Federal Fair Credit Reporting Act (“Fair Credit Reporting Act”), approved October 26, 1970 (84 Stat. 1128; 15 U.S.C. sec. 1681-1681t).
(3) “Extension of credit” means the right to defer payment of a debt or to incur a debt and defer payment of the debt as offered or granted primarily for personal, family, or household purposes.
(4) “Person” means any individual, corporation, firm, agency, company, joint venture, association, organization, partnership, society, or joint stock company.
D.C. Code § 28:9-610 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-610
§ 28:9-610. Disposition of collateral after default.
Status: in_force

(a) After default, a secured party may sell, lease, license, or otherwise dispose of any or all of the collateral in its present condition or following any commercially reasonable preparation or processing.
(b) Every aspect of a disposition of collateral, including the method, manner, time, place, and other terms, must be commercially reasonable. If commercially reasonable, a secured party may dispose of collateral by public or private proceedings, by one or more contracts, as a unit or in parcels, and at any time and place and on any terms.
(c) A secured party may purchase collateral:
  (1) At a public disposition; or
  (2) At a private disposition only if the collateral is of a kind that is customarily sold on a recognized market or the subject of widely distributed standard price quotations.
(d) A contract for sale, lease, license, or other disposition includes the warranties relating to title, possession, quiet enjoyment, and the like which by operation of law accompany a voluntary disposition of property of the kind subject to the contract.
(e) A secured party may disclaim or modify warranties under subsection (d):
  (1) In a manner that would be effective to disclaim or modify the warranties in a voluntary disposition of property of the kind subject to the contract of disposition; or
  (2) By communicating to the purchaser a record evidencing the contract for disposition and including an express disclaimer or modification of the warranties.
(f) A record is sufficient to disclaim warranties under subsection (e) if it indicates “There is no warranty relating to title, possession, quiet enjoyment, or the like in this disposition” or uses words of similar import.
D.C. Code § 28:2-102 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-102
§ 28:2-102. Scope; certain security and other transactions excluded from this article.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless the context otherwise requires, and except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, this article applies to transactions in goods and, in the case of a hybrid transaction, it applies to the extent provided in subsection (b) of this section.
(b) In a hybrid transaction:
  (1) If the sale-of-goods aspects do not predominate, only the provisions of this article that relate primarily to the sale-of-goods aspects of the transaction apply, and the provisions that relate primarily to the transaction as a whole do not apply.
  (2) If the sale-of-goods aspects predominate, this article applies to the transaction but does not preclude application in appropriate circumstances of other law to aspects of the transaction which do not relate to the sale of goods.
(c) This article does not:
  (1) Apply to a transaction that, even though in the form of an unconditional contract to sell or present sale, operates only to create a security interest; or
  (2) Impair or repeal a statute regulating sales to consumers, farmers, or other specified classes of buyers.
D.C. Code § 28:5-107 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:5-107
§ 28:5-107. Confirmer, nominated person, and adviser.
Status: in_force

(a) A confirmer is directly obligated on a letter of credit and has the rights and obligations of an issuer to the extent of its confirmation. The confirmer also has rights against and obligations to the issuer as if the issuer were an applicant and the confirmer had issued the letter of credit at the request and for the account of the issuer.
(b) A nominated person who is not a confirmer is not obligated to honor or otherwise give value for a presentation.
(c) A person requested to advise may decline to act as an adviser. An adviser that is not a confirmer is not obligated to honor or give value for a presentation. An adviser undertakes to the issuer and to the beneficiary accurately to advise the terms of the letter of credit, confirmation, amendment, or advice received by that person and undertakes to the beneficiary to check the apparent authenticity of the request to advise. Even if the advice is inaccurate, the letter of credit, confirmation, or amendment is enforceable as issued.
(d) A person who notifies a transferee beneficiary of the terms of a letter of credit, confirmation, amendment, or advice has the rights and obligations of an adviser under subsection (c) of this section. The terms in the notice to the transferee beneficiary may differ from the terms in any notice to the transferor beneficiary to the extent permitted by the letter of credit, confirmation, amendment, or advice received by the person who so notifies.
D.C. Code § 28-5205 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 52 / § 28-5205
§ 28-5205. Exemptions.
Status: in_force

This chapter does not apply to:
(1) Prepackaged food that contains separately identifiable items that are separated by physical division within the package;
(2) Any item sold only by prescription;
(3) Any item subject to the packaging or labeling requirements of the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms or to any pricing requirements under federal law;
(4) Any item actually being sold through a vending machine;
(5) Any item delivered directly to a retail sales agency without passing through warehousing or other inventory facility used by the agency;
(6) Commodities packaged in quantities of less than 28 grams (one ounce) or 29 milliliters (one fluid ounce) or when the total retail price is 50 cents or less;
(7) When only one brand of a particular commodity in only one size is offered for sale in a particular retail establishment;
(8) Variety packages;
(9) Combination packages; or
(10) A person with less than $30 million in gross volume of sales of consumer commodities and to whom at least one of the following applies:
  (A) During the preceding calendar year, sold a gross volume of consumer commodities of less than $750,000;
  (B) Is not part of a company which consists of 10 or more sales agencies in or out of the District of Columbia;
  (C) Derives less than 15% of its total revenues from consumer commodities subject to this chapter; or
  (D) Is owned and operated by not more than one individual and the members of the person’s immediate family.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-511 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-511
§ 28:2A-511. Merchant lessee’s duties as to rightfully rejected goods.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to any security interest of a lessee ( § 28:2A-508(e) ), if a lessor or a supplier has no agent or place of business at the market of rejection, a merchant lessee, after rejection of goods in his or her possession or control, shall follow any reasonable instructions received from the lessor or the supplier with respect to the goods. In the absence of those instructions, a merchant lessee shall make reasonable efforts to sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of the goods for the lessor’s account if they threaten to decline in value speedily. Instructions are not reasonable if on demand indemnity for expenses is not forthcoming.
(b) If a merchant lessee (subsection (a) of this section) or any other lessee ( § 28:2A-512 ) disposes of goods, he or she is entitled to reimbursement either from the lessor or the supplier or out of the proceeds for reasonable expenses of caring for and disposing of the goods and, if the expenses include no disposition commission, to such commission as is usual in the trade, or if there is none, to a reasonable sum not exceeding 10% of the gross proceeds.
(c) In complying with this section or § 28:2A-512 , the lessee is held only to good faith. Good faith conduct hereunder is neither acceptance or conversion nor the basis of an action for damages.
(d) A purchaser who purchases in good faith from a lessee pursuant to this section or § 28:2A-512 takes the goods free of any rights of the lessor and the supplier even though the lessee fails to comply with one or more of the requirements of this article.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-407 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-407
§ 28:2A-407. Irrevocable promises: finance leases.
Status: in_force

