Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-133d — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-133d
Sec. 46b-133d. Serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution. Sentencing.
Status: in_force

(b) Whenever a child is referred for (1) the commission of any crime of (A) murder or manslaughter in the first degree, (B) a violation of section 53a-56a , 53a-60a , 53a-60c , 53a-92a , 53a-94a , 53a-102a , 53a-103a or 53a-212 , or (C) a violation of section 53a-59 , 53a-101 or 53a-136a if such violation involved the use of a firearm, or (2) the commission of any crime of a sexual nature, and such case is not transferred to the regular criminal docket pursuant to section 46b-127 , the prosecutorial official may request the court to designate the proceeding as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution.

(c) If a prosecutorial official requests that a proceeding be designated as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution, the court shall hold a hearing not later than thirty days after the filing of such request unless good cause is shown by the prosecutorial official or by the child as to why the hearing should not be held within such period. If good cause is shown, the hearing shall be held not later than ninety days after the filing of such request. The court shall decide whether to designate the proceeding as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution not later than thirty days after the completion of such hearing. The court shall grant the request to designate the proceeding as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution if the court finds probable cause to believe the child has committed the felony act charged and the prosecutorial official shows by clear and convincing evidence that such designation will serve the public safety. The decision to designate the proceeding as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution shall not be a final judgment for purposes of appeal.

(d) A proceeding designated as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution pursuant to subsection (c) of this section shall be held before the court without a jury provided the child has waived the right to a trial by jury. If a child is convicted of or pleads guilty or nolo contendere to a charge in a proceeding that has been designated as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution, the court shall: (1) Sentence the child in accordance with section 46b-140 , provided such sentence may be extended for a period not to exceed sixty months, (2) sentence the child to a period of special juvenile probation of at least five years, to commence upon the release of the child from the institution, agency or program in whose care the child had been placed, and (3) sentence the child in accordance with section 53a-28 with the execution of such sentence stayed on the condition that the child not violate the conditions of the sentence imposed pursuant to subdivisions (1) and (2) of this subsection or commit a subsequent crime.

(e) Whenever there is probable cause to believe that a child who has been sentenced pursuant to subsection (d) of this section has violated the conditions of the sentence imposed pursuant to subdivision (2) of said subsection or has committed a subsequent crime, the court may issue a warrant for the arrest of the child for a violation of the conditions of the sentence imposed pursuant to subsection (d) of this section and may order that the child be taken into custody in accordance with the provisions of sections 46b-125 and 53a-32 . If such violation of probation or subsequent crime occurs prior to the person attaining eighteen years of age, the matter shall be handled by the superior court for juvenile matters. If such violation of probation or subsequent crime occurs after the person has attained eighteen years of age, the matter shall be handled by the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court. Whenever such matter is handled by the superior court for juvenile matters, the court shall notify the child and such child's parent or guardian and the attorney of record, if any, in writing of the reasons alleged to exist for the lifting of the stay of execution of the sentence imposed pursuant to subdivision (3) of subsection (d) of this section. If the child challenges such reasons, the court shall hold a hearing at which the child shall be entitled to be heard and be represented by counsel. After such hearing, if the court finds that (1) the child has violated the conditions of the sentence imposed pursuant to subdivision (2) of subsection (d) of this section, (2) committed a subsequent crime, or (3) by clear and convincing evidence that the best interest of the community cannot be served by continued supervision by the superior court for juvenile matters or in the community, it shall order the child to serve a sentence not to exceed that imposed pursuant to subdivision (3) of subsection (d) of this section unless it determines there are mitigating circumstances that justify continuing the stay of execution and specifically states such mitigating circumstances in writing for the record. The child shall receive credit against any sentence imposed pursuant to subdivision (3) of subsection (d) of this section for time served in a juvenile facility pursuant to the sentence imposed pursuant to subdivision (1) of said subsection.

(f) When a proceeding has been designated as a serious homicide, firearm or sexual offender prosecution pursuant to subsection (c) of this section and the child does not waive the right to a trial by jury, the court shall transfer the case from the docket for juvenile matters to the regular criminal docket of the Superior Court. Upon transfer, such child shall stand trial and be sentenced, if convicted, as if such child were eighteen years of age, subject to the provisions of section 54-91g , except that no such child shall be placed in a correctional facility but shall be maintained in a facility for children and youths until such child attains eighteen years of age or until such child is sentenced, whichever occurs first. Such child shall receive credit against any sentence imposed for time served in a juvenile facility prior to the effectuation of the transfer. A child who has been transferred may enter a guilty plea to a lesser offense if the court finds that such plea is made knowingly and voluntarily. Any child transferred to the regular criminal docket who pleads guilty to a lesser offense shall not resume such child's status as a juvenile regarding such offense. If the action is dismissed or nolled or if such child is found not guilty of the charge for which such child was transferred, the child shall resume such child's status as a juvenile until such child attains eighteen years of age.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-364 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-364
Sec. 46b-364. Administrative enforcement of orders.
Status: in_force

(b) Upon receipt of the documents, the support enforcement agency, without initially seeking to register the order, shall consider and, if appropriate, use any administrative procedure authorized by the law of this state to enforce a support order or an income-withholding order, or both. If the obligor does not contest administrative enforcement, the order need not be registered. If the obligor contests the validity or administrative enforcement of the order, the support enforcement agency shall register the order pursuant to sections 46b-301 to 46b-425 , inclusive.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-569 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-569
Sec. 46b-569. (Formerly Sec. 46b-171). Judgment of court or family support magistrate. Support orders. Past-due support. Reopened judgment of parentage.
Status: in_force

(B) The court or family support magistrate shall order the defendant to pay such sum to the complainant, or, if a town or the state has paid such expense, to the town or the state, as the case may be, and shall grant execution for the same and costs of suit taxed as in other civil actions, together with a reasonable attorney's fee, and may require the defendant to become bound with sufficient surety to perform such orders for support and maintenance. In IV-D support cases, the IV-D agency or a support enforcement agency under cooperative agreement with the IV-D agency may, upon notice to the obligor and obligee, redirect payments for the support of any child receiving child support enforcement services either to the state of Connecticut or to the present custodial party, as their interests may appear, provided neither the obligor nor the obligee objects in writing within ten business days from the mailing date of such notice. Any such notice shall be sent by first class mail to the most recent address of such obligor and obligee, as recorded in the state case registry pursuant to section 46b-218 , and a copy of such notice shall be filed with the court or family support magistrate if both the obligor and obligee fail to object to the redirected payments within ten business days from the mailing date of such notice. All payments made shall be distributed as required by Title IV-D of the Social Security Act.

(2) In addition, the court or family support magistrate shall include in each support order in a IV-D support case a provision for the health care coverage of the child. Such provision may include an order for either parent or both parents to provide such coverage under any or all of subparagraphs (A), (B) or (C) of this subdivision.

(A) The provision for health care coverage may include an order for either parent to name any child as a beneficiary of any medical or dental insurance or benefit plan carried by such parent or available to such parent at a reasonable cost as described in subparagraph (D) of this subdivision. If such order requires the parent to maintain insurance available through an employer, the order shall be enforced using a National Medical Support Notice as provided in section 46b-88 .

(B) The provision for health care coverage may include an order for either parent to: (i) Apply for and maintain coverage on behalf of the child under the HUSKY Plan, Part B; or (ii) provide cash medical support, as described in subparagraphs (E) and (F) of this subdivision. An order under this subparagraph shall be made only if the cost to the parent obligated to maintain coverage under the HUSKY Plan, Part B, or provide cash medical support is reasonable, as described in subparagraph (D) of this subdivision. An order under clause (i) of this subparagraph shall be made only if insurance coverage as described in subparagraph (A) of this subdivision is unavailable at reasonable cost to either parent, or inaccessible to the child.

(C) An order for payment of the child's medical and dental expenses, other than those described in clause (ii) of subparagraph (E) of this subdivision, that are not covered by insurance or reimbursed in any other manner shall be entered in accordance with the child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215a .

(D) Health care coverage shall be deemed reasonable in cost if: (i) The parent obligated to maintain such coverage would qualify as a low-income obligor under the child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215a , based solely on such parent's income, and the cost does not exceed five per cent of such parent's net income; or (ii) the parent obligated to maintain such coverage would not qualify as a low-income obligor under such guidelines and the cost does not exceed seven and one-half per cent of such parent's net income. In either case, net income shall be determined in accordance with the child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215a . If a parent obligated to maintain insurance must obtain coverage for himself or herself to comply with the order to provide coverage for the child, reasonable cost shall be determined based on the combined cost of coverage for such parent and such child.

(E) Cash medical support means (i) an amount ordered to be paid toward the cost of premiums for health insurance coverage provided by a public entity, including the HUSKY Plan, Part A or Part B, except as provided in subparagraph (F) of this subdivision, or by another parent through employment or otherwise, or (ii) an amount ordered to be paid, either directly to a medical provider or to the person obligated to pay such provider, toward any ongoing extraordinary medical and dental expenses of the child that are not covered by insurance or reimbursed in any other manner, provided such expenses are documented and identified (I) specifically on the record, or (II) in an affidavit, made under oath, that also states that no restraining order issued pursuant to section 46b-15 or protective order issued pursuant to section 46b-38c , between the parties is in effect or pending before the court. Cash medical support, as described in clauses (i) and (ii) of this subparagraph, may be ordered in lieu of an order under subparagraph (A) of this subdivision to be effective until such time as health insurance that is accessible to the child and reasonable in cost becomes available, or in addition to an order under subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, provided the total cost to the obligated parent of insurance and cash medical support is reasonable, as described in subparagraph (D) of this subdivision. An order for cash medical support shall be payable to the state or the custodial party, as their interests may appear, provided an order under clause (i) of this subparagraph shall be effective only as long as health insurance coverage is maintained. Any unreimbursed medical and dental expenses not covered by an order pursuant to clause (ii) of this subparagraph are subject to an order for unreimbursed medical and dental expenses pursuant to subparagraph (C) of this subdivision.

(F) Cash medical support to offset the cost of any insurance payable under the HUSKY Plan, Part A or Part B, shall not be ordered against a noncustodial parent who is a low-income obligor, as defined in the child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215a , or against a custodial parent of children covered under the HUSKY Plan, Part A or Part B.

(3) The court or family support magistrate may also make and enforce orders for the payment by any person named herein of past-due support for which the defendant is liable in accordance with the provisions of section 17a-90 or 17b-81 , subsection (b) of section 17b-179 or section 17b-223 , 46b-129 or 46b-130 and, in IV-D cases, order such person, provided such person is not incapacitated, to participate in work activities which may include, but shall not be limited to, job search, training, work experience and participation in the job training and retraining program established by the Labor Commissioner pursuant to section 31-3t . The defendant's liability for past-due support under this subdivision shall be limited to the three years next preceding the filing of the petition.

(4) If the defendant fails to comply with any order made under this section, the court or family support magistrate may commit the defendant to a community correctional center, there to remain until the defendant complies therewith; but, if it appears that the parent receiving support does not apply the periodic allowance paid by the defendant toward the support of such child, and that such child is chargeable, or likely to become chargeable, to the town where it belongs, the court, on application, may discontinue such allowance to the parent receiving support, and may direct such allowance to be paid to the selectmen of such town, for such support, and may issue execution in their favor for the same. The provisions of section 17b-743 shall apply to this section. The clerk of the court which has rendered judgment for the payment of money for the maintenance of any child under the provisions of this section shall, within twenty-four hours after such judgment has been rendered, notify the selectmen of the town where the child belongs.

(5) Any support order made under this section may at any time thereafter be set aside, altered or modified by any court issuing such order upon a showing of a substantial change in the circumstances of the defendant or another parent of such child or upon a showing that such order substantially deviates from the child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215a , unless there was a specific finding on the record at a hearing, or in a written judgment, order or memorandum of decision of the court, that the application of the guidelines would be inequitable or inappropriate. There shall be a rebuttable presumption that any deviation of less than fifteen per cent from the child support guidelines is not substantial and any deviation of fifteen per cent or more from the guidelines is substantial. No such support orders may be subject to retroactive modification, except that the court may order modification with respect to any period during which there is a pending motion for a modification of an existing support order from the date of service of the notice of such pending motion upon the opposing party pursuant to section 52-50 .

(6) Failure of the defendant to obey any order for support made under this section may be punished as for contempt of court and the costs of commitment of any person imprisoned therefor shall be paid by the state as in criminal cases.

(b) (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, a judgment of parentage entered by the Superior Court or family support magistrate pursuant to this chapter may not be opened or set aside unless (A) a motion to open or set aside is filed not later than four months after the date on which the judgment was entered, and (B) upon a showing (i) of reasonable cause, or (ii) that a valid defense to the petition for a judgment of parentage existed, in whole or in part, at the time judgment was rendered, and the person seeking to open or set aside the judgment was prevented by mistake, accident or other reasonable cause from making a valid defense.

(2) The Superior Court or a family support magistrate may consider a motion to open or set aside a judgment of parentage filed more than four months after such judgment was entered if such court or magistrate determines that the judgment was entered due to fraud, duress or material mistake of fact. The burden of proof shall be on the person seeking to open or set aside such judgment. If the court or family support magistrate determines such person has met the burden of proof under this subdivision, the judgment shall be set aside only if the court or family support magistrate determines that doing so is in the best interest of the child, based on the relevant factors set forth in section 46b-475 .

(3) Whenever the Superior Court or family support magistrate opens a judgment of parentage entered pursuant to this section in which a person was found to be the parent of a child who is or has been supported by the state and the court or family support magistrate finds that the person adjudicated the parent is not the parent of the child, the Department of Social Services shall refund to such person any money paid to the state by such person during the period such child was supported by the state.

(c) In IV-D support cases, as defined in subdivision (13) of subsection (b) of section 46b-231 , a copy of any support order established or modified pursuant to this section or, in the case of a motion for modification of an existing support order, a notice of determination that there should be no change in the amount of the support order, shall be provided to each party and the state case registry within fourteen days after issuance of such order or determination.

See Sec. 46b-88 re National Medical Support Notice.

Annotations to former section 52-442:

Form of finding and judgment. 2 C. 157; 3 C. 585; 5 C. 426. “Maintenance” defined. 2 C. 157; 4 C. 567. Form of bond. 2 R. 497; 1 R. 230. Burial expenses of the child do not fall within “lying-in or nursing” expenses. 67 C. 345. Amount and duration of weekly payments rest in discretion of court; requiring payments until child is 14 held reasonable. 93 C. 324. Judgment for defendant in bastardy action held a bar to subsequent action for seduction brought by father of original plaintiff. 104 C. 592. Town may be third party beneficiary on bond given to mother. 128 C. 322. Order contemplated by Secs. 52-439a and 52-440 and this section is not only for the protection of the mother but also of the town. 143 C. 688. The amount and duration of the order for support of the child is a matter within the sound discretion of the court. 147 C. 423. Does not confer jurisdiction over bastardy actions. 165 C. 33. Cited. 170 C. 367. Person adjudged the father may be charged the support of caretaker mother when necessary for proper maintenance of child. 175 C. 438.

Cited. 20 CS 350; 34 CS 281; 35 CS 603. Assessment against father of full expense of supporting child until judgment without consideration of mother's financial ability does not constitute invidious discrimination based upon sex. Id., 628. Basis of father's liability for support of child's caretaker grandmother is the services performed for the benefit of the child. 36 CS 504.

Cited. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 582; 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 553, 554. Evidence of photograph of child and blood test not necessary to prove paternity where defendant had been sole lover of plaintiff, previously virgin, and their admission held not harmful. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 713. Statute should be used to order support of child when defendant is adjudged father. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 484. Cited. Id., 578. Ascertainment of lying-in expenses is in sound discretion of court; plaintiff not obliged to assist in paying lying-in expenses. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 22. Cited. Id., 520.

Annotations to former section 46b-171:

Cited. 188 C. 354; 194 C. 52; 196 C. 407; Id., 413; 197 C. 87; 216 C. 85; 225 C. 185; 236 C. 582.

Cited. 9 CA 327; 22 CA 583; 25 CA 563. Unlike Sec. 46b-62, this section does not require court to consider specific statutory factors in fashioning awards, but merely requires that exercise of court's broad discretion be reasonable. 75 CA 625.

Cited. 35 CS 679; 37 CS 745; Id., 885. Words “support and maintenance” as employed in statute encompass support for caretaker mother when necessary for proper maintenance of the child. 39 CS 485.

