D.C. Code § 28-3308 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3308
§ 28-3308. Finance charge on direct installment loans.
Status: in_force

(a) On a loan (other than a loan directly secured on real estate or a direct motor vehicle installment loan covered by Chapter 36 of this subtitle ) to be repaid in equal or substantially equal monthly or other periodic installments, including a loan obtained by using a check, credit card, or other device to access a line of credit, any federally insured bank or savings and loan association doing business in the District of Columbia may contract for and receive interest at the rate permitted under this chapter or, in lieu of such interest, a finance charge, which if expressed as an annual percentage rate, does not exceed a rate of 24% per annum on the unpaid balances of the principal. This section does not limit or restrict the manner of contracting for the finance charge, whether by way of discount, add-on, or simple interest, so long as the annual percentage rate of the finance charge does not exceed that permitted by this section.
(b) If such installment loan is precomputed,
  (1) the finance charge may be calculated on the assumption that all scheduled payments will be made when due, and
  (2) except as provided in subsection (c), upon prepayment in full of the unpaid balance of a precomputed direct installment loan, refinancing, or consolidation, an amount not less than the unearned portion of the finance charge calculated according to this section shall be rebated to the debtor. If the rebate otherwise required is less than $1, no rebate need be made.
(c) Upon prepayment in full of such direct installment loan other than a refinancing or consolidation, whether or not precomputed, the lender may collect or retain a minimum charge within the limits stated in this section if the finance charge earned at the time of prepayment is less than any minimum charge contracted for. The minimum charge may not exceed the smaller of the following: (1) the amount of the finance charge contracted for, or (2) $5 in a transaction which had a principal of $75 or less, or $7.50 in a transaction which had a principal of more than $75.
(d) The unearned portion of the finance charge is a fraction of the finance charge of which the numerator is the sum of the periodic balances scheduled to follow the computational period in which the prepayment occurs, and the denominator is the sum of all periodic balances under either the related loan agreement or, if the balance owing resulted from a refinancing or a consolidation, under the related refinancing agreement or consolidation agreement.
(e) As used in this section, “finance charge”, and “annual percentage rate” shall have the respective meanings under the provisions of the Truth-in-Lending Act (82 Stat. 146 et seq.; 15 U.S.C. § 1601 et seq.) and the regulations and interpretations thereunder; and “federally insured bank or savings and loan association” means an insured bank as defined in section 3 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or an “insured institution” as defined in section 401 of the National Housing Act.
D.C. Code § 28:3-119 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-119
§ 28:3-119. Notice of right to defend action.
Status: in_force

In an action for breach of an obligation for which a third person is answerable over pursuant to this article or Article 4, the defendant may give the third person notice of the litigation in a record, and the person notified may then give similar notice to any other person who is answerable over. If the notice states (i) that the person notified may come in and defend and (ii) that failure to do so will bind the person notified in an action later brought by the person giving the notice as to any determination of fact common to the 2 litigations, the person notified is so bound unless after seasonable receipt of the notice the person notified does come in and defend.
D.C. Code § 28:2-710 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-710
§ 28:2-710. Seller’s incidental damages.
Status: in_force

Incidental damages to an aggrieved seller include any commercially reasonable charges, expenses or commissions incurred in stopping delivery, in the transportation, care and custody of goods after the buyer’s breach, in connection with return or resale of the goods or otherwise resulting from the breach.
D.C. Code § 28-4606 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 46 / § 28-4606
§ 28-4606. Enforcement.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in this chapter, no registration pursuant to section 3 [ § 28-4602 ] shall be suspended or revoked without a hearing pursuant to title 1 of the District of Columbia Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”), approved October 21, 1968 (82 Stat. 1204; § 2-501 et seq.).
(b) In any proceeding pursuant to this chapter, the burden of proving an exemption or exception is upon the person who claims the exemption or exception.
(c) This section does not prohibit the enforcement by any person of a right provided by this chapter or any other applicable District or federal law, rule, or regulation.
D.C. Code § 28:4-405 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-405
§ 28:4-405. Death or incompetence of customer.
Status: in_force

(a) A payor or collecting bank’s authority to accept, pay, or collect an item or to account for proceeds of its collection, if otherwise effective, is not rendered ineffective by incompetence of a customer of either bank existing at the time the item is issued or its collection is undertaken if the bank does not know of an adjudication of incompetence. Neither death nor incompetence of a customer revokes the authority to accept, pay, collect, or account until the bank knows of the fact of death or of an adjudication of incompetence and has reasonable opportunity to act on it.
(b) Even with knowledge, a bank may for 10 days after the date of death pay or certify checks drawn on or before that date unless ordered to stop payment by a person claiming an interest in the account.
D.C. Code § 28:7-309 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-309
§ 28:7-309. Duty of care; contractual limitation of carrier’s liability.
Status: in_force

(a) A carrier that issues a bill of lading, whether negotiable or nonnegotiable, shall exercise the degree of care in relation to the goods which a reasonably careful person would exercise under similar circumstances. This subsection does not affect any statute, regulation, or rule of law that imposes liability upon a common carrier for damages not caused by its negligence.
(b) Damages may be limited by a term in the bill of lading or in a transportation agreement that the carrier’s liability may not exceed a value stated in the bill or transportation agreement if the carrier’s rates are dependent upon value and the consignor is afforded an opportunity to declare a higher value and the consignor is advised of the opportunity. However, such a limitation is not effective with respect to the carrier’s liability for conversion to its own use.
(c) Reasonable provisions as to the time and manner of presenting claims and commencing actions based on the shipment may be included in a bill of lading or a transportation agreement.
D.C. Code § 28:8-113 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-113
§ 28:8-113. Statute of frauds inapplicable.
Status: in_force

A contract or modification of a contract for the sale or purchase of a security is enforceable whether or not there is a writing signed or record authenticated by a party against whom enforcement is sought, even if the contract or modification is not capable of performance within one year of its making.
D.C. Code § 28:9-603 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-603
§ 28:9-603. Agreement on standards concerning rights and duties.
Status: in_force

(a) The parties may determine by agreement the standards measuring the fulfillment of the rights of a debtor or obligor and the duties of a secured party under a rule stated in § 28:9-602 if the standards are not manifestly unreasonable.
(b) Subsection (a) does not apply to the duty under § 28:9-609 to refrain from breaching the peace.
D.C. Code § 28-2961 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29A / § 28-2961
§ 28-2961. Duties and liability of bank.
Status: in_force

(a) A bank does not have a fiduciary duty to any person with respect to a special deposit.
(b) When the bank holding a special deposit becomes obligated to pay a beneficiary, a debtor-creditor relationship arises between the bank and beneficiary.
(c) The bank holding a special deposit has a duty to a beneficiary to comply with the account agreement and this chapter .
(d) If the bank holding a special deposit does not comply with the account agreement or this chapter , the bank is liable to a depositor or beneficiary only for damages proximately caused by the noncompliance. Except as provided by other law of the District, the bank is not liable for consequential, special, or punitive damages.
(e) The bank holding a special deposit may rely on records presented in compliance with the account agreement to determine whether the bank is obligated to pay a beneficiary.
(f) If the account agreement requires payment on presentation of a record, the bank shall determine within a reasonable time whether the record is sufficient to require payment. If the agreement requires action by the bank on presentation of a record, the bank is not liable for relying in good faith on the genuineness of the record if the record appears on its face to be genuine.
(g) Unless the account agreement provides otherwise, the bank is not required to determine whether a permissible purpose stated in the agreement continues to exist.
D.C. Code § 28:7-205 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-205
§ 28:7-205. Title under warehouse receipt defeated in certain cases.
Status: in_force

A buyer in ordinary course of business of fungible goods sold and delivered by a warehouse that is also in the business of buying and selling such goods takes the goods free of any claim under a warehouse receipt even if the receipt is negotiable and has been duly negotiated.
D.C. Code § 28:8-510 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-510
§ 28:8-510. Rights of purchaser of security entitlement from entitlement holder.
Status: in_force

(a) In a case not covered by the priority rules in Article 9 or the rules stated in subsection (c), an action based on an adverse claim to a financial asset or security entitlement, whether framed in conversion, replevin, constructive trust, equitable lien, or other theory, may not be asserted against a person who purchases a security entitlement, or an interest therein, from an entitlement holder if the purchaser gives value, does not have notice of the adverse claim, and obtains control.
(b) If an adverse claim could not have been asserted against an entitlement holder under § 28:8-502 , the adverse claim cannot be asserted against a person who purchases a security entitlement, or an interest therein, from the entitlement holder.
(c) In a case not covered by the priority rules in Article 9, a purchaser for value of a security entitlement, or an interest therein, who obtains control has priority over a purchaser of a security entitlement, or an interest therein, who does not obtain control. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), purchasers who have control rank according to priority in time of:
  (1) The purchaser’s becoming the person for whom the securities account, in which the security entitlement is carried, is maintained, if the purchaser obtained control under § 28:8-106(d)(1) ;
  (2) The securities intermediary’s agreement to comply with the purchaser’s entitlement orders with respect to security entitlements carried or to be carried in the securities account in which the security entitlement is carried, if the purchaser obtained control under § 28:8-106(d)(2) ; or
  (3) If the purchaser obtained control through another person under § 28:8-106(d)(3) , the time on which priority would be based under this subsection if the other person were the secured party.
(d) A securities intermediary as purchaser has priority over a conflicting purchaser who has control unless otherwise agreed by the securities intermediary.
D.C. Code § 28:4-110 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-110
§ 28:4-110. Electronic presentment.
Status: in_force

(a) “Agreement for electronic presentment” means an agreement, clearing-house rule, or Federal Reserve regulation or operating circular, providing that presentment of an item may be made by transmission of an image of an item or information describing the item (“presentment notice”) rather than delivery of the item itself.  The agreement may provide for procedures governing retention, presentment, payment, dishonor, and other matters concerning items subject to the agreement.
(b) Presentment of an item pursuant to an agreement for presentment is made when the presentment notice is received.
(c) If presentment is made by presentment notice, a reference to “item” or “check” in this article means the presentment notice unless the context otherwise indicates.
D.C. Code § 28:9-207 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-207
§ 28:9-207. Rights and duties of secured party having possession or control of collateral.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a secured party shall use reasonable care in the custody and preservation of collateral in the secured party’s possession. In the case of chattel paper or an instrument, reasonable care includes taking necessary steps to preserve rights against prior parties unless otherwise agreed.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), if a secured party has possession of collateral:
  (1) Reasonable expenses, including the cost of insurance and payment of taxes or other charges, incurred in the custody, preservation, use, or operation of the collateral are chargeable to the debtor and are secured by the collateral;
  (2) The risk of accidental loss or damage is on the debtor to the extent of a deficiency in any effective insurance coverage;
  (3) The secured party shall keep the collateral identifiable, but fungible collateral may be commingled; and
  (4) The secured party may use or operate the collateral:
    (A) For the purpose of preserving the collateral or its value;
    (B) As permitted by an order of a court having competent jurisdiction; or
    (C) Except in the case of consumer goods, in the manner and to the extent agreed by the debtor.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), a secured party having possession of collateral or control of collateral under § 28:7-106 , § 28:9-104 , § 28:9-105 , § 28:9-105A , § 28:9-106 , § 28:9-107 , or § 28:9-107A :
  (1) May hold as additional security any proceeds, except money or funds, received from the collateral;
  (2) Shall apply money or funds received from the collateral to reduce the secured obligation, unless remitted to the debtor; and
  (3) May create a security interest in the collateral.
(d) If the secured party is a buyer of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes or a consignor:
  (1) Subsection (a) does not apply unless the secured party is entitled under an agreement:
    (A) To charge back uncollected collateral; or
    (B) Otherwise to full or limited recourse against the debtor or a secondary obligor based on the nonpayment or other default of an account debtor or other obligor on the collateral; and
  (2) Subsections (b) and (c) do not apply.
D.C. Code § 28:4-101 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-101
§ 28:4-101. Short title.
Status: in_force

This article may be cited as “Uniform Commercial Code—Bank Deposits and Collections”.
D.C. Code § 28:3-114 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-114
§ 28:3-114. Contradictory terms of instrument.
Status: in_force

If an instrument contains contradictory terms, typewritten terms prevail over printed terms, handwritten terms prevail over both, and words prevail over numbers.
D.C. Code § 28:2-613 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-613
§ 28:2-613. Casualty to identified goods.
Status: in_force

Where the contract requires for its performance goods identified when the contract is made, and the goods suffer casualty without fault of either party before the risk of loss passes to the buyer, or in a proper case under a “no arrival, no sale” term (section 28:2-324  ) then
(a) if the loss is total the contract is avoided; and
(b) if the loss is partial or the goods have so deteriorated as no longer to conform to the contract the buyer may nevertheless demand inspection and at his option either treat the contract as avoided or accept the goods with due allowance from the contract price for the deterioration or the deficiency in quantity but without further right against the seller.
D.C. Code § 28:9-607 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-607
§ 28:9-607. Collection and enforcement by secured party.
Status: in_force

(a) If so agreed, and in any event after default, a secured party:
  (1) May notify an account debtor or other person obligated on collateral to make payment or otherwise render performance to or for the benefit of the secured party;
  (2) May take any proceeds to which the secured party is entitled under § 28:9-315 ;
  (3) May enforce the obligations of an account debtor or other person obligated on collateral and exercise the rights of the debtor with respect to the obligation of the account debtor or other person obligated on collateral to make payment or otherwise render performance to the debtor, and with respect to any property that secures the obligations of the account debtor or other person obligated on the collateral;
  (4) If it holds a security interest in a deposit account perfected by control under § 28:9-104(a)(1) , may apply the balance of the deposit account to the obligation secured by the deposit account; and
  (5) If it holds a security interest in a deposit account perfected by control under § 28:9-104(a)(2) or (3), may instruct the bank to pay the balance of the deposit account to or for the benefit of the secured party.
(b) If necessary to enable a secured party to exercise under subsection (a)(3) the right of a debtor to enforce a mortgage nonjudicially, the secured party may record in the office in which a record of the mortgage is recorded:
  (1) A copy of the security agreement that creates or provides for a security interest in the obligation secured by the mortgage; and
  (2) The secured party’s sworn affidavit in recordable form stating that:
    (A) A default has occurred with respect to the obligation secured by the mortgage; and
    (B) The secured party is entitled to enforce the mortgage nonjudicially.
(c) A secured party shall proceed in a commercially reasonable manner if the secured party:
  (1) Undertakes to collect from or enforce an obligation of an account debtor or other person obligated on collateral; and
  (2) Is entitled to charge back uncollected collateral or otherwise to full or limited recourse against the debtor or a secondary obligor.
(d) A secured party may deduct from the collections made pursuant to subsection (c) reasonable expenses of collection and enforcement, including reasonable attorney’s fees and legal expenses incurred by the secured party.
(e) This section does not determine whether an account debtor, bank, or other person obligated on collateral owes a duty to a secured party.
D.C. Code § 28:4-301 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-301
§ 28:4-301. Deferred posting; recovery of payment by return of items; time of dishonor; return of items by payor bank.
Status: in_force

(a) If a payor bank settles for a demand item other than a documentary draft presented otherwise than for immediate payment over the counter before midnight of the banking day of receipt, the payor bank may revoke the settlement and recover the settlement if, before it has made final payment and before its midnight deadline, it
  (1) Returns the item; or
  (2) Returns an image of the item, if the party to which the return is made has entered into an agreement to accept an image as a return of the item and the image is returned in accordance with that agreement; or
  (3) Sends a record providing notice of dishonor or nonpayment if the item is unavailable for return.
(b) If a demand item is received by a payor bank for credit on its books, it may return the item or send notice of dishonor and may revoke any credit given or recover the amount thereof withdrawn by its customer, if it acts within the time limit and in the manner specified in subsection (a) of this section.
(c) Unless previous notice of dishonor has been sent, an item is dishonored at the time when, for purposes of dishonor, it is returned or notice sent in accordance with this section.
(d) An item is returned:
  (1) As to an item presented through a clearing house, when it is delivered to the presenting or last collecting bank or to the clearing house or is sent or delivered in accordance with clearing-house rules; or
  (2) In all other cases, when it is sent or delivered to the bank’s customer or transferor or pursuant to instructions.
D.C. Code § 28:2-708 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-708
§ 28:2-708. Seller’s damages for non-acceptance or repudiation.
Status: in_force

(1) Subject to subsection (2) and to the provisions of this article with respect to proof of market price (section 28:2-723), the measure of damages for non-acceptance or repudiation by the buyer is the difference between the market price at the time and place for tender and the unpaid contract price together with any incidental damages provided in this article (section 28:2-710), but less expenses saved in consequence of the buyer’s breach.
(2) If the measure of damages provided in subsection (1) is inadequate to put the seller in as good a position as performance would have done then the measure of damages is the profit (including reasonable overhead) which the seller would have made from full performance by the buyer, together with any incidental damages provided in this article (section 28:2-710), due allowance for costs reasonably incurred and due credit for payments or proceeds of resale.
D.C. Code § 28:2-505 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-505
§ 28:2-505. Seller’s shipment under reservation.
Status: in_force

(1) Where the seller has identified goods to the contract by or before shipment:
  (a) his procurement of a negotiable bill of lading to his own order or otherwise reserves in him a security interest in the goods. His procurement of the bill to the order of a financing agency or of the buyer indicates in addition only the seller’s expectation of transferring that interest to the person named.
  (b) a non-negotiable bill of lading to himself or his nominee reserves possession or control of the goods as security but except in a case of conditional delivery (subsection (2) of section 28:2-507) a non-negotiable bill of lading naming the buyer as consignee reserves no security interest even though the seller retains possession or control of the bill of lading.
(2) When shipment by the seller with reservation of a security interest is in violation of the contract for sale it constitutes an improper contract for transportation within the preceding section but impairs neither the rights given to the buyer by shipment and identification of the goods to the contract nor the seller’s powers as a holder of a negotiable document.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-216 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-216
§ 28:2A-216. Third party beneficiaries of express and implied warranties.
Status: in_force