(a) In the case of a finance lease that is not a consumer lease, the lessee’s promises under the lease contract become irrevocable and independent upon the lessee’s acceptance of the goods.
(b) A promise that has become irrevocable and independent under subsection (a) of this section:
  (1) Is effective and enforceable between the parties, and by or against third parties including assignees of the parties, and
  (2) Is not subject to cancellation, termination, modification, repudiation, excuse, or substitution without the consent of the party to whom the promise runs.
(c) This section does not affect the validity under any other law of a covenant in any lease contract making the lessee’s promises irrevocable and independent upon the lessee’s acceptance of the goods.
D.C. Code § 28:8-115 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-115
§ 28:8-115. Securities intermediary and others not liable to adverse claimant.
Status: in_force

A securities intermediary that has transferred a financial asset pursuant to an effective entitlement order, or a broker or other agent or bailee that has dealt with a financial asset at the direction of its customer or principal, is not liable to a person having an adverse claim to the financial asset, unless the securities intermediary, or broker or other agent or bailee:
(1) Took the action after it had been served with an injunction, restraining order, or other legal process enjoining it from doing so, issued by a court of competent jurisdiction, and had a reasonable opportunity to act on the injunction, restraining order, or other legal process; or
(2) Acted in collusion with the wrongdoer in violating the rights of the adverse claimant; or
(3) In the case of a security certificate that has been stolen, acted with notice of the adverse claim.
D.C. Code § 28:3-311 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-311
§ 28:3-311. Accord and satisfaction by use of instrument.
Status: in_force

(a) If a person against whom a claim is asserted proves that (i) that person in good faith tendered an instrument to the claimant as full satisfaction of the claim, (ii) the amount of the claim was unliquidated or subject to a bona fide dispute, and (iii) the claimant obtained payment of the instrument, the following subsections apply.
(b) Unless subsection (c) of this section applies, the claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that the instrument or an accompanying written communication contained a conspicuous statement to the effect that the instrument was tendered as full satisfaction of the claim.
(c) Subject to subsection (d) of this section, a claim is not discharged under subsection (b) of this section if either of the following applies:
  (1) The claimant, if an organization, proves that (i) within a reasonable time before the tender, the claimant sent a conspicuous statement to the person against whom the claim is asserted that communications concerning disputed debts, including an instrument tendered as full satisfaction of a debt, are to be sent to a designated person, office, or place, and (ii) the instrument or accompanying communication was not received by that designated person, office, or place.
  (2) The claimant, whether or not an organization, proves that within 90 days after payment of the instrument, the claimant tendered repayment of the amount of the instrument to the person against whom the claim is asserted. This paragraph does not apply if the claimant is an organization that sent a statement complying with paragraph (1)(i) of this subsection.
(d) A claim is discharged if the person against whom the claim is asserted proves that within a reasonable time before collection of the instrument was initiated, the claimant, or an agent of the claimant having direct responsibility with respect to the disputed obligation, knew that the instrument was tendered in full satisfaction of the claim.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-212 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-212
§ 28:2A-212. Implied warranty of merchantability.
Status: in_force

(a) Except in a finance lease, a warranty that the goods will be merchantable is implied in a lease contract if the lessor is a merchant with respect to goods of that kind.
(b) Goods to be merchantable must:
  (1) Pass without objection in the trade under the description in the lease agreement;
  (2) In the case of fungible goods, be of fair average quality within the description;
  (3) Be fit for the ordinary purposes for which goods of that type are used;
  (4) Run, within the variation permitted by the lease agreement, of even kind, quality, and quantity within each unit and among all units involved;
  (5) Be adequately contained, packaged, and labeled as the lease agreement may require; and
  (6) Conform to any promises or affirmations of fact made on the container or label.
(c) Other implied warranties may arise from course of dealing or usage of trade.
D.C. Code § 28-4602 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 46 / § 28-4602
§ 28-4602. Registration statement.
Status: in_force

(a) A consumer credit service organization that operates in the District shall:
  (1) Register with the Mayor by filing, on a form prescribed by the Mayor, a registration statement and paying a registration fee of $300; and
  (2) Pay an annual fee of $200 before April 2 of each subsequent year or at any other time established by regulation.
(b) If there is a change in any of the information provided in the registration statement, the registrant shall report the change in writing to the Mayor within 10 days of the change.
(c) If, in the opinion of the Mayor, the registration statement fails to disclose sufficient information required by this chapter or the rules issued pursuant to this chapter, the registrant shall file in writing any additional information requested by the Mayor. The Mayor shall not accept the registration statement until all the requested information is furnished.
D.C. Code § 28:3-409 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-409
§ 28:3-409. Acceptance of draft; certified check.
Status: in_force

(a) “Acceptance” means the drawee’s signed agreement to pay a draft as presented. It must be written on the draft and may consist of the drawee’s signature alone. Acceptance may be made at any time and becomes effective when notification pursuant to instructions is given or the accepted draft is delivered for the purpose of giving rights on the acceptance to any person.
(b) A draft may be accepted although it has not been signed by the drawer, is otherwise incomplete, is overdue, or has been dishonored.
(c) If a draft is payable at a fixed period after sight and the acceptor fails to date the acceptance, the holder may complete the acceptance by supplying a date in good faith.
(d) “Certified check” means a check accepted by the bank on which it is drawn. Acceptance may be made as stated in subsection (a) of this section, or by a writing on the check which indicates that the check is certified. The drawee of a check has no obligation to certify the check, and refusal to certify is not dishonor of the check.
D.C. Code § 28:2-308 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-308
§ 28:2-308. Absence of specified place for delivery.
Status: in_force