Subsec. (a):

Subdiv. (1): Court is not required to award mandatory attorney's fees pursuant to an action brought under Sec. 46b-160 when the establishment of paternity is not an issue in the case. 140 CA 229.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-64c — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-64c
Sec. 46a-64c. Discriminatory housing practices prohibited. Disposition of complaints. Penalty.
Status: in_force

(1) To refuse to sell or rent after the making of a bona fide offer, or to refuse to negotiate for the sale or rental of, or otherwise make unavailable or deny, a dwelling to any person because of race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, status as a veteran or status as a victim of domestic violence.

(2) To discriminate against any person in the terms, conditions, or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in connection therewith, because of race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status or status as a veteran.

(3) To make, print or publish, or cause to be made, printed or published any notice, statement, or advertisement, with respect to the sale or rental of a dwelling that indicates any preference, limitation, or discrimination based on race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran, or an intention to make any such preference, limitation or discrimination.

(4) (A) To represent to any person because of race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran that any dwelling is not available for inspection, sale or rental when such dwelling is in fact so available.

(B) It shall be a violation of this subdivision for any person to restrict or attempt to restrict the choices of any buyer or renter to purchase or rent a dwelling (i) to an area which is substantially populated, even if less than a majority, by persons of the same protected class as the buyer or renter, (ii) while such person is authorized to offer for sale or rent another dwelling which meets the housing criteria as expressed by the buyer or renter to such person, and (iii) such other dwelling is in an area which is not substantially populated by persons of the same protected class as the buyer or renter. As used in this subdivision, “area” means municipality, neighborhood or other geographic subdivision which may include an apartment or condominium complex; and “protected class” means race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran.

(5) For profit, to induce or attempt to induce any person to sell or rent any dwelling by representations regarding the entry or prospective entry into the neighborhood of a person or persons of a particular race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran.

(6) (A) To discriminate in the sale or rental, or to otherwise make unavailable or deny, a dwelling to any buyer or renter because of a learning disability or physical or mental disability of: (i) Such buyer or renter; (ii) a person residing in or intending to reside in such dwelling after it is so sold, rented, or made available; or (iii) any person associated with such buyer or renter.

(B) To discriminate against any person in the terms, conditions or privileges of sale or rental of a dwelling, or in the provision of services or facilities in connection with such dwelling, because of a learning disability or physical or mental disability of: (i) Such person; or (ii) a person residing in or intending to reside in such dwelling after it is so sold, rented, or made available; or (iii) any person associated with such person.

(C) For purposes of this subdivision, discrimination includes: (i) A refusal to permit, at the expense of a person with a physical or mental disability, reasonable modifications of existing premises occupied or to be occupied by such person if such modifications may be necessary to afford such person full enjoyment of the premises; except that, in the case of a rental, the landlord may, where it is reasonable to do so, condition permission for a modification on the renter agreeing to restore the interior of the premises to the condition that existed before the modification, reasonable wear and tear excepted; (ii) a refusal to make reasonable accommodations in rules, policies, practices or services, when such accommodations may be necessary to afford such person equal opportunity to use and enjoy a dwelling; (iii) in connection with the design and construction of covered multifamily dwellings for the first occupancy after March 13, 1991, a failure to design and construct those dwellings in such manner that they comply with the requirements of Section 804(f) of the Fair Housing Act or the provisions of the state building code as adopted pursuant to the provisions of sections 29-269 and 29-273 , whichever requires greater accommodation. “Covered multifamily dwellings” means buildings consisting of four or more units if such buildings have one or more elevators, and ground floor units in other buildings consisting of four or more units.

(7) For any person or other entity engaging in residential real-estate-related transactions to discriminate against any person in making available such a transaction, or in the terms or conditions of such a transaction, because of race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran.

(8) To deny any person access to or membership or participation in any multiple-listing service, real estate brokers' organization or other service, organization, or facility relating to the business of selling or renting dwellings, or to discriminate against him in the terms or conditions of such access, membership or participation, on account of race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran.

(9) To coerce, intimidate, threaten, or interfere with any person in the exercise or enjoyment of, or on account of his having exercised or enjoyed, or on account of his having aided or encouraged any other person in the exercise or enjoyment of, any right granted or protected by this section.

(b) (1) The provisions of this section shall not apply to (A) the rental of a room or rooms in a single-family dwelling unit if the owner actually maintains and occupies part of such living quarters as his residence or (B) a unit in a dwelling containing living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by no more than two families living independently of each other, if the owner actually maintains and occupies the other such living quarters as his residence. (2) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of marital status shall not be construed to prohibit the denial of a dwelling to a man or a woman who are both unrelated by blood and not married to each other. (3) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of age shall not apply to minors, to special discount or other public or private programs to assist persons sixty years of age and older or to housing for older persons as defined in section 46a-64b , provided there is no discrimination on the basis of age among older persons eligible for such housing. (4) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of familial status shall not apply to housing for older persons as defined in section 46a-64b or to a unit in a dwelling containing units for no more than four families living independently of each other, if the owner of such dwelling resides in one of the units. (5) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of lawful source of income shall not prohibit the denial of full and equal accommodations solely on the basis of insufficient income. (6) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of sex shall not apply to the rental of sleeping accommodations to the extent they utilize shared bathroom facilities when such sleeping accommodations are provided by associations and organizations which rent such sleeping accommodations on a temporary or permanent basis for the exclusive use of persons of the same sex based on considerations of privacy and modesty.

(c) Nothing in this section limits the applicability of any reasonable state statute or municipal ordinance restricting the maximum number of persons permitted to occupy a dwelling.

(d) Nothing in this section or section 46a-64b shall be construed to invalidate or limit any state statute or municipal ordinance that requires dwellings to be designed and constructed in a manner that affords persons with physical or mental disabilities greater access than is required by this section or section 46a-64b .

(e) Nothing in this section prohibits a person engaged in the business of furnishing appraisals of real property to take into consideration factors other than race, creed, color, national origin, ancestry, sex, gender identity or expression, marital status, age, lawful source of income, familial status, learning disability, physical or mental disability or status as a veteran.

(f) Notwithstanding any other provision of this chapter, complaints alleging a violation of this section shall be investigated within one hundred days of filing and a final administrative disposition shall be made within one year of filing unless it is impracticable to do so. If the Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities is unable to complete its investigation or make a final administrative determination within such time frames, it shall notify the complainant and the respondent in writing of the reasons for not doing so.

(g) Any person who violates any provision of this section shall be guilty of a class D misdemeanor.

In light of the nondiscriminatory purpose for which statute was enacted, a landlord may not rely solely on section 8 eligibility as basis for turning potential tenants away nor may it apply more stringent income requirements to section 8 rental applicants than to other rental applicants; federal law does not preempt statute; federal statute has no express preemption clause, does not occupy the field so comprehensively as to prohibit states from acting in the arena of low income housing assistance, and state program advances remedial purpose of the federal law; allowing an exception to antidiscrimination provisions for those landlords who refuse to use required section 8 lease would eviscerate the basic protection envisioned by statute. 250 C. 763. A violation of Subsec. (a)(3) does not require discriminatory animus, nor does it require a rejection of or disfavoring a lawful source of income, it bars statements that a reasonable listener would understand to convey an intention to make any such “preference, limitation, or discrimination”. 343 C. 31.

Cited. 45 CA 1.

Subsec. (b):

Exception provided in Subdiv. (5) for insufficient income affords a landlord opportunity to determine whether, for reasons extrinsic to the section 8 housing assistance, a potential tenant lacks income sufficient to assure that rent will be paid promptly and other obligations of tenancy will be met. 250 C. 763.

Subsec. (f):

Trial court improperly granted defendants' motions to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction, there being no evidence that legislature, in imposing time limitation in Subsec., intended for time limitation to serve as a jurisdictional bar; although use of “shall” reflected legislature's intent to have commission fulfill its obligation to investigate and issue final determination within time limitation set forth in Subsec., that obligation must be read in conjunction with statutory proviso “unless it is impracticable to do so”, an indication of legislature's intention to provide a condition under which commission's noncompliance is excused. 273 C. 373.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-175 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814g / Section 46a-175
Sec. 46a-175. (Formerly Sec. 19a-132). Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Queer Justice and Opportunity Network.
Status: in_force

(b) The network shall work to build a more just, safer and healthier environment for gay, lesbian, bisexual, transgender and queer persons by (1) conducting a needs analysis, within available appropriations, (2) collecting additional data on the access and opportunity needs of such persons as necessary, (3) informing state policy through reports submitted at least biennially, in accordance with the provisions of section 11-4a , to the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to the judiciary, public health, human services, appropriations and the budgets of state agencies, other legislative committees as necessary, the Governor and the Chief Court Administrator, and (4) building organizational member capacity, leadership and advocacy across the geographic and social spectrum of the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and queer community.

(c) The network shall include, but need not be limited to, the following members, or their designees:

(1) The president of Connecticut Latinas/os Achieving Rights and Opportunities (CLARO);

(2) The executive director of the Safe Harbor Project;

(3) The executive director of the New Haven Pride Center;

(4) The executive director of the Triangle Community Center in Norwalk;

(5) The executive director of Advancing CT Together;

(6) The executive director of the Connecticut chapter of the Gay, Lesbian & Straight Education Network (GLSEN);

(7) The executive director of the Rainbow Center at The University of Connecticut;

(8) The executive director of the Hartford Gay and Lesbian Health Collective;

(9) The executive director of the Connecticut Transadvocacy Coalition;

(10) The president of OutCT in New London;

(11) The executive director of the Queer Unity Empowerment Support Team;

(12) The executive director of the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity;

(13) A lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer physician, licensed pursuant to chapter 370, appointed by the speaker of the House of Representatives;

(14) A member of the LGBT Aging Advocacy coalition, appointed by the Governor;

(15) The president of Connecticut Community Care;

(16) The executive director of A Place to Nourish Your Health;

(17) The executive director of Kamora's Cultural Corner;

(18) A lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender or queer provider of mental health services, licensed pursuant to chapter 370 or 383;

(19) The executive director of Apex Community Care; and

(20) The executive director of Queer Youth Program of Connecticut.

(d) Members shall serve at the will of the speaker of the House of Representatives and the president pro tempore of the Senate, who may each appoint additional members and set term limits for each member. Appointments to the network shall be made not later than sixty days after July 1, 2019. Members shall choose chairpersons. Any vacancy shall be filled by the speaker of the House of Representatives, acting in consultation with the president pro tempore of the Senate.

(e) The administrative staff of the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity shall, within available appropriations, provide administrative support to the network.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-45a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-45a
Sec. 46b-45a. Allegation of pregnancy in pleadings. Disagreement as to parentage. Hearing.
Status: in_force

(b) If the parties to a dissolution or annulment of marriage disagree as to the parentage of the spouse who did not give birth to the child born of the pregnancy, the court shall hold a hearing within a reasonable period after the birth of the child to determine parentage.

Cited. 234 C. 51.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-64 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-64
Sec. 46a-64. (Formerly Sec. 53-35). Discriminatory public accommodations practices prohibited. Penalty.
Status: in_force

(b) (1) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of sex discrimination shall not apply to (A) the rental of sleeping accommodations provided by associations and organizations which rent all such sleeping accommodations on a temporary or permanent basis for the exclusive use of persons of the same sex or (B) separate bathrooms or locker rooms based on sex. (2) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of age shall not apply to minors or to special discount or other public or private programs to assist persons sixty years of age and older. (3) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of physical disability shall not require any person to modify his property in any way or provide a higher degree of care for a physically disabled person, including, but not limited to blind or deaf persons, than for a person not physically disabled. (4) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of creed shall not apply to the practice of granting preference in admission of residents into a nursing home as defined in section 19a-490 , if (A) the nursing home is owned, operated by or affiliated with a religious organization, exempt from taxation for federal income tax purposes and (B) the class of persons granted preference in admission is consistent with the religious mission of the nursing home. (5) The provisions of this section with respect to the prohibition of discrimination on the basis of lawful source of income shall not prohibit the denial of full and equal accommodations solely on the basis of insufficient income.

(c) Any person who violates any provision of this section shall be guilty of a class D misdemeanor.

See Sec. 1-1f for definitions of “blind” and “physically disabled”.

See Sec. 46a-42 re definition of “mobility impaired person”.

See Sec. 46b-35a re denial of certain accommodations on religious grounds.

Annotations to former section 53-35:

Barbershop not a place of public accommodation. 79 C. 541. Wife could be enjoined from renting her interest in apartment owned jointly with her husband, where it was proven she refused rental because of plaintiff's race, but no proof was given that husband authorized discrimination. 157 C. 20. Cited. 160 C. 226; 165 C. 516; 201 C. 350; 204 C. 287.

Tavern operating under a permit comes within statute. 7 CS 443. Cited. 20 CS 171. Hospital deemed public accommodation re constitutional discrimination. 30 CS 1. Cited. 35 CS 549; Id., 565.

Defendant owner of rental premises violated section by discriminating against complainant, a prospective tenant, in rental of apartment because of her Puerto Rican ancestry. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 179.

Annotations to present section:

Complainant at outset must establish a prima facie case of discrimination and as part of initial burden must introduce evidence that he was ready to accept the legitimate objective requirements of tenancy. 200 C. 261. Cited. 201 C. 350; 232 C. 645. The practice of maintaining women's only workout areas within an otherwise public gym does not fall within the exception provided for in Subsec. (b)(1) and thus, violates the Public Accommodation Act. 342 C. 25.

Cited. 45 CA 1.

Subsec. (a):

Subdiv. (1): Denial of opportunity to serve as scoutmaster is not a deprivation of an “accommodation”. 204 C. 287. Cited. 220 C. 192.

Cited. 18 CA 126. Although no private organization is duty-bound to offer its services and facilities to all comers, once such an organization has determined to eschew selectivity, under statute it may not discriminate among the general public; accordingly, coverage under Subsec. depends, in each case, upon extent to which a particular establishment has maintained a private relationship with its own constituency or a general relationship with the public at large; Connecticut courts, in construing state antidiscrimination statutes that have similar federal counterparts, have looked to federal case law for guidance, even though federal and state statutes may differ somewhat; under certain circumstances, federal law defines the beginning and not the end of state's approach to the subject; consequently, on occasion, state courts have interpreted statutes even more broadly than their counterparts, to provide even greater protections to state citizens, especially in the area of civil rights. 99 CA 839.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-505 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-505
Sec. 46b-505. Admissibility of results of genetic testing.
Status: in_force

(b) A party may object to the admission of a report described in subsection (a) of this section, not later than fourteen days after the date on which the party receives the report. The party shall cite specific grounds for the objection to admission.

(c) A party that objects to the results of genetic testing may call a genetic-testing expert to testify in person or by another method approved by the court. Unless the court orders otherwise, the party offering the testimony bears the expense for the expert testifying.

(d) Admissibility of a report of genetic testing is not affected by whether the testing was performed: (1) Voluntarily or under an order of the court or a child support agency; or (2) before, on or after commencement of the proceeding.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-58 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-58
Sec. 46a-58. (Formerly Sec. 53-34). Deprivation of rights. Desecration of property. Placing of burning cross or noose on property. Penalty. Restitution.
Status: in_force

(b) Any person who intentionally desecrates any public property, monument or structure, or any religious object, symbol or house of religious worship, or any cemetery, or any private structure not owned by such person, shall be in violation of subsection (a) of this section. For the purposes of this subsection, “desecrate” means to mar, deface or damage as a demonstration of irreverence or contempt.

(c) Any person who places a burning cross or a simulation thereof on any public property, or on any private property without the written consent of the owner, and with intent to intimidate or harass any other person or group of persons, shall be in violation of subsection (a) of this section.

(d) Any person who places a noose or a simulation thereof on any public property, or on any private property without the written consent of the owner, and with intent to intimidate or harass any other person on account of religion, national origin, alienage, color, race, sex, gender identity or expression, sexual orientation, blindness, mental disability, physical disability, age, status as a veteran or status as a victim of domestic violence, shall be in violation of subsection (a) of this section.

(e) (1) Except as provided in subdivision (2) of this subsection, any person who violates any provision of this section shall be guilty of a class A misdemeanor and shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars, except that if property is damaged as a consequence of such violation in an amount in excess of one thousand dollars, such person shall be guilty of a class D felony and shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars.

(2) Any person who violates the provisions of this section by intentionally desecrating a house of religious worship (A) shall be guilty of a class D felony and shall be fined not less than one thousand dollars if property is damaged as a consequence of such violation in an amount up to and including ten thousand dollars, and (B) shall be guilty of a class C felony and shall be fined not less than three thousand dollars if the property damaged as a consequence of such violation is in an amount in excess of ten thousand dollars.