A warranty to or for the benefit of a lessee under this article, whether express or implied, extends to any person who may reasonably be expected to use, consume, or be affected by the goods and who is injured by breach of the warranty. The operation of this section may not be excluded, modified, or limited with respect to injury to the person of an individual to whom the warranty extends, but an exclusion, modification, or limitation of the warranty, including any with respect to rights and remedies, effective against the lessee is also effective against the beneficiary designated under this section.
D.C. Code § 28:4-206 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-206
§ 28:4-206. Transfer between banks.
Status: in_force

Any agreed method that identifies the transferor bank is sufficient for the item’s further transfer to another bank.
D.C. Code § 28-4918 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 49 / § 28-4918
§ 28-4918. Interoperability.
Status: in_force

The Mayor, in adopting standards pursuant to § 28-4917 , may encourage and promote consistency and interoperability with similar requirements adopted by other governmental agencies of this and other states and the federal government and nongovernmental persons interacting with governmental agencies of the District of Columbia. If appropriate, those standards may specify differing levels of standards from which governmental agencies of the District of Columbia may choose in implementing the most appropriate standard for a particular application.
D.C. Code § 28:9-105A — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-105A
§ 28:9-105A. Control of electronic money.
Status: in_force

(a) A person has control of electronic money if:
  (1) The electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded gives the person:
    (A) Power to avail itself of substantially all the benefit from the electronic money; and
    (B) Exclusive power, subject to subsection (b) of this section, to:
      (i) Prevent others from availing themselves of substantially all the benefit from the electronic money; and
      (ii) Transfer control of the electronic money to another person or cause another person to obtain control of other electronic money as a result of the transfer of the electronic money; and
  (2) The electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded enables the person readily to identify itself in any way, including by name, identifying number, cryptographic key, office, or account number, as having the powers under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
(b) Subject to subsection (c) of this section, a power is exclusive under subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) and (ii) of this section even if:
  (1) The electronic money, a record attached to or logically associated with the electronic money, or a system in which the electronic money is recorded limits the use of the electronic money or has a protocol programmed to cause a change, including a transfer or loss of control; or
  (2) The power is shared with another person.
(c) A power of a person is not shared with another person under subsection (b)(2) of this section and the person's power is not exclusive if:
  (1) The person can exercise the power only if the power also is exercised by the other person; and
  (2) The other person:
    (A) Can exercise the power without exercise of the power by the person; or
    (B) Is the transferor to the person of an interest in the electronic money.
(d) If a person has the powers specified in subsection (a)(1)(B)(i) and (ii) of this section, the powers are presumed to be exclusive.
(e) A person has control of electronic money if another person, other than the transferor to the person of an interest in the electronic money:
  (1) Has control of the electronic money and acknowledges that it has control on behalf of the person; or
  (2) Obtains control of the electronic money after having acknowledged that it will obtain control of the electronic money on behalf of the person.
D.C. Code § 28:11-107 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:11-107
§ 28:11-107. Transition provisions as to priorities.
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in this article, the Uniform Commercial Code effective January 1, 1965, shall apply to any questions of priority if the positions of the parties were fixed prior to the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101  ). In other cases questions of priority shall be determined by this act.
D.C. Code § 28-3905 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 39 / § 28-3905
§ 28-3905. Complaint procedures.
Status: in_force

(a) A case is begun by filing with the Department a complaint plainly describing a trade practice and stating the complainant’s (and, if different, the consumer’s) name and address, the name and address (if known) of the respondent, and such other information as the Director may require. The complaint must be in or reduced by the Director to writing. The filing of a complaint with the Department shall toll the periods for limitation of time for bringing an action as set out in section 12-301 until the complaint has been resolved through an administrative order, consent decree, or dismissal in accordance with this section or until an opportunity to arbitrate has been provided in Chapter 5 of Title 50 .
(b) (1) Except as provided in paragraph (2) of this subsection, the Director shall investigate each such complaint and determine:
    (A) What trade practice actually occurred; and
    (B) Whether the trade practice which occurred violates any statute, regulation, rule of common law, or other law of the District of Columbia.
  (2) The Director may, in his or her discretion, decline to prosecute certain cases as necessary to manage the Department’s caseload and control program costs.
(b-1) In carrying out an investigation and determination pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, the Director shall consult the respondent and such other available sources of information, and make such other efforts, as are appropriate and necessary to carry out such duties.
(c) If at any time the Director finds that the trade practice complained of may, in whole or in part, be a violation of law other than a law of the District of Columbia or a law within the jurisdiction of the Department, the Director may in writing so inform the complainant, respondent and officials of the District, the United States, or other jurisdiction, who would properly enforce such law.
(d) The Director shall determine that there are, or are not, reasonable grounds to believe that a trade practice, in violation of a law of the District of Columbia within the jurisdiction of the Department, has occurred in any part or all of the case. The Director may find that there are not such reasonable grounds for any of the following reasons:
  (1) any violation of law which may have occurred is of a law not of the District of Columbia or not within the jurisdiction of the Department, or occurred more than three years prior to the filing of the complaint;
  (2) in case paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply, no trade practice occurred in violation of any law of the District;
  (3) the respondent cannot be identified or located, or would not be subject to the personal jurisdiction of a District of Columbia court;
  (4) the complainant, to the Director’s knowledge, no longer seeks redress in the case;
  (5) the complainant and respondent, to the Director’s knowledge, have themselves reached an agreement which settles the case; or
  (6) the complainant can no longer be located.
(d-1) The Director may dismiss any part or all of a case to which one or more of the reasons stated in subsection (d) of this section apply. The Director shall inform all parties in writing of the determination, and, if any part or all of the case is dismissed, shall specify which of the reasons in this subsection applies to which part of the case, and such other detail as is necessary to explain the dismissal.
(e) The Director may attempt to settle, in accordance with subsection (h) of this section, each case for which reasonable grounds are found in accordance with subsection (d-1) of this section. After the Director’s determination as to whether the complaint is within the Department’s jurisdiction, in accordance with subsection (d-1) of this section, the Director shall:
  (1) effect a consent decree;
  (2) dismiss the case in accordance with subsection (h)(2) of this section;
  (3) through the Chief of the Office of Compliance present to the Office of Adjudication, with copies to all parties, a brief and plain statement of each trade practice that occurred in violation of District law, the law the trade practice violates, and the relief sought from the Office of Adjudication for violation; or
  (4) notify all parties of another action taken, with the reasons therefor stated in detail and supported by fact. Reasons may include:
    (A) any reason listed in subsections (d)(1) through (d)(6) of this section; and
    (B) that the presentation of a charge to the Office of Adjudication would not serve the purposes of this chapter.
  (5) Repealed.
(f) When the case is transmitted to the Office of Adjudication, the Chief of the Office of Compliance shall sign, and serve the respondent, the Department’s summons to answer or appear before the Office of Adjudication. Not less than 15 nor more than 90 days after such transmittal, the case shall be heard. The case shall proceed under section 10 of the District of Columbia Administrative Procedure Act (section 2-509). The Office of Adjudication may, without delaying its hearing or decision, attempt to settle the case pursuant to subsection (h) of this section, and has discretion to permit any stipulation or consent decree the parties agree to. The Director shall be a party on behalf of the complainant. Applications to intervene shall be decided as may be proper or required by law or rule. Reasonable discovery shall be freely allowed. Any finding or decision may be modified or set aside, in whole or part, before a notice of appeal is filed in the case, or the time to so file has run out.
(g) If, after hearing the evidence, the Office of Adjudication decides a trade practice occurred in which the respondent violated a law of the District of Columbia within the jurisdiction of the Department, such Office of Adjudication shall issue an order which:
  (1) shall require the respondent to cease and desist from such conduct;
  (2) shall, if such Office of Adjudication also decides that the consumer has been injured by the trade practice, order redress through contract damages, restitution for money, time, property or other value received from the consumer by the respondent, or through rescission, reformation, repair, replacement, or other just method;
  (3) shall state the number of trade practices the respondent performed in violation of law;
  (4) shall, absent good cause found by the Office of Adjudication, require the respondent to pay the Department its costs for investigation, negotiation, and hearing;
  (5) may include such other findings, stipulations, conditions, directives, and remedies including punitive damages, treble damages, or reasonable attorney’s fees, as are reasonable and necessary to identify, correct, or prevent the conduct which violated District law; and
  (6) may be based, in whole or part, upon a violation of a law establishing or regulating a type of business, occupational or professional license or permit, and may refer the case for further proceedings to an appropriate board or commission, but may not suspend or revoke a license or permit if there is a board or commission which oversees the specific type of license or permit.
(h) (1) At any time after reasonable grounds are found in accordance with subsection (d) of this section, the respondent, the Department (represented by (i) the Director prior to transmittal to the Office of Adjudication and after an order issued pursuant to subsection (f) of this section has been appealed, and (ii) the Office of Adjudication after transmittal to the Office of Adjudication and prior to such appeal), and the complainant, may agree to settle all or part of the case by a written consent decree which may:
    (A) include any provision described in subsection (g)(2) through (6) of this section;
    (B) not contain an assertion that the respondent has violated a law;
    (C) contain an assurance that the respondent will refrain from a trade practice;
    (D) bar the Department from further action in the case, or a part thereof; or
    (E) contain such other provisions or considerations as the parties agree to.
  (2) The representative of the Department shall administer the settlement proceedings, and may utilize the good offices of the Advisory Committee on Consumer Protection. All settlement proceedings shall be informal and include all interested parties and such representatives as the parties may choose to represent them. Such proceedings shall be private, and nothing said or done, except a consent decree, shall be made public by the Department, any party, or the Advisory Committee, unless the parties agree thereto in writing. The representative of the Department may call settlement conferences. For persistent and unreasonable failure by the complainant to attend such conferences or to take part in other settlement proceedings, the Director, prior to transmittal to the Office of Adjudication, may dismiss the case.
  (3) A consent decree described in paragraph (1) of this subsection may be modified by agreement of the Department, complainant and respondent.
(i) (1) An aggrieved party may appeal to the District of Columbia Court of Appeals after:
    (A) the Office of Adjudication decides a case pursuant to subsection (f) of this section;
    (B) all parts of a case have been dismissed by operation of subsection (d) or (e) of this section; or
    (C) the Director dismisses an entire case in accordance with subsection (h)(2) of this section.
  (1A) Such appeals shall be conducted in accordance with the procedures and standards of section 11 of the District of Columbia Administrative Procedure Act (section 2-510), and take into account the procedural duties placed upon the Department in this section and all actions taken by the Department in the case.
  (2) An aggrieved party may appeal any ruling of the Office of Adjudication under subsection (j) of this section to the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
  (3) (A) Any person found to have executed a trade practice in violation of a law of the District within the jurisdiction of the Department may be liable for a civil penalty not exceeding $1,000 for each failure to adhere to a provision of an order described in subsection (f), (g), or (j) of this section, or a consent decree described in subsection (h) of this section.
    (B) The Department, the complainant, or the respondent may sue in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia for a remedy, enforcement, or assessment or collection of a civil penalty, when any violation, or failure to adhere to a provision of a consent decree described in subsection (h) of this section, or an order described in subsection (f), (g), or (j) of this section, has occurred. The Department shall sue in that Court for assessment of a civil penalty when an order described in subsection (g) of this section has been issued and become final. A failure by the Department or any person to file suit or prosecute under this subparagraph in regard to any provision or violation of a provision of any consent decree or order, shall not constitute a waiver of such provision or any right under such provision. The Court shall levy the appropriate civil penalties, and may order, if supported by evidence, temporary, preliminary, or permanent injunctions, damages, treble damages, reasonable attorney’s fees, consumer redress, or other remedy. The Court may set aside the final order if the Court determines that the Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection lacked jurisdiction over the respondent or that the complaint was frivolous. If, after considering an application to set aside an order of the Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection, the Court determines that the application was frivolous or that the Department of Licensing and Consumer Protection lacked jurisdiction, the Court shall award reasonable attorney’s fees.
    (C) Application to the Court to enforce an order shall be made at no cost to the District of Columbia or the complainant.
  (4) The Attorney General for the District of Columbia shall represent the Department in all proceedings described in this subsection.
(j) If, at any time before notice of appeal from a decision made according to subsection (f) of this section is filed or the time to so file has run out, the Director believes that legal action is necessary to preserve the subject matter of the case, to prevent further injury to any party, or to enable the Department ultimately to order a full and fair remedy in the case, the Chief of the Office of Compliance shall present the matter to the Office of Adjudication, which may issue a cease and desist order to take effect immediately, or grant such other relief as will assure a just adjudication of the case, in accordance with such beliefs of the Director which are substantiated by evidence. The Office of Adjudication’s ruling may be appealed to court within 7 days of notice thereof on the Director, respondent, and complainant.
(k) (1) (A) A consumer may bring an action seeking relief from the use of a trade practice in violation of a law of the District.
    (B) An individual may, on behalf of that individual, or on behalf of both the individual and the general public, bring an action seeking relief from the use of a trade practice in violation of a law of the District when that trade practice involves consumer goods or services that the individual purchased or received in order to test or evaluate qualities pertaining to use for personal, household, or family purposes.
    (C) A nonprofit organization may, on behalf of itself or any of its members, or on any such behalf and on behalf of the general public, bring an action seeking relief from the use of a trade practice in violation of a law of the District, including a violation involving consumer goods or services that the organization purchased or received in order to test or evaluate qualities pertaining to use for personal, household, or family purposes.
    (D) (i) Subject to sub-subparagraph (ii) of this subparagraph, a public interest organization may, on behalf of the interests of a consumer or a class of consumers, bring an action seeking relief from the use by any person of a trade practice in violation of a law of the District if the consumer or class could bring an action under subparagraph (A) of this paragraph for relief from such use by such person of such trade practice.
      (ii) An action brought under sub-subparagraph (i) of this subparagraph shall be dismissed if the court determines that the public interest organization does not have sufficient nexus to the interests involved of the consumer or class to adequately represent those interests.
  (2) Any claim under this chapter shall be brought in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and may recover or obtain the following remedies:
    (A) (i) Treble damages, or $1,500 per violation, whichever is greater, payable to the consumer;
      (ii) Notwithstanding sub-subparagraph (i) of this subparagraph, for a violation of § 28-3904(kk) a consumer may recover or obtain actual damages. Actual damages shall not include dignitary damages, including pain and suffering.
    (B) Reasonable attorney’s fees;
    (C) Punitive damages;
    (D) An injunction against the use of the unlawful trade practice;
    (E) In representative actions, additional relief as may be necessary to restore to the consumer money or property, real or personal, which may have been acquired by means of the unlawful trade practice; or
    (F) Any other relief which the court determines proper.
  (3) Any written decision made pursuant to subsection (f) of this section is admissible as prima facie evidence of the facts stated therein.
  (4) If a merchant files in any court a suit seeking to collect a debt arising out of a trade practice from which has also arisen a complaint filed with the Department by the defendant in the suit either before or after the suit was filed, the court shall dismiss the suit without prejudice, or remand it to the Department.
  (5) An action brought by a person under this subsection against a nonprofit organization shall not be based on membership in such organization, membership services, training or credentialing activities, sale of publications of the nonprofit organization, medical or legal malpractice, or any other transaction, interaction, or dispute not arising from the purchase or sale of consumer goods or services in the ordinary course of business.
  (6) The right of action established by this subsection shall apply to trade practices arising from landlord-tenant relations.
  (7) (A) Commencement of an action by the Attorney General under § 28-3909 , including the maintenance of an action previously commenced and pending as of [October 1, 2021], shall serve to stay until the resolution of the Attorney General's action any civil action that includes any claim that is:
      (i) Made pursuant to this subsection by a public interest organization or on behalf of the general public; and
      (ii) Based in whole or in part on any matter complained of in the action commenced by the Attorney General.
    (B) A plaintiff that is a public interest organization or is acting on behalf of the general public shall provide notice to the Office of the Attorney General within 10 days of the filing of an action that includes a claim made under this subsection.
(l) The Director and Office of Adjudication may use any power granted to the Department in section 28-3903, as each reasonably deems will aid in carrying out the functions assigned to each in this section. Each, while holding the primary responsibility of the Department for decision in a certain case, may join such case with others then before the Department. No case may be disposed of in a manner not expressly authorized in this section. Every complaint case filed with the Department and within its jurisdiction shall be decided in accordance with the procedures and sanctions of this section, notwithstanding that a given trade practice, at issue in the case, may be governed in whole or in part by another law which has different enforcement procedures and sanctions.
(m) (1) Whenever requested, the Department will make available to the complainant and respondent an explanation, and any other information helpful in understanding, the provisions of any consent decree to which the Department agrees, and any order or decision which the Department makes.
  (2) The Director shall maintain a public index for all the cases on which the Department has made a final action or a consent decree, organized by:
    (A) name of complainant;
    (B) name of respondent;
    (C) industry of the merchant involved;
    (D) nature of the violation of District law alleged or found to exist (for example, subsection of section 28-3904 involved, or section of a licensing law involved);
    (E) final disposition.
(n) There shall be established a Consumer Protection Education Fund (“Fund”). All monies awarded to or paid to the Department by operation of this section, including final judgements, consent decrees, or settlements reduced to final judgements, shall be paid into the Fund in order to further the purpose of this chapter as enumerated in § 28-3901 .
(o) Every complaint case that is before the Department in accordance with this section shall proceed in confidence, except for hearings and meetings before the Office of Adjudication, until the Department makes a final action or a consent decree.
(p) The Director may file a complaint in accordance with subsection (a) of this section, on behalf of one or more consumers or as complainant, based on evidence and information gathered by the Department in carrying out this chapter. Persons not parties to but directly or indirectly intended as beneficiaries of an order described in subsection (f), (g), or (j) of this section, or a consent decree described in subsection (h) of this section, arising out of a complaint filed by the Director, may enforce such order or decree in the manner provided in subsection (i)(3)(B) of this section.
(q) At any hearing pursuant to subsection (f) or (j) of this section, a witness has the right to be advised by counsel present at such hearing. In any process under this section, the complainant and respondent may have legal or other counsel for representation and advice.
(r) All cases for which complaints were filed before March 5, 1981, may be presented to and heard by the Office of Adjudication notwithstanding the time limits previously provided in section 28-3905(d), 28-3905(e), and 28-3905(f) for the investigation and transmittal of cases to the Office of Adjudication, and for the hearing of cases by the Office of Adjudication.
D.C. Code § 28:7-305 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-305
§ 28:7-305. Destination bills.
Status: in_force