Unless otherwise agreed:
(a) the place for delivery of goods is the seller’s place of business or if he has none his residence; but
(b) in a contract for sale of identified goods which to the knowledge of the parties at the time of contracting are in some other place, that place is the place for their delivery; and
(c) documents of title may be delivered through customary banking channels.
D.C. Code § 28-4903 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 49 / § 28-4903
§ 28-4903. Prospective application.
Status: in_force

This chapter applies to any electronic record or electronic signature created, generated, sent, communicated, received, or stored on or after [October 3, 2001].
D.C. Code § 28:8-108 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-108
§ 28:8-108. Warranties in direct holding.
Status: in_force

(a) A person who transfers a certificated security to a purchaser for value warrants to the purchaser, and an indorser, if the transfer is by indorsement, warrants to any subsequent purchaser, that:
  (1) The certificate is genuine and has not been materially altered;
  (2) The transferor or indorser does not know of any fact that might impair the validity of the security;
  (3) There is no adverse claim to the security;
  (4) The transfer does not violate any restriction on transfer;
  (5) If the transfer is by indorsement, the indorsement is made by an appropriate person, or if the indorsement is by an agent, the agent has actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person; and
  (6) The transfer is otherwise effective and rightful.
(b) A person who originates an instruction for registration of transfer of an uncertificated security to a purchaser for value warrants to the purchaser that:
  (1) The instruction is made by an appropriate person, or if the instruction is by an agent, the agent has actual authority to act on behalf of the appropriate person;
  (2) The security is valid;
  (3) There is no adverse claim to the security; and
  (4) At the time the instruction is presented to the issuer:
    (A) The purchaser will be entitled to the registration of transfer;
    (B) The transfer will be registered by the issuer free from all liens, security interests, restrictions, and claims other than those specified in the instruction;
    (C) The transfer will not violate any restriction on transfer; and
    (D) The requested transfer will otherwise be effective and rightful.
(c) A person who transfers an uncertificated security to a purchaser for value and does not originate an instruction in connection with the transfer warrants that:
  (1) The uncertificated security is valid;
  (2) There is no adverse claim to the security;
  (3) The transfer does not violate any restriction on transfer; and
  (4) The transfer is otherwise effective and rightful.
(d) A person who indorses a security certificate warrants to the issuer that:
  (1) There is no adverse claim to the security; and
  (2) The indorsement is effective.
(e) A person who originates an instruction for registration of transfer of an uncertificated security warrants to the issuer that:
  (1) The instruction is effective; and
  (2) At the time the instruction is presented to the issuer the purchaser will be entitled to the registration of transfer.
(f) A person who presents a certificated security for registration of transfer or for payment or exchange warrants to the issuer that the person is entitled to the registration, payment, or exchange, but a purchaser for value and without notice of adverse claims to whom transfer is registered warrants only that the person has no knowledge of any unauthorized signature in a necessary indorsement.
(g) If a person acts as agent of another in delivering a certificated security to a purchaser, the identity of the principal was known to the person to whom the certificate was delivered, and the certificate delivered by the agent was received by the agent from the principal or received by the agent from another person at the direction of the principal, the person delivering the security certificate warrants only that the delivering person has authority to act for the principal and does not know of any adverse claim to the certificated security.
(h) A secured party who redelivers a security certificate received, or after payment and on order of the debtor delivers the security certificate to another person, makes only the warranties of an agent under subsection (g) of this section.
(i) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (g) of this section, a broker acting for a customer makes to the issuer and a purchaser the warranties provided in subsections (a) through (f) of this section. A broker that delivers a security certificate to its customer, or causes its customer to be registered as the owner of an uncertificated security, makes to the customer the warranties provided in subsection (a) or (b), and has the rights and privileges of a purchaser under this section. The warranties of and in favor of the broker acting as an agent are in addition to applicable warranties given by and in favor of the customer.
D.C. Code § 28:3-202 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-202
§ 28:3-202. Negotiation subject to rescission.
Status: in_force

(a) Negotiation is effective even if obtained (i) from an infant, a corporation exceeding its powers, or a person without capacity, (ii) by fraud, duress, or mistake, or (iii) in breach of duty or as part of an illegal transaction.
(b) To the extent permitted by other law, negotiation may be rescinded or may be subject to other remedies, but those remedies may not be asserted against a subsequent holder in due course or a person paying the instrument in good faith and without knowledge of facts that are a basis for rescission or other remedy.
D.C. Code § 28:9-705 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-705
§ 28:9-705. Effectiveness of action taken before July 1, 2001.
Status: in_force

(a) If action, other than the filing of a financing statement, is taken before July 1, 2001 and the action would have resulted in priority of a security interest over the rights of a person that becomes a lien creditor had the security interest become enforceable, the action is effective to perfect a security interest that attaches under this article within one year after July 1, 2001. An attached security interest becomes unperfected 1 year after July 1, 2001 unless the security interest becomes a perfected security interest under this article before the expiration of that period.
(b) The filing of a financing statement before July 1, 2001 is effective to perfect a security interest to the extent the filing would satisfy the applicable requirements for perfection under this article.
(c) This article does not render ineffective an effective financing statement that, before July 1, 2001, is filed and satisfies the applicable requirements for perfection under the law of the jurisdiction governing perfection as provided in former § 28:9-103 . However, except as otherwise provided in subsections (d) and (e) of this section and § 28:9-706 , the financing statement ceases to be effective at the earlier of:
  (1) The time the financing statement would have ceased to be effective under the law of the jurisdiction in which it is filed; or
  (2) June 30, 2006.
(d) The filing of a continuation statement on or after July 1, 2001 does not continue the effectiveness of the financing statement filed before July 1, 2001. However, upon the timely filing of a continuation statement on or after July 1, 2001 and in accordance with the law of the jurisdiction governing perfection as provided in Part 3, the effectiveness of a financing statement filed in the same office in that jurisdiction before July 1, 2001 continues for the period provided by the law of that jurisdiction.
(e) Subsection (c)(2) applies to a financing statement that, before July 1, 2001, is filed against a transmitting utility and satisfies the applicable requirements for perfection under the law of the jurisdiction governing perfection as provided in former § 28:9-103 only to the extent that Part 3 provides that the law of a jurisdiction other than the jurisdiction in which the financing statement is filed governs perfection of a security interest in collateral covered by the financing statement.
(f) A financing statement that includes a financing statement filed before July 1, 2001 and a continuation statement filed on or after July 1, 2001 is effective only to the extent that it satisfies the requirements of Part 5 for an initial financing statement.
D.C. Code § 28:7-504 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-504
§ 28:7-504. Rights acquired in absence of due negotiation; effect of diversion; stoppage of delivery.
Status: in_force