(3) The minimum amount of any fine imposed by the provisions of this section may not be remitted or reduced by the court unless the court states on the record its reasons for remitting or reducing such fine.

(4) The court may order restitution for any victim of a violation of this section pursuant to subsection (c) of section 53a-28 .

See Conn. Const. Art. I, Sec. 20 re equal protection of the law.

See Sec. 1-1f for definitions of “blind” and “physically disabled”.

See Sec. 52-251b re costs and attorney's fees in civil action for deprivation of civil rights.

See Sec. 53-37a re deprivation of a person's civil rights by person wearing mask or hood.

Annotation to former section 53-34:

If no violation of enumerated rights under statute is alleged, there is no basis for hearing. 160 C. 226.

Annotations to present section:

Cited. 204 C. 17; 216 C. 108; 232 C. 91; 238 C. 337.

Subsec. (a):

Cited. 216 C. 85; 220 C. 192. Commission had subject matter jurisdiction to adjudicate claim of racial discrimination brought by African-American senior student at a public high school against school principal and local board of education on the basis of a discrete course of allegedly discriminatory conduct by the principal. 270 C. 665. Trial court should not have remanded case to referee because employer was entitled to a judgment as a matter of law where plaintiff was denied promotion because of failure to obtain same license as required for prior job occupants and where license requirement was a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason and not pretextual. 272 C. 457. The statutory text unambiguously permits the Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities to identify violations of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, as amended, and to award damages and attorney's fees for those violations. 343 C. 90. Commission has authority to identify ADA violations for purposes of determining whether Subsec. is violated. 344 C. 603.

Cited. 18 CA 126; 38 CA 506; 44 CA 446; Id., 677. Federal standards reviewed for guidance in enforcing state antidiscrimination statutes; court held that defendant had provided plaintiff with reasonable accommodation. 57 CA 767. In claim alleging discrimination based on religion in violation of Subsec. predicated on series of events, including court order placing children in temporary custody of Commissioner of Children and Families, filing of neglect petitions, placement of children with practicing Christian couple instead of a Muslim family and court order terminating parental rights, claim barred by the absolute immunity afforded by the litigation privilege. 220 CA 77.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-16a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815a / Section 46b-16a
Sec. 46b-16a. Issuance of civil protection order on behalf of person who has been victim of sexual abuse, sexual assault or stalking. Application. Hearing. Court orders. Duration. Notice. Other remedies.
Status: in_force

(b) The application shall be accompanied by an affidavit made by the applicant under oath that includes a statement of the specific facts that form the basis for relief. If the applicant attests that disclosure of the applicant's location information would jeopardize the health, safety or liberty of the applicant or the applicant's children, the applicant may request, on a form prescribed by the Chief Court Administrator, that his or her location information not be disclosed. Upon receipt of the application, if the allegations set forth in the affidavit meet the requirements of subsection (a) of this section, the court shall schedule a hearing not later than fourteen days from the date of the application. If a postponement of a hearing on the application is requested by either party, no ex parte order shall be continued except upon agreement of the parties or by order of the court for good cause shown. If the court is closed on the scheduled hearing date, the hearing shall be held on the next day the court is open and any ex parte order that was issued shall remain in effect until the date of such hearing. If the applicant is under eighteen years of age, a parent, guardian or responsible adult who brings the application as next friend of the applicant may not speak on the applicant's behalf at such hearing unless there is good cause shown as to why the applicant is unable to speak on his or her own behalf, except that nothing in this subsection shall preclude such parent, guardian or responsible adult from testifying as a witness at such hearing. If the court finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe that the respondent has committed acts constituting grounds for issuance of an order under this section and will continue to commit such acts, or acts designed to intimidate or retaliate against the applicant, the court, in its discretion, may make such orders as it deems appropriate for the protection of the applicant. If the court finds that there are reasonable grounds to believe that an imminent danger exists to the applicant, the court may issue an ex parte order granting such relief as it deems appropriate. In making such orders, the court, in its discretion, may consider relevant court records if the records are available to the public from a clerk of the Superior Court or on the Judicial Branch's Internet web site. Such orders may include, but are not limited to, an order enjoining the respondent from: (1) Imposing any restraint upon the person or liberty of the applicant; (2) threatening, harassing, assaulting, molesting, sexually assaulting or attacking the applicant; and (3) entering the dwelling of the applicant.

(c) No order of the court shall exceed one year, except that an order may be extended by the court upon proper motion of the applicant, provided a copy of the motion has been served by a proper officer on the respondent, no other order of protection based on the same facts and circumstances is in place and the need for protection, consistent with subsection (a) of this section, still exists.

(d) The applicant shall cause notice of the hearing pursuant to subsection (b) of this section and a copy of the application and the applicant's affidavit and of any ex parte order issued pursuant to subsection (b) of this section to be served by a proper officer on the respondent not less than five days before the hearing. The cost of such service, including mileage pursuant to section 52-261 , shall be paid for by the Judicial Branch. Upon the granting of an ex parte order, the clerk of the court shall provide two copies of the order to the applicant. No officer or person shall be entitled to a fee for service pursuant to this section if timely return of service is not received by the court, absent a court order authorizing such fee. For the purposes of this subsection, timely return includes, but is not limited to, transmitting by facsimile or other means, a copy of the return of service to the court prior to the hearing followed by the delivery of the original return to the court within a reasonable time after the hearing. Upon the granting of an order after notice and hearing, the clerk of the court shall provide two copies of the order to the applicant and a copy to the respondent. Every order of the court made in accordance with this section after notice and hearing shall be accompanied by a notification that is consistent with the full faith and credit provisions set forth in 18 USC 2265(a), as amended from time to time. Immediately after making service on the respondent, the proper officer shall (1) send or cause to be sent, by facsimile or other means, a copy of the application, or the information contained in such application, stating the date and time the respondent was served, to the law enforcement agency or agencies for the town in which the applicant resides, the town in which the applicant is employed and the town in which the respondent resides, and (2) as soon as possible, but not later than two hours after the time that service is executed, input into the Judicial Branch's Internet-based service tracking system the date, time and method of service. If, prior to the date of the scheduled hearing, service has not been executed, the proper officer shall input into such service tracking system that service was unsuccessful. The clerk of the court shall send, by facsimile or other means, a copy of any ex parte order and of any order after notice and hearing, or the information contained in any such order, to the law enforcement agency or agencies for the town in which the applicant resides, the town in which the applicant is employed and the town in which the respondent resides, not later than forty-eight hours after the issuance of such order, and immediately to the Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection. If the applicant is enrolled in a public or private elementary or secondary school, including a technical education and career school, or an institution of higher education, as defined in section 10a-55 , the clerk of the court shall, upon the request of the applicant, send, by facsimile or other means, a copy of such ex parte order or of any order after notice and hearing, or the information contained in any such order, to such school or institution of higher education, the president of any institution of higher education at which the applicant is enrolled and the special police force established pursuant to section 10a-142 , if any, at the institution of higher education at which the applicant is enrolled, if the applicant provides the clerk with the name and address of such school or institution of higher education.

(e) If the court issues an ex parte order pursuant to subsection (b) of this section and service has not been made on the respondent in conformance with subsection (d) of this section, upon request of the applicant, the court shall, based on the information contained in the original application, extend any ex parte order for an additional period not to exceed fourteen days from the originally scheduled hearing date. The clerk of the court shall prepare a new order of hearing and notice containing the new hearing date, which shall be served upon the respondent in accordance with the provisions of subsection (d) of this section.

(f) An action under this section shall not preclude the applicant from subsequently seeking any other civil or criminal relief based on the same facts and circumstances.

To establish the element of fear, which is necessary for issuance of a civil protection order, the plaintiff must establish that she subjectively feared for her personal safety and such fear was reasonable. 341 C. 483.

Use of the term “and” is disjunctive, otherwise reference to Sec. 53a-181d would be superfluous, thus an applicant for a civil protection order on the basis of stalking is required to prove only that there are reasonable grounds to believe that defendant stalked and will continue to stalk, as described in Secs. 53a-181c, 53a-181d or 53a-181e. 163 CA 493. In order to obtain an extension of a civil protection order, Subsecs. (a) and (c) provide that a victim of sexual assault present evidence that the need for protection still exists. 176 CA 730. Section does not require prior threats or instances of physical violence for party to reasonably fear for party's physical safety. 201 CA 734.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-560 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-560
Sec. 46b-560. (Formerly Sec. 46b-160). Petition to adjudicate parentage. Continuance of case. Evidence. Jurisdiction over alleged parent. Personal service. Petition to include answer form, notice and application for appointment of counsel. Genetic tests. Default judgment, when.
Status: in_force

(B) A state marshal, proper officer or investigator shall make due return of process to the court not less than twenty-one days before the date assigned for hearing. In the case of a child or pregnant person being supported wholly or in part by the state, service of such petition may be made by any investigator employed by the Department of Social Services and any proper officer authorized by law.

(2) If the alleged parent fails to appear in court at such time and place, the court or family support magistrate shall hear the petitioner and, upon a finding that process was served on the alleged parent, shall enter a default judgment of parentage against such parent and such other orders as the facts may warrant. In addition, such court or family support magistrate may order that such hearing be continued. The court or family support magistrate shall, upon motion by a party, issue an order for temporary support of the child by the respondent pending a final judgment of the issue of parentage if such court or magistrate finds that there is clear and convincing evidence of parentage which evidence in cases involving alleged genetic parents shall include, but not be limited to, genetic test results that meet the requirements of section 46b-500 .

(b) If the alleged parent resides out of or is absent from the state, notice required for the exercise of jurisdiction over such alleged parent shall be actual notice, and shall be in the manner prescribed for personal service of process by the law of the place in which service is made.

(c) In any proceeding to establish parentage, the court or family support magistrate may exercise personal jurisdiction over a nonresident alleged parent if the court or magistrate finds that the alleged parent was personally served in this state or that the alleged parent resided in this state and while residing in this state (1) paid prenatal expenses for the birth parent and support for the child, (2) resided with the child and held himself or herself out as the parent of the child, or (3) paid support for the child and held himself or herself out as the parent of the child, provided the nonresident alleged parent has received actual notice of the pending petition for parentage pursuant to this subsection.

(d) The petition, when served pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, shall be accompanied by an answer form, a notice to the alleged parent and an application for appointment of counsel, written in clear and simple language designed for use by pro se defendants.

(e) (1) The answer form shall require the alleged parent to indicate whether the alleged parent admits or denies that the alleged parent is a parent or does not know whether the alleged parent is a parent of the child. Any response to the answer form shall not be deemed to waive any jurisdictional defense.

(2) The notice to the alleged parent shall inform the alleged parent that (A) the alleged parent has a right to be represented by an attorney, and if the alleged parent is indigent, the court will appoint an attorney for such parent, (B) if the alleged parent is found to be the parent, the alleged parent will be required to financially support the child until the child attains the age of eighteen years, (C) if the alleged parent does not admit parentage and such person is alleged to be a genetic parent, the court or family support magistrate may, pursuant to section 46b-499 , order a genetic test to determine parentage and that the cost of such test shall be paid by the state in IV-D support cases, and in non-IV-D cases shall be paid by the petitioner, except that if the alleged parent is subsequently adjudicated to be the parent of the child, such person shall be liable to the state or the petitioner, as the case may be, for the amount of such cost, and (D) if the alleged parent fails to return the answer form or fails to appear for a scheduled genetic test without good cause, a default judgment of parentage shall be entered.

(3) The application for appointment of counsel shall include a financial affidavit.

(f) If the court or family support magistrate may exercise personal jurisdiction over the nonresident alleged parent pursuant to subsection (d) of this section and the answer form is returned and the alleged parent does not admit parentage, in cases in which the alleged parent is an alleged genetic parent, the court shall order genetic tests pursuant to section 46b-497 . Such order shall be served upon the alleged parent in the same manner as provided in subsection (c) of this section. Unless the alleged genetic parent requests otherwise, the genetic test of the alleged genetic parent shall be made in the state where the alleged genetic parent resides at a location convenient to him or her. The costs of such test shall be paid by the state in IV-D support cases, and in non-IV-D cases shall be paid by the petitioner, except that if the alleged genetic parent is subsequently adjudicated the parent of the child, such person shall be liable to the state or the petitioner, as the case may be, for the amount of the costs.

(g) The court or family support magistrate shall enter a default judgment against a nonresident alleged parent if such alleged parent (1) fails to answer or otherwise respond to the petition, or (2) in cases in which the alleged parent is an alleged genetic parent, fails to appear for a scheduled genetic test without good cause, provided a default judgment shall not be entered against a nonresident alleged parent unless (A) there is evidence that the nonresident alleged parent has received actual notice of the petition pursuant to subsection (b) of this section and (B) there is verification that the process served upon the alleged parent included the answer form, notice to the defendant and an application for appointment of counsel required by subsection (d) of this section. Upon entry of a default judgment, a copy of the judgment and a form for a motion to reopen shall be served upon the adjudicated parent in the same manner as provided in subsection (b) of this section.

Annotations to former section 52-435a:

There can be no trial until the child is born. 1 R. 345. Discharge by mother. Id., 320. The mother, if plaintiff, must be put to the discovery at the time of her travail, if possible. 2 R. 492; 1 R. 107, but see 43 C. 484; 47 C. 186; 81 C. 7; 93 C. 320; 108 C. 673. Plaintiff must be examined, though defendant does not appear. 1 R. 345. This is not a criminal proceeding. 2 C. 360; 53 C. 525; 85 C. 327; 118 C. 304. The justice may adjourn the hearing and require defendant to give bonds for appearance at the adjourned day. 32 C. 223; 105 C. 389. The justice may belong to the town interested. 1 D. 278. Suit by a woman under age; 2 C. 360; by husband and wife. 1 R. 230. Cross-examination of defendant. 28 C. 314. What declarations are and what are not admissible; other evidence. 47 C. 186; 58 C. 292; 67 C. 339; 78 C. 65; 79 C. 97; 81 C. 7. Refusal to give bond on binding over is not a forfeiture of recognizance to appear and abide the order of the lower court. 51 C. 497. Higher court can acquire jurisdiction only by a binding over; presence of defendant not essential to jurisdiction of higher court; jurisdiction of higher court not affected by failure of justice to commit defendant for want of bond. 53 C. 526. Bond by putative father for support of child held valid. 54 C. 419. Defective complaint held to have been waived. 58 C. 286. Nature of proceedings. 68 C. 47. Statute must be strictly followed; arrest by indifferent person void; so arrest of one brought wrongfully into jurisdiction. 85 C. 327. Proof of constancy in accusations not necessary to make out prima facie case; statute merely makes constancy of accusation competent evidence. 93 C. 320; 108 C. 673; 114 C. 712; 138 C. 127. Allegation that reputable physician certified that complainant was pregnant not required; allegations held sufficient. 93 C. 322; 147 C. 418. Bond may be ordered to insure defendant's attendance at adjourned sessions of the justice court; sole issue before justice is question of probable cause. 105 C. 390. If accusations are constant, prima facie case is made out by plaintiff, rebuttable only by evidence other than defendant's own testimony. 108 C. 674. Arrest of defendant not necessary to give jurisdiction. 118 C. 306. Obligation of surety on recognizance for appearance does not include duty of seeing that accused conform to judgment by making payments. 128 C. 313. Cited. 131 C. 550. Fundamentally a civil action and may be maintained by a nonresident; it is designed to provide financial assistance for the mother in the support of the child. 146 C. 370. Statute prior to 1959 amendment: Next court of common pleas for the county in which the complainant dwells establishes venue rather than jurisdiction of subject matter. Id. Irregularity in physician's certificate does not destroy jurisdiction of the court but may be subject matter for plea in abatement. 147 C. 423. Cited. 156 C. 205. Confers jurisdiction over bastardy actions. 165 C. 33. Motion to open a judgment hereunder denied by the circuit court and sustained on appeal; appearance of attorney in lieu of person summoned to appear personally not approved. 168 C. 184. Statute omits any authorization for the arrest of the putative father and provides that paternity proceedings shall be initiated upon the verified petition of the mother filed in the court of common pleas. 169 C. 66. Cited. 170 C. 367; 175 C. 438.

Cited. 6 CS 156. That a child born to a married woman during wedlock is legitimate is only a presumption and not absolutely conclusive; discussion of English rule. 11 CS 323. Cited. 17 CS 267. Residence in Connecticut of the mother and child not a jurisdictional requirement; bind over is then to county court of defendant's residence. 20 CS 346. Cited. 34 CS 187, 190; Id., 501; 36 CS 501.