(a) Instead of issuing a bill of lading to the consignor at the place of shipment, a carrier, at the request of the consignor, may procure the bill to be issued at destination or at any other place designated in the request.
(b) Upon request of any person entitled as against a carrier to control the goods while in transit and on surrender of possession or control of any outstanding bill of lading or other receipt covering the goods, the issuer, subject to § 28:7-105 , may procure a substitute bill to be issued at any place designated in the request.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-104
§ 28:4A-104. Funds transfer — definitions.
Status: in_force

In this article:
(1) “Funds transfer” means the series of transactions, beginning with the originator’s payment order, made for the purpose of making payment to the beneficiary of the order. The term includes any payment order issued by the originator’s bank or an intermediary bank intended to carry out the originator’s payment order. A funds transfer is completed by acceptance by the beneficiary’s bank of a payment order for the benefit of the beneficiary of the originator’s payment order.
(2) “Intermediary bank” means a receiving bank other than the originator’s bank or the beneficiary’s bank.
(3) “Originator” means the sender of the first payment order in a funds transfer.
(4) “Originator’s bank” means (i) the receiving bank to which the payment order of the originator is issued if the originator is not a bank, or (ii) the originator if the originator is a bank.
D.C. Code § 28:7-105 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-105
§ 28:7-105. Reissuance in alternative medium.
Status: in_force

(a) Upon request of a person entitled under an electronic document of title, the issuer of the electronic document may issue a tangible document of title as a substitute for the electronic document if:
  (1) The person entitled under the electronic document surrenders control of the document to the issuer; and
  (2) The tangible document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the electronic document.
(b) Upon issuance of a tangible document of title in substitution for an electronic document of title in accordance with subsection (a) of this section:
  (1) The electronic document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
  (2) The person that procured issuance of the tangible document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the tangible document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the electronic document when the warrantor surrendered control of the electronic document to the issuer.
(c) Upon request of a person entitled under a tangible document of title, the issuer of the tangible document may issue an electronic document of title as a substitute for the tangible document if:
  (1) The person entitled under the tangible document surrenders possession of the document to the issuer; and
  (2) The electronic document when issued contains a statement that it is issued in substitution for the tangible document.
(d) Upon issuance of an electronic document of title in substitution for a tangible document of title in accordance with subsection (c) of this section:
  (1) The tangible document ceases to have any effect or validity; and
  (2) The person that procured issuance of the electronic document warrants to all subsequent persons entitled under the electronic document that the warrantor was a person entitled under the tangible document when the warrantor surrendered possession of the tangible document to the issuer.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-526 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-526
§ 28:2A-526. Lessor’s stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
Status: in_force

(a) A lessor may stop delivery of goods in the possession of a carrier or other bailee if the lessor discovers the lessee to be insolvent and may stop delivery of carload, truckload, planeload, or larger shipments of express or freight if the lessee repudiates or fails to make a payment due before delivery, whether for rent, security or otherwise under the lease contract, or for any other reason the lessor has a right to withhold or take possession of the goods.
(b) In pursuing its remedies under subsection (a) of this section, the lessor may stop delivery until:
  (1) Receipt of the goods by the lessee;
  (2) Acknowledgment to the lessee by any bailee of the goods, except a carrier, that the bailee holds the goods for the lessee; or
  (3) Such an acknowledgment to the lessee by a carrier via reshipment or as a warehouse.
(c) (1) To stop delivery, a lessor shall so notify as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence to prevent delivery of the goods.
  (2) After notification, the bailee shall hold and deliver the goods according to the directions of the lessor, but the lessor is liable to the bailee for any ensuing charges or damages.
  (3) A carrier who has issued a nonnegotiable bill of lading is not obliged to obey a notification to stop received from a person other than the consignor.
D.C. Code § 28-2963 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29A / § 28-2963
§ 28-2963. Principles of law and equity.
Status: in_force

Subtitle I of this title , District consumer protection law, District laws governing deposits generally, District law related to escheat and abandoned or unclaimed property, and the principles of law and equity, including law related to capacity to contract, principal and agent, estoppel, fraud, misrepresentation, duress, coercion, mistake, and bankruptcy, supplement this chapter except to the extent inconsistent with this chapter .
D.C. Code § 28-4902 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 49 / § 28-4902
§ 28-4902. Scope.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) of this section, this chapter applies to electronic records and electronic signatures relating to a transaction.
(b) This chapter does not apply to a transaction to the extent it is governed by:
  (1) A law governing the creation and execution of wills, codicils, or testamentary trusts; or
  (2) Subtitle I of this title , except for §§ 28:1-107 and 28:1-206 and Articles 2 and 2A.
(c) This chapter applies to an electronic record or electronic signature otherwise excluded from the application of this chapter under subsection (b) of this section to the extent it is governed by a law other than those specified in subsection (b) of this section.
(d) A transaction subject to this chapter is also subject to other applicable substantive law.
D.C. Code § 28:5-105 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:5-105
§ 28:5-105. Consideration.
Status: in_force

Consideration is not required to issue, amend, transfer, or cancel a letter of credit, advice, or confirmation.
D.C. Code § 28:7-207 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-207
§ 28:7-207. Goods must be kept separate; fungible goods.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless the warehouse receipt provides otherwise, a warehouse shall keep separate the goods covered by each receipt so as to permit at all times identification and delivery of those goods. However, different lots of fungible goods may be commingled.
(b) If different lots of fungible goods are commingled, the goods are owned in common by the persons entitled thereto and the warehouse is severally liable to each owner for that owner’s share. If, because of overissue, a mass of fungible goods is insufficient to meet all the receipts the warehouse has issued against it, the persons entitled to the fungible goods include all holders to which overissued receipts have been duly negotiated.
D.C. Code § 28-5104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 51 / § 28-5104
§ 28-5104. Trust property; art dealer’s creditors.
Status: in_force

Property which is trust property under §§ 28-5102 and 28-5103 shall not be subject to the claims, liens, or security interests of the creditors of the art dealer. The provisions of this section shall be given effect over any contrary provision of the Uniform Commercial Code.
D.C. Code § 28:9-307 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-307
§ 28:9-307. Location of debtor.
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, “place of business” means a place where a debtor conducts its affairs.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in this section, the following rules determine a debtor’s location:
  (1) An debtor who is an individual is located at the individual’s principal residence.
  (2) A debtor that is an organization and has only one place of business is located at its place of business.
  (3) A debtor that is an organization and has more than 1 place of business is located at its chief executive office.
(c) Subsection (b) applies only if a debtor’s residence, place of business, or chief executive office, as applicable, is located in a jurisdiction whose law generally requires information concerning the existence of a nonpossessory security interest to be made generally available in a filing, recording, or registration system as a condition or result of the security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the collateral. If subsection (b) does not apply, the debtor is located in the District of Columbia.
(d) A person that ceases to exist, have a residence, or have a place of business continues to be located in the jurisdiction specified by subsections (b) and (c).
(e) A registered organization that is organized under the law of a State is located in that State.
(f) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (i), a registered organization that is organized under the law of the United States and a branch or agency of a bank that is not organized under the law of the United States or a State are located:
  (1) In the State that the law of the United States designates, if the law designates a State of location;
  (2) In the State that the registered organization, branch, or agency designates, if the law of the United States authorizes the registered organization, branch, or agency to designate its State of location, including by designating its main office, home office, or other comparable office; or
  (3) In the District of Columbia, if neither paragraph (1) nor paragraph (2) of this subsection applies.
(g) A registered organization continues to be located in the jurisdiction specified by subsection (e) or (f) notwithstanding:
  (1) The suspension, revocation, forfeiture, or lapse of the registered organization’s status as such in its jurisdiction of organization; or
  (2) The dissolution, winding up, or cancellation of the existence of the registered organization.
(h) The United States is located in the District of Columbia.
(i) A branch or agency of a bank that is not organized under the law of the United  States or a State is located in the State in which the branch or agency is licensed, if all branches and agencies of the bank are licensed in only one State.
(j) A foreign air carrier under the Federal Aviation Act of 1958, approved August 23, 1958 (72 Stat. 731; codified in scattered sections of the U.S. Code), as amended, is located at the designated office of the agent upon which service of process may be made on behalf of the carrier.
(k) This section applies only for purposes of this part.
D.C. Code § 28-4527 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45A / § 28-4527
§ 28-4527. Rulemaking.
Status: in_force

(a) The Mayor may issue proposed rules, pursuant to subchapter I of Chapter 5 of Title 2 , to implement the provisions of this chapter. The proposed rules shall be submitted to the Council for a 45-day period of review, excluding Saturdays, Sundays, legal holidays, and days of Council recess. If the Council does not approve or disapprove the proposed rules, in whole or in part, by resolution within this 45-day review period, the proposed rules shall be deemed approved.
(b) The Mayor may issue emergency rules, without prior Council approval, which shall be effective for not more than 90 days.
D.C. Code § 28:3-404 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-404
§ 28:3-404. Impostors; fictitious payees.
Status: in_force

(a) If an impostor, by use of the mails or otherwise, induces the issuer of an instrument to issue the instrument to the impostor, or to a person acting in concert with the impostor, by impersonating the payee of the instrument or a person authorized to act for the payee, an indorsement of the instrument by any person in the name of the payee is effective as the indorsement of the payee in favor of a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection.
(b) If (i) a person whose intent determines to whom an instrument is payable (section 28:3-110(a) or (b)) does not intend the person identified as payee to have any interest in the instrument, or (ii) the person identified as payee of an instrument is a fictitious person, the following rules apply until the instrument is negotiated by special indorsement:
  (1) Any person in possession of the instrument is its holder.
  (2) An indorsement by any person in the name of the payee stated in the instrument is effective as the indorsement of the payee in favor of a person who, in good faith, pays the instrument or takes it for value or for collection.
(c) Under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, an indorsement is made in the name of a payee if (i) it is made in a name substantially similar to that of the payee or (ii) the instrument, whether or not indorsed, is deposited in a depositary bank to an account in a name substantially similar to that of the payee.
(d) With respect to an instrument to which subsection (a) or (b) of this section applies, if a person paying the instrument or taking it for value or for collection fails to exercise ordinary care in paying or taking the instrument and that failure substantially contributes to loss resulting from payment of the instrument, the person bearing the loss may recover from the person failing to exercise ordinary care to the extent the failure to exercise ordinary care contributed to the loss.
D.C. Code § 28:1-108 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-108
§ 28:1-108. Relation to Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act.
Status: in_force

This subtitle modifies, limits, and supersedes the Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act, approved June 30, 2000 (114 Stat. 464; 15 U.S.C. § 7001   et seq.), but does not modify, limit, or supersede section 101(c) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7001(c)  ) or authorize electronic delivery of any of the notices described in section 103(b) of that act (15 U.S.C. § 7003(b)  ).
D.C. Code § 28-3853 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 38 / § 28-3853
§ 28-3853. Enforcement.
Status: in_force

(a) [Repealed].
(b) A violation of this subchapter , or any rule issued pursuant to the authority of this subchapter , is an unfair or deceptive trade practice pursuant to § 28-3904(kk) .
(c) The rights and remedies available under this section are cumulative to each other and to any other rights and remedies available under law.
D.C. Code § 28:3-310 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-310
§ 28:3-310. Effect of instrument on obligation for which taken.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless otherwise agreed, if a certified check, cashier’s check, or teller’s check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is discharged to the same extent discharge would result if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken in payment of the obligation. Discharge of the obligation does not affect any liability that the obligor may have as an indorser of the instrument.
(b) Unless otherwise agreed and except as provided in subsection (a) of this section, if a note or an uncertified check is taken for an obligation, the obligation is suspended to the same extent the obligation would be discharged if an amount of money equal to the amount of the instrument were taken, and the following rules apply:
  (1) In the case of an uncertified check, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the check or until it is paid or certified. Payment or certification of the check results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the amount of the check.
  (2) In the case of a note, suspension of the obligation continues until dishonor of the note or until it is paid. Payment of the note results in discharge of the obligation to the extent of the payment.
  (3) Except as provided in paragraph (4) of this subsection, if the check or note is dishonored and the obligee of the obligation for which the instrument was taken is the person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligee may enforce either the instrument or the obligation. In the case of an instrument of a third person which is negotiated to the obligee by the obligor, discharge of the obligor on the instrument also discharges the obligation.
  (4) If the person entitled to enforce the instrument taken for an obligation is a person other than the obligee, the obligee may not enforce the obligation to the extent the obligation is suspended. If the obligee is the person entitled to enforce the instrument but no longer has possession of it because it was lost, stolen, or destroyed, the obligation may not be enforced to the extent of the amount payable on the instrument, and to that extent the obligee’s rights against the obligor are limited to enforcement of the instrument.
(c) If an instrument other than one described in subsection (a) or (b) of this section is taken for an obligation, the effect is (i) that stated in subsection (a) of this section if the instrument is one on which a bank is liable as maker or acceptor, or (ii) that stated in subsection (b) of this section in any other case.
D.C. Code § 28:4-404 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-404
§ 28:4-404. Bank not obliged to pay check more than 6 months old.
Status: in_force

A bank is under no obligation to a customer having a checking account to pay a check, other than a certified check, which is presented more than 6 months after its date, but it may charge its customer’s account for a payment made thereafter in good faith.
D.C. Code § 28:9-617 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-617
§ 28:9-617. Rights of transferee of collateral.
Status: in_force

(a) A secured party’s disposition of collateral after default:
  (1) Transfers to a transferee for value all of the debtor’s rights in the collateral;
  (2) Discharges the security interest under which the disposition is made; and
  (3) Discharges any subordinate security interest or other subordinate lien other than liens created under D.C. Official Code § 47-2011 for gross sales taxes, and D.C. Official Code § 47-1812.09 for income and franchise taxes.
(b) A transferee that acts in good faith takes free of the rights and interests described in subsection (a), even if the secured party fails to comply with this article or the requirements of any judicial proceeding.
(c) If a transferee does not take free of the rights and interests described in subsection (a), the transferee takes the collateral subject to:
  (1) The debtor’s rights in the collateral;
  (2) The security interest or agricultural lien under which the disposition is made; and
  (3) Any other security interest or other lien.
D.C. Code § 28-2502 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 25 / § 28-2502
§ 28-2502. Action on bonds in a penal sum containing an avoidance condition.
Status: in_force

A bond in a penal sum, containing a condition that it shall be void on the payment of a certain sum of money, or the performance of an act or of certain duties, has the same effect for the purpose of maintaining an action upon it as if it contained a covenant to pay the money or perform the act or the duties specified in the condition. But the damages to be recovered for a breach, or successive breaches, of the condition, as against the sureties therein, may not exceed the penalty of the bond.
D.C. Code § 28:5-118 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:5-118
§ 28:5-118. Applicability.
Status: in_force

This article applies to a letter of credit that is issued on or after the effective date of this article. This article does not apply to a transaction, event, obligation, or duty arising out of or associated with a letter of credit that was issued before the effective date of this article.
D.C. Code § 28-4003 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 40 / § 28-4003
§ 28-4003. Registration.
Status: in_force