(a) A transferee of a document of title, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, to which the document has been delivered but not duly negotiated, acquires the title and rights that its transferor had or had actual authority to convey.
(b) In the case of a transfer of a nonnegotiable document of title, until but not after the bailee receives notice of the transfer, the rights of the transferee may be defeated:
  (1) By those creditors of the transferor which could treat the transfer as void under § 28:2-402 or § 28:2A-308 ;
  (2) By a buyer from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the buyer or received notification of the buyer’s rights;
  (3) By a lessee from the transferor in ordinary course of business if the bailee has delivered the goods to the lessee or received notification of the lessee’s rights; or
  (4) As against the bailee, by good-faith dealings of the bailee with the transferor.
(c) A diversion or other change of shipping instructions by the consignor in a nonnegotiable bill of lading which causes the bailee not to deliver the goods to the consignee defeats the consignee’s title to the goods if the goods have been delivered to a buyer in ordinary course of business or a lessee in ordinary course of business and, in any event, defeats the consignee’s rights against the bailee.
(d) Delivery of the goods pursuant to a nonnegotiable document of title may be stopped by a seller under § 28:2-705 or a lessor under § 28:2A-526 , subject to the requirements of due notification in those sections. A bailee that honors the seller’s or lessor’s instructions is entitled to be indemnified by the seller or lessor against any resulting loss or expense.
D.C. Code § 28-5301 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 53 / § 28-5301
§ 28-5301. Definitions.
Status: in_force

For the purposes of this chapter, the term:
(a) (1) "Client" means any noncitizen of the United States or any person seeking to sponsor a noncitizen for whom an immigration service provider performs or offers to perform an immigration service.
  (2) "Immigration matter" means any legal proceeding, filing, or action that pertains to the immigration or citizenship status of a client or consumer and arises under any federal immigration law, presidential order, federal executive agency action, or proclamation by a foreign country.
  (3) "Immigration service" means any service relating to an immigration matter.
  (4) "Immigration service provider" means a person who provides an immigration service to a client for a fee. The term "immigration service provider" does not include:
    (A) An attorney licensed to practice law in the United States;
    (B) A legal clinic affiliated with an accredited law school in the District of Columbia;
    (C) An individual authorized to represent individuals in immigration matters under 8 C.F.R. § 292.1; or
    (D) A nonprofit organization that has been recognized under 8 C.F.R. § 292.2.
  (5) "Legal representation" means the legal representation of a client, which includes providing forms to a client, completing or filing forms on behalf of a client, advising a client to file forms, or applying for a benefit on behalf of a client.
D.C. Code § 28:7-302 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-302
§ 28:7-302. Through bills of lading and similar documents of title.
Status: in_force

(a) The issuer of a through bill of lading, or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a person acting as its agent or by a performing carrier, is liable to any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for any breach by the other person or the performing carrier of its obligation under the bill or other document. However, to the extent that the bill or other document covers an undertaking to be performed overseas or in territory not contiguous to the continental United States or an undertaking including matters other than transportation, this liability for breach by the other person or the performing carrier may be varied by agreement of the parties.
(b) If goods covered by a through bill of lading or other document of title embodying an undertaking to be performed in part by a person other than the issuer are received by that person, the person is subject, with respect to its own performance while the goods are in its possession, to the obligation of the issuer. The person’s obligation is discharged by delivery of the goods to another person pursuant to the bill or other document and does not include liability for breach by any other person or by the issuer.
(c) The issuer of a through bill of lading or other document of title described in subsection (a) of this section is entitled to recover from the performing carrier, or other person in possession of the goods when the breach of the obligation under the bill or other document occurred:
  (1) The amount it may be required to pay to any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for the breach, as may be evidenced by any receipt, judgment, or transcript of judgment; and
  (2) The amount of any expense reasonably incurred by the issuer in defending any action commenced by any person entitled to recover on the bill or other document for the breach.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-515 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-515
§ 28:2A-515. Acceptance of goods.
Status: in_force

(a) Acceptance of goods occurs after the lessee has had a reasonable opportunity to inspect the goods, and
  (1) The lessee signifies or acts with respect to the goods in a manner that signifies to the lessor or the supplier that the goods are conforming or that the lessee will take or retain them in spite of their nonconformity; or
  (2) The lessee fails to make an effective rejection of the goods ( § 28:2A-509(b) ).
(b) Acceptance of a part of any commercial unit is acceptance of that entire unit.
D.C. Code § 28:8-112 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-112
§ 28:8-112. Creditor’s legal process.
Status: in_force