Complainant may appeal to appellate division of circuit court on adverse finding on hearing in probable cause. 2 Conn. Cir. Ct. 179. Former statute cited. Id., 581, 582. Defendant's paternity of plaintiff's child must be proved by plaintiff by a fair preponderance of evidence, as in any other civil case; evidence of substantive facts is essential and they cannot be proved by corroborative evidence consisting only of constancy of accusation. 3 Conn. Cir. Ct. 453. History discussed. Id.; Id., 492–494; Id., 553. Married woman could maintain bastardy proceedings for the support of her child, who was not the child of her husband. Id., 494. Purpose of act; since section is civil in nature, the court is not required to advise defendant of his basic constitutional rights. Id., 553, 556. Where sole evidence of paternity was based on prior accusation of plaintiff which she repudiated in court, defendant's motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict should be granted. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 326–329. Proceedings are civil not criminal and general rules respecting civil cases are applicable; in absence of finding of facts, judgment not reviewable on appeal. Id., 443. Cited. Id., 637, 638. Competency of photograph of illegitimate child offered in evidence to show resemblance to defendant not material where other evidence of defendant's relations with plaintiff were sufficient to prove paternity. Id., 713. Expert medical witness called by plaintiff may also give evidence which defendant used to prove his relations with plaintiff were too early to result in birth of child on date established; verdict for defendant reached on conflicting evidence will not be set aside where jury could reasonably have reached the conclusion it did. 5 Conn. Cir. Ct. 476. Where defendant was living with plaintiff and supporting child she had previously borne him, at time of conception of second child, jury could have reasonably concluded defendant was father of second child. Id., 571. Cited. 6 Conn. Cir. Ct. 339. Constancy of accusation is competent evidence that may be proved in corroboration of plaintiff's testimony. Id., 519.

Annotations to former section 46b-160:

Cited. 180 C. 114; 188 C. 354. Requires that the paternity proceeding be instituted during lifetime of putative father. 194 C. 52; reversed, see 200 C. 656. Cited. 196 C. 403; Id., 413; 197 C. 87. Reversed judgment of Appellate Court; statute conferred status of party on Attorney General. 200 C. 656. New 18-year limitation is applied retroactively. 201 C. 16. Cited. 204 C. 760; 208 C. 21. Section as amended may be applied retroactively. 225 C. 185. Cited. 234 C. 51.

Cited. 3 CA 212; 9 CA 93. Amendment (new statute of limitations) applied retroactively. Id., 327. Cited. 11 CA 548; 14 CA 487; 15 CA 312; 19 CA 76; 34 CA 129; judgment reversed, see 234 C. 51; 37 CA 105. 3-year retroactivity provision in section is not a statute of limitations, but is a statutory allowance for past child support. 75 CA 625. Because section is in derogation of the common law, it is to be strictly construed. 140 CA 229.

Cited. 35 CS 679; 38 CS 680. Court finds statute's 3-year limitation period not sufficiently long to withstand equal protection scrutiny. 40 CS 6. Cited. 42 CS 562.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-170 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814f / Section 46a-170
Sec. 46a-170. Trafficking in Persons Council. Membership. Duties. Reports.
Status: in_force

(b) The council shall consist of the following members: (1) The Chief State's Attorney, or a designee; (2) the Chief Public Defender, or a designee; (3) the Commissioner of Emergency Services and Public Protection, or the commissioner's designee; (4) the Labor Commissioner, or the commissioner's designee; (5) the Commissioner of Social Services, or the commissioner's designee; (6) the Commissioner of Public Health, or the commissioner's designee; (7) the Commissioner of Mental Health and Addiction Services, or the commissioner's designee; (8) the Commissioner of Children and Families, or the commissioner's designee; (9) the Commissioner of Consumer Protection, or the commissioner's designee; (10) the Commissioner of Developmental Services, or the commissioner's designee; (11) the director of the Basic Training Division of the Police Officer Standards and Training Council, or the director's designee; (12) the Child Advocate, or the Child Advocate's designee; (13) the Victim Advocate, or the Victim Advocate's designee; (14) a chairperson of the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity, or the chairperson's designee; (15) one representative of the Office of Victim Services of the Judicial Branch appointed by the Chief Court Administrator; (16) a municipal police chief appointed by the Connecticut Police Chiefs Association, or a designee; (17) the Commissioner of Education, or the commissioner's designee; (18) an adult victim of trafficking, appointed by the Governor; (19) a judge of the Superior Court, appointed by the Chief Court Administrator; (20) a state's attorney appointed by the Chief State's Attorney; (21) a public defender appointed by the Chief Public Defender; and (22) fifteen public members appointed as follows: The Governor shall appoint three members, one of whom shall represent victims of commercial exploitation of children, one of whom shall represent sex trafficking victims who are children and one of whom shall represent a coalition of children's advocacy centers and multidisciplinary teams that are dedicated to serving child abuse victims and their families, the president pro tempore of the Senate shall appoint two members, one of whom shall represent the Connecticut Alliance to End Sexual Violence and one of whom shall represent an organization that provides civil legal services to low-income individuals, the speaker of the House of Representatives shall appoint two members, one of whom shall represent the Connecticut Coalition Against Domestic Violence and one of whom shall represent the Connecticut Lodging Association, the majority leader of the Senate shall appoint two members, one of whom shall represent an organization that deals with behavioral health needs of women and children and one of whom shall represent the Connecticut Coalition to End Homelessness, the majority leader of the House of Representatives shall appoint two members, one of whom shall represent an organization that advocates on social justice and human rights issues and one of whom shall represent the Connecticut Criminal Defense Lawyers Association, the minority leader of the Senate shall appoint two members, one of whom shall represent the Connecticut Immigrant and Refugee Coalition and one of whom shall represent massage therapists, and the minority leader of the House of Representatives shall appoint two members, one of whom shall represent the Motor Transport Association of Connecticut, Inc. and one of whom shall represent an organization that works with adult victims of trafficking.

(c) The chairperson of the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity, or a designee, shall serve as chairperson of the council. The members of the council shall serve without compensation but shall be reimbursed for necessary expenses incurred in the performance of their duties.

(d) The council shall: (1) Hold meetings to provide updates and progress reports, (2) coordinate the collection, analysis and dissemination of data regarding human trafficking, and (3) consult with governmental and nongovernmental organizations in developing recommendations to strengthen state and local efforts to prevent trafficking, protect and assist victims of trafficking and prosecute traffickers. The council shall meet at least three times per year.

(e) The council may request data and other information from state and local agencies to carry out its duties under this section.

(f) (1) The council shall:

(A) Develop a list of key indicators that a person is a victim of trafficking;

(B) Develop a standardized curriculum and conduct training for doctors, nurses, pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, emergency medical services personnel, teachers, school counselors, school administrators and personnel from the Department of Children and Families and the Department of Public Health to identify victims of human trafficking, using the list of key indicators developed under subparagraph (A) of this subdivision, and assist such victims;

(C) Develop and conduct training for personnel from the Departments of Children and Families and Public Health on methods for identifying children in foster care who may be at risk of becoming victims of trafficking;

(D) Collaborate with the gender responsiveness subcommittee of the Juvenile Justice Policy and Oversight Committee pursuant to subsection (u) of section 46b-121n ; and

(E) Develop a plan for mental health, support and substance abuse programs for individuals identified as victims of trafficking and those arrested for prostitution in violation of section 53a-82 . The plan shall provide for (i) the diversion of victims of trafficking and prostitution offenders into community-based treatment and support services, including, but not limited to, substance abuse recovery, housing, healthcare, job training, treatment and mental health support, and (ii) after the successful completion of the program, the dismissal of any related criminal charges against the accused.

(2) The council shall include such plan and any recommendations for legislation to implement the plan as part of any report submitted pursuant of subsection (h) of this section not later than January 1, 2018.

(g) The council shall examine the challenges faced by victims of trafficking who are persons without legal immigration status. The council may recommend services that such persons could benefit from and legislation to provide such services as part of any report submitted pursuant to subsection (h) of this section.

(h) Not later than January 1, 2008, and annually thereafter, the council shall submit a report of its activities, including any recommendations for legislation, to the General Assembly in accordance with section 11-4a .

(i) For the purposes of this section, “trafficking” means all acts involved in the recruitment, abduction, transport, harboring, transfer, sale or receipt of persons, within national or across international borders, through force, coercion, fraud or deception, to place persons in situations of slavery or slavery-like conditions, forced labor or services, such as forced prostitution or sexual services, domestic servitude, bonded sweatshop labor or other debt bondage.

See Sec. 4-38f for definition of “administrative purposes only”.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-115h — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815p / Section 46b-115h
Sec. 46b-115h. Communication between courts.
Status: in_force

(b) The court may allow the parties to participate in the communication. If the parties are not able to participate in the communication, they must be given the opportunity to present facts and legal arguments before a decision on jurisdiction is made.

(c) Communication between courts on schedules, calendars, court records and similar matters may occur without informing the parties. A record need not be made of the communication.

(d) Except as otherwise provided in subsection (c) of this section, a record must be made of a communication under this section. The parties must be informed promptly of the communication and granted access to the record.

(e) For the purposes of this section, “record” means information that is inscribed on a tangible medium or that is stored in an electronic or other medium and is retrievable in perceivable form.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-139 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-139
Sec. 46b-139. (Formerly Sec. 51-320). Expert medical witnesses; interpreter.
Status: in_force

(b) Any judge of the Superior Court hearing a juvenile matter may call in a competent interpreter to interpret the evidence in any such hearing and each interpreter so necessarily employed shall be paid from funds appropriated to the Judicial Department.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-56c — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-56c
Sec. 46b-56c. Educational support orders.
Status: in_force

(b) (1) On motion or petition of a parent, the court may enter an educational support order at the time of entry of a decree of dissolution, legal separation or annulment, and no educational support order may be entered thereafter unless the decree explicitly provides that a motion or petition for an educational support order may be filed by either parent at a subsequent date. If no educational support order is entered at the time of entry of a decree of dissolution, legal separation or annulment, and the parents have a child who has not attained twenty-three years of age, the court shall inform the parents that no educational support order may be entered thereafter. The court may accept a parent's waiver of the right to file a motion or petition for an educational support order upon a finding that the parent fully understands the consequences of such waiver.

(2) A waiver of the right to file a motion or petition for an educational support order may be made in writing by either parent and accepted by the court, provided the parent making the writing attests, under oath, that the parent fully understands the consequences of such waiver, and that no restraining order issued pursuant to section 46b-15 or protective order issued pursuant to section 46b-38c , between the parties is in effect or pending before the court. The provisions of this subdivision shall not preclude the court from requiring that the parties attend a hearing and that findings be made on the record.

(3) On motion or petition of a parent, the court may enter an educational support order at the time of entry of an order for support pendente lite pursuant to section 46b-83 .

(4) On motion or petition of a parent, the court may enter an educational support order at the time of entering an order of support pursuant to section 46b-61 or 46b-569 , or similar section of the general statutes, or at any time thereafter.

(5) On motion or petition of a parent, the court may enter an educational support order at the time of entering an order pursuant to any other provision of the general statutes authorizing the court to make an order of support for a child, subject to the provisions of sections 46b-301 to 46b-425 , inclusive.

(c) The court may not enter an educational support order pursuant to this section unless the court finds as a matter of fact that it is more likely than not that the parents would have provided support to the child for higher education or private career school if the family were intact. After making such finding, the court, in determining whether to enter an educational support order, shall consider all relevant circumstances, including: (1) The parents' income, assets and other obligations, including obligations to other dependents; (2) the child's need for support to attend an institution of higher education or private career school considering the child's assets and the child's ability to earn income; (3) the availability of financial aid from other sources, including grants and loans; (4) the reasonableness of the higher education to be funded considering the child's academic record and the financial resources available; (5) the child's preparation for, aptitude for and commitment to higher education; and (6) evidence, if any, of the institution of higher education or private career school the child would attend.

(d) Any finding required to be made by the court, pursuant to this section may be made on the basis of an affidavit, made under oath, by either party, provided that the party making the affidavit attests that no restraining order issued pursuant to section 46b-15 or protective order, issued pursuant to section 46b-38c , between the parties is in effect or pending before the court. Nothing in this subsection shall preclude the court from requiring that the parties attend a hearing and that findings be made on the record.

(e) At the appropriate time, both parents shall participate in, and agree upon, the decision as to which institution of higher education or private career school the child will attend. The court may make an order resolving the matter if the parents fail to reach an agreement.

(f) To qualify for payments due under an educational support order, the child must (1) enroll in an accredited institution of higher education or private career school, as defined in section 10a-22a , (2) actively pursue a course of study commensurate with the child's vocational goals that constitutes at least one-half the course load determined by that institution or school to constitute full-time enrollment, (3) maintain good academic standing in accordance with the rules of the institution or school, and (4) make available all academic records to both parents during the term of the order. The order shall be suspended after any academic period during which the child fails to comply with these conditions.

(g) The educational support order may include support for any necessary educational expense, including room, board, dues, tuition, fees, registration and application costs, but such expenses shall not be more than the amount charged by The University of Connecticut for a full-time in-state student at the time the child for whom educational support is being ordered matriculates, except this limit may be exceeded by agreement of the parents. An educational support order may also include the cost of books and medical insurance for such child.

(h) The court may direct that payments under an educational support order be made (1) to a parent to be forwarded to the institution of higher education or private career school, (2) directly to the institution or school, or (3) otherwise as the court determines to be appropriate.

(i) On motion or petition of a parent, an educational support order may be modified or enforced in the same manner as is provided by law for any support order.

(j) This section does not create a right of action by a child for parental support for higher education.

(k) An educational support order under this section does not include support for graduate or postgraduate education beyond a bachelor's degree.

(l) The provisions of this section shall apply only in cases when the initial order for parental support of the child is entered on or after October 1, 2002.

Although trial court failed to make necessary finding that it was more likely than not that parties would have provided support for their daughter's college education had the family remained intact, its failure to comply with section was harmless, given ample evidence in the record to support such a finding, and given plaintiff's failure to meet his burden of demonstrating that court's failure to make the finding was harmful. 96 CA 102. Trial court did not abuse its discretion by issuing financial order that would secure any educational support order that might be entered in future; however, portion of trial court order, that potentially would have required defendant to maintain life insurance to secure support for child who had reached age of majority and who was not beneficiary of an educational support order, reversed and remanded for clarification. 107 CA 279.

Subsec. (b):

Subdiv. (1): Use of “shall” means it is mandatory that court inform parents that if no educational support order is entered at the time of dissolution, neither party may obtain such an order in future. 86 CA 719.

Subsec. (d):

The word “shall” in subsection creates a mandatory duty on both parents to both participate in and reach an agreement upon the college their child will attend but the statute does not permit a party to evade responsibility for contributing to a child's education by engaging in acts or omissions that violate his statutory obligation. 211 CA 357.

Subsec. (f):

Expenses of relocating child from one state to another, including travel, restaurant meals, lodging or costs of furnishing dorm room and other living expenses, are not within scope of “necessary educational expenses”. 156 CA 383. Trial court abused its discretion by entering an educational support order that required defendant to pay expenses in excess of the amount charged by University of Connecticut for a full-time in-state student when the court made no finding that parents entered into an agreement to exceed the limit imposed by Subsec. 163 CA 517.

Subsec. (h):

Contrary to plaintiff's claims, because pursuant to Subsec. an educational support order may be enforced in same manner as provided by law for any support order, trial court had authority to enforce the order by requiring that security be given, it acted within its discretion and authority in establishing a trust as means of securing the order, and did not abuse its discretion in funding the order with proceeds from sale of Vermont property. 96 CA 102.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-515 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-515
Sec. 46b-515. Withdrawal of consent.
Status: in_force

(b) A person who withdraws consent under subsection (a) of this section is not a parent of the child under sections 46b-509 to 46b-517 , inclusive.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-87 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-87
Sec. 46a-87. Enforcement of subpoena.
Status: in_force

(b) No person may be excused from attending and testifying or from producing records, correspondence, documents or other evidence in obedience to subpoena, on the ground that the testimony or evidence required of him may tend to incriminate him or subject him to a penalty or forfeiture, but no person may be prosecuted or subjected to any penalty or forfeiture for or on account of any transaction, matter or thing concerning which he is compelled, after having claimed his privilege against self-incrimination, to testify or produce evidence, except that such person so testifying shall not be exempt from prosecution and punishment for perjury committed in so testifying. The immunity herein provided shall extend only to natural persons so compelled to testify.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-115cc — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815p / Section 46b-115cc
Sec. 46b-115cc. Hearing and order.
Status: in_force

(b) The court shall award the fees, costs and expenses as provided in section 46b-115ee and may grant additional relief, including a request for the assistance of law enforcement officials.