(a) It is unlawful for a person to engage in the practice of fitting and selling of hearing aids without having first obtained a certificate of registration from the Office under the provisions of this chapter.
(b) Nothing in this chapter shall prohibit a corporation, partnership, trust, association, or other like organization maintaining an established business address in the District of Columbia from engaging in the business of fitting and selling of, or offering for sale, hearing aids at retail without a certificate of registration; provided, that any and all such fitting and selling of hearing aids is conducted by individuals who are registered pursuant to section 28-4003. Such corporations, partnerships, trusts, associations, or other like organizations shall file annually with the Office a list of all individuals holding valid certificates of registration who are directly or indirectly employed by them.
(c) Each person desiring to obtain a Certificate of Registration from the Office to engage in the practice of fitting and selling of hearing aids shall make an application to the Office. The application shall be made upon a form and in such manner as the Office shall provide. It shall set forth:
  (1) the name and business address of the applicant:
    (A) if an individual, the name under which he or she intends to conduct business;
    (B) if a partnership, the name and business address of each member thereof and the name under which the business is to be conducted; or
    (C) if a corporation, the name of the corporation and the name and business address of each of the officers of the corporation.
  Any applicant who intends to conduct business under a fictitious name shall file with the application a copy of the registration of that fictitious name;
  (2) the place or places, including the complete address or addresses, where the business is to be conducted; and
  (3) such further information as the Office may prescribe.
(d) The Office shall act upon an application for a certificate of registration within thirty (30) days after receiving the application. Each application shall be accompanied by an application fee, which shall in no event be refunded. If an application is approved by the Office, upon payment of a registration fee, the applicant shall be granted a certificate of registration to be valid for a period determined by the Mayor of the District of Columbia. The certificate shall be conspicuously posted in the place of business of the registrant. In the case of loss, mutilation, or destruction of a certificate, the Office shall issue a duplicate certificate, upon proof of facts and payment of a fee.
(e) If a registrant maintains more than one place of business within the District, he or she shall apply for and procure a duplicate certificate for each place of business. If a registrant has a change of address of place of business, he or she shall notify the Office within fifteen (15) days of such change.
(f) Certificates expire on the date determined by the Mayor of the District of Columbia. An unexpired certificate may be renewed by applying to the Office on the form prescribed by the Office and the payment of a renewal fee. Late applications for registration or renewal shall be an additional amount. The Office shall act on an application for renewal within thirty (30) days after receiving the application.
(g) The Office shall not prevent an applicant for a certificate of registration from fitting and selling of hearing aids pending a determination of the initial application within six (6) months after the effective date of this chapter.
(h) Repealed.
(i) The Mayor of the District of Columbia is authorized to fix and change from time to time the period for which any certificate of registration authorized under this chapter may be issued. The Mayor of the District of Columbia is authorized to set and change from time to time the amount of any fees provided for in sections 28-4003(d) and 28-4003(f).
(j) Certificates of registration issued under this section shall be issued as an Inspected Sales and Services endorsement to a basic business license under the basic business license system as set forth in subchapter I-A of Chapter 28 of Title 47 .
D.C. Code § 28-4804.04 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 48 / § 28-4804.04
§ 28-4804.04. Principal receipts.
Status: in_force

A trustee shall allocate to principal:
(1) To the extent not allocated to income under this chapter, assets received from a transferor during the transferor’s lifetime, a decedent’s estate, a trust with a terminating income interest, or a payer under a contract naming the trust or its trustee as beneficiary;
(2) Money or other property received from the sale, exchange, liquidation, or change in form of a principal asset, including realized profit, subject to this subchapter;
(3) Amounts recovered from third parties to reimburse the trust because of disbursements described in § 28-4805.02(a)(7) or for other reasons to the extent not based on the loss of income;
(4) Proceeds of property taken by eminent domain, but a separate award made for the loss of income with respect to an accounting period during which a current income beneficiary had a mandatory income interest is income;
(5) Net income received in an accounting period during which there is no beneficiary to whom a trustee may or must distribute income; and
(6) Other receipts as provided in part C of this subchapter .
D.C. Code § 28-2956 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29A / § 28-2956
§ 28-2956. Payment to beneficiary by bank.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless the account agreement provides otherwise, the bank is obligated to pay a beneficiary if there are sufficient actually and finally collected funds in the balance of the special deposit.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the obligation to pay the beneficiary is excused if the funds available in the special deposit are insufficient to cover such payment.
(c) Unless the account agreement provides otherwise, if the funds available in the special deposit are insufficient to cover an obligation to pay a beneficiary, a beneficiary may elect to be paid the funds that are available or, if there is more than one beneficiary, a pro rata share of the funds available. Payment to the beneficiary making the election under this subsection discharges the bank's obligation to pay a beneficiary and does not constitute an accord and satisfaction with respect to another person obligated to the beneficiary.
(d) Unless the account agreement provides otherwise, the obligation of the bank obligated to pay a beneficiary is immediately due and payable.
(e) The bank may discharge its obligation under this section by:
  (1) Crediting another transaction account of the beneficiary; or
  (2) Taking other action that:
    (A) Is permitted under the account agreement for the bank to obtain a discharge; or
    (B) Otherwise would constitute a discharge under law.
(f) If the bank obligated to pay a beneficiary has incurred an obligation to discharge the obligation of another person, the obligation of the other person is discharged if action by the bank under subsection (e) of this section would constitute a discharge of the obligation of the other person under law that determines whether an obligation is satisfied.
D.C. Code § 28-4710 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 47 / § 28-4710
§ 28-4710. Language invoking standard of chapter.
Status: repealed

Repealed.
D.C. Code § 28:1-107 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-107
§ 28:1-107. Section captions.
Status: in_force

Section captions are part of this subtitle.
D.C. Code § 28-2958 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29A / § 28-2958
§ 28-2958. When creditor process enforceable against bank.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to subsection (b) of this section, creditor process with respect to a special deposit is not enforceable against the bank holding the special deposit.
(b) Creditor process is enforceable against the bank holding a special deposit with respect to an amount the bank is obligated to pay a beneficiary or a depositor if the process:
  (1) Is served on the bank;
  (2) Provides sufficient information to permit the bank to identify the depositor or the beneficiary from the bank's books and records; and
  (3) Gives the bank a reasonable opportunity to act on the process.
(c) Creditor process served on a bank before it is enforceable against the bank under subsection (b) of this section does not create a right of the creditor against the bank or a duty of the bank to the creditor. Other law determines whether creditor process creates a lien enforceable against the beneficiary on a contingent interest of a beneficiary, including a depositor as a beneficiary, even if not enforceable against the bank.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-207 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-207
§ 28:2A-207. Course of performance or practical construction.
Status: repealed

Repealed.
D.C. Code § 28:9-408 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-408
§ 28:9-408. Restrictions on assignment of promissory notes, health-care-insurance receivables, and certain general intangibles ineffective.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsections (b) and (e) of this section, a term in a promissory note or in an agreement between an account debtor and a debtor which relates to a health-care-insurance receivable or a general intangible, including a contract, permit, license, or franchise, and which term prohibits, restricts, or requires the consent of the person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor to, the assignment or transfer of, or creation, attachment, or perfection of a security interest in, the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible, is ineffective to the extent that the term:
  (1) Would impair the creation, attachment, or perfection of a security interest; or
  (2) Provides that the assignment or transfer or the creation, attachment, or perfection of the security interest may give rise to a default, breach, right of recoupment, claim, defense, termination, right of termination, or remedy under the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible.
(b) Subsection (a) applies to a security interest in a payment intangible or promissory note only if the security interest arises out of a sale of the payment intangible or promissory note, other than a sale pursuant to a disposition under § 28:9-610 or an acceptance of collateral under § 28:9-620 .
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (e) of this section, a rule of law, statute, or regulation that prohibits, restricts, or requires the consent of a government, governmental body or official, person obligated on a promissory note, or account debtor to the assignment or transfer of, or creation of a security interest in, a promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible, including a contract, permit, license, or franchise between an account debtor and a debtor, is ineffective to the extent that the rule of law, statute, or regulation:
  (1) Would impair the creation, attachment, or perfection of a security interest; or
  (2) Provides that the assignment or transfer or the creation, attachment, or perfection of the security interest may give rise to a default, breach, right of recoupment, claim, defense, termination, right of termination, or remedy under the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible.
(d) To the extent that a term in a promissory note or in an agreement between an account debtor and a debtor which relates to a health-care-insurance receivable or general intangible or a rule of law, statute, or regulation described in subsection (c) would be effective under law other than this article but is ineffective under subsection (a) or (c) of this section, the creation, attachment, or perfection of a security interest in the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible:
  (1) Is not enforceable against the person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor;
  (2) Does not impose a duty or obligation on the person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor;
  (3) Does not require the person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor to recognize the security interest, pay or render performance to the secured party, or accept payment or performance from the secured party;
  (4) Does not entitle the secured party to use or assign the debtor’s rights under the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible, including any related information or materials furnished to the debtor in the transaction giving rise to the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible;
  (5) Does not entitle the secured party to use, assign, possess, or have access to any trade secrets or confidential information of the person obligated on the promissory note or the account debtor; and
  (6) Does not entitle the secured party to enforce the security interest in the promissory note, health-care-insurance receivable, or general intangible.
(e) This section does not apply to a security interest in an ownership interest in a general partnership, limited partnership, or limited liability company.
(f) For the purposes of this section, "promissory note" includes a negotiable instrument that evidences chattel paper.
D.C. Code § 28:3-312 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-312
§ 28:3-312. Lost, destroyed, or stolen cashier’s check, teller’s check, or certified check.
Status: in_force

(a) For the purposes of this section, the term:
  (1) “Check” means a cashier’s check, teller’s check, or certified check.
  (2) “Claimant” means a person who claims the right to receive the amount of a cashier’s check, teller’s check, or certified check that was lost, destroyed, or stolen.
  (3) “Declaration of loss” means a statement, made in a record under penalty of perjury, to the effect that (i) the declarer lost possession of a check, (ii) the declarer is the drawer or payee of the check, in the case of a certified check, or the remitter or payee of the check, in the case of a cashier’s check or teller’s check, (iii) the loss of possession was not the result of a transfer by the declarer or a lawful seizure, and (iv) the declarer cannot reasonably obtain possession of the check because the check was destroyed, its whereabouts cannot be determined, or it is in the wrongful possession of an unknown person or a person that cannot be found or is not amenable to service of process.
  (4) “Obligated bank” means the issuer of a cashier’s check or teller’s check or the acceptor of a certified check.
(b) A claimant may assert a claim to the amount of a check by a communication to the obligated bank describing the check with reasonable certainty and requesting payment of the amount of the check, if (i) the claimant is the drawer or payee of a certified check or the remitter or payee of a cashier’s check or teller’s check, (ii) the communication contains or is accompanied by a declaration of loss of the claimant with respect to the check, (iii) the communication is received at a time and in a manner affording the bank a reasonable time to act on it before the check is paid, and (iv) the claimant provides reasonable identification if requested by the obligated bank. Delivery of a declaration of loss is a warranty of the truth of the statements made in the declaration. If a claim is asserted in compliance with this subsection, the following rules apply:
  (1) The claim becomes enforceable at the later of (i) the time the claim is asserted, or (ii) the 90th day following the date of the check in the case of a cashier’s check or teller’s check, or the 90th day following the date of the acceptance in the case of a certified check.
  (2) Until the claim becomes enforceable, it has no legal effect and the obligated bank may pay the check or, in the case of a teller’s check, may permit the drawee to pay the check. Payment to a person entitled to enforce the check discharges all liability of the obligated bank with respect to the check.
  (3) If the claim becomes enforceable before the check is presented for payment, the obligated bank is not obliged to pay the check.
  (4) When the claim becomes enforceable, the obligated bank becomes obliged to pay the amount of the check to the claimant if payment of the check has not been made to a person entitled to enforce the check. Subject to § 28:4-302(a)(1) , payment to the claimant discharges all liability of the obligated bank with respect to the check.
(c) If the obligated bank pays the amount of a check to a claimant under subsection (b)(4) of this section and the check is presented for payment by a person having rights of a holder in due course, the claimant is obliged to (i) refund the payment to the obligated bank if the check is paid, or (ii) pay the amount of the check to the person having rights of a holder in due course if the check is dishonored.
(d) If a claimant has the right to assert a claim under subsection (b) of this section and is also a person entitled to enforce a cashier’s check, teller’s check, or certified check which is lost, destroyed, or stolen, the claimant may assert rights with respect to the check either under this section or § 28:3-309 .
D.C. Code § 28:1-205 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-205
§ 28:1-205. Reasonable time; seasonableness.
Status: in_force

(a) Whether a time for taking an action required by this subtitle is reasonable depends on the nature, purpose, and circumstances of the action.
(b) An action is taken seasonably if it is taken at or within the time agreed or, if no time is agreed, at or within a reasonable time.
D.C. Code § 28-5209 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 52 / § 28-5209
§ 28-5209. Civil penalties.
Status: in_force

Any person who violates any provision of this chapter, or any regulation promulgated pursuant to this chapter, may be assessed a civil penalty not to exceed $500 for each violation.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-218 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-218
§ 28:2A-218. Insurance and proceeds.
Status: in_force

(a) A lessee obtains an insurable interest when existing goods are identified to the lease contract even though the goods identified are nonconforming and the lessee has an option to reject them.
(b) If a lessee has an insurable interest only by reason of the lessor’s identification of the goods, the lessor, until default or insolvency or notification to the lessee that identification is final, may substitute other goods for those identified.
(c) Notwithstanding a lessee’s insurable interest under subsections (a) and (b) of this section, the lessor retains an insurable interest until an option to buy has been exercised by the lessee and risk of loss has passed to the lessee.
(d) Nothing in this section impairs any insurable interest recognized under any other statute or rule of law.
(e) The parties by agreement may determine that one or more parties have an obligation to obtain and pay for insurance covering the goods and by agreement may determine the beneficiary of the proceeds of the insurance.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-508 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-508
§ 28:2A-508. Lessee’s remedies.
Status: in_force

(a) If a lessor fails to deliver the goods in conformity to the lease contract ( § 28:2A-509 ) or repudiates the lease contract ( § 28:2A-402 ), or a lessee rightfully rejects the goods ( § 28:2A-509 ) or justifiably revokes acceptance of the goods ( § 28:2A-517 ), then with respect to any goods involved, and with respect to all of the goods if under an installment lease contract the value of the whole lease contract is substantially impaired ( § 28:2A-510 ), the lessor is in default under the lease contract and the lessee may:
  (1) Cancel the lease contract ( § 28:2A-505(a) );
  (2) Recover so much of the rent and security as has been paid and is just under the circumstances; or
  (3) Cover and recover damages as to all goods affected whether or not they have been identified to the lease contract (§§ 28:2A-518 and 28:2A-520 ), or recover damages for nondelivery (§§ 28:2A-519 and 28:2A-520 ).
(b) If a lessor fails to deliver the goods in conformity to the lease contract or repudiates the lease contract, the lessee may also:
  (1) If the goods have been identified, recover them ( § 28:2A-522 ); or
  (2) In a proper case, obtain specific performance or replevy the goods ( § 28:2A-521 ).
(c) If a lessor is otherwise in default under a lease contract, the lessee may exercise the rights and pursue the remedies provided in the lease contract, which may include a right to cancel the lease, and in § 28:2A-519(c) .
(d) If a lessor has breached a warranty, whether express or implied, the lessee may recover damages ( § 28:2A-519(d) ).
(e) On rightful rejection or justifiable revocation of acceptance, a lessee has a security interest in goods in the lessee’s possession or control for any rent and security that has been paid and any expenses reasonably incurred in their inspection, receipt, transportation, and care and custody and may hold those goods and dispose of them in good faith and in a commercially reasonable manner, subject to § 28:2A-527(e) .
(f) Subject to the provisions of § 28:2A-407 , a lessee, on notifying the lessor of the lessee’s intention to do so, may deduct all or any part of the damages resulting from any default under the lease contract from any part of the rent still due under the same lease contract.
D.C. Code § 28-4553 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45B / § 28-4553
§ 28-4553. Excessive pricing in sales of prescription drugs, a violation of law.
Status: in_force

It shall be unlawful for any drug manufacturer or licensee thereof, excluding a point of sale retail seller, to sell or supply for sale or impose minimum resale requirements for a patented prescription drug that results in the prescription drug being sold in the District for an excessive price.
D.C. Code § 28:3-111 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-111
§ 28:3-111. Place of payment.
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided for items in Article 4, an instrument is payable at the place of payment stated in the instrument. If no place of payment is stated, an instrument is payable at the address of the drawee or maker stated in the instrument. If no address is stated, the place of payment is the place of business of the drawee or maker. If a drawee or maker has more than one place of business, the place of payment is any place of business of the drawee or maker chosen by the person entitled to enforce the instrument. If the drawee or maker has no place of business, the place of payment is the residence of the drawee or maker.
D.C. Code § 28:2-328 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-328
§ 28:2-328. Sale by auction.
Status: in_force

(1) In a sale by auction if goods are put up in lots each lot is the subject of a separate sale.
(2) A sale by auction is complete when the auctioneer so announces by the fall of the hammer or in other customary manner. Where a bid is made while the hammer is falling in acceptance of a prior bid the auctioneer may in his discretion reopen the bidding or declare the goods sold under the bid on which the hammer was falling.
(3) Such a sale is with reserve unless the goods are in explicit terms put up without reserve. In an auction with reserve the auctioneer may withdraw the goods at any time until he announces completion of the sale. In an auction without reserve, after the auctioneer calls for bids on an article or lot, that article or lot cannot be withdrawn unless no bid is made within a reasonable time. In either case a bidder may retract his bid until the auctioneer’s announcement of completion of the sale, but a bidder’s retraction does not revive any previous bid.
(4) If the auctioneer knowingly receives a bid on the seller’s behalf or the seller makes or procures such a bid, and notice has not been given that liberty for such bidding is reserved, the buyer may at his option avoid the sale or take the goods at the price of the last good faith bid prior to the completion of the sale. This subsection shall not apply to any bid at a forced sale.
D.C. Code § 28:2-322 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-322
§ 28:2-322. Delivery “ex-ship”.
Status: in_force

(1) Unless otherwise agreed a term for delivery of goods “ex-ship” (which means from the carrying vessel) or in equivalent language is not restricted to a particular ship and requires delivery from a ship which has reached a place at the named port of destination where goods of the kind are usually discharged.
(2) Under such a term unless otherwise agreed
  (a) the seller must discharge all liens arising out of the carriage and furnish the buyer with a direction which puts the carrier under a duty to deliver the goods; and
  (b) the risk of loss does not pass to the buyer until the goods leave the ship’s tackle or are otherwise properly unloaded.
D.C. Code § 28-5206 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 52 / § 28-5206
§ 28-5206. Pricing.
Status: in_force