(a) The interest of a debtor in a certificated security may be reached by a creditor only by actual seizure of the security certificate by the officer making the attachment or levy, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section. However, a certificated security for which the certificate has been surrendered to the issuer may be reached by a creditor by legal process upon the issuer.
(b) The interest of a debtor in an uncertificated security may be reached by a creditor only by legal process upon the issuer at its chief executive office in the United States, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section.
(c) The interest of a debtor in a security entitlement may be reached by a creditor only by legal process upon the securities intermediary with whom the debtor’s securities account is maintained, except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) of this section.
(d) The interest of a debtor in a certificated security for which the certificate is in the possession of a secured party, or in an uncertificated security registered in the name of a secured party, or a security entitlement maintained in the name of a secured party, may be reached by a creditor by legal process upon the secured party.
(e) A creditor whose debtor is the owner of a certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement is entitled to aid from a court of competent jurisdiction, by injunction or otherwise, in reaching the certificated security, uncertificated security, or security entitlement or in satisfying the claim by means allowed at law or in equity in regard to property that cannot readily be reached by other legal process.
D.C. Code § 28:9-314 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-314
§ 28:9-314. Perfection by control.
Status: in_force

(a) A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, investment property, or letter-of-credit rights may be perfected by control of the collateral under § 28:7-106 , § 28:9-104 , § 28:9-105A , § 28:9-106 , § 28:9-107 , or § 28:9-107A .
(b) A security interest in controllable accounts, controllable electronic records, controllable payment intangibles, deposit accounts, electronic documents, electronic money, or letter-of-credit rights is perfected by control under § 28:7-106 , § 28:9-104 , § 28:9-105A , § 28:9-107 , or § 28:9-107A not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control only while the secured party retains control.
(c) A security interest in investment property is perfected by control under § 28:9-106 not earlier than the time the secured party obtains control and remains perfected by control until:
  (1) The secured party does not have control; and
  (2) One of the following occurs:
    (A) If the collateral is a certificated security, the debtor has or acquires possession of the security certificate;
    (B) If the collateral is an uncertificated security, the issuer has registered or registers the debtor as the registered owner; or
    (C) If the collateral is a security entitlement, the debtor is or becomes the entitlement holder.
D.C. Code § 28:9-612 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-612
§ 28:9-612. Timeliness of notification before disposition of collateral.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), whether a notification is sent within a reasonable time is a question of fact.
(b) In a transaction other than a consumer transaction, a notification of disposition sent after default and 10 days or more before the earliest time of disposition set forth in the notification is sent within a reasonable time before the disposition.
D.C. Code § 28-4603 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 46 / § 28-4603
§ 28-4603. Prohibited acts.
Status: in_force

A consumer credit service organization shall not:
(1) Charge or receive money or other valuable consideration prior to completion of the services the consumer credit service organization has agreed to perform for a consumer, unless the consumer credit service organization has obtained a surety bond or established a trust account as required by § 28-4604 ;
(2) Charge or receive money or other valuable consideration solely for referral of a consumer to a retail seller who may extend credit to the consumer if the credit that is to be extended to the consumer is based upon substantially the same terms as credit available to the general public;
(3) Make any statement or counsel or advise a consumer to make any statement regarding the consumer’s creditworthiness, credit standing, or credit capacity that the consumer credit service organization knows or reasonably should have known is false or misleading to the following:
  (A) A credit reporting agency;
  (B) A person who has extended credit to a consumer; or
  (C) A person to whom a consumer is applying for an extension of credit;
(4) In connection with the offer or sale of the services:
  (A) Make or use a false or misleading representation;
  (B) Fail to disclose a material fact, policy, or method; or
  (C) Directly or indirectly engage in an act or course of business to defraud or deceive a consumer;
(5) Make or use as a part of its trade name, or employ in any communication, correspondence, notice, advertisement, circular, or other writing or publication, the word “repair” in a manner that reasonably conveys the impression or belief that the organization is able to provide a consumer with an immediate correction or rehabilitation of the consumer’s credit problem;
(6) Attempt to waive any provision of this chapter or coerce, influence, or direct a consumer to waive any provision of this chapter or any rule issued pursuant to this chapter; or
(7) Fail or refuse to comply with any provision of this chapter or any rule issued pursuant to this chapter.
D.C. Code § 28-2104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 21 / § 28-2104
§ 28-2104. Bond of assignee.
Status: in_force

Immediately upon the filing for record of an assignment for the benefit of creditors, the assignee shall execute and file in the clerk’s office of the court having probate jurisdiction his bond to the United States, in an amount and with security to be approved by a judge thereof, conditioned for the faithful performance of his duties according to law, and the court may from time to time require the assignee, or a trustee appointed in his place, to give additional security when required by the interests of the creditors.
D.C. Code § 28:3-106 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-106
§ 28:3-106. Unconditional promise or order.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in this section, for the purposes of section 28:3-104(a), a promise or order is unconditional unless it states (i) an express condition to payment, (ii) that the promise or order is subject to or governed by another record, or (iii) that rights or obligations with respect to the promise or order are stated in another record. A reference to another record does not of itself make the promise or order conditional.
(b) A promise or order is not made conditional (i) by a reference to another record for a statement of rights with respect to collateral, prepayment, or acceleration, or (ii) because payment is limited to resort to a particular fund or source.
(c) If a promise or order requires, as a condition to payment, a countersignature by a person whose specimen signature appears on the promise or order, the condition does not make the promise or order conditional for the purposes of section 28:3-104(a). If the person whose specimen signature appears on an instrument fails to countersign the instrument, the failure to countersign is a defense to the obligation of the issuer, but the failure does not prevent a transferee of the instrument from becoming a holder of the instrument.
(d) If a promise or order at the time it is issued or first comes into possession of a holder contains a statement, required by applicable statutory or administrative law, to the effect that the rights of a holder or transferee are subject to claims or defenses that the issuer could assert against the original payee, the promise or order is not thereby made conditional for the purposes of section 28:3-104(a); but if the promise or order is an instrument, there cannot be a holder in due course of the instrument.
D.C. Code § 28:2-307 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-307
§ 28:2-307. Delivery in single lot or several lots.
Status: in_force

Unless otherwise agreed all goods called for by a contract for sale must be tendered in a single delivery and payment is due only on such tender but where the circumstances give either party the right to make or demand delivery in lots the price if it can be apportioned may be demanded for each lot.
D.C. Code § 28:9-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-104
§ 28:9-104. Control of deposit account.
Status: in_force