(c) If a party called to testify refuses to answer on the ground that the testimony may be self-incriminating, the court may draw an adverse inference from the refusal.

(d) A privilege against disclosure of communications between spouses and a defense of immunity based on the relationship of husband and wife or parent and child may not be invoked in a proceeding under sections 46b-115u to 46b-115gg , inclusive.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-69c — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-69c
Sec. 46b-69c. Advisory committee. Recommendations to Judicial Department.
Status: in_force

(b) Not later than January 15, 2003, the advisory committee shall make recommendations to the Judicial Department on the expansion of the parenting education program to include a separate program for children whose parents are involved in a dissolution of marriage action. Such program shall be designed to help children cope more effectively with the problems that result from a dissolution and shall have as its goal the prevention or reduction of children's anxiety, aggression, depression and behavioral problems and an increase in social competencies critical to children's postdissolution adjustment.

(c) The advisory committee shall consist of not more than ten members to be appointed by the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and shall include members who represent the Commission on Women, Children, Seniors, Equity and Opportunity, the family law section of the Connecticut Bar Association, educators specializing in children studies, agencies representing victims of family violence, service providers and the Judicial Department. The members shall serve for terms of two years and may be reappointed for succeeding terms. The members shall elect a chairperson from among their number and shall receive no compensation for their services.

(d) The Court Support Services Division of the Judicial Department shall provide staff services to the advisory committee.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-28 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815e / Section 46b-28
Sec. 46b-28. (Formerly Sec. 46-6). Validity of marriages celebrated in a foreign country.
Status: in_force

Annotation to former section 46-6:

The marriage of a niece and her uncle in Italy, though valid there and contracted without intent to evade the law of this state, held not valid in this state. 148 C. 288.

Annotation to present section:

Cited. 213 C. 637.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-150 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-150
Sec. 46b-150. Emancipation of minor. Procedure. Notice. Attorney General as party.
Status: in_force

Cited. 38 CS 503; 39 CS 35; 40 CS 349; 43 CS 175.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-54 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-54
Sec. 46b-54. (Formerly Sec. 46-43). Appointment of counsel or guardian ad litem for a minor child. Duties. Best interests of the child.
Status: in_force

(b) Counsel or a guardian ad litem for the minor child or children may also be appointed on the motion of the court or on the request of any person enumerated in subsection (a) of this section in any case before the court when the court finds that the custody, care, education, visitation or support of a minor child is in actual controversy, provided the court may make any order regarding a matter in controversy prior to the appointment of counsel or a guardian ad litem where it finds immediate action necessary in the best interests of any child.

(c) In the absence of an agreement of the parties to the appointment of counsel or a guardian ad litem for a minor child in the parties' matter and a canvassing by the court concerning the terms of such agreement, the court shall only appoint such counsel or guardian ad litem under this section when, in the court's discretion, reasonable options and efforts to resolve a dispute of the parties concerning the custody, care, education, visitation or support of a minor child have been made.

(d) If the court deems the appointment of counsel or a guardian ad litem for any minor child or children to be in the best interests of the child or children, such appointment shall be made in accordance with the provisions of section 46b-12 .

(e) Counsel or a guardian ad litem for the minor child or children shall be heard on all matters pertaining to the interests of any child, including the custody, care, support, education and visitation of the child, so long as the court deems such representation to be in the best interests of the child. To the extent practicable, when hearing from such counsel or guardian ad litem, the court shall permit such counsel or guardian ad litem to participate at the beginning of the matter, at the conclusion of the matter or at such other time the court deems appropriate so as to minimize legal fees incurred by the parties due to the participation of such counsel or guardian ad litem in the matter. Such counsel or guardian ad litem may be heard on a matter pertaining to a medical diagnosis or conclusion concerning a minor child made by a health care professional treating such child when (1) such counsel or guardian ad litem is in possession of a medical record or report of the treating health care professional that indicates or supports such medical diagnosis or conclusion; or (2) one or more parties have refused to cooperate in paying for or obtaining a medical record or report that contains the treating health care professional's medical diagnosis or conclusion. If the court deems it to be in the best interests of the minor child, such health care professional shall be heard on matters pertaining to the interests of any such child, including the custody, care, support, education and visitation of such child.

(f) When recommending the entry of any order as provided in subsections (a) and (b) of section 46b-56 , counsel or a guardian ad litem for the minor child shall consider the best interests of the child, and in doing so shall consider, but not be limited to, one or more of the following factors: (1) The physical and emotional safety of the child; (2) the temperament and developmental needs of the child; (3) the capacity and the disposition of the parents to understand and meet the needs of the child; (4) any relevant and material information obtained from the child, including the informed preferences of the child; (5) the wishes of the child's parents as to custody; (6) the past and current interaction and relationship of the child with each parent, the child's siblings and any other person who may significantly affect the best interests of the child; (7) the willingness and ability of each parent to facilitate and encourage such continuing parent-child relationship between the child and the other parent as is appropriate, including compliance with any court orders; (8) any manipulation by or coercive behavior of the parents in an effort to involve the child in the parents' dispute; (9) the ability of each parent to be actively involved in the life of the child; (10) the child's adjustment to his or her home, school and community environments; (11) the length of time that the child has lived in a stable and satisfactory environment and the desirability of maintaining continuity in such environment, provided counsel or a guardian ad litem for the minor child may consider favorably a parent who voluntarily leaves the child's family home pendente lite in order to alleviate stress in the household; (12) the stability of the child's existing or proposed residences, or both; (13) the mental and physical health of all individuals involved, except that a disability of a proposed custodial parent or other party, in and of itself, shall not be determinative of custody unless the proposed custodial arrangement is not in the best interests of the child; (14) the child's cultural background; (15) the effect on the child of the actions of an abuser, if any domestic violence, as defined in section 46b-1 , has occurred between the parents or between a parent and another individual or the child; (16) whether the child or a sibling of the child has been abused or neglected, as defined respectively in section 46b-120 ; and (17) whether a party satisfactorily completed participation in a parenting education program established pursuant to section 46b-69b . Counsel or a guardian ad litem for the minor child shall not be required to assign any weight to any of the factors considered.

Annotations to former section 46-43:

Cited. 174 C. 244.

Cited. 7 CA 720.

Counsel for minor child appointed where motion brought to change order for the child's custody; it is in child's best interest to appoint independent counsel where motion made to change custody order. 31 CS 340. Cited. 33 CS 100.

Annotations to present section:

Appointment of counsel for minor child is in discretion of court and court did not abuse discretion in failing to appoint counsel. 180 C. 533. Cited. 181 C. 622; 186 C. 311; 196 C. 260; 198 C. 138; 207 C. 725; 224 C. 776; 231 C. 928. Under certain limited circumstances, minor children may appeal from trial court judgment concerning support obligations of the parents; judgment of appellate court reversed. 235 C. 82. Cited. 241 C. 767. Attorneys appointed by court pursuant to section are entitled to absolute, quasi-judicial immunity for actions taken during, or activities necessary to, performance of functions that are integral to the judicial process, and defendant attorney entitled to absolute immunity because complaint not grounded on any conduct by defendant in which she acted outside usual role of an attorney for minor children. 274 C. 533. Trial court may protect minor's interests in dissolution action solely through appointment of an attorney, rather than also requiring simultaneous appointment of a guardian ad litem or naming of a next friend. 276 C. 526. Trial court abused its discretion by appointing an attorney for minor children for a proceeding intended solely to address the matter of attorney's fees. 294 C. 484.

Cited. 8 CA 50; 11 CA 189; 18 CA 622; 23 CA 509; 32 CA 152; 35 CA 421; Id., 449; 37 CA 194; 39 CA 162; 40 CA 675. Trial court did not err in permitting attorney for the minor child to assert psychologist-patient privilege as basis for an oral motion in limine re communications made by the child, where defendant failed to request appointment of a guardian ad litem for the child. 72 CA 193. Duties of guardian ad litem may subsume those traditionally performed by counsel when counsel is the child's sole representative. 76 CA 693. Appointment of attorney to represent a minor child rests within the sound discretion of court. 78 CA 493. Attorneys appointed pursuant to section are entitled to qualified quasi-judicial immunity, and such immunity is properly pleaded as a special defense and the issue raised by using either motion to strike or motion for summary judgment. 81 CA 382.

Cited. 35 CS 237.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-535 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-535
Sec. 46b-535. Parentage under validated genetic surrogacy agreement.
Status: in_force

(b) Upon birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under a genetic surrogacy agreement validated under section 46b-533 or 46b-536 , the intended parent or parents shall file a notice with the court that validated the agreement under section 46b-533 or 46b-536 that a child has been born as a result of assisted reproduction. Upon receiving such notice, the court shall immediately, or as soon as practicable, issue an order without notice and hearing: (1) Declaring that any intended parent or parents is a parent of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under the agreement and ordering that parental rights and duties vest exclusively in any intended parent or parents; (2) Declaring that the person acting as genetic surrogate and the spouse or former spouse of the person acting as surrogate, if any, are not parents of the resulting child; (3) Declaring that the intended parent or parents have responsibility for the maintenance and support of the child immediately upon the birth of the child; (4) Designating the contents of the certificate of birth in accordance with subsection (b) of section 7-48a and directing the Department of Public Health to designate any intended parent as a parent of the child; and (5) If necessary, ordering that the child be surrendered to the intended parent or parents. Nothing in this subsection shall be construed to limit the court's authority to issue other orders under any other provision of the general statutes.

(c) If a child born to a person acting as genetic surrogate is alleged not to have been conceived by assisted reproduction, the court may, upon sufficient findings, order genetic testing to determine the genetic parentage of the child, and shall designate which party shall pay for such testing. If the child was not conceived by assisted reproduction, parentage shall be determined in accordance with the provisions of sections 46b-450 to 46b-505 , inclusive. Unless the genetic surrogacy agreement provides otherwise, if the child was not conceived by assisted reproduction the person acting as surrogate is not entitled to any nonexpense-related compensation paid for serving as a surrogate.

(d) If an intended parent fails to file the notice required under subsection (b) of this section, the person acting as genetic surrogate may file with the court, not later than sixty days after the date of birth of a child conceived by assisted reproduction under the agreement, notice that the child has been born to the person acting as genetic surrogate. On proof of a court order issued under section 46b-533 or 46b-536 validating the agreement, the court shall order that each intended parent is a parent of the child.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-115dd — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815p / Section 46b-115dd
Sec. 46b-115dd. Order to take physical custody of child.
Status: in_force

(b) The court shall hold a hearing on the petition on the next business day after the order and the petition is served unless there are compelling circumstances.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-94a — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-94a
Sec. 46a-94a. Appeal to Superior Court from order of presiding officer. Reopening of matters.
Status: in_force

(b) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (a) of this section, a complainant may not appeal the dismissal of his or her complaint if he or she has been granted a release pursuant to section 46a-101 .

(c) The commission on its own motion may, whenever justice so requires, reopen any matter previously closed, provided such matter has not been appealed to the Superior Court pursuant to subsection (a) of this section. Notice of such reopening shall be given to all parties. A complainant or respondent may, for good cause shown, in the interest of justice, apply in writing for the reopening of a previously closed proceeding, provided such application is filed with the executive director of the commission within two years of the commission's final decision and the complainant has (1) not been issued a release of jurisdiction pursuant to section 46a-83a and filed a civil action, or (2) requested and received a release of jurisdiction from the commission pursuant to section 46a-101 .

(d) The standards for reopening a matter may include, but are not limited to: (1) A material mistake of fact or law has occurred; (2) the finding is arbitrary or capricious; (3) the finding is clearly erroneous in view of the reliable, probative and substantial evidence on the whole record; and (4) new evidence has been discovered which materially affects the merits of the case and which, for good reasons, was not presented during the investigation.

Cited. 220 C. 192; Id., 307; 231 C. 328; 232 C. 91; Id., 117; Id., 181; 236 C. 250; 238 C. 337.

Cited. 41 CA 1.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-523 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-523
Sec. 46b-523. Requirements of gestational or surrogacy agreement: Process.
Status: in_force

(1) Not less than one party shall be a resident of this state.

(2) The person acting as surrogate and each intended parent shall meet the requirements of section 46b-522 .

(3) Each intended parent, the person acting as surrogate and the spouse, if any, of the person acting as the surrogate shall be parties to the agreement. If an intended parent is married, the intended parent's spouse shall also be an intended parent and a party to the agreement, unless the intended parent and the spouse are legally separated.

(4) The agreement shall be in writing and signed by each party set forth in subdivision (3) of this section.

(5) The person acting as surrogate and each intended parent shall acknowledge in writing their receipt of a copy of the agreement.

(6) The signature of each party to the agreement shall be attested by a notarial officer or otherwise acknowledged and witnessed by two disinterested adults.

(7) The person acting as surrogate and, if married, the spouse of the person acting as surrogate and the intended parent or parents shall have independent legal representation throughout the surrogacy agreement regarding the terms of the surrogacy agreement and the potential legal consequences of the agreement, and each counsel shall be identified in the surrogacy agreement. A single attorney for the person acting as surrogate and the person's spouse, if married, and a single attorney for the intended parents is sufficient to meet this requirement, provided the representation otherwise conforms to the Rules of Professional Conduct.

(8) The intended parent or parents shall pay for independent legal representation for the person acting as surrogate and the person's spouse, if any.

(9) If the agreement provides for the payment of compensation to the person acting as surrogate, the compensation shall be placed in an escrow account prior to the commencement of any medical procedure, other than medical and mental health evaluations required by section 46b-522 .

(10) The agreement shall be executed before a medical procedure occurs related to the surrogacy agreement, other than the medical and mental health evaluations required by section 46b-522 .
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-44d — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-44d
Sec. 46b-44d. Review of settlement agreement in nonadversarial dissolution of marriage. Appearance of parties required; exceptions. Matters placed on the regular family docket.
Status: in_force

(b) If after review of the joint petition, the court does not enter a decree of dissolution of marriage pursuant to subsection (b) of section 46b-44c , the matter shall be docketed on a date not later than thirty days after the assigned disposition date and the court shall command that the parties appear before the court in order for the court to determine if the criteria in section 46b-44a have been met, and whether a decree of dissolution of marriage may enter. If the court does not enter the decree of dissolution of marriage, the court may order the termination of the nonadversarial dissolution action and order that the matter be placed on the regular family docket of the Superior Court.

(c) If the matter is placed on the regular family docket of the Superior Court pursuant to subsection (a) or (b) of this section, all provisions of this chapter, except for the provisions of subsection (a) of section 46b-45 , shall apply to the matter. No new filing fee shall be imposed by the court.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-565 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-565
Sec. 46b-565. (Formerly Sec. 46b-168). Assessment of costs for genetic tests.
Status: in_force

Annotations to former section 52-184:

Cited. 170 C. 367.

Cited. 32 CS 619.

Not mandatory that all parties be present for test at same time. 4 Conn. Cir. Ct. 363. Admission of inconclusive blood tests harmless to defendant where other evidence of his paternity was sufficient to sustain verdict. Id., 713.

Annotations to former section 46b-168:

Cited. 188 C. 354; 196 C. 403; Id., 413. Admissibility of the results from combined blood grouping and human leukocyte antigen testing is not precluded by statute. 201 C. 16. Cited. 221 C. 264; 225 C. 185; 228 C. 610, 614; 234 C. 51.

Cited. 9 CA 431; 10 CA 181; 25 CA 155; 33 CA 632; 36 CA 138; 40 CA 33.

Use of the words “shall” and “may” in section indicates an affirmative selection of words with a specific intent to make use of each word's distinctive meaning; where, as here, the statutory language is clear and unambiguous, there is no room for construction. 35 CS 679. Trial court had no authority to order Department of Social Services to pay the cost of blood grouping tests for an indigent defendant; no denial of equal protection in charging expenses to the party who moves for the tests. Id., 686. Cited. 39 CS 230; 40 CS 66; 42 CS 562; 44 CS 145.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-388 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-388
Sec. 46b-388. Jurisdiction to modify child support order of another state when individual parties reside in this state.
Status: in_force

(b) A tribunal of this state exercising jurisdiction under this section shall apply the provisions of sections 46b-301 to 46b-321 , inclusive, sections 46b-370 to 46b-394 , inclusive, and the procedural and substantive law of this state to the proceeding for enforcement or modification. Sections 46b-327 to 46b-364 , inclusive, and sections 46b-398 to 46b-417 , inclusive, do not apply.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-103 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-103
Sec. 46a-103. Civil action for discriminatory practice: Service of process on the commission; right of commission to intervene.
Status: in_force

Cited. 236 C. 681.