(a) The unit price shall be to the nearest cent when a dollar or more. If the unit price is under a dollar, it shall be listed:
  (1) To the tenth of a cent; or
  (2) To the whole cent.
(b) The retail establishment shall have the option of listing the unit price as outlined in subsection (a)(1) or (2) of this section, but shall not use both methods of listing the unit price.
(c) The retail establishment shall accurately and consistently use the same method of rounding up or down to compute the price to the whole cent.
D.C. Code § 28:3-418 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-418
§ 28:3-418. Payment or acceptance by mistake.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, if the drawee of a draft pays or accepts the draft and the drawee acted on the mistaken belief that (i) payment of the draft had not been stopped pursuant to section 28:4-403 or (ii) the signature of the drawer of the draft was authorized, the drawee may recover the amount of the draft from the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or, in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance. Rights of the drawee under this subsection are not affected by failure of the drawee to exercise ordinary care in paying or accepting the draft.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, if an instrument has been paid or accepted by mistake and the case is not covered by subsection (a) of this section, the person paying or accepting may, to the extent permitted by the law governing mistake and restitution, (i) recover the payment from the person to whom or for whose benefit payment was made or (ii) in the case of acceptance, may revoke the acceptance.
(c) The remedies provided by subsection (a) or (b) of this section may not be asserted against a person who took the instrument in good faith and for value or who in good faith changed position in reliance on the payment or acceptance. This subsection does not limit remedies provided by section 28:3-417 or 28:4-407.
(d) Notwithstanding section 28:4-215, if an instrument is paid or accepted by mistake and the payor or acceptor recovers payment or revokes acceptance under subsection (a) or (b) of this section, the instrument is deemed not to have been paid or accepted and is treated as dishonored, and the person from whom payment is recovered has rights as a person entitled to enforce the dishonored instrument.
D.C. Code § 28:2-601 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-601
§ 28:2-601. Buyer’s rights on improper delivery.
Status: in_force

Subject to the provisions of this article on breach in installment contracts (section 28:2-612  ) and unless otherwise agreed under the sections on contractual limitations of remedy (sections 28:2-718   and 28:2-719  ), if the goods or the tender of delivery fail in any respect to conform to the contract, the buyer may
(a) reject the whole; or
(b) accept the whole; or
(c) accept any commercial unit or units and reject the rest.
D.C. Code § 28-5204 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 52 / § 28-5204
§ 28-5204. Terms for unit pricing.
Status: in_force

The declaration of the unit price of a particular commodity in all package sizes offered for sale in a retail establishment shall be uniformly and consistently expressed in terms of:
(1) Price per kilogram or 100 grams, or price per pound or ounce, if the net quantity of contents of the commodity is in terms of weight;
(2) Price per liter or 100 milliliters, or price per dry quart or dry pint, if the net quantity of contents of the commodity is in terms of dry measure or volume;
(3) Price per liter or 100 milliliters, or price per gallon, quart, pint, or fluid ounce, if the net quantity of contents of the commodity is in terms of liquid volume;
(4) Price per individual unit or multiple units if the net quantity of contents of the commodity is in terms of count; or
(5) Price per square meter, square decimeter, or square centimeter, or price per square yard, square foot, or square inch, if the net quantity of contents of the commodity is in terms of area.
D.C. Code § 28-5304 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 53 / § 28-5304
§ 28-5304. Criminal and civil penalties.
Status: in_force

(a) Any person who violates any provision of this chapter, shall, upon conviction, be guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be fined not more than the amount set forth in § 22-3571.01, or imprisoned for not more than one year, or both.
(b) In addition to the criminal penalty set forth in subsection (a) of this section, failure to comply with the requirements of this chapter shall be an unlawful trade practice under § 28-3904.
(c) The penalties provided in this chapter are not exclusive and are in addition to any other penalties that may be imposed under the law.
D.C. Code § 28:9-311 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-311
§ 28:9-311. Perfection of security interests in property subject to certain statutes, regulations, and treaties.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d), the filing of a financing statement is not necessary or effective to perfect a security interest in property subject to:
  (1) A statute, regulation, or treaty of the United States whose requirements for a security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the property preempt § 28:9-310(a) ;
  (2) The provisions of section 50-1201 et seq.; or
  (3) A statute of another jurisdiction which provides for a security interest to be indicated on a certificate of title as a condition or result of the security interest’s obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor with respect to the property.
(b) Compliance with the requirements of a statute, regulation, or treaty described in subsection (a) for obtaining priority over the rights of a lien creditor is equivalent to the filing of a financing statement under this article. Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) and §§ 28:9-313 and 28:9-316(d) and (e) for goods covered by a certificate of title, a security interest in property subject to a statute, regulation, or treaty described in subsection (a) may be perfected only by compliance with those requirements, and a security interest so perfected remains perfected notwithstanding a change in the use or transfer of possession of the collateral.
(c) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (d) and § 28:9-316(d) and (e), duration and renewal of perfection of a security interest perfected by compliance with the requirements prescribed by a statute, regulation, or treaty described in subsection (a) are governed by the statute, regulation, or treaty. In other respects, the security interest is subject to this article.
(d) During any period in which collateral subject to a statute specified in subsection (a)(2) is inventory held for sale or lease by a person or leased by that person as lessor and that person is in the business of selling goods of that kind, this section does not apply to a security interest in that collateral created by that person.
D.C. Code § 28:9-336 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-336
§ 28:9-336. Commingled goods.
Status: in_force

(a) In this section, “commingled goods” means goods that are physically united with other goods in such a manner that their identity is lost in a product or mass.
(b) A security interest does not exist in commingled goods as such. However, a security interest may attach to a product or mass that results when goods become commingled goods.
(c) If collateral becomes commingled goods, a security interest attaches to the product  or mass.
(d) If a security interest in collateral is perfected before the collateral becomes commingled goods, the security interest that attaches to the product or mass under subsection (c) is perfected.
(e) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (f), the other provisions of this part determine the priority of a security interest that attaches to the product or mass under subsection (c).
(f) If more than one security interest attaches to the product or mass under subsection (c), the following rules determine priority:
  (1) A security interest that is perfected under subsection (d) has priority over a security interest that is unperfected at the time the collateral becomes commingled goods.
  (2) If more than 1 security interest is perfected under subsection (d), the security interests rank equally in proportion to the value of the collateral at the time it became commingled goods.
D.C. Code § 28:9-604 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-604
§ 28:9-604. Procedure if security agreement covers real property or fixtures.
Status: in_force

(a) If a security agreement covers both personal and real property, a secured party may proceed:
  (1) Under this part as to the personal property without prejudicing any rights with respect to the real property; or
  (2) As to both the personal property and the real property in accordance with the rights with respect to the real property, in which case the other provisions of this part do not apply.
(b) Subject to subsection (c), if a security agreement covers goods that are or become fixtures, a secured party may proceed:
  (1) Under this part; or
  (2) In accordance with the rights with respect to real property, in which case the other provisions of this part do not apply.
(c) Subject to the other provisions of this part, if a secured party holding a security interest in fixtures has priority over all owners and encumbrancers of the real property, the secured party, after default, may remove the collateral from the real property.
(d) A secured party that removes collateral shall promptly reimburse any encumbrancer or owner of the real property, other than the debtor, for the cost of repair of any physical injury caused by the removal. The secured party need not reimburse the encumbrancer or owner for any diminution in value of the real property caused by the absence of the goods removed or by any necessity of replacing them. A person entitled to reimbursement may refuse permission to remove until the secured party gives adequate assurance for the performance of the obligation to reimburse.
D.C. Code § 28:4-203 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-203
§ 28:4-203. Effect of instructions.
Status: in_force

Subject to Article 3 concerning conversion of instruments (section 28:3-420  ) and restrictive indorsements (section 28:3-206  ), only a collecting bank’s transferor can give instructions that affect the bank or constitute notice to it, and a collecting bank is not liable to prior parties for any action taken pursuant to the instructions or in accordance with any agreement with its transferor.
D.C. Code § 28:9-624 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-624
§ 28:9-624. Waiver.
Status: in_force

(a) A debtor or secondary obligor may waive the right to notification of disposition of collateral under § 28:9-611 only by an agreement to that effect entered into and signed after default.
(b) A debtor may waive the right to require disposition of collateral under § 28:9-620(e) only by an agreement to that effect entered into and signed after default.
(c) Except in a consumer-goods transaction, a debtor or secondary obligor may waive the right to redeem collateral under § 28:9-623 only by an agreement to that effect entered into and signed after default.
D.C. Code § 28:2-705 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-705
§ 28:2-705. Seller’s stoppage of delivery in transit or otherwise.
Status: in_force

(1) The seller may stop delivery of goods in the possession of a carrier or other bailee when he discovers the buyer to be insolvent (section 28:2-702) and may stop delivery of carload, truckload, planeload or larger shipments of express or freight when the buyer repudiates or fails to make a payment due before delivery or if for any other reason the seller has a right to withhold or reclaim the goods.
(2) As against such buyer the seller may stop delivery until
  (a) receipt of the goods by the buyer; or
  (b) acknowledgement to the buyer by any bailee of the goods except a carrier that the bailee holds the goods for the buyer; or
  (c) such acknowledgment to the buyer by a carrier by reshipment or as a warehouse; or
  (d) negotiation to the buyer of any negotiable document of title covering the goods.
(3) (a) To stop delivery the seller must so notify as to enable the bailee by reasonable diligence to prevent delivery of the goods.
  (b) After such notification the bailee must hold and deliver the goods according to the directions of the seller but the seller is liable to the bailee for any ensuing charges or damages.
  (c) If a negotiable document of title has been issued for goods the bailee is not obliged to obey a notification to stop until surrender of possession or control of the document.
  (d) A carrier who has issued a non-negotiable bill of lading is not obliged to obey a notification to stop received from a person other than the consignor.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-505 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-505
§ 28:2A-505. Cancellation and termination and effect of cancellation, termination, rescission, or fraud on rights and remedies.
Status: in_force

(a) On cancellation of the lease contract, all obligations that are still executory on both sides are discharged, but any right based on prior default or performance survives, and the cancelling party also retains any remedy for default of the whole lease contract or any unperformed balance.
(b) On termination of the lease contract, all obligations that are still executory on both sides are discharged but any right based on prior default or performance survives.
(c) Unless the contrary intention clearly appears, expressions of “cancellation,” “rescission,” or the like of the lease contract may not be construed as a renunciation or discharge of any claim in damages for an antecedent default.
(d) Rights and remedies for material misrepresentation or fraud include all rights and remedies available under this article for default.
(e) Neither rescission nor a claim for rescission of the lease contract nor rejection or return of the goods may bar or be deemed inconsistent with a claim for damages or other right or remedy.
D.C. Code § 28:3-604 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-604
§ 28:3-604. Discharge by cancellation or renunciation.
Status: in_force

(a) A person entitled to enforce an instrument, with or without consideration, may discharge the obligation of a party to pay the instrument (i) by an intentional voluntary act, such as surrender of the instrument to the party, destruction, mutilation, or cancellation of the instrument, cancellation or striking out of the party’s signature, or the addition of words to the instrument indicating discharge, or (ii) by agreeing not to sue or otherwise renouncing rights against the party by a signed record. The obligation of a party to pay a check is not discharged solely by destruction of the check in connection with a process in which information is extracted from the check and an image of the check is made and, subsequently, the information and image are transmitted for payment.
(b) Cancellation or striking out of an indorsement pursuant to subsection (a) of this section does not affect the status and rights of a party derived from the indorsement.
(c) [Repealed].
D.C. Code § 28-3809 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 38 / § 28-3809
§ 28-3809. Lender subject to defenses arising from sales.
Status: in_force

(a) A lender who makes a direct installment loan for the purpose of enabling a consumer to purchase goods or services is subject to all claims and defenses of the consumer against the seller arising out of the purchase of the goods or service if such lender acts at the express request of the seller, and —
  (1) the seller participates in the preparation of the loan instruments, or
  (2) the lender is a person or organization controlled by or under common control with the seller, or
  (3) the seller receives or will receive a fee, compensation, or other consideration from the lender for arranging the loan.
(b) The lender’s liability under this section may not exceed the amount of the loan. Rights of the debtor can only be asserted affirmatively in an action to cancel and void the sale from its inception, or as a matter of defense to or set-off against a claim by the lender.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-205 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-205
§ 28:4A-205. Erroneous payment orders.
Status: in_force

(a) If an accepted payment order was transmitted pursuant to a security procedure for the detection of error and the payment order (i) erroneously instructed payment to a beneficiary not intended by the sender, (ii) erroneously instructed payment in an amount greater than the amount intended by the sender, or (iii) was an erroneously transmitted duplicate of a payment order previously sent by the sender, the following rules apply:
  (1) If the sender proves that the sender or a person acting on behalf of the sender pursuant to § 28:4A-206 complied with the security procedure and that the error would have been detected if the receiving bank had also complied, the sender is not obliged to pay the order to the extent stated in paragraphs (2) and (3) of this subsection.
  (2) If the funds transfer is completed on the basis of an erroneous payment order described in clause (i) or (iii) of subsection (a) of this section, the sender is not obliged to pay the order and the receiving bank is entitled to recover from the beneficiary any amount paid to the beneficiary to the extent allowed by the law governing mistake and restitution.
  (3) If the funds transfer is completed on the basis of a payment order described in clause (ii) of subsection (a) of this section, the sender is not obliged to pay the order to the extent the amount received by the beneficiary is greater than the amount intended by the sender. In that case, the receiving bank is entitled to recover from the beneficiary the excess amount received to the extent allowed by the law governing mistake and restitution.
(b) If (i) the sender of an erroneous payment order described in subsection (a) of this section is not obliged to pay all or part of the order, and (ii) the sender receives notification from the receiving bank that the order was accepted by the bank or that the sender’s account was debited with respect to the order, the sender has a duty to exercise ordinary care, on the basis of information available to the sender, to discover the error with respect to the order and to advise the bank of the relevant facts within a reasonable time, not exceeding 90 days, after the bank’s notification was received by the sender. If the bank proves that the sender failed to perform that duty, the sender is liable to the bank for the loss the bank proves it incurred as a result of the failure, but the liability of the sender may not exceed the amount of the sender’s order.
(c) This section applies to amendments to payment orders to the same extent it applies to payment orders.
D.C. Code § 28:11-103 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:11-103
§ 28:11-103. Transition to this act — general rule.
Status: in_force

Transactions validly entered into after January 1, 1965 and before the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101  ), and which were subject to the provisions of articles 1 through 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code, effective January 1, 1965, and which would be subject to this act as amended if they had been entered into after the effective date of this act (as provided in section 28:11-101  ) and the rights, duties and interests flowing from such transactions remain valid after the latter date and may be terminated, completed, consummated or enforced as required or permitted by this act. Security interests arising out of such transactions which are perfected when this act becomes effective shall remain perfected until they lapse as provided in this act, and may be continued as permitted by this act, except as stated in section 28:11-105  .
D.C. Code § 28:2A-523 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-523
§ 28:2A-523. Lessor’s remedies.
Status: in_force

(a) If a lessee wrongfully rejects or revokes acceptance of goods or fails to make a payment when due or repudiates with respect to a part or the whole, then, with respect to any goods involved, and with respect to all of the goods if under an installment lease contract the value of the whole lease contract is substantially impaired ( § 28:2A-510 ), the lessee is in default under the lease contract and the lessor may:
  (1) Cancel the lease contract ( § 28:2A-505(a) );
  (2) Proceed respecting goods not identified to the lease contract ( § 28:2A-524 );
  (3) Withhold delivery of the goods and take possession of goods previously delivered ( § 28:2A-525 );
  (4) Stop delivery of the goods by any bailee ( § 28:2A-526 );
  (5) Dispose of the goods and recover damages ( § 28:2A-527 ), or retain the goods and recover damages ( § 28:2A-528 ), or in a proper case recover rent ( § 28:2A-529 ); or
  (6) Exercise any other rights or pursue any other remedies provided in the lease contract.
(b) If a lessor does not fully exercise a right or obtain a remedy to which the lessor is entitled under subsection (a) of this section, the lessor may recover the loss resulting in the ordinary course of events from the lessee’s default as determined in any reasonable manner, together with incidental damages, less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default.
(c) If a lessee is otherwise in default under a lease contract, the lessor may exercise the rights and pursue the remedies provided in the lease contract which may include a right to cancel the lease. In addition, unless otherwise provided in the lease contract:
  (1) If the default substantially impairs the value of the lease contract to the lessor, the lessor may exercise the rights and pursue the remedies provided in subsections (a) and (b) of this section; or
  (2) If the default does not substantially impair the value of the lease contract to the lessor, the lessor may recover as provided in subsection (b) of this section.
D.C. Code § 28-3302 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3302
§ 28-3302. Rate of interest not expressed and on judgments.
Status: in_force