(a) A secured party has control of a deposit account if:
  (1) The secured party is the bank with which the deposit account is maintained;
  (2) The debtor, secured party, and bank have agreed in a signed record that the bank will comply with instructions originated by the secured party directing disposition of the funds in the account without further consent by the debtor
  (3) The secured party becomes the bank’s customer with respect to the deposit account; or
  (4) Another person, other than the debtor:
    (A) Has control of the deposit account and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the secured party; or
    (B) Obtains control of the deposit account after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the deposit account on behalf of the secured party.
(b) A secured party that has satisfied subsection (a) has control, even if the debtor retains the right to direct the disposition of funds from the deposit account.
D.C. Code § 28:9-512 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-512
§ 28:9-512. Amendment of financing statement.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to § 28:9-509 , a person may add or delete collateral covered by, continue or terminate the effectiveness of, or, subject to subsection (e), otherwise amend the information provided in, a financing statement by filing an amendment that:
  (1) Identifies, by its file number, the initial financing statement to which the amendment relates; and
  (2) If the amendment relates to an initial financing statement filed or recorded in a filing office described in § 28:9-501(a)(1) , provides the information specified in § 28:9-502(b) .
(b) Except as otherwise provided in § 28:9-515 , the filing of an amendment does not extend the period of effectiveness of the financing statement.
(c) A financing statement that is amended by an amendment that adds collateral is effective as to the added collateral only from the date of the filing of the amendment.
(d) A financing statement that is amended by an amendment that adds a debtor is effective as to the added debtor only from the date of the filing of the amendment.
(e) An amendment is ineffective to the extent it:
  (1) Purports to delete all debtors and fails to provide the name of a debtor to be covered by the financing statement; or
  (2) Purports to delete all secured parties of record and fails to provide the name of a new secured party of record.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-203 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-203
§ 28:2A-203. Seals inoperative.
Status: in_force

The affixing of a seal to a record evidencing a lease contract or an offer to enter into a lease contract does not render the record a sealed instrument and the law with respect to sealed instruments does not apply to the lease contract or offer.
D.C. Code § 28:12-201 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:12-201
§ 28:12-201. Definitions.
Status: in_force

(a) In this part , the term:
  (1) "Adjustment date" means July 1, 2025, or the date that is one year after April 20, 2024, whichever is later.
  (2) " Article 12 property" means a controllable account, controllable electronic record, or controllable payment intangible.
  (3) " 2024 Act " means the Uniform Commercial Code Amendment Act of 2024, passed on 2nd reading on February 6, 2024 (Enrolled version of B25-5).
(b) The following definitions in other articles of this subtitle apply to this part .
  (1) "Controllable account" § 28:9-102 .
  (2) "Controllable electronic record" § 28:12-102 .
  (3) "Controllable payment intangible" § 28:9-102 .
  (4) "Electronic money" § 28:9-102 .
  (5) "Financing statement" § 28:9-102 .
D.C. Code § 28-4033 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 40A / § 28-4033
§ 28-4033. Returned devices; subsequent sale or lease; disclosure.
Status: in_force

An assistive technology device returned due to nonconformity under the provisions of this chapter shall not be sold or leased unless full disclosure in writing of the reason for the return is made to any prospective consumer.
D.C. Code § 28:2-725 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-725
§ 28:2-725. Statute of limitations in contracts for sale.
Status: in_force

(1) An action for breach of any contract for sale must be commenced within four years after the cause of action has accrued. By the original agreement the parties may reduce the period of limitation to not less than one year but may not extend it.
(2) A cause of action accrues when the breach occurs, regardless of the aggrieved party’s lack of knowledge of the breach. A breach of warranty occurs when tender of delivery is made, except that where a warranty explicitly extends to future performance of the goods and discovery of the breach must await the time of such performance the cause of action accrues when the breach is or should have been discovered.
(3) Where an action commenced within the time limited by subsection (1) is so terminated as to leave available a remedy by another action for the same breach such other action may be commenced after the expiration of the time limited and within six months after the termination of the first action unless the termination resulted from voluntary discontinuance or from dismissal for failure or neglect to prosecute.
(4) This section does not alter the law on tolling of the statute of limitations nor does it apply to causes of action which have accrued before this subtitle becomes effective.
D.C. Code § 28-3111 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 31 / § 28-3111
§ 28-3111. Uniformity of application and construction.
Status: in_force

This chapter shall be applied and construed to effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among states enacting it.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-211 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-211
§ 28:4A-211. Cancellation and amendment of payment order.
Status: in_force