Cited. 44 CA 446.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-454 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-454
Sec. 46b-454. Authorized court. Exceptions.
Status: in_force

(b) If the petition is filed by the Office of Child Support Services of the Department of Social Services, the petition shall be accompanied by an affidavit of the parent whose rights have been assigned. In cases where the assignor refuses to provide an affidavit, the affidavit may be submitted by the Office of Child Support Services, provided the affidavit alone shall not support a default judgment on the issue of parentage.

(c) There shall be no right to a jury trial in an action to adjudicate parentage.

(d) A petition filed in the Superior Court or the Family Support Magistrate Court to adjudicate parentage may be brought any time prior to the child's eighteenth birthday, provided liability for support of such child shall be limited to the three years next preceding the date of the filing of any such petition.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-485 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-485
Sec. 46b-485. Forms for acknowledgment of parentage.
Status: repealed

(b) A valid acknowledgment of parentage is not affected by a later modification of the form under subsection (a) of this section.

*Note: Public act 21-15 is entitled “An Act Concerning Adoption and Implementation of the Connecticut Parentage Act”. (See Reference Table captioned “Public Acts of 2021” in Volume 16 which lists the sections amended, created or repealed by the act.)
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-124a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-124a
Sec. 46b-124a. Access to records of cases of juvenile matters by victim of delinquent act committed by a child.
Status: in_force

(b) Records of cases of juvenile matters, as defined in subsection (a) of section 46b-124 , other than those enumerated in subsection (a) of this section, including, but not limited to, police reports, arrest warrants, search warrants and any affidavits associated with such warrants that involve the victim may be disclosed to the victim upon order of the court for good cause shown. Information disclosed to the victim pursuant to this subsection shall not be further disclosed, except as specifically authorized by an order of the court.

(c) In determining whether good cause exists for the granting or denial of access to records pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, the court shall consider: (1) The age of the child; (2) the degree of injury to the victim or damage to property caused by the child's delinquent act; (3) whether a compelling reason exists for disclosure or nondisclosure of the information contained in such records; and (4) whether the release of such information would jeopardize an ongoing criminal investigation. When making a good cause determination, the court may not consider as a factor whether the victim has an alternate means of ascertaining the information delineated in subsection (b) of this section.

(d) If the release of information available to a victim pursuant to subsection (a) of this section may result in jeopardizing (1) the safety of the child, a witness or another person; or (2) an ongoing criminal investigation, the prosecutorial official or an attorney representing the child, including an attorney from the Division of Public Defender Services, may file an objection with the court requesting that such information not be disclosed. The court shall articulate on the record the specific reason for sustaining any objection made pursuant to this subsection.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-44 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814b / Section 46a-44
Sec. 46a-44. (Formerly Sec. 22-346a). Access of service animals to modes of public transportation and in places of public accommodation. Intentional interference with service animals, trainers or persons with disabilities.
Status: in_force

(b) Any person with a disability or any person training an animal as a service animal to assist a person with a disability may travel on a train or on any other mode of public transportation, and may enter any other place of public accommodation that caters or offers its services or facilities or goods to the general public, including but not limited to, any public building, inn, restaurant, hotel, motel, tourist cabin, place of amusement, resort or any facility of any such public accommodation, accompanied by such person's service animal, and such person may keep such service animal with him or her at all times in any such public accommodation or facility thereof at no extra charge, provided such service animal shall be in the direct custody and control of such person.

(c) Any person with a disability or any person training an animal as a service animal for a person with a disability shall be entitled to visit any place of public accommodation, resort or amusement or a dwelling as a guest of a lawful occupant thereof, accompanied by such person's service animal, and such person may keep such service animal with him or her at all times in such public accommodation, resort, amusement or dwelling at no extra charge, provided such service animal shall be in the direct custody and control of such person. No such person with a disability or person training an animal as a service animal shall be charged any fee not applicable alike to all guests, provided the owner of such service animal shall be liable for any damage done to the premises or facilities by such service animal. For the purposes of this subsection, (1) a “place of public accommodation, resort or amusement” means any establishment which caters or offers its services or facilities or goods to the general public, including, but not limited to, any commercial building lot, on which it is intended that a commercial property or building will be constructed or offered for sale or rent, and (2) “dwelling” means any building, structure, mobile manufactured home park or portion thereof which is occupied as, or designed or intended for occupancy as, a residence by one or more families, and any vacant land which is offered for sale or lease for the construction or location thereon of any such building, structure, mobile manufactured home park or portion thereof, provided the provisions of this subsection shall not apply to (A) the rental of a room or rooms in a single-family dwelling unit, if the owner actually maintains and occupies part of such living quarters as the owner's residence, or (B) a unit in a dwelling containing living quarters occupied or intended to be occupied by no more than two families living independently of each other, if the owner actually maintains and occupies the other such living quarters as the owner's residence.

(d) Any person who intentionally interferes with the use of a service animal by a person with a disability, including, but not limited to, any action intended to harass or annoy the person with a disability or the person training an animal as a service animal, or who denies the rights afforded to a person with a disability or person training an animal as a service animal under subsection (b) or (c) of this section shall be guilty of a class C misdemeanor, provided such person with a disability or person training an animal as a service animal complies with the applicable provisions of subsection (b) or (c) of this section.

See Sec. 1-1f for definition of blindness.

See Sec. 53-330a for like provisions re search and rescue dogs.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-372 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-372
Sec. 46b-372. Effect of registration for enforcement.
Status: in_force

(b) A registered support order issued in another state or a foreign country is enforceable in the same manner and is subject to the same procedures as an order issued by a tribunal of this state.

(c) Except as otherwise provided in sections 46b-301 to 46b-425 , inclusive, a tribunal of this state shall recognize and enforce, but may not modify, a registered support order if the issuing tribunal had jurisdiction.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-568 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-568
Sec. 46b-568. (Formerly Sec. 46b-170). Withdrawal of petition. Agreement of settlement.
Status: in_force

Annotations to former section 52-439a:

Promise not to bring suit is good consideration. 68 C. 48. Order contemplated by this section and Secs. 52-440a and 52-442 not only for protection of mother but also of town. 143 C. 688. Cited. 165 C. 33.

Cited. 20 CS 350; 36 CS 501.

Annotations to former section 46b-170:

Cited. 188 C. 354; 196 C. 403; 200 C. 656.

Cited. 19 CA 76.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-74 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-74
Sec. 46a-74. (Formerly Sec. 4-61g). State agencies not to permit discriminatory practices in professional or occupational associations, public accommodations or housing or on basis of erased criminal records information.
Status: in_force

See Secs. 46a-89, 46a-89a, 46a-90a re injunctive relief and damages in cases involving discriminatory public accommodation practices.

See Sec. 46a-94 re appeals.

Annotation to former section 4-61g:

Cited. 165 C. 516.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-10 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815 / Section 46b-10
Sec. 46b-10. (Formerly Sec. 51-339). Attempt at reconciliation in action for dissolution of marriage, legal separation or annulment.
Status: in_force

See Sec. 46b-53 re conciliation procedures.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-398 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-398
Sec. 46b-398. Definitions.
Status: in_force

(1) “Application” means a request under the Convention by an obligee or obligor, or on behalf of a child, made through a central authority for assistance from another central authority.

(2) “Central authority” means the entity designated by the United States or a foreign country to perform the functions specified in the Convention.

(3) “Convention support order” means a support order of a tribunal of a foreign country.

(4) “Direct request” means a petition filed by an individual in a tribunal of this state in a proceeding involving an obligee, obligor or child residing outside the United States.

(5) “Foreign support agreement” means (A) an agreement for support in a record that (i) is enforceable as a support order in the country of origin; (ii) has been (I) formally drawn up or registered as an authentic instrument by a foreign tribunal; or (II) authenticated by, or concluded, registered or filed with a foreign tribunal; and (iii) may be reviewed and modified by a foreign tribunal; and (B) a maintenance arrangement or authentic instrument under the Convention.

(6) “United States central authority” means the Secretary of the United States Department of Health and Human Services.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-116c — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815q / Section 46b-116c
Sec. 46b-116c. State foster care, termination of parental rights proceedings. Transfer of jurisdiction to Indian tribe. Rights to intervene. Full faith and credit to tribal acts. Records, judicial proceedings.
Status: in_force

(b) In any such proceeding, the Indian custodian of the child and the Indian child's tribe shall have a right to intervene at any point in the proceeding.

(c) The state shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of any Indian tribe applicable to Indian child custody proceedings to the same extent that such entities give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judicial proceedings of any other entity.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-133m — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-133m
Sec. 46b-133m. Independent ombudsperson services provided in facilities that detain juveniles.
Status: in_force

(b) The Commissioner of Correction and the executive director of the Court Support Services Division of the Judicial Department shall ensure that independent ombudsperson services are provided and available at any juvenile detention center or correctional facility where persons ages seventeen years and under are detained that any such agency operates or oversees.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-140 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-140
Sec. 46b-140. (Formerly Sec. 51-321). Disposition upon adjudication of child as delinquent.
Status: in_force

(b) Upon adjudication of a child as delinquent, the court may (1) discharge the child from the court's jurisdiction with or without a warning, (2) place the child on probation supervision for a period not to exceed eighteen months, which may be extended in accordance with section 46b-140a by not more than twelve months, for a total supervision period not to exceed thirty months, or (3) place the child on probation supervision with residential placement, for a period not to exceed eighteen months, which may be extended in accordance with section 46b-140a by not more than twelve months, for a total supervision period not to exceed thirty months.

(c) As a condition of probation supervision or probation supervision with residential placement, the court may order that the child: (1) Participate in a youth service bureau program; (2) reside with a parent, relative or guardian or in a suitable residence approved by the court; (3) attend school and class on a regular basis and comply with school policies on student conduct and discipline; (4) refrain from violating any federal or state law or municipal or local ordinance; (5) undergo any medical or psychiatric evaluation or treatment deemed necessary by the court; (6) submit to random drug or alcohol testing, or both; (7) participate in a program of alcohol or drug treatment, or both; (8) participate in a program of community service; (9) obtain technical or vocational training, or both; (10) make a good faith effort to obtain and maintain employment; (11) be placed in an appropriate residential facility in accordance with subsection (g) of this section and remain in such facility until discharged; (12) not leave the state without notification of and permission from his or her probation officer; (13) notify his or her probation officer of any change of address or phone number within forty-eight hours of such change; (14) make all reasonable efforts to keep all appointments scheduled by the probation officer, evaluators and therapists, and notify his or her probation officer if he or she is unable to keep any such appointment; (15) obey any graduated responses ordered by his or her probation officer; (16) initiate no contact with any victim of the offense; and (17) satisfy any other conditions deemed appropriate by the court. The court may also order as a condition of probation supervision or probation supervision with residential placement that the child or the parents or guardian of the child, or both, make restitution to the victim of the offense in accordance with subsection (d) of this section. The court shall cause a copy of any such order to be delivered to the child, the child's parents or guardian and the child's probation officer. If the child is adjudicated as delinquent for a violation of section 53-247 , the court may order, as a condition of probation supervision or probation supervision with residential placement, that the child undergo psychiatric or psychological counseling or participate in an animal cruelty prevention and education program provided such a program exists and is available to the child.

(d) If the child has engaged in conduct which results in property damage or personal injury, the court may order the child or the parent or parents or guardian of the child, if such parent or parents or guardian had knowledge of and condoned the conduct of the child, or both the child and the parent or parents or guardian, to make restitution to the victim of such offense, provided the liability of such parent or parents or guardian shall be limited to an amount not exceeding the amount such parent or parents or guardian would be liable for in an action under section 52-572 . Restitution may consist of monetary reimbursement for the damage or injury, based on the child's or the parent's, parents' or guardian's ability to pay, as the case may be, in the form of a lump sum or installment payments, paid to the court clerk or such other official designated by the court for distribution to the victim.

(e) The court may order the child to participate in a program of community service under the supervision of the court or any organization designated by the court. Such child shall not be deemed to be an employee and the services of such child shall not be deemed employment.

(f) At any time during a period of probation supervision or probation supervision with residential placement, the court may authorize the child's probation officer to convene a case review team meeting with the child and the child's attorney on any case that is being considered for residential placement or that is complex and could benefit from a multi-systemic approach. The juvenile probation supervisor and juvenile probation officer shall facilitate the meeting, which may also include the following participants: (1) The child's family; (2) the state's attorney; (3) school officials; (4) treatment providers; and (5) representatives from other state agencies, as deemed appropriate. Any recommendations to modify conditions of probation supervision, including residential placement, shall be presented to the court for consideration and approval.

(g) An adjudicated child shall not be placed on probation supervision with residential placement in a secure or staff-secure facility unless a current predispositional study has been completed and reviewed by the court and: (1) Such placement is indicated by the child's clinical and behavioral needs; or (2) the level of risk the child poses to public safety cannot be managed in a less restrictive setting. The court shall consider all relevant reports, evaluations and studies proffered or admitted as evidence. The child's length of stay in a residential facility shall be dependent on the child's treatment progress and attainment of treatment goals.

Annotations to former section 17-68:

Cited. 162 C. 243.

Suspension of sentence and suspension of execution of a commitment distinguished; juvenile court has no power as to the latter. 19 CS 433. Cited. 26 CS 316.

Annotations to present section:

Cited. 199 C. 693; 204 C. 630; 206 C. 323; 207 C. 270; 211 C. 151.

Trial court did not have authority under section to both commit a juvenile to Department of Children and Families and order the juvenile placed in an out-of-state residential facility. 134 CA 29.

Former Subsec. (f):

Legislative amendment, together with legislative history, firmly establish that Subsec. does not authorize Superior Court to order out-of-state placement of child committed to custody of Department of Children and Families. 307 C. 640.

Under 2005 revision, adult individual who violated probation related to delinquency conviction rendered at age of 15 was properly committed to custody of Commissioner of Children and Families under Subsec. 52 CS 132.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-16 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815a / Section 46b-16
Sec. 46b-16. Petition to Superior Court for ex parte order re temporary care and custody of child when parent arrested for custodial interference. Duration of order.
Status: in_force

(b) If the court finds that there is a substantial likelihood that the child will be removed from the jurisdiction of the court prior to a hearing to determine custody, an order of temporary custody may be issued ex parte by the court granting the temporary care and custody of the child to a suitable person or agency pending a hearing to determine custody pursuant to chapter 815j or 815p. Such hearing shall be held not more than five days from the issuance of the ex parte order or less than three days from the return of service, whichever is later.

(c) If the parent or relative arrested for violation of section 53a-97 or 53a-98 is in custody of the state, the state shall produce such parent or relative for the hearing to determine custody of the child pursuant to chapter 815j or 815p.

(d) The sole duty of the Department of Children and Families under this section shall be to provide care for the child during the period of custody pending determination of the custodial rights of the parents or guardians.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-82b — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-82b
Sec. 46a-82b. Jurisdiction over complaints filed on or before January 1, 1996. Release of complaint if failure to issue determination re reasonable cause not later than January 1, 1997.
Status: in_force

(b) If the commission fails to issue a determination of reasonable cause or no reasonable cause on any such complaint not later than January 1, 1997, the executive director of the commission shall issue forthwith a release of the complaint from the commission, allowing the complainant to bring a civil action. Upon receipt of a release pursuant to this section, the complainant may bring a civil action in accordance with the provisions of sections 46a-100 , 46a-101 , 46a-103 and 46a-104 , notwithstanding the statute of limitations pursuant to section 46a-102 .

P.A. 96-241 intends that commission be provided with authority to proceed on all complaints in which it had not complied with deadlines set forth in Secs. 46a-83(b) and 46a-84(b); P.A. 96-241 affects only choice of forum and does not affect substantive rights to a claim or defense. 248 C. 392.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-56a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-56a
Sec. 46b-56a. Joint custody. Definition. Presumption. Conciliation. Parental responsibility plan. Modification of orders.
Status: in_force

(b) There shall be a presumption, affecting the burden of proof, that joint custody is in the best interests of a minor child where the parents have agreed to an award of joint custody or so agree in open court at a hearing for the purpose of determining the custody of the minor child or children of the marriage. If the court declines to enter an order awarding joint custody pursuant to this subsection, the court shall state in its decision the reasons for denial of an award of joint custody.