(a) The rate of interest in the District upon the loan or forbearance of money, goods, or things in action in the absence of expressed contract, is 6% per annum.
(b) Interest, when authorized by law, on judgments or decrees against the District of Columbia, or its officers, or its employees acting within the scope of their employment, is at the rate of not exceeding 4% per annum.
(c) The rate of interest on judgments and decrees, where the judgment or decree is not against the District of Columbia, or its officers, or its employees acting within the scope of their employment or where the rate of interest is not fixed by contract, shall be 70% of the rate of interest set by the Secretary of the Treasury pursuant to section 6621 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, approved October 22, 1986 (100 Stat. 2744; 26 U.S.C. § 6621), for underpayments of tax to the Internal Revenue Service, rounded to the nearest full percent, or if exactly 1/2 of 1%, increased to the next highest full percent; provided, that a court of competent jurisdiction may lower the rate of interest under this subsection for good cause shown or upon a showing that the judgment debtor in good faith is unable to pay the judgment. In the case of the judgments entered prior to the effective date of the Consumer Credit Interest Rate Amendment Act of 1981, that are not satisfied until after the effective date of the Consumer Credit Interest Rate Amendment Act of 1981, the rate of interest thereon shall be the rate of interest prescribed in this subsection from the effective date of the Consumer Credit Interest Rate Amendment Act of 1981, until the date of satisfaction.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-305 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-305
§ 28:2A-305. Sale or sublease of goods by lessee.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to the provisions of § 28:2A-303 , a buyer or sublessee from the lessee of goods under an existing lease contract obtains, to the extent of the interest transferred, the leasehold interest in the goods that the lessee had or had power to transfer, and except as provided in subsection (b) of this section and § 28:2A-511(d) , takes subject to the existing lease contract. A lessee with a voidable leasehold interest has power to transfer a good leasehold interest to a good faith buyer for value or a good faith sublessee for value, but only to the extent set forth in the preceding sentence. When goods have been delivered under a transaction of lease the lessee has that power even though:
  (1) The lessor was deceived as to the identity of the lessee;
  (2) The delivery was in exchange for a check which is later dishonored; or
  (3) The delivery was procured through fraud punishable as larcenous under the criminal law.
(b) A buyer in the ordinary course of business or a sublessee in the ordinary course of business from a lessee who is a merchant dealing in goods of that kind to whom the goods were entrusted by the lessor obtains, to the extent of the interest transferred, all of the lessor’s and lessee’s rights to the goods, and takes free of the existing lease contract.
(c) A buyer or sublessee from the lessee of goods that are subject to an existing lease contract and are covered by a certificate of title issued under a statute of the District of Columbia or of another jurisdiction takes no greater rights than those provided both by this section and by the certificate of title statute.
D.C. Code § 28:12-107 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:12-107
§ 28:12-107. Governing law.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as provided in subsection (b) of this section, the local law of a controllable electronic record's jurisdiction governs a matter covered by this article .
(b) For a controllable electronic record that evidences a controllable account or controllable payment intangible, the local law of the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction governs a matter covered by § 28:12-106 unless an effective agreement determines that the local law of another jurisdiction governs.
(c) The following rules determine a controllable electronic record's jurisdiction under this section:
  (1) If the controllable electronic record, or a record attached to or logically associated with the controllable electronic record and readily available for review, expressly provides that a particular jurisdiction is the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction for purposes of this article or this subtitle , that jurisdiction is the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction.
  (2) If paragraph (1) of this subsection does not apply and the rules of the system in which the controllable electronic record is recorded are readily available for review and expressly provide that a particular jurisdiction is the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction for purposes of this article or this subtitle , that jurisdiction is the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction.
  (3) If paragraphs (1) and (2) of this subsection do not apply and the controllable electronic record, or a record attached to or logically associated with the controllable electronic record and readily available for review, expressly provides that the controllable electronic record is governed by the law of a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction.
  (4) If paragraphs (1), (2), and (3) of this subsection do not apply and the rules of the system in which the controllable electronic record is recorded are readily available for review and expressly provide that the controllable electronic record or the system is governed by the law of a particular jurisdiction, that jurisdiction is the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction.
  (5) If paragraphs (1) through (4) of this subsection do not apply, the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction is the District of Columbia.
(d) To the extent subsections (a) and (b) of this section provide that the local law of the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction governs a matter covered by this article , that law governs even if the matter or a transaction to which the matter relates does not bear any relation to the controllable electronic record's jurisdiction.
(e) The rights acquired under § 28:12-104 by a purchaser or qualifying purchaser are governed by the law applicable under this section at the time of purchase.
D.C. Code § 28:9-401 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-401
§ 28:9-401. Alienability of debtor’s rights.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b) and §§ 28:9-406 , 28:9-407 , 28:9-408 , and 28:9-409 , whether a debtor’s rights in collateral may be voluntarily or involuntarily transferred is governed by law other than this article.
(b) An agreement between the debtor and secured party which prohibits a transfer of the debtor’s rights in collateral or makes the transfer a default does not prevent the transfer from taking effect.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-305 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-305
§ 28:4A-305. Liability for late or improper execution or failure to execute payment order.
Status: in_force

(a) If a funds transfer is completed but execution of a payment order by the receiving bank in breach of § 28:4A-302 results in delay in payment to the beneficiary, the bank is obliged to pay interest to either the originator or the beneficiary of the funds transfer for the period of delay caused by the improper execution. Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, additional damages are not recoverable.
(b) If execution of a payment order by a receiving bank in breach of § 28:4A-302 results in (i) noncompletion of the funds transfer, (ii) failure to use an intermediary bank designated by the originator, or (iii) issuance of a payment order that does not comply with the terms of the payment order of the originator, the bank is liable to the originator for its expenses in the funds transfer and for incidental expenses and interest losses, to the extent not covered by subsection (a) of this section, resulting from the improper execution. Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, additional damages are not recoverable.
(c) In addition to the amounts payable under subsections (a) and (b) of this section, damages, including consequential damages, are recoverable to the extent provided in an express agreement of the receiving bank, evidenced by a record.
(d) If a receiving bank fails to execute a payment order it was obliged by express agreement to execute, the receiving bank is liable to the sender for its expenses in the transaction and for incidental expenses and interest losses resulting from the failure to execute. Additional damages, including consequential damages, are recoverable to the extent provided in an express agreement of the receiving bank, evidenced by a record, but are not otherwise recoverable.
(e) Reasonable attorney’s fees are recoverable if demand for compensation under subsection (a) or (b) of this section is made and refused before an action is brought on the claim. If a claim is made for breach of an agreement under subsection (d) of this section and the agreement does not provide for damages, reasonable attorney’s fees are recoverable if demand for compensation under subsection (d) of this section is made and refused before an action is brought on the claim.
(f) Except as stated in this section, the liability of a receiving bank under subsections (a) and (b) of this section may not be varied by agreement.
D.C. Code § 28:7-209 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-209
§ 28:7-209. Lien of warehouse.
Status: in_force

(a) A warehouse has a lien against the bailor on the goods covered by a warehouse receipt or storage agreement or on the proceeds thereof in its possession for charges for storage or transportation, including demurrage and terminal charges, insurance, labor, or other charges, present or future, in relation to the goods, and for expenses necessary for preservation of the goods or reasonably incurred in their sale pursuant to law. If the person on whose account the goods are held is liable for similar charges or expenses in relation to other goods whenever deposited and it is stated in the warehouse receipt or storage agreement that a lien is claimed for charges and expenses in relation to other goods, the warehouse also has a lien against the goods covered by the warehouse receipt or storage agreement or on the proceeds thereof in its possession for those charges and expenses, whether or not the other goods have been delivered by the warehouse. However, as against a person to which a negotiable warehouse receipt is duly negotiated, a warehouse’s lien is limited to charges in an amount or at a rate specified in the warehouse receipt or, if no charges are so specified, to a reasonable charge for storage of the specific goods covered by the receipt subsequent to the date of the receipt.
(b) A warehouse may also reserve a security interest against the bailor for the maximum amount specified on the receipt for charges other than those specified in subsection (a) of this section, such as for money advanced and interest. The security interest is governed by Article 9.
(c) A warehouse’s lien for charges and expenses under subsection (a) of this section or a security interest under subsection (b) of this section is also effective against any person that so entrusted the bailor with possession of the goods that a pledge of them by the bailor to a good-faith purchaser for value would have been valid. However, the lien or security interest is not effective against a person that before issuance of a document of title had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in the goods and did not:
  (1) Deliver or entrust the goods or any document of title covering the goods to the bailor or the bailor’s nominee with:
    (A) Actual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell;
    (B) Power to obtain delivery under § 28:7-403 ; or
    (C) Power of disposition under § 28:2-403 , 28:2A-304, 28:2A-305 28:9-320, or 28:9-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; or
  (2) Acquiesce in the procurement by the bailor or its nominee of any document.
(d) A warehouse’s lien on household goods for charges and expenses in relation to the goods under subsection (a) of this section is also effective against all persons if the depositor was the legal possessor of the goods at the time of deposit. In this subsection, the term “household goods” means furniture, furnishings, or personal effects used by the depositor in a dwelling.
(e) A warehouse loses its lien on any goods that it voluntarily delivers or unjustifiably refuses to deliver.
D.C. Code § 28:9-101 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-101
§ 28:9-101. Short title.
Status: in_force

This article may be cited as Uniform Commercial Code—Secured Transactions.
D.C. Code § 28:9-407 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-407
§ 28:9-407. Restrictions on creation or enforcement of security interest in leasehold interest or in lessor’s residual interest.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (b), a term in a lease agreement is ineffective to the extent that it:
  (1) Prohibits, restricts, or requires the consent of a party to the lease to the assignment or transfer or the creation, attachment, perfection, or enforcement of a security interest in, an interest of a party under the lease contract or in the lessor’s residual interest in the goods; or
  (2) Provides that the assignment or transfer or the creation, attachment, perfection, or enforcement of the security interest may give rise to a default, breach, right of recoupment, claim, defense, termination, right of termination, or remedy under the lease.
(b) Except as otherwise provided in § 28:2A-303(7) , a term described in subsection (a)(2) Is effective to the extent that there is:
  (1) A transfer by the lessee of the lessee’s right of possession or use of the goods in violation of the term; or
  (2) A delegation of a material performance of either party to the lease contract in violation of the term.
(c) The creation, attachment, perfection, or enforcement of a security interest in the lessor’s interest under the lease contract or the lessor’s residual interest in the goods is not a transfer that materially impairs the lessee’s prospect of obtaining return performance or materially changes the duty of or materially increases the burden or risk imposed on the lessee within the purview of § 28:2A-303(4) unless, and then only to the extent that, enforcement actually results in a delegation of material performance of the lessor.
D.C. Code § 28:5-119 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:5-119
§ 28:5-119. Savings clause.
Status: in_force

A transaction arising out of or associated with a letter of credit that was issued before the effective date of this article and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that transaction are governed by any statute or other law amended or repealed by this article as if repeal or amendment had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other law.
D.C. Code § 28:4-212 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-212
§ 28:4-212. Presentment by notice of item not payable by, through, or at bank; liability of drawer or indorser.
Status: in_force

(a) Unless otherwise instructed, a collecting bank may present an item not payable by, through, or at a bank by sending to the party to accept or pay a record providing notice that the bank holds the item for acceptance or payment. The notice must be sent in time to be received on or before the day when presentment is due and the bank must meet any requirement of the party to accept or pay under section 28:3-501 by the close of the bank’s next banking day after it knows of the requirement.
(b) If presentment is made by notice and payment, acceptance, or request for compliance with a requirement under section 28:3-501 is not received by the close of business on the day after maturity or, in the case of demand items, by the close of business on the third banking day after notice was sent, the presenting bank may treat the item as dishonored and charge any drawer or indorser by sending it notice of the facts.
D.C. Code § 28-4505 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45 / § 28-4505
§ 28-4505. Civil investigative demand.
Status: in_force

(a) Whenever the Attorney General has reason to believe that any person may be in possession, custody, or control of any documentary material, or may have any information, relevant to a civil antitrust investigation, the Attorney General may, prior to the institution of a proceeding thereon, issue in writing, and cause to be served upon such person, a civil investigative demand requiring such person to produce such documentary material for inspection and copying or reproduction, to answer written interrogatories, to give oral testimony concerning documentary material or information, or to furnish any combination of such material, answers, or testimony.
(b) Each such demand shall:
  (1) state the nature of:
    (A) the conduct under investigation constituting the alleged antitrust violation; or
    (B) the activities under investigation which, if consummated, may result in an antitrust violation; and
    (C) the applicable provision of law;
  (2) if it is a demand for production of documentary material:
    (A) describe the class or classes of documentary material to be produced with sufficient definiteness as to permit such material to be fairly identified;
    (B) prescribe a return date or dates which will provide a reasonable period of time for the material demanded to be assembled and made available for inspection and copying or reproduction; and
    (C) identify the custodian to whom such material shall be made available;
  (3) if it is a demand for answers to written interrogatories:
    (A) propound with definiteness the written interrogatories to be answered;
    (B) prescribe a date or dates at which time answers to written interrogatories shall be submitted; and
    (C) identify the custodian to whom such answers shall be submitted; or
  (4) if it is a demand for the giving of oral testimony:
    (A) prescribe a date, time, and place at which oral testimony shall be commenced; and
    (B) identify a designee of the Attorney General who shall conduct the examination and the custodian to whom the transcript of such examination shall be submitted.
(c) No such demand shall require the production of any documentary material, the submission of any answers to written interrogatories, or the giving of any oral testimony, if such material, answers, or testimony would be protected from disclosure under:
  (1) the standards applicable to subpoenas or subpoenas duces tecum issued by the Superior Court of the District of Columbia in aid of a grand jury investigation; or
  (2) the standards applicable to discovery requests under the Superior Court of the District of Columbia Rules of Civil Procedure, to the extent that the application of such standards to any such demand is appropriate and consistent with the provisions and purposes of this chapter.
(d) Any such demand shall be served in any manner provided for service of process in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, or if the person to be served has no place of business within the District of Columbia, the demand may be served by depositing a duly executed copy in the United States mails by registered mail, return receipt requested, addressed to such person at that person’s principal office or place of business.
(e) The production of documentary material in response to a demand served pursuant to this section shall be made under a sworn certificate, in such form as the demand designates, by the person, if an individual, to whom the demand is directed or, if not an individual, by a person or persons having knowledge of the facts and circumstances relating to such production, to the effect that all of the documentary material required by the demand and in the possession, custody, or control of the person to whom the demand is directed has been produced and made available to the custodian.
(f) Each interrogatory in a demand served pursuant to this section shall be answered separately and fully in writing under oath, unless such procedure is objected to, in which event the reasons for the objection shall be stated with specificity in lieu of an answer, and such reasons shall be submitted under a sworn certificate.
(g) (1) The examination of any person pursuant to a demand for oral testimony served under this section shall be taken before an officer authorized to administer oaths and affirmations by the laws of the District of Columbia. The officer before whom the testimony is to be taken shall put the witness on oath or affirmation and shall personally, or by someone acting under the officer’s direction and in the officer’s presence, record the testimony of the witness. The testimony shall be recorded and transcribed. When the testimony is fully transcribed, the officer before whom the testimony is taken shall promptly transmit a copy of the transcript of the testimony to the custodian.
  (2) The designee of the Attorney General conducting the examination shall exclude from the place where the examination is held all other persons: except, the person being examined, the person’s counsel, the officer before whom the testimony is to be taken, and any stenographer taking such testimony.
  (3) The oral testimony of any person taken pursuant to a demand served under this section shall be taken in the District of Columbia, or in such other place as may be agreed upon by the designee of the Attorney Generall conducting the examination and such person.
  (4) When the testimony is fully transcribed, the designee of the Attorney Generall or the officer shall afford the witness (who may be accompanied by counsel) a reasonable opportunity to examine the transcript; and the transcript shall be read to or by the witness, unless such examination and reading are waived by the witness. Any changes in form or substance which the witness desires to make shall be entered and identified upon the transcript by the officer or the designee of the Attorney Generall with a statement of the reasons given by the witness for making such changes. The transcript shall then be signed by the witness, unless the witness in writing waives the signing, is ill, cannot be found, or refuses to sign. If the transcript is not signed by the witness within 30 days of the witness being afforded a reasonable opportunity to examine the transcript, the officer or the designee of the Attorney Generall shall sign the transcript and state on the record the fact of the waiver, illness, absence of the witness, or the refusal to sign, together with the reason, if any, given therefor.
  (5) The officer shall certify on the transcript that the witness was duly sworn by the officer and that the transcript is a true record of the testimony given by the witness, and the officer or designee of the Attorney Generall shall promptly deliver or send the transcript by registered mail, return receipt requested, addressed to the custodian.
  (6) Upon request, the designee of the Attorney General shall furnish a copy of the transcript at no cost to the witness only: except, that the Attorney General may for good cause limit such witness to inspection of the official transcript of the witness's testimony.
  (7) Any person compelled to appear under a demand for oral testimony pursuant to this section may be accompanied, represented, and advised by counsel. Counsel may advise such person, in confidence, either upon the request of such person or upon counsel’s own initiative, with respect to any question asked of such person. Such person or counsel may object on the record to any question, in whole or in part, and shall briefly state for the record the reason for the objection. An objection may properly be made, received, and entered upon the record when a claim is made that such person is entitled to refuse to answer the question on grounds of any constitutional or other legal right or privilege, including the privilege against self-incrimination. Such person shall not otherwise object to or refuse to answer any question, and shall not by himself or through counsel otherwise interrupt the oral examination. If such person refuses to answer any question, the Attorney General may petition the Superior Court of the District of Columbia pursuant to this section for an order compelling such person to answer such question. If such person refuses to answer any question on the grounds of privilege against self-incrimination, the testimony of such person may be compelled by order of court upon the granting of immunity. No testimony or other disclosure compelled under court order or any information directly or indirectly derived from such ordered testimony or disclosure may be used against the person in any criminal case except a prosecution for perjury or otherwise failing to comply with the order.
  (8) Any person appearing for oral examination pursuant to a demand served under this section shall be entitled to the same mileage reimbursements which are paid to witnesses in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia.
(h) Whenever any person fails to comply with any civil investigative demand duly served upon that person under this section or whenever satisfactory copying or reproduction of any such material cannot be done and such person refuses to surrender such material, the Attorney General may file, in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and serve upon such person a petition for an order of such court for the enforcement of this chapter. A person who, with the intent to avoid, prevent, or obstruct compliance, in whole or in part, with an investigative demand duly and properly made under this section, withholds, misrepresents, removes from any place, conceals, covers up, destroys, mutilates, alters, or by other means falsifies any documentary material, answers to written interrogatories, or oral testimony which is the subject of such demand, or who attempts to do so or solicits another to do so shall upon conviction thereof be fined not more than not more than the amount set forth in [ § 22-3571.01 ] or imprisoned not more than one (1) year or both.
(i) Within 20 days after the service of any such civil investigative demand upon any person, or at any time before the return date specified in the demand, whichever period is shorter, or within such period exceeding 20 days after service or in excess of such return date as may be prescribed in writing, subsequent to service, by any antitrust investigator named in the demand, such person may file in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia and serve upon the Attorney General a petition for an order of such court modifying or setting aside such demand. The time allowed for compliance with the demand in whole or in part as deemed proper and ordered by the court shall not run during the pendency of such petition in the court, except that such person shall comply with any portion of the demand not sought to be modified or set aside. Such petition shall specify each ground upon which the petitioner relies in seeking such relief, and may be based upon any failure of such demand to comply with the provisions of this section, or upon any constitutional or other legal right or privilege of such person.
(j) At any time during which any custodian is in custody or control of any documentary material or answers to interrogatories delivered, or transcripts of oral testimony given by any person in compliance with any such demand, such person may file, in the Superior Court of the District of Columbia, and serve upon such custodian a petition for an order of such court requiring the performance by such custodian of any duty imposed upon the custodian by this section.
(k) Any procedure, other than an action to enforce a demand pursuant to subsection (h) of this section, or testimony taken or material produced under this section or voluntarily in the course of an investigation shall be exempt from the provisions of the District of Columbia Freedom of Information Act (section 2-531 et seq.) and shall be kept confidential by the Attorney General before bringing an action against a person under this chapter for the violation under investigation, unless confidentiality is waived by the person who has testified, answered interrogatories, or produced material: except, that testimony taken or material or information produced under this section may be disclosed by the Attorney General to any officer or employee of any federal or state law enforcement agency upon the prior certification of an officer of any such federal or state law enforcement agency that such testimony, material, or information will be maintained in confidence and will be used only for official law enforcement purposes.
(l) Unless otherwise authorized or required by law, any employee of the District of Columbia who shall intentionally disclose information kept confidential by subsection (k) of this section shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by a fine up to $500.
D.C. Code § 28:4-104 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-104
§ 28:4-104. Definitions and index of definitions.
Status: in_force