(a) A communication of the sender of a payment order cancelling or amending the order may be transmitted to the receiving bank orallyor in a record. If a security procedure is in effect between the sender and the receiving bank, the communication is not effective to cancel or amend the order unless the communication is verified pursuant to the security procedure or the bank agrees to the cancellation or amendment.
(b) Subject to subsection (a) of this section, a communication by the sender cancelling or amending a payment order is effective to cancel or amend the order if notice of the communication is received at a time and in a manner affording the receiving bank a reasonable opportunity to act on the communication before the bank accepts the payment order.
(c) After a payment order has been accepted, cancellation or amendment of the order is not effective unless the receiving bank agrees or a funds-transfer system rule allows cancellation or amendment without agreement of the bank.
  (1) With respect to a payment order accepted by a receiving bank other than the beneficiary’s bank, cancellation or amendment is not effective unless a conforming cancellation or amendment of the payment order issued by the receiving bank is also made.
  (2) With respect to a payment order accepted by the beneficiary’s bank, cancellation or amendment is not effective unless the order was issued in execution of an unauthorized payment order, or because of a mistake by a sender in the funds transfer which resulted in the issuance of a payment order (i) that is a duplicate of a payment order previously issued by the sender, (ii) that orders payment to a beneficiary not entitled to receive payment from the originator, or (iii) that orders payment in an amount greater than the amount the beneficiary was entitled to receive from the originator. If the payment order is cancelled or amended, the beneficiary’s bank is entitled to recover from the beneficiary any amount paid to the beneficiary to the extent allowed by the law governing mistake and restitution.
(d) An unaccepted payment order is cancelled by operation of law at the close of the fifth funds-transfer business day of the receiving bank after the execution date or payment date of the order.
(e) A cancelled payment order cannot be accepted. If an accepted payment order is cancelled, the acceptance is nullified and no person has any right or obligation based on the acceptance. Amendment of a payment order is deemed to be cancellation of the original order at the time of amendment and issue of a new payment order in the amended form at the same time.
(f) Unless otherwise provided in an agreement of the parties or in a funds-transfer system rule, if the receiving bank, after accepting a payment order, agrees to cancellation or amendment of the order by the sender or is bound by a funds-transfer system rule allowing cancellation or amendment without the bank’s agreement, the sender, whether or not cancellation or amendment is effective, is liable to the bank for any loss and expenses, including reasonable attorney’s fees, incurred by the bank as a result of the cancellation or amendment or attempted cancellation or amendment.
(g) A payment order is not revoked by the death or legal incapacity of the sender unless the receiving bank knows of the death or of an adjudication of incapacity by a court of competent jurisdiction and has reasonable opportunity to act before acceptance of the order.
(h) A funds-transfer system rule is not effective to the extent it conflicts with subsection (c)(2) of this section.
D.C. Code § 28:3-112 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-112
§ 28:3-112. Interest.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless otherwise provided in the instrument, (i) an instrument is not payable with interest, and (ii) interest on an interest-bearing instrument is payable from the date of the instrument.
(b) Interest may be stated in an instrument as a fixed or variable amount of money or it may be expressed as a fixed or variable rate or rates. The amount or rate of interest may be stated or described in the instrument in any manner and may require reference to information not contained in the instrument. If an instrument provides for interest, but the amount of interest payable cannot be ascertained from the description, interest is payable at the judgment rate in effect at the place of payment of the instrument and at the time interest first accrues.
D.C. Code § 28:3-206 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-206
§ 28:3-206. Restrictive indorsement.
Status: in_force

(a) An indorsement limiting payment to a particular person or otherwise prohibiting further transfer or negotiation of the instrument is not effective to prevent further transfer or negotiation of the instrument.
(b) An indorsement stating a condition to the right of the indorsee to receive payment does not affect the right of the indorsee to enforce the instrument. A person paying the instrument or taking it for value or collection may disregard the condition, and the rights and liabilities of that person are not affected by whether the condition has been fulfilled.
(c) If an instrument bears an indorsement (i) described in section 28:4-201(b), or (ii) in blank or to a particular bank using the words “for deposit”, “for collection”, or other words indicating a purpose of having the instrument collected by a bank for the indorser or for a particular account, the following rules apply:
  (1) A person, other than a bank, who purchases the instrument when so indorsed converts the instrument unless the amount paid for the instrument is received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.
  (2) A depositary bank that purchases the instrument or takes it for collection when so indorsed converts the instrument unless the amount paid by the bank with respect to the instrument is received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.
  (3) A payor bank that is also the depositary bank or that takes the instrument for immediate payment over the counter from a person other than a collecting bank converts the instrument unless the proceeds of the instrument are received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.
  (4) Except as otherwise provided in paragraph (3) of this subsection, a payor bank or intermediary bank may disregard the indorsement and is not liable if the proceeds of the instrument are not received by the indorser or applied consistently with the indorsement.
(d) Except for an indorsement covered by subsection (c) of this section, if an instrument bears an indorsement using words to the effect that payment is to be made to the indorsee as agent, trustee, or other fiduciary for the benefit of the indorser or another person, the following rules apply:
  (1) Unless there is notice of breach of fiduciary duty as provided in section 28:3-307, a person who purchases the instrument from the indorsee or takes the instrument from the indorsee for collection or payment may pay the proceeds of payment or the value given for the instrument to the indorsee without regard to whether the indorsee violates a fiduciary duty to the indorser.
  (2) A subsequent transferee of the instrument or person who pays the instrument is neither given notice nor otherwise affected by the restriction in the indorsement unless the transferee or payor knows that the fiduciary dealt with the instrument or its proceeds in breach of fiduciary duty.
(e) The presence on an instrument of an indorsement to which this section applies does not prevent a purchaser of the instrument from becoming a holder in due course of the instrument unless the purchaser is a converter under subsection (c) of this section or has notice or knowledge of breach of fiduciary duty as stated in subsection (d) of this section.
(f) In an action to enforce the obligation of a party to pay the instrument, the obligor has a defense if payment would violate an indorsement to which this section applies and the payment is not permitted by this section.
D.C. Code § 28:8-102 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-102
§ 28:8-102. Definitions.
Status: in_force