(c) If only one parent seeks an order of joint custody upon a motion duly made, the court may order both parties to submit to conciliation at their own expense with the costs of such conciliation to be borne by the parties as the court directs according to each party's ability to pay.

(d) In any proceeding before the Superior Court involving a dispute between the parents of a minor child with respect to the custody, care, education and upbringing of such child, the parents shall file with the court, at such time and in such form as provided by rule of court, a proposed parental responsibility plan that shall include, at a minimum, the following: (1) A schedule of the physical residence of the child during the year; (2) provisions allocating decision-making authority to one or both parents regarding the child's health, education and religious upbringing; (3) provisions for the resolution of future disputes between the parents, including, where appropriate, the involvement of a mental health professional or other parties to assist the parents in reaching a developmentally appropriate resolution to such disputes; (4) provisions for dealing with the parents' failure to honor their responsibilities under the plan; (5) provisions for dealing with the child's changing needs as the child grows and matures; and (6) provisions for minimizing the child's exposure to harmful parental conflict, encouraging the parents in appropriate circumstances to meet their responsibilities through agreements, and protecting the best interests of the child.

(e) The objectives of a parental responsibility plan under this section are to provide for the child's physical care and emotional stability, to provide for the child's changing needs as the child grows and to set forth the authority and responsibility of each parent with respect to the child.

(f) If both parents consent to a parental responsibility plan under this section, such plan shall be approved by the court as the custodial and access orders of the court pursuant to section 46b-56 , unless the court finds that such plan as submitted and agreed to is not in the best interests of the child.

(g) The court may modify any orders made under this section in accordance with section 46b-56 .

Cited. 195 C. 202; 207 C. 217. Sec. 46b-56 et seq. cited. 236 C. 582.

Joint custody discussed. 5 CA 649. Cited. 25 CA 366. Trial court did not abuse discretion when giving parent safe discretion re attendance at private school where there was joint custody. 55 CA 18. Section applies only where parents are sole petitioners for custody of child and there is agreement of both parents to share joint custody. 90 CA 744. Court's order awarding final decision-making authority to one party having joint legal custody of child did not constitute award of sole custody in violation of statutory presumption in favor of joint custody. 188 CA 387.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-488 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-488
Sec. 46b-488. Presumption of parentage.
Status: in_force

(1) The person and the person who gave birth to the child are married to each other and the child is born during the marriage, whether the marriage is or could be declared invalid;

(2) The person and the person who gave birth to the child were married to each other and the child is born not later than three hundred days after the date on which the marriage is terminated by death, dissolution or annulment, or after a decree of separation; or

(3) The person, jointly with another parent, resided in the same household with the child and openly held out the child as the person's own child from the time the child was born or adopted and for a period of at least two years thereafter, including any period of temporary absence.

(b) The parentage of a presumed parent under subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of this section shall be established by a court adjudication or signing of a valid acknowledgment of parentage under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487 , inclusive.

(c) A presumption of parentage under this section may be overcome only by court order under section 46b-489 , and competing claims to parentage shall be resolved under section 46b-475 .

(d) For presumed parents who establish parentage by signing a valid acknowledgment of parentage under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487 , inclusive, the attestations provided in the acknowledgment shall fully satisfy the requirements of the presumption and no additional evidence shall be required.

(e) In a proceeding pending before the Probate Court brought under sections 45a-603 to 45a-622 , inclusive, and sections 45a-715 to 45a-717 , inclusive, if notice is given to a presumed parent under this section and such presumed parent's parentage has not been established by a court adjudication or signing of a valid acknowledgment of parentage under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487 , inclusive, the Probate Court shall have jurisdiction over the presumed parent's parentage determination.

(f) In a proceeding pending before the civil session of the superior court for juvenile matters, regarding a child for whom a petition under section 46b-129 has been filed, a presumed parent under subdivision (3) of subsection (a) of this section, identified as such by an existing parent or by the child and not having established parentage by a court adjudication or signing of a valid acknowledgment of parentage under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487 , inclusive, shall be given notice of the proceeding, but shall not be treated as a parent until the signing of a valid acknowledgment of parentage under sections 46b-476 to 46b-487 , inclusive, or a court adjudication that the person is a parent. The juvenile court in which the petition under section 46b-129 is pending shall have jurisdiction over such person's parentage determination and the Department of Children and Families shall have standing to request such parentage determination.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-69b — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-69b
Sec. 46b-69b. Parenting education program.
Status: in_force

(b) The court shall order any party to an action specified in subsection (a) of this section to participate in such program whenever a minor child is involved in such action unless (1) the parties agree, subject to the approval of the court, not to participate in such program, (2) the court, on motion, determines that participation is not deemed necessary, or (3) the parties select and participate in a comparable parenting education program. A family support magistrate may order parties involved in any action before the Family Support Magistrate Division to participate in such parenting education program, upon a finding that such participation is necessary and provided both parties are present when such order is issued. No party shall be required to participate in such program more than once. A party shall be deemed to have satisfactorily completed such program upon certification by the service provider of the program.

(c) The Judicial Department shall, by contract with service providers, make available the parenting education program and shall certify to the court the results of each party's participation in the program.

(d) Any person who is ordered to participate in a parenting education program shall pay directly to the service provider a participation fee, except that no person may be excluded from such program for inability to pay such fee. Any contract entered into between the Judicial Department and the service provider pursuant to subsection (c) of this section shall include a fee schedule and provisions requiring service providers to allow persons who are indigent or unable to pay to participate in such program and shall provide that all costs of such program shall be covered by the revenue generated from participants' fees. The total cost for such program shall not exceed two hundred dollars per person. Such amount shall be indexed annually to reflect the rate of inflation. The program shall not exceed a total of ten hours.

(e) Any service provider under contract with the Judicial Department pursuant to this section shall provide safety and security for participants in the program, including victims of family violence.

Statute does not infringe on parents' fundamental right to exercise care, custody and control over their children and, under rational basis review, is rationally related to a legitimate government purpose, that is, the state's legitimate interest in promoting the welfare of children. 289 C. 362.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-330 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-330
Sec. 46b-330. Duties of initiating tribunal.
Status: in_force

(b) If requested by the responding tribunal, a tribunal of this state shall issue a certificate or other document and make findings required by the law of the responding state. If the responding tribunal is in a foreign country, upon request the tribunal of this state shall specify the amount of support sought, convert that amount into the equivalent amount in the foreign currency under applicable official or market exchange rate as publicly reported and provide any other documents necessary to satisfy the requirements of the responding foreign tribunal.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-57 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-57
Sec. 46b-57. (Formerly Sec. 46-47). Third party intervention re custody of minor children. Preference of child.
Status: in_force

Annotations to former section 46-47:

Cited. 174 C. 244.

Cited. 7 CA 720.

Cited. 33 CS 100.

Annotations to present section:

Motion to intervene under statute was barred by absence of controversy; timeliness and “interested third parties” discussed. 185 C. 502. Cited. 193 C. 393. Former intervention not a requirement to a valid order of custody. 196 C. 10. Cited. 235 C. 82; 236 C. 582; 239 C. 336; 241 C. 767. In order to uphold constitutionality of section, court imposed a standing requirement that a third party allege a parent-like relationship with the child for third party custody awards and third parties seeking intervention in existing custody proceedings. 285 C. 24.

Cited. 2 CA 132; judgment reversed, see 234 C. 51; 11 CA 43; 34 CA 129; 35 CA 421; 40 CA 675.

Cited. 35 CS 237.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-52 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-52
Sec. 46b-52. Recrimination and condonation abolished.
Status: in_force

Cited. 185 C. 156.

Cited. 4 CA 575.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-72 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-72
Sec. 46b-72. Notification of filing.
Status: in_force

Cited. 191 C. 92.

Cited. 6 CA 541.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-22b — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815e / Section 46b-22b
Sec. 46b-22b. Refusal to solemnize or participate in ceremony solemnizing a marriage on religious grounds.
Status: in_force

(b) No church or qualified church-controlled organization, as defined in 26 USC 3121, shall be required to participate in a ceremony solemnizing a marriage in violation of the religious beliefs of that church or qualified church-controlled organization.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-81b — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-81b
Sec. 46a-81b. Sexual orientation discrimination: Associations of licensed persons.
Status: in_force

(b) Any association, board or other organization which violates the provisions of this section shall be fined not less than one hundred dollars or more than five hundred dollars.

Cited. 232 C. 91; 236 C. 453.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-81j — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-81j
Sec. 46a-81j. Sexual orientation discrimination: Job recruitment and placement services provided by state agencies.
Status: in_force

(b) Any job request indicating an intention to exclude any person because of sexual orientation shall be rejected.

(c) All state agencies shall cooperate in programs developed by the Commission on Human Rights and Opportunities initiated for the purpose of broadening the base for job recruitment and shall further cooperate with all employers and unions providing such programs.

(d) The Labor Department shall encourage and enforce employers and labor unions to comply with the policy of sections 46a-81h to 46a-81n , inclusive, and promote equal employment opportunities.

Cited. 236 C. 453. Gay rights law cited. Id.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-70 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-70
Sec. 46b-70. Foreign matrimonial judgment defined.
Status: in_force

Cited. 191 C. 92.

Cited. 1 CA 578; 3 CA 679; 6 CA 541; 30 CA 821; 33 CA 417; 42 CA 747. Court lacked subject matter jurisdiction under statute to modify a foreign matrimonial judgment obtained against defendant by default. 48 CA 645.

Cited. 39 CS 66; 41 CS 429.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-80 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-80
Sec. 46b-80. (Formerly Sec. 46-38). Prejudgment remedies available; lis pendens; notice; effect.
Status: in_force

(b) All notices of lis pendens recorded pursuant to the provisions of subsection (a) of this section shall be subject to the provisions of subsection (c) of section 52-325 and sections 52-325a to 52-325c , inclusive.

Cited. 217 C. 24.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-13s — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 813a / Section 46a-13s
Sec. 46a-13s. Causes and rates of child fatalities. Annual report.
Status: in_force

(b) Not later than July 1, 2016, and annually thereafter, the Child Advocate shall submit a report, in accordance with section 11-4a , to the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to children and education regarding the causes and rates of child fatalities in the state.

(c) Not later than sixty days after receiving the annual report submitted by the Child Advocate pursuant to subsection (b) of this section, the joint standing committees of the General Assembly having cognizance of matters relating to children and education shall hold a joint public forum regarding the causes and rates of child fatalities in the state.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-11d — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 813 / Section 46a-11d
Sec. 46a-11d. (Formerly Sec. 19a-458c). Protective services. Petition in Superior Court.
Status: in_force

(b) If the caregiver of a person with intellectual disability who has consented to the receipt of protective services refuses to allow the provision of such services to such person, the commissioner may petition the Superior Court for an order enjoining the caregiver from interfering with the provision of protective services to the person. The petition shall allege specific facts sufficient to show that the person with intellectual disability is in need of protective services and consents to their provision and that the caregiver refuses to allow the provision of such services. If the court finds that the person is in need of such services and has been prevented by the caregiver from receiving the same, the court may issue an order enjoining the caregiver from interfering with the provision of protective services to the person.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-123f — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-123f
Sec. 46b-123f. Transfer of legal authority over delinquent children committed to the Department of Children and Families to the Judicial Branch.
Status: in_force

(b) Until further order of the court pursuant to subsection (c) of this section, any such child described in subsection (a) of this section shall be deemed to be on probation pursuant to section 46b-140 for a maximum period not to exceed the period remaining under the delinquency commitment to the Commissioner of Children and Families as of June 30, 2018, and the conditions of parole supervision that the child was subject to on that date shall become interim conditions of probation supervision.

(c) Not later than October 1, 2018, the superior court for juvenile matters shall conduct an in-court review to determine whether the interim conditions of probation supervision shall continue or be modified for the remainder of the period of probation supervision. The court shall give notice to any identified victim of the time and date of any such in-court review. Following the in-court review, the court may order that the interim conditions of probation supervision remain in effect without modification until the end of the period of probation supervision or it may modify such conditions for good cause shown pursuant to section 46b-140a . Notwithstanding any provision of the general statutes, such period of probation shall not extend beyond the period remaining under the commitment to the Commissioner of Children and Families as of June 30, 2018.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-133j — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-133j
Sec. 46b-133j. Suspension of delinquency proceeding for participation in services to address condition or behavior related to an offense involving a motor vehicle.
Status: in_force

(b) The court, on motion of a child charged with a delinquency offense involving a motor vehicle for which such child is not yet adjudicated as delinquent, may order the suspension of the delinquency proceedings for a period of up to six months and order the child to participate in services to address any condition or behavior directly related to such offense during the period of suspension if the court, after consideration of the information before it, finds (1) the child is likely to benefit from supervision and participation in the recommended services, and (2) the suspension of the delinquency proceedings will advance the interests of justice. Such motion shall be filed with the court not later than ten days after a plea is entered, except if waived by the court or pursuant to an agreement by the parties.

(c) As a condition of eligibility for suspension of prosecution, the child shall agree to: (1) Cooperate with an assessment to determine whether such child would benefit from supervision and services; (2) participate in and satisfactorily complete the recommended services; and (3) comply with any orders of the court. During the period of suspension of the delinquency proceedings, a child shall be placed under the supervision of a juvenile probation officer and such officer shall monitor the compliance of such child with the orders of the court. Any assessment conducted pursuant to this section shall be used only for the purposes of determining the appropriate services and whether the delinquency proceedings should be suspended under this section. Any out-of-pocket costs of such treatment or other services shall be paid by the child's parent or guardian unless such costs are waived by the court upon a finding that such parent or guardian is indigent.

(d) If the court denies the motion for suspension of the delinquency proceedings, the prosecutorial official may proceed with the delinquency proceedings. Any order of the court granting or denying a motion for suspension of the delinquency proceedings shall not be deemed a final order for purposes of appeal.

(e) At any time before the end of the period of the suspension of the delinquency proceedings, but not later than one month before the end of the period of suspension, a juvenile probation officer shall notify the court of the impending conclusion of the suspension and submit a report on whether the child has completed the treatment or other services and has complied with all other conditions of the suspension order imposed by the court and, if not, whether the suspension period should be extended to allow additional time for the child to complete the recommended services.

(f) If the court, on motion of the child or on its own motion, finds that the child has completed the treatment or other services and has complied with all other conditions of suspension of the delinquency proceedings, the court may dismiss the charge for which the delinquency proceedings had been suspended. If the court finds that the child has not completed the treatment or other services, has not complied with all other conditions of suspension and additional time is needed to complete the treatment or other services, the court may extend the suspension period for up to an additional six months. If the court denies the motion and terminates the suspension of the delinquency proceedings, the prosecutorial official may proceed with such proceedings.

(g) The provisions of this section shall not apply to any child charged with a serious juvenile offense, as defined in section 46b-120 , or any child who was previously granted suspension of prosecution pursuant to subsection (b) of this section.

(h) The Judicial Branch shall (1) collect and annually examine data relating to the suspension of delinquency proceedings pursuant to this section, (2) disaggregate such data by demographics of the children for whom such delinquency proceedings were suspended, offense characteristics, and treatment and service outcomes, and (3) report such data upon request.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-66a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-66a
Sec. 46b-66a. Order of court re conveyance of title to real property. Effect of decree.
Status: in_force

(b) When any party is found to have violated an order of the court entered under subsection (a) of this section, the court may, by decree, pass title to the real property to either party or to a third person, without any act by either party, when in the judgment of the court it is the proper action to take.

(c) When the decree is recorded on the land records in the town where the real property is situated, it shall effect the transfer of the title of such property as if it were a deed of the party or parties.

Cited. 36 CA 305.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-130 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-130
Sec. 46b-130. (Formerly Sec. 51-311). Reimbursement for expense of care and maintenance. Assignment of right of support to Commissioner of Children and Families. Parents' assistance in pursuing support.
Status: in_force

Cited. 236 C. 582.

Cited. 45 CA 508.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-98 — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 814c / Section 46a-98
Sec. 46a-98. (Formerly Sec. 36-438a). Discriminatory credit practice: Cause of action; damages; statute of limitations.
Status: in_force

(b) Any such creditor who fails to comply with any requirement of section 46a-66 or 46a-81f or the regulations adopted pursuant to section 46a-67 shall be liable to an aggrieved person in an amount equal to the sum of any actual damages sustained by such person.