(a) In this article, unless the context otherwise requires, the term:
  (1) “Account” means any deposit or credit account with a bank, including a demand, time, savings, passbook, share draft, or like account, other than an account evidenced by a certificate of deposit.
  (2) “Afternoon” means the period of a day between noon and midnight.
  (3) “Banking day” means the part of a day on which a bank is open to the public for carrying on substantially all of its banking functions.
  (4) “Clearing house” means an association of banks or other payors regularly clearing items.
  (5) “Customer” means a person having an account with a bank or for whom a bank has agreed to collect items, including a bank that maintains an account at another bank.
  (6) “Documentary draft” means a draft to be presented for acceptance or payment if specified documents, certificated securities (section 28:8-102) or instructions for uncertificated securities (section 28:8-102), or other certificates, statements, or the like are to be received by the drawee or other payor before acceptance or payment of the draft.
  (7) “Draft” means a draft as defined in section 28:3-104 or an item, other than an instrument, that is an order.
  (8) “Drawee” means a person ordered in a draft to make payment.
  (9) “Item” means an instrument or a promise or order to pay money handled by a bank for collection or payment. The term does not include a payment order governed by Article 4A or a credit or debit card slip.
  (10) “Midnight deadline”, with respect to a bank, means midnight on its next banking day following the banking day on which it receives the relevant item or notice or from which the time for taking action commences to run, whichever is later.
  (11) “Settle” means to pay in cash, by clearing-house settlement, in a charge or credit or by remittance, or otherwise as agreed. A settlement may be either provisional or final.
  (12) “Suspends payments”, with respect to a bank, means that it has been closed by order of the supervisory authorities, that a public officer has been appointed to take it over, or that it ceases or refuses to make payments in the ordinary course of business.
(b) Other definitions applying to this article and the sections in which they appear are:
“Agreement for electronic presentment”. Section 28:4-110  .
“Collecting bank”. Section 28:4-105  .
“Depositary bank”. Section 28:4-105  .
“Intermediary bank”. Section 28:4-105  .
“Payor bank”. Section 28:4-105  .
“Presenting bank”. Section 28:4-105  .
“Presentment notice”. Section 28:4-110  .
(c) “Control” as provided in § 28:7-106 and the following definitions in other articles apply to this article:
“Acceptance”. Section 28:3-409  .
“Alteration”. Section 28:3-407  .
“Cashier’s check”. Section 28:3-104  .
“Certificate of deposit”. Section 28:3-104  .
“Certified check”. Section 28:3-409  .
“Check”. Section 28:3-104  .
“Holder in due course”. Section 28:3-302  .
“Instrument”. Section 28:3-104  .
“Notice of dishonor”. Section 28:3-503  .
“Order”. Section 28:3-103  .
“Ordinary care”. Section 28:3-103  .
“Person entitled to enforce”. Section 28:3-301  .
“Presentment”. Section 28:3-501  .
“Promise”. Section 28:3-103  .
“Prove”. Section 28:3-103  .
“Record”. Section 28:3-103  .
“Remotely created consumer item”. Section 28:3-103  .
“Teller’s check”. Section 28:3-104  .
“Unauthorized signature”. Section 28:3-403  .
(d) In addition, Article 1 contains general definitions and principles of construction and interpretation applicable throughout this article.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-529 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-529
§ 28:2A-529. Lessor’s action for the rent.
Status: in_force

(a) After default by the lessee under the lease contract of the type described in § 28:2A-523(a) or § 28:2A-523(c) or, if agreed, after other default by the lessee, if the lessor complies with subsection (b) of this section, the lessor may recover from the lessee as damages:
  (1) For goods accepted by the lessee and not repossessed by or tendered to the lessor, and for conforming goods lost or damaged within a commercially reasonable time after risk of loss passes to the lessee ( § 28:2A-219 ), (i) accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of entry of judgment in favor of the lessor, (ii) the present value as of the same date of the rent for the then remaining lease term of the lease agreement, and (iii) any incidental damages allowed under § 28:2A-530 , less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default; and
  (2) For goods identified to the lease contract if the lessor is unable after reasonable effort to dispose of them at a reasonable price or the circumstances reasonably indicate that effort will be unavailing, (i) accrued and unpaid rent as of the date of default, (ii) the present value as of the date of default of the rent for the remaining lease term of the lease agreement, and (iii) any incidental damages allowed under § 28:2A-530 , less expenses saved in consequence of the lessee’s default.
(b) Except as provided in subsection (c) of this section, the lessor shall hold for the lessee for the remaining lease term of the lease agreement any goods that have been identified to the lease contract and are in the lessor’s control.
(c) The lessor may dispose of the goods at any time before collection of the judgment for damages obtained pursuant to subsection (a) of this section. If the disposition is before the end of the remaining lease term of the lease agreement, the lessor’s recovery against the lessee for damages is governed by § 28:2A-527 or § 28:2A-528 , and the lessor will cause an appropriate credit to be provided against a judgment for damages to the extent that the amount of the judgment exceeds the recovery available pursuant to § 28:2A-527 or § 28:2A-528 .
(d) Payment of the judgment for damages obtained pursuant to subsection (a) of this section entitles the lessee to the use and possession of the goods not then disposed of for the remaining lease term of and in accordance with the lease agreement.
(e) After a lessee has wrongfully rejected or revoked acceptance of goods, has failed to pay rent then due, or has repudiated ( § 28:2A-402 ), a lessor who is held not entitled to rent under this section must nevertheless be awarded damages for nonacceptance under §§ 28:2A-527 and 28:2A-528 .
D.C. Code § 28:9-615 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-615
§ 28:9-615. Application of proceeds of disposition; liability for deficiency and right to surplus.
Status: in_force

(a) A secured party shall apply or pay over for application the cash proceeds of disposition under § 28:9-610 in the following order to:
  (1) The reasonable expenses of retaking, holding, preparing for disposition, processing, and disposing, and, to the extent provided for by agreement and not prohibited by law, reasonable attorney’s fees and legal expenses incurred by the secured party;
  (2) The satisfaction of obligations secured by the security interest or agricultural lien under which the disposition is made;
  (3) The satisfaction of obligations secured by any subordinate security interest in or other subordinate lien on the collateral if:
    (A) The secured party receives from the holder of the subordinate security interest or other lien a signed demand for proceeds before distribution of the proceeds is completed; and
    (B) In a case in which a consignor has an interest in the collateral, the subordinate security interest or other lien is senior to the interest of the consignor; and
  (4) A secured party that is a consignor of the collateral if the secured party receives from the consignor a signed demand for proceeds before distribution of the proceeds is completed.
(b) If requested by a secured party, a holder of a subordinate security interest or other lien shall furnish reasonable proof of the interest or lien within a reasonable time. Unless the holder does so, the secured party need not comply with the holder’s demand under subsection (a)(3).
(c) A secured party need not apply or pay over for application noncash proceeds of disposition under § 28:9-610 unless the failure to do so would be commercially unreasonable. A secured party that applies or pays over for application noncash proceeds shall do so in a commercially reasonable manner.
(d) If the security interest under which a disposition is made secures payment or performance of an obligation, after making the payments and applications required by subsection (a) and permitted by subsection (c):
  (1) Unless subsection (a)(4) of this section requires the secured party to apply or pay over cash proceeds to a consignor, the secured party shall account to and pay a debtor for any surplus; and
  (2) The obligor is liable for any deficiency.
(e) If the underlying transaction is a sale of accounts, chattel paper, payment intangibles, or promissory notes:
  (1) The debtor is not entitled to any surplus; and
  (2) The obligor is not liable for any deficiency.
(f) The surplus or deficiency following a disposition is calculated based on the amount of proceeds that would have been realized in a disposition complying with this part to a transferee other than the secured party, a person related to the secured party, or a secondary obligor if:
  (1) The transferee in the disposition is the secured party, a person related to the secured party, or a secondary obligor; and
  (2) The amount of proceeds of the disposition is significantly below the range of proceeds that a complying disposition to a person other than the secured party, a person related to the secured party, or a secondary obligor would have brought.
(g) A secured party that receives cash proceeds of a disposition in good faith and without knowledge that the receipt violates the rights of the holder of a security interest or other lien that is not subordinate to the security interest or agricultural lien under which the disposition is made:
  (1) Takes the cash proceeds free of the security interest or other lien;
  (2) Is not obligated to apply the proceeds of the disposition to the satisfaction of obligations secured by the security interest or other lien; and
  (3) Is not obligated to account to or pay the holder of the security interest or other lien for any surplus.
D.C. Code § 28:3-603 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:3-603
§ 28:3-603. Tender of payment.
Status: in_force

(a) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the effect of tender is governed by principles of law applicable to tender of payment under a simple contract.
(b) If tender of payment of an obligation to pay an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument and the tender is refused, there is discharge, to the extent of the amount of the tender, of the obligation of an indorser or accommodation party having a right of recourse with respect to the obligation to which the tender relates.
(c) If tender of payment of an amount due on an instrument is made to a person entitled to enforce the instrument, the obligation of the obligor to pay interest after the due date on the amount tendered is discharged. If presentment is required with respect to an instrument and the obligor is able and ready to pay on the due date at every place of payment stated in the instrument, the obligor is deemed to have made tender of payment on the due date to the person entitled to enforce the instrument.
D.C. Code § 28:9-602 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-602
§ 28:9-602. Waiver and variance of rights and duties.
Status: in_force

Except as otherwise provided in § 28:9-624 , to the extent that they give rights to a debtor or obligor and impose duties on a secured party, the debtor or obligor may not waive or vary the rules stated in the following listed sections:
(1) § 28:9-207(b)(4)(C) , which deals with use and operation of the collateral by the secured party;
(2) § 28:9-210 , which deals with requests for an accounting and requests concerning a list of collateral and statement of account;
(3) § 28:9-607(c) , which deals with collection and enforcement of collateral;
(4) §§ 28:9-608(a) and 28:9-615(c) to the extent that they deal with application or payment of noncash proceeds of collection, enforcement, or disposition;
(5) §§ 28:9-608(a) and 28:9-615(d) to the extent that they require accounting for or payment of surplus proceeds of collateral;
(6) § 28:9-609 to the extent that it imposes upon a secured party that takes possession of collateral without judicial process the duty to do so without breach of the peace;
(7) §§ 28:9-610(b) , 28:9-611 , 28:9-613 , and 28:9-614 , which deal with disposition of collateral;
(8) § 28:9-615(f) , which deals with calculation of a deficiency or surplus when a disposition is made to the secured party, a person related to the secured party, or a secondary obligor;
(9) § 28:9-616 , which deals with explanation of the calculation of a surplus or deficiency;
(10) §§ 28:9-620 , 28:9-621 , and 28:9-622 , which deal with acceptance of collateral in satisfaction of obligation;
(11) § 28:9-623 , which deals with redemption of collateral;
(12) § 28:9-624 , which deals with permissible waivers; and
(13) §§ 28:9-625 and 28:9-626 , which deal with the secured party’s liability for failure to comply with this article.
D.C. Code § 28-2102 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 21 / § 28-2102
§ 28-2102. Extent of assignment — Assets exempt.
Status: in_force

An assignment vests in the assignee the title to all property, except what is legally exempt, belonging to the debtor at the time of making the assignment and comprehended within its general terms. The inventory annexed to an assignment is not conclusive as to the amount of the debtor’s estate.
An assignment for the benefit of creditors does not include or cover property exempt from levy or sale on execution unless the exemption is expressly waived. The court may direct the manner in which exempt property may be ascertained and set aside before a sale by a trustee.
D.C. Code § 28:2-513 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2-513
§ 28:2-513. Buyer’s right to inspection of goods.
Status: in_force

(1) Unless otherwise agreed and subject to subsection (3), where goods are tendered or delivered or identified to the contract for sale, the buyer has a right before payment or acceptance to inspect them at any reasonable place and time and in any reasonable manner. When the seller is required or authorized to send the goods to the buyer, the inspection may be after their arrival.
(2) Expenses of inspection must be borne by the buyer but may be recovered from the seller if the goods do not conform and are rejected.
(3) Unless otherwise agreed and subject to the provisions of this article on C.I.F. contracts (subsection (3) of section 28:2-321), the buyer is not entitled to inspect the goods before payment of the price when the contract provides:
  (a) for delivery “C.O.D.” or on other like terms; or
  (b) for payment against documents of title, except where such payment is due only after the goods are to become available for inspection.
(4) A place or method of inspection fixed by the parties is presumed to be exclusive but unless otherwise expressly agreed it does not postpone identification or shift the place for delivery or for passing the risk of loss. If compliance becomes impossible, inspection shall be as provided in this section unless the place or method fixed was clearly intended as an indispensable condition failure of which avoids the contract.
D.C. Code § 28:4A-210 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4A-210
§ 28:4A-210. Rejection of payment order.
Status: in_force

(a) A payment order is rejected by the receiving bank by a notice of rejection transmitted to the sender orallyor in a record. A notice of rejection need not use any particular words and is sufficient if it indicates that the receiving bank is rejecting the order or will not execute or pay the order. Rejection is effective when the notice is given if transmission is by a means that is reasonable in the circumstances. If notice of rejection is given by a means that is not reasonable, rejection is effective when the notice is received. If an agreement of the sender and receiving bank establishes the means to be used to reject a payment order, (i) any means complying with the agreement is reasonable and (ii) any means not complying is not reasonable unless no significant delay in receipt of the notice resulted from the use of the noncomplying means.
(b) This subsection applies if a receiving bank other than the beneficiary’s bank fails to execute a payment order despite the existence on the execution date of a withdrawable credit balance in an authorized account of the sender sufficient to cover the order. If the sender does not receive notice of rejection of the order on the execution date and the authorized account of the sender does not bear interest, the bank is obliged to pay interest to the sender on the amount of the order for the number of days elapsing after the execution date to the earlier of the day the order is canceled pursuant to § 28:4A-211(d) or the day the sender receives notice or learns that the order was not executed, counting the final day of the period as an elapsed day. If the withdrawable credit balance during that period falls below the amount of the order, the amount of interest is reduced accordingly.
(c) If a receiving bank suspends payments, all unaccepted payment orders issued to it are deemed rejected at the time the bank suspends payments.
(d) Acceptance of a payment order precludes a later rejection of the order. Rejection of a payment order precludes a later acceptance of the order.
D.C. Code § 28-3702 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 37 / § 28-3702
§ 28-3702. Amount and computation of credit service charge.
Status: in_force