(a) For the purposes of this article, the term:
  (1) “Adverse claim” means a claim that a claimant has a property interest in a financial asset and that it is a violation of the rights of the claimant for another person to hold, transfer, or deal with the financial asset.
  (2) “Bearer form,” as applied to a certificated security, means a form in which the security is payable to the bearer of the security certificate according to its terms but not by reason of an indorsement.
  (3) “Broker” means a person defined as a broker or dealer under the federal securities laws, but without excluding a bank acting in that capacity.
  (4) “Certificated security” means a security that is represented by a certificate.
  (5) “Clearing corporation” means:
    (A) A person that is registered as a “clearing agency” under the federal securities laws;
    (B) A federal reserve bank; or
    (C) Any other person that provides clearance or settlement services with respect to financial assets that would require it to register as a clearing agency under the federal securities laws but for an exclusion or exemption from the registration requirement, if its activities as a clearing corporation, including promulgation of rules, are subject to regulation by a federal or state governmental authority.
  (6) “Communicate” means to:
    (A) Send a signed record; or
    (B) Transmit information by any mechanism agreed upon by the persons transmitting and receiving the information.
  (7) “Entitlement holder” means a person identified in the records of a securities intermediary as the person having a security entitlement against the securities intermediary. If a person acquires a security entitlement by virtue of § 28:8-501(b)(2) or (3), that person is the entitlement holder.
  (8) “Entitlement order” means a notification communicated to a securities intermediary directing transfer or redemption of a financial asset to which the entitlement holder has a security entitlement.
  (9) (A) “Financial asset,” except as otherwise provided in § 28:8-103 , means:
      (i) A security;
      (ii) An obligation of a person or a share, participation, or other interest in a person or in property or an enterprise of a person, which is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on financial markets, or which is recognized in any area in which it is issued or dealt in as a medium for investment; or
      (iii) Any property that is held by a securities intermediary for another person in a securities account if the securities intermediary has expressly agreed with the other person that the property is to be treated as a financial asset under this article.
    (B) As context requires, the term “financial asset” means either the interest itself or the means by which a person’s claim to it is evidenced, including a certificated or uncertificated security, a security certificate, or a security entitlement.
  (10) Repealed.
  (11) “Indorsement” means a signature that alone or accompanied by other words is made on a security certificate in registered form or on a separate document for the purpose of assigning, transferring, or redeeming the security or granting a power to assign, transfer, or redeem it.
  (12) “Instruction” means a notification communicated to the issuer of an uncertificated security which directs that the transfer of the security be registered or that the security be redeemed.
  (13) “Registered form,” as applied to a certificated security, means a form in which:
    (A) The security certificate specifies a person entitled to the security; and
    (B) A transfer of the security may be registered upon books maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer, or the security certificate so states.
  (14) “Securities intermediary” means:
    (A) A clearing corporation; or
    (B) A person, including a bank or broker, that in the ordinary course of its business maintains securities accounts for others and is acting in that capacity.
  (15) “Security,” except as otherwise provided in § 28:8-103 , means an obligation of an issuer or a share, participation, or other interest in an issuer or in property or an enterprise of an issuer which:
    (A) Is represented by a security certificate in bearer or registered form, or the transfer of which may be registered upon books maintained for that purpose by or on behalf of the issuer;
    (B) Is one of a class or series or by its terms is divisible into a class or series of shares, participations, interests, or obligations; and
    (C) (i) Is, or is of a type, dealt in or traded on securities exchanges or securities markets; or
      (ii) Is a medium for investment and by its terms expressly provides that it is a security governed by this article.
  (16) “Security certificate” means a certificate representing a security.
  (17) “Security entitlement” means the rights and property interest of an entitlement holder with respect to a financial asset specified in Part 5.
  (18) “Uncertificated security” means a security that is not represented by a certificate.
(b) The following definitions in this article and other articles apply to this article:
  (1) "Appropriate person". § 28:8-107 .
  (2) "Control". § 28:8-106 .
  (3) "Controllable account". § 28:9-102 .
  (4) "Controllable electronic record". § 28:12-102 .
  (5) "Controllable payment intangible". § 28:9-102 .
  (6) "Delivery". § 28:8-301 .
  (7) "Investment company security". § 28:8-103 .
  (8) "Issuer". § 28:8-201 .
  (9) "Overissue". § 28:8-210 .
  (10) "Protected purchaser". § 28:8-303 .
  (11) "Securities account". § 28:8-501 .
(c) In addition, Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
(d) The characterization of a person, business, or transaction for purposes of this article does not determine the characterization of the person, business, or transaction for purposes of any other law, regulation, or rule.
D.C. Code § 28-4905 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 49 / § 28-4905
§ 28-4905. Construction and application.
Status: in_force

This chapter must be construed and applied:
(1) To facilitate electronic transactions consistent with other applicable law;
(2) To be consistent with reasonable practices concerning electronic transactions and with the continued expansion of those practices; and
(3) To effectuate its general purpose to make uniform the law with respect to the subject of this chapter among states enacting it.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-503 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-503
§ 28:4A-503. Injunction or restraining order with respect to funds transfer.
Status: in_force

For proper cause and in compliance with applicable law, a court may restrain (i) a person from issuing a payment order to initiate a funds transfer, (ii) an originator’s bank from executing the payment order of the originator, or (iii) the beneficiary’s bank from releasing funds to the beneficiary or the beneficiary from withdrawing the funds. A court may not otherwise restrain a person from issuing a payment order, paying or receiving payment of a payment order, or otherwise acting with respect to a funds transfer.
D.C. Code § 28:1-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-104
§ 28:1-104. Construction against implied repeal.
Status: in_force

This subtitle being a general act intended as a unified coverage of its subject matter, no part of it shall be deemed to be impliedly repealed by subsequent legislation if such construction can reasonably be avoided.
D.C. Code § 28:12-101 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:12-101
§ 28:12-101. Short title.
Status: in_force

This article may be cited as "Uniform Commercial Code—Controllable Electronic Records.
D.C. Code § 28:5-114 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:5-114
§ 28:5-114. Assignment of proceeds.
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, the term “proceeds of a letter of credit” means the cash, check, accepted draft, or other item of value paid or delivered upon honor or giving of value by the issuer or any nominated person under the letter of credit. The term “proceeds of a letter of credit” does not include a beneficiary’s drawing rights or documents presented by the beneficiary.
(b) A beneficiary may assign its right to part or all of the proceeds of a letter of credit. The beneficiary may do so before presentation as a present assignment of its right to receive proceeds contingent upon its compliance with the terms and conditions of the letter of credit.
(c) An issuer or nominated person need not recognize an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit until it consents to the assignment.
(d) An issuer or nominated person has no obligation to give or withhold its consent to an assignment of proceeds of a letter of credit, but consent may not be unreasonably withheld if the assignee possesses and exhibits the letter of credit and presentation of the letter of credit is a condition to honor.
(e) Rights of a transferee beneficiary or nominated person are independent of the beneficiary’s assignment of the proceeds of a letter of credit and are superior to the assignee’s right to the proceeds.
(f) Neither the rights recognized by this section between an assignee and an issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person nor the issuer’s or nominated person’s payment of proceeds to an assignee or a third person affect the rights between the assignee and any person other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person. The mode of creating and perfecting a security interest in or granting an assignment of a beneficiary’s rights to proceeds is governed by Article 9 or other law. Against persons other than the issuer, transferee beneficiary, or nominated person, the rights and obligations arising upon the creation of a security interest or other assignment of a beneficiary’s right to proceeds and its perfection are governed by Article 9 or other law.