(a) The seller or financial institution may contract for the payment by the buyer of a credit service charge not exceeding that permitted by this section.
(b) A credit service charge may be made in each billing cycle. For the purpose of computing the outstanding balance subject to the credit service charge (1) the outstanding balance on any day shall consist of an amount which shall not exceed the sum of the total charges to the account less the amounts paid or credited to the account prior to such day, or (2) the outstanding balance may be computed by the average daily balance method. The credit service charge may also be computed for all outstanding balances within a range of not in excess of $10 on the basis of the median amount within such range if as so computed such credit service charge is applied to all outstanding balance within such range.
(c) (1) If the billing cycle is monthly, a credit service charge may be imposed in the maximum amount of 2%. If the billing cycle is not monthly, the maximum charge is that percentage which bears the relation to the applicable monthly percentage as the number of days in the billing cycle bears to 30. For the purposes of this section, a variation of not more than 4 days from month to month is “the same day of the billing cycle”.
  (2) Notwithstanding the terms of any revolving credit account or any other provision of law, a seller or financial institution, with respect to its revolving credit accounts may (A) impose or increase any credit service charge, (B) change the method of computing the balance upon which charges are imposed, or (C) increase the required minimum periodic payment; provided, that the seller or financial institution mails a written notice of the change to each affected buyer at least thirty (30) days before the effected date of the change; Provided, further, that the seller or financial institution shall permit each affected buyer to repay, under the existing terms, any debt incurred prior to the effective date of the change, unless the buyer incurs additional debt on or after that date or otherwise assents in writing to the changes. This paragraph does not authorize a seller or financial institution to impose a credit service charge in excess of that permitted under paragraph (1) of this subsection.
  (3) The notice required by paragraph (2) of this subsection shall clearly set forth the new term or terms, the corresponding existing term or terms, and the effective date of the change; shall appear on a single document that contains no other information except the changed revolving credit account agreement or other material directly related to the change; and shall be in plain language. The notice shall clearly explain the two options available to the buyer. The options shall be presented more conspicuously than the rest of the notice by, for example, bold-faced type, larger type size, or contrasting color.
(d) (1) In addition to the credit service charge permitted in subsection (b) of this section, a seller or financial institution may impose a late fee, delinquency charge, or any similar assessment on each minimum payment not paid in full within 10 days after the date the minimum payment is due. The late fee, delinquency charge, or any similar assessment shall not exceed $15 for any one minimum payment not made within 10 days of the date the minimum payment was due.
  (2) Notwithstanding the terms of any revolving credit account or any other provision of law, a seller or financial institution may impose a late fee, delinquency charge, or other similar assessment pursuant to paragraph (1) of this subsection provided that the seller or financial institution mails a written notice of the change to each affected buyer at least 30 days before the date of the effected change, and that the seller or financial institution shall permit each affected buyer to repay, under the existing terms, any debt incurred prior to the effective date of the change, unless the buyer incurs additional debt on or after that date or otherwise asserts in writing to the changes.
  (3) The notice required by paragraph (2) of this subsection shall clearly set forth the new terms, the corresponding existing terms, and the effective date of the change; shall appear on a single document that contains no other information except the charged revolving account agreement or other material directly related to the change; and shall be in plain language.
D.C. Code § 28:8-405 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-405
§ 28:8-405. Replacement of lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken security certificate.
Status: in_force

(a) If an owner of a certificated security, whether in registered or bearer form, claims that the certificate has been lost, destroyed, or wrongfully taken, the issuer shall issue a new certificate if the owner:
  (1) So requests before the issuer has notice that the certificate has been acquired by a protected purchaser;
  (2) Files with the issuer a sufficient indemnity bond; and
  (3) Satisfies other reasonable requirements imposed by the issuer.
(b) If, after the issue of a new security certificate, a protected purchaser of the original certificate presents it for registration of transfer, the issuer shall register the transfer unless an overissue would result. In that case, the issuer’s liability is governed by § 28:8-210 . In addition to any rights on the indemnity bond, an issuer may recover the new certificate from a person to whom it was issued or any person taking under that person, except a protected purchaser.
D.C. Code § 28:1-309 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:1-309
§ 28:1-309. Option to accelerate at will.
Status: in_force

A term providing that one party or that party’s successor in interest may accelerate payment or performance or require collateral or additional collateral at will or when the party deems itself insecure, or words of similar import, means that the party has power to do so only if that party in good faith believes that the prospect of payment or performance is impaired. The burden of establishing lack of good faith is on the party against which the power has been exercised.
D.C. Code § 28-3315 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 33 / § 28-3315
§ 28-3315. Exemption of institutions of higher learning from usury law.
Status: in_force

Any institution of higher education located in the District of Columbia and described in the first sentence of section 101(a) of the Higher Education Amendments, approved October 7, 1998 (112 Stat. 1385; 20 U.S.C. § 1001(a)  ) (other than District of Columbia Teachers’ College, Federal City College, Gallaudet College, and Howard University) may borrow money at such rates of interest as the institution may determine, without regard to the restrictions of any usury law applicable in the District of Columbia, and shall not plead any statutes against usury in any action.
D.C. Code § 28-2907 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 29 / § 28-2907
§ 28-2907. Nonliability of third persons.
Status: in_force

(a) A person who participates in the acquisition, disposition, assignment or transfer of a security by or to a fiduciary including a person who guarantees the signature of the fiduciary is not liable for participation in any breach of fiduciary duty by reason of failure to inquire whether the transaction involves such a breach unless it is shown that he acted with actual knowledge that the proceeds of the transaction were being or were to be used wrongfully for the individual benefit of the fiduciary or that the transaction was otherwise in breach of duty.
(b) When a corporation or transfer agent makes a transfer pursuant to an assignment by a fiduciary, a person who guaranteed the signature of the fiduciary is not liable on the guarantee to any person to whom the corporation or transfer agent by reason of this chapter incurs no liability.
(c) This section does not impose any liability upon the corporation or its transfer agent.
D.C. Code § 28:4-402 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:4-402
§ 28:4-402. Bank’s liability to customer for wrongful dishonor; time of determining insufficiency of account.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as otherwise provided in this article, a payor bank wrongfully dishonors an item if it dishonors an item that is properly payable, but a bank may dishonor an item that would create an overdraft unless it has agreed to pay the overdraft.
(b) A payor bank is liable to its customer for damages proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor of an item. Liability is limited to actual damages proved and may include damages for an arrest or prosecution of the customer or other consequential damages. Whether any consequential damages are proximately caused by the wrongful dishonor is a question of fact to be determined in each case.
(c) A payor bank’s determination of the customer’s account balance on which a decision to dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is based may be made at any time between the time the item is received by the payor bank and the time that the payor bank returns the item or gives notice in lieu of return, and no more than one determination need be made. If, at the election of the payor bank, a subsequent balance determination is made for the purpose of reevaluating the bank’s decision to dishonor the item, the account balance at that time is determinative of whether a dishonor for insufficiency of available funds is wrongful.
D.C. Code § 28:7-509 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-509
§ 28:7-509. Adequate compliance with commercial contract.
Status: in_force

Whether a document of title is adequate to fulfill the obligations of a contract for sale, a contract for lease, or the conditions of a letter of credit is determined by Article 2, 2A, or 5.
D.C. Code § 28-4102 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 41 / § 28-4102
§ 28-4102. Overcharging.
Status: in_force

(a) It shall be unlawful for any person to charge more than the normal average retail price for any merchandise or service sold during an emergency that resulted from a natural disaster, if an emergency has been declared pursuant to subsection (b) of this section.
(b) (1) Within 48 hours of a natural disaster, the Mayor may declare, for not more than 30 calendar days, a state of emergency for the purposes of this act. The Mayor shall prepare an emergency declaration that shall include a description of the existence, nature, extent, and duration of the emergency.
  (2) Upon the issuance of a declaration of an emergency or as soon as practicable given the nature of the emergency, the Mayor shall publish a copy of the emergency declaration in the District of Columbia Register and in 2 daily newspapers of general circulation.
D.C. Code § 28:7-304 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-304
§ 28:7-304. Tangible bills of lading in a set.
Status: in_force

(a) Except as customary in international transportation, a tangible bill of lading may not be issued in a set of parts. The issuer is liable for damages caused by violation of this subsection.
(b) If a tangible bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts, each of which contains an identification code and is expressed to be valid only if the goods have not been delivered against any other part, the whole of the parts constitutes one bill.
(c) If a tangible negotiable bill of lading is lawfully issued in a set of parts and different parts are negotiated to different persons, the title of the holder to which the first due negotiation is made prevails as to both the document of title and the goods even if any later holder may have received the goods from the carrier in good faith and discharged the carrier’s obligation by surrendering its part.
(d) A person that negotiates or transfers a single part of a tangible bill of lading issued in a set is liable to holders of that part as if it were the whole set.
(e) The bailee shall deliver in accordance with Part 4 of this article against the first presented part of a tangible bill of lading lawfully issued in a set. Delivery in this manner discharges the bailee’s obligation on the whole bill.
D.C. Code § 28:2A-522 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:2A-522
§ 28:2A-522. Lessee’s right to goods on lessor’s insolvency.
Status: in_force

(a) Subject to subsection (b) of this section and even though the goods have not been shipped, a lessee who has paid a part or all of the rent and security for goods identified to a lease contract ( § 28:2A-217 ) on making and keeping good a tender of any unpaid portion of the rent and security due under the lease contract may recover the goods identified from the lessor if the lessor becomes insolvent within 10 days after receipt of the first installment of rent and security.
(b) A lessee acquires the right to recover goods identified to a lease contract only if they conform to the lease contract.
D.C. Code § 28-4506 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45 / § 28-4506
§ 28-4506. Criminal enforcement by the District of Columbia.
Status: in_force

Every person who violates section 28-4502   or 28-4503   shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, and, on conviction thereof, shall be punished by a fine of not more than the amount set forth in [ § 22-3571.01 ], or by imprisonment not exceeding one (1) year, or both. The Attorney General shall commence and try all prosecutions for violations of section 28-4502   or 28-4503  . Whenever a corporation violates section 28-4502   or 28-4503  , the individual directors, officers, or agents of such corporation who have intentionally authorized, ordered or ratified the acts constituting such violation shall be punishable in accordance with this section.
D.C. Code § 28-4517 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 45 / § 28-4517
§ 28-4517. Severability.
Status: in_force

If any provision of this chapter or the application thereof to any person or circumstance is held invalid, the invalidity does not affect other provisions or applications of the chapter which can be given effect without the invalid provision or application, and to this end the provisions of this chapter are severable.
D.C. Code § 28-3815 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 38 / § 28-3815
§ 28-3815. Administrative enforcement.
Status: in_force

(a) As used in this section —
  (1) “Commissioner” [“Mayor”] means the Commissioner of the District of Columbia [Mayor of the District of Columbia] or his designated agent;
(b) Compliance with the requirements imposed under this chapter shall be enforced by the Commissioner [Mayor]. Nothing contained herein shall be construed to affect the authority and jurisdiction of the respective agencies designated in section 108 of the Truth-in-Lending Act (82 Stat. 146 et seq.; 15 U.S.C. 1601 et seq.).
(c) Civil fines, penalties, and fees may be imposed as alternative sanctions for any infraction of the provisions of this act [this chapter], or any rules or regulations issued under the authority of this act [this chapter], pursuant to titles I-III of the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Civil Infractions Act of 1985 [ Chapter 18 of Title 2 ]. Adjudication of any infraction of this act [this chapter] shall be pursuant to titles I-III of the Department of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Civil Infractions Act of 1985 [ Chapter 18 of Title 2 ].
D.C. Code § 28:10-101 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:10-101
§ 28:10-101. Effective date.
Status: omitted

Omitted.
D.C. Code § 28-2304 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 23 / § 28-2304
§ 28-2304. General assignments including choses in action.
Status: in_force

In a general assignment which includes choses in action, it is not necessary to execute a separate assignment of each chose in action, but the assignee, by virtue of the general assignment, may sue in his own name on the several choses in action included therein.
D.C. Code § 28-3151 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 31A / § 28-3151
§ 28-3151. Definitions.
Status: in_force

For the purposes of this chapter, the term “merchant” means a person who does or would sell, lease, or transfer, either directly or indirectly, consumer goods or services, or a person who does or would supply the goods or services which are or would be the subject matter of a trade practice.
D.C. Code § 28-4802.01 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter 48 / § 28-4802.01
§ 28-4802.01. Determination and distribution of net income.
Status: in_force

After a decedent dies, in the case of an estate, or after an income interest in a trust ends, the following rules apply:
(1) A fiduciary of an estate or of a terminating income interest shall determine the amount of net income and net principal receipts received from property specifically given to a beneficiary under the rules in subchapters III through V of this chapter which apply to trustees and the rules in paragraph (5) of this section. The fiduciary shall distribute the net income and net principal receipts to the beneficiary who is to receive the specific property.
(2) A fiduciary shall determine the remaining net income of a decedent’s estate or a terminating income interest under the rules in subchapters III through V of this chapter which apply to trustees and by:
  (A) Including in net income all income from property used to discharge liabilities;
  (B) Paying from income or principal, in the fiduciary’s discretion, fees of attorneys, accountants, and fiduciaries; court costs and other expenses of administration; and interest on death taxes, but the fiduciary may pay those expenses from income of property passing to a trust for which the fiduciary claims an estate tax marital or charitable deduction only to the extent that the payment of those expenses from income will not cause the reduction or loss of the deduction; and
  (C) Paying from principal all other disbursements made or incurred in connection with the settlement of a decedent’s estate or the winding up of a terminating income interest, including debts, funeral expenses, disposition of remains, family allowances, and death taxes and related penalties that are apportioned to the estate or terminating income interest by the will, the terms of the trust, or applicable law.
(3) A fiduciary shall distribute to a beneficiary who receives a pecuniary amount outright the interest or any other amount provided by the will, the terms of the trust, or applicable law from net income determined under paragraph (2) of this section or from principal to the extent that net income is insufficient. If a beneficiary is to receive a pecuniary amount outright from a trust after an income interest ends and no interest or other amount is provided for by the terms of the trust or applicable law, the fiduciary shall distribute the interest or other amount to which the beneficiary would be entitled under applicable law if the pecuniary amount were required to be paid under a will.
(4) A fiduciary shall distribute the net income remaining after distributions required by paragraph (3) of this section in the manner described in § 28-4802.02 to all other beneficiaries, including a beneficiary who receives a pecuniary amount in trust, even if the beneficiary holds an unqualified power to withdraw assets from the trust or other presently exercisable general power of appointment over the trust.
(5) A fiduciary may not reduce principal or income receipts from property described in paragraph (1) of this section because of a payment described in § 28-4805.01 or § 28-4805.02 to the extent that the will, the terms of the trust, or applicable law requires the fiduciary to make the payment from assets other than the property or to the extent that the fiduciary recovers or expects to recover the payment from a third party. The net income and principal receipts from the property are determined by including all of the amounts the fiduciary receives or pays with respect to the property, whether those amounts accrued or became due before, on, or after the date of a decedent’s death or an income interest’s terminating event, and by making a reasonable provision for amounts that the fiduciary believes the estate or terminating income interest may become obligated to pay after the property is distributed.
D.C. Code § 28:7-503 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-503
§ 28:7-503. Document of title to goods defeated in certain cases.
Status: in_force

(a) A document of title confers no right in goods against a person that before issuance of the document had a legal interest or a perfected security interest in the goods and that did not:
  (1) Deliver or entrust the goods or any document of title covering the goods to the bailor or the bailor’s nominee with:
    (A) Actual or apparent authority to ship, store, or sell;
    (B) Power to obtain delivery under § 28:7-403 ; or
    (C) Power of disposition under § 28:2-403 , 28:2A-304, 28:2A-305, 28:9-320, or 28:9-321(c) or other statute or rule of law; or
  (2) Acquiesce in the procurement by the bailor or its nominee of any document.
(b) Title to goods based upon an unaccepted delivery order is subject to the rights of any person to which a negotiable warehouse receipt or bill of lading covering the goods has been duly negotiated. That title may be defeated under § 28:7-504 to the same extent as the rights of the issuer or a transferee from the issuer.
(c) Title to goods based upon a bill of lading issued to a freight forwarder is subject to the rights of any person to which a bill issued by the freight forwarder is duly negotiated. However, delivery by the carrier in accordance with Part 4 of this article pursuant to its own bill of lading discharges the carrier’s obligation to deliver.
D.C. Code § 28:8-304 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:8-304
§ 28:8-304. Indorsement.
Status: in_force

(a) An indorsement may be in blank or special. An indorsement in blank includes an indorsement to bearer. A special indorsement specifies to whom a security is to be transferred or who has power to transfer it. A holder may convert a blank indorsement to a special indorsement.
(b) An indorsement purporting to be only of part of a security certificate representing units intended by the issuer to be separately transferable is effective to the extent of the indorsement.
(c) An indorsement, whether special or in blank, does not constitute a transfer until delivery of the certificate on which it appears or, if the indorsement is on a separate document, until delivery of both the document and the certificate.
(d) If a security certificate in registered form has been delivered to a purchaser without a necessary indorsement, the purchaser may become a protected purchaser only when the indorsement is supplied. However, against a transferor, a transfer is complete upon delivery and the purchaser has a specifically enforceable right to have any necessary indorsement supplied.
(e) An indorsement of a security certificate in bearer form may give notice of an adverse claim to the certificate, but it does not otherwise affect a right to registration that the holder possesses.
(f) Unless otherwise agreed, a person making an indorsement assumes only the obligations provided in § 28:8-108 and not an obligation that the security will be honored by the issuer.
D.C. Code § 28:9-526 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:9-526
§ 28:9-526. Filing-office rules.
Status: in_force

(a) The Chief Financial Officer shall adopt and publish rules to implement this article. The filing-office rules must be adopted and published in accordance with subchapter I of Chapter 5 of Title 2 .
(b) To keep the filing-office rules and practices of the filing office in harmony with the rules and practices of filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part, and to keep the technology used by the filing office compatible with the technology used by filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part, the Chief Financial Officer, so far as is consistent with the purposes, policies, and provisions of this article, in adopting, amending, and repealing filing-office rules, shall:
  (1) Consult with filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part;
  (2) Consult the most recent version of the Model Rules promulgated by the International Association of Corporate Administrators or any successor organization; and
  (3) Take into consideration the rules and practices of, and the technology used by, filing offices in other jurisdictions that enact substantially this part.
D.C. Code § 28:7-702 — DC Code / Title 28 / Chapter  / § 28:7-702
§ 28:7-702. Savings clause.
Status: in_force

A document of title issued or a bailment that arises before the effective date of this act and the rights, obligations, and interests flowing from that document or bailment are governed by any statute or other rule amended or repealed by this act as if the amendment or repeal had not occurred and may be terminated, completed, consummated, or enforced under that statute or other rule.