(c) Any such creditor who fails to comply with any requirement of section 46a-66 or 46a-81f or the regulations adopted pursuant to section 46a-67 shall be liable to an aggrieved person for punitive damages in an amount not greater than one thousand dollars, as determined by the court, in addition to any actual damages provided in subsection (b) of this section.

(d) Any such creditor who fails to comply with any requirement of section 46a-66 or 46a-81f or the regulations adopted pursuant to section 46a-67 may be liable for punitive damages in the case of a class action in such amount as the court may allow, provided the total recovery of punitive damages shall not exceed the lesser of five thousand dollars or one per cent of the net worth of the creditor. In determining the amount of award in any class action, the court shall consider, among other relevant factors, the amount of any actual damages awarded, the frequency and persistence of failures of compliance by the creditor, the resources of the creditor, the number of persons adversely affected, and the extent to which the creditor's failure of compliance was intentional.

(e) No action may be brought under this section except within one year from the date of the occurrence of the violation.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-69 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-69
Sec. 46b-69. (Formerly Sec. 46-64b). Statutes applicable to matrimonial actions.
Status: in_force

Annotations to former section 46-64b:

Cited. 171 C. 23.

Under section, the Dissolution of Marriage Act is made applicable to all actions for dissolution of marriage commenced prior to the date of said act and to motions for modification of any alimony awards. 32 CS 92.

Annotation to present section:

Cited. 188 C. 385.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-115t — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815p / Section 46b-115t
Sec. 46b-115t. Appearance of parties and child.
Status: in_force

(b) If the court orders the appearance of a party who is outside this state, the court may order that a notice is given in accordance with section 46b-115g and that such notice include a statement directing the party to appear in person with or without the child and informing the party that failure to appear may result in a decision adverse to such party.

(c) The court may enter any orders necessary to ensure the safety of the child or of any person ordered to appear pursuant to this section.

(d) The court may order a party to pay for reasonable and necessary travel and expenses of a party to the child custody proceeding or the child who is outside the state.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-496 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-496
Sec. 46b-496. Scope and limitations of genetic testing.
Status: in_force

(b) Genetic testing may not be used: (1) To challenge the parentage of a person who is a parent under sections 46b-509 to 46b-538 , inclusive; or (2) to establish the parentage of a person who is a donor.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-115o — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815p / Section 46b-115o
Sec. 46b-115o. Notice and opportunity to be heard; joinder.
Status: in_force

(b) This chapter does not govern the enforceability of a child custody determination made without notice or an opportunity to be heard.

(c) The obligation to join a party and the right to intervene as a party in a child custody proceeding under this chapter are governed by section 46b-57 .
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-533 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-533
Sec. 46b-533. Requirements to validate genetic surrogacy agreement.
Status: in_force

(b) Upon examination of the parties, the court shall issue an order validating a genetic surrogacy agreement if the court finds that:

(1) Sections 46b-522 to 46b-524 , inclusive, are satisfied; and

(2) All parties entered into the agreement voluntarily and understand its terms.

(c) A person who terminates a genetic surrogacy agreement under section 46b-534 shall file notice of the termination with the court. On receipt of the notice, the court shall vacate any order issued under subsection (b) of this section. A person who shall not notify the court of the termination of the agreement shall be subject to sanctions.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-6 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815 / Section 46b-6
Sec. 46b-6. (Formerly Sec. 51-337). Investigations.
Status: in_force

Decision of a court whether to order an investigation and report is discretionary. 180 C. 533. Cited. 181 C. 622; 212 C. 63; 224 C. 776.

“Evaluation” of a physical or mental condition is not equivalent to “treatment” of such a condition. 2 CA 472. Cited. 11 CA 189; 23 CA 509; 25 CA 693. Nothing in section and Sec. 46b-3 authorizes court to order parties in a custody battle to undergo postjudgment psychiatric therapy or other counseling since those provisions apply to pending family matters and trial court improperly ordered a postjudgment psychological evaluation and postjudgment counseling. 61 CA 175. Psychological evaluation was not moot or irrelevant because there was an actual controversy re a final visitation schedule that was in best interest of the child, and the court did not abuse its discretion by ordering the evaluation released. 149 CA 314.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-573 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-573
Sec. 46b-573. (Formerly Sec. 46b-176). Continued liability of person committed for failure to comply with order.
Status: in_force

Annotations to former section 52-443:

Cited. 128 C. 319; 165 C. 33; 169 C. 66; 170 C. 367.

Complaint must at least allege facts from which demand can be implied. 4 CS 396. Section is mandatory and leaves no discretion with the committing court. 12 CS 65. Cited. 20 CS 350.

Annotation to former section 46b-176:

Cited. 188 C. 354.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-545 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-545
Sec. 46b-545. Declaration regarding identity disclosure.
Status: in_force

(b) A gamete bank or fertility clinic operating in this state shall give a donor the choice to sign a declaration, attested by a notarial officer or witnessed, that either: (1) States that the donor agrees to disclose the donor's identity to a child conceived by assisted reproduction with the donor's gametes on request once the child attains eighteen years of age; or (2) states that the donor shall not agree presently to disclose the donor's identity to the child.

(c) A gamete bank or fertility clinic operating in this state shall permit a donor who has signed a declaration under subdivision (2) of subsection (b) of this section to withdraw the declaration at any time by signing a declaration under subdivision (1) of subsection (b) of this section.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-133a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-133a
Sec. 46b-133a. Right to trial or dismissal upon nolle prosequi of delinquency charge. Erasure of records.
Status: in_force

(b) Whenever a nolle prosequi has been entered as to any count of delinquency, or whenever any count of delinquency has been dismissed without prejudice, if at least thirteen months have elapsed since such nolle or dismissal without prejudice, all police and court records pertaining to such count shall be erased. Whenever any such count has been continued at the request of the prosecutorial official and a period of thirteen months has elapsed since the granting of such continuance during which period there has been no prosecution or other disposition of the matter, the count shall be construed to have been nolled as of the date of termination of such thirteen-month period and such erasure may thereafter be effected as provided in this subsection for nolled cases.

Cited. 21 CA 654.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-13d — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 813a / Section 46a-13d
Sec. 46a-13d. Access to information. Rights and powers.
Status: in_force

(b) In the performance of his responsibilities under section 46a-13c , the Victim Advocate may communicate privately with any victim or person who has received, is receiving or should have received services from the state. Such communications shall be confidential and not be subject to disclosure except as provided in subsection (a) of section 46a-13e .

(c) The Victim Advocate may apply for and accept grants, gifts and bequests of funds from other states, federal and interstate agencies and independent authorities and private firms, individuals and foundations, for the purpose of carrying out his responsibilities.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-475 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-475
Sec. 46b-475. Adjudicating competing claims of parentage.
Status: repealed

(1) The age of the child;

(2) The length of time during which each person assumed the role of parent of the child;

(3) The nature of the relationship between the child and each person;

(4) The harm to the child if the relationship between the child and each person is not recognized;

(5) The basis for each person's claim to parentage of the child;

(6) Other equitable factors arising from the disruption of the relationship between the child and each person, or the likelihood of other harm to the child; and

(7) Any other factor the court deems relevant to the child's best interests.

(b) If a person challenges parentage based on the results of genetic testing, in addition to the factors listed in subsection (a) of this section, the court shall consider:

(1) The facts surrounding the discovery that the person might not be a genetic parent of the child; and

(2) The length of time between the time that the person was placed on notice that the person might not be a genetic parent and the commencement of the proceeding.

(c) The court may adjudicate a child to have more than two parents under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553 , inclusive, if the court finds that failure to recognize more than two parents would be detrimental to the child. A finding of detriment to the child shall not require a finding of unfitness of any parent or person seeking an adjudication of parentage. In determining detriment to the child, the court shall consider all relevant factors, including the harm if the child is removed from a stable placement with a person who has fulfilled the child's physical needs and psychological needs for care and affection and has assumed the role for a substantial period.

(d) If a court has adjudicated a child to have more than two parents under sections 46b-450 to 46b-553 , inclusive, the law of this state other than public act 21-15* applies to determinations of legal and physical custody of, or visitation with, such child, and to obligations to support such child. The child support guidelines established pursuant to section 46b-215 shall not apply until such guidelines have been revised to address the circumstances when a child has more than two parents, and until such revision is effective, a court of competent jurisdiction shall consider the child support guidelines and the criteria for such awards established in sections 17b-179 , 17b-745 , 46b-84 , 46b-86 , 46b-130 , 46b-215 , 46b-569 and 46b-570 in making or modifying orders of support of the child.

*Note: Public act 21-15 is entitled “An Act Concerning Adoption and Implementation of the Connecticut Parentage Act”. (See Reference Table captioned “Public Acts of 2021” in Volume 16 which lists the sections amended, created or repealed by the act.)
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-462 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-462
Sec. 46b-462. Temporary order.
Status: in_force

(b) A temporary order may include a provision for custody and visitation under the law of this state other than the provisions of sections 46b-450 to 46b-553 , inclusive.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-128a — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815t / Section 46b-128a
Sec. 46b-128a. Competency determinations in juvenile matters.
Status: in_force

(b) If, at any time during a proceeding on a juvenile matter, it appears that the child or youth is not competent, counsel for the child or youth, the prosecutorial official, or the court, on its own motion, may request an examination to determine the child's or youth's competency. Whenever a request for a competency examination is under consideration by the court, the child or youth shall be represented by counsel in accordance with the provisions of sections 46b-135 and 46b-136 .

(c) A child or youth alleged to have committed an offense is presumed to be competent. The age of the child or youth is not a per se determinant of incompetency. The burden of going forward with the evidence and proving that the child or youth is not competent by a preponderance of the evidence shall be on the party raising the issue of competency, except that if the court raises the issue of competency, the burden of going forward with the evidence shall be on the state. The court may call its own witnesses and conduct its own inquiry.

(d) If the court finds that the request for a competency examination is justified and that there is probable cause to believe that the child or youth has committed the alleged offense, the court shall order a competency examination of the child or youth. Competency examinations shall be conducted, within available appropriations, by (1) a clinical team constituted under policies and procedures established by the Chief Court Administrator, or (2) if agreed to by all parties, a physician specializing in psychiatry who has experience in conducting forensic interviews and in child and adult psychiatry. Any clinical team constituted under this section shall consist of three persons: A clinical psychologist with experience in child and adolescent psychology, and two of the following three types of professionals: (A) A clinical social worker licensed pursuant to chapter 383b, (B) a child and adolescent psychiatric nurse clinical specialist holding a master's degree in nursing, or (C) a physician specializing in psychiatry. At least one member of the clinical team shall have experience in conducting forensic interviews and at least one member of the clinical team shall have experience in child and adolescent psychology. The court may authorize a physician, a clinical psychologist, a child and adolescent psychiatric nurse specialist or a clinical social worker licensed pursuant to chapter 383b, selected by the child or youth, to observe the examination, at the expense of the child or youth or, if the child or youth is represented by counsel appointed through the Public Defender Services Commission, the Office of the Chief Public Defender. In addition, counsel for the child or youth, his or her designated representative and, if the child or youth is represented by a public defender, a social worker from the Division of Public Defender Services, may observe the examination.

(e) The examination shall be completed not later than fifteen business days after the date it was ordered, unless the time for completion is extended by the court for good cause shown. The members of the clinical team or the examining physician shall prepare and sign, without notarization, a written report and file such report with the court not later than twenty-one business days after the date of the order. The report shall address the child's or youth's ability to understand the proceedings against such child or youth and such child's or youth's ability to assist in his or her own defense. If the opinion of the clinical team or the examining physician set forth in such report is that the child cannot understand the proceedings against such child or youth or is not able to assist in his or her own defense, the members of the team or the examining physician must determine and address in their report: (1) Whether there is a substantial probability that the child or youth will attain or regain competency within ninety days of an intervention being ordered by the court; and (2) the nature and type of intervention, in the least restrictive setting possible, recommended to attain or regain competency. On receipt of the written report, the clerk of the court shall cause copies of such written report to be delivered to counsel for the state and counsel for the child or youth at least forty-eight hours prior to the hearing held under subsection (f) of this section.

(f) The court shall hold a hearing as to the competency of the child or youth not later than ten business days after the court receives the written report of the clinical team or the examining physician pursuant to subsection (e) of this section. A child or youth may waive such evidentiary hearing only if the clinical team or examining physician has determined without qualification that the child or youth is competent. Any evidence regarding the child's or youth's competency, including, but not limited to, the written report, may be introduced in evidence at the hearing by either the child or youth or the state. If the written report is introduced as evidence, at least one member of the clinical team or the examining physician shall be present to testify as to the determinations in the report, unless the clinical team's or the examining physician's presence is waived by the child or youth and the state. Any member of the clinical team shall be considered competent to testify as to the clinical team's determinations.

(g) (1) If the court, after the competency hearing, finds by a preponderance of the evidence that the child or youth is competent, the court shall continue with the prosecution of the juvenile matter.

(2) If the court, after the competency hearing, finds that the child or youth is not competent, the court shall determine: (A) Whether there is a substantial probability that the child or youth will attain or regain competency within ninety days of an intervention being ordered by the court; and (B) whether the recommended intervention to attain or regain competency is appropriate. In making its determination on an appropriate intervention, the court may consider: (i) The nature and circumstances of the alleged offense; (ii) the length of time the clinical team or examining physician estimates it will take for the child or youth to attain or regain competency; (iii) whether the child or youth poses a substantial risk to reoffend; and (iv) whether the child or youth is able to receive community-based services or treatment that would prevent the child or youth from reoffending.

(h) If the court finds that there is not a substantial probability that the child or youth will attain or regain competency within ninety days or that the recommended intervention to attain or regain competency is not appropriate, the court may issue an order in accordance with subsection (k) of this section.

(i) (1) If the court finds that there is a substantial probability that the child or youth will attain or regain competency within ninety days if provided an appropriate intervention, the court shall schedule a hearing on the implementation of such intervention within five business days.

(2) An intervention implemented for the purpose of restoring competency shall comply with the following conditions: (A) The period of intervention shall not exceed ninety days, unless extended for an additional ninety days in accordance with the criteria set forth in subsection (j) of this section; and (B) the intervention services shall be provided by the Department of Children and Families or, if the child's or youth's parent or guardian agrees to pay for such services, by any appropriate person, agency, mental health facility or treatment program that agrees to provide appropriate intervention services in the least restrictive setting available to the child or youth and comply with the requirements of this section.

(3) Prior to the hearing, the court shall notify the Commissioner of Children and Families, the commissioner's designee or the appropriate person, agency, mental health facility or treatment program that has agreed to provide appropriate intervention services to the child or youth that an intervention to attain or regain competency will be ordered. The commissioner, the commissioner's designee or the appropriate person, agency, mental health facility or treatment program shall be provided with a copy of the report of the clinical team or examining physician and shall report to the court on a proposed implementation of the intervention prior to the hearing.

(4) At the hearing, the court shall review the written report and order an appropriate intervention for a period not to exceed ninety days in the least restrictive setting available to restore competency. In making its determination, the court shall use the criteria set forth in subdivision (2) of subsection (g) of this section. Upon ordering an intervention, the court shall set a date for a hearing, to be held at least ten business days after the completion of the intervention period, for the purpose of reassessing the child's or youth's competency.

(j) (1) At least ten business days prior to the date of any scheduled hearing on the issue of the reassessment of the child's or youth's competency, the Commissioner of Children and Families, the commissioner's designee or other person, agency, mental health facility or treatment program providing intervention services to restore a child or youth to competency shall report on the progress of such intervention services to the clinical team or examining physician.

(2) Upon receipt of the report on the progress of such intervention, the child or youth shall be reassessed by the original clinical team or examining physician, except that if the original team or examining physician is unavailable, the court may appoint a new clinical team that, where possible, shall include at least one member of the original team, or a new examining physician. The new clinical team or examining physician shall have the same qualifications as the original team or examining physician, as provided in subsection (d) of this section, and shall have access to clinical information available from the provider of the intervention services. Not less than two business days prior to the date of any scheduled hearing on the reassessment of the child's or youth's competency, the clinical team or examining physician shall submit a report to the court that includes: (A) The clinical findings of the provider of the intervention services and the facts upon which the findings are made; (B) the clinical team's or the examining physician's opinion on whether the child or youth has attained or regained competency or is making progress toward attaining or regaining competency within the period covered by the intervention order; and (C) any other information concerning the child or youth requested by the court, including, but not limited to, the method of intervention or the type, dosage and effect of any medication the child or youth is receiving.

(3) Within two business days of the filing of a reassessment report, the court shall hold a hearing to determine if the child or youth has attained or regained competency within the period covered by the intervention order. If the court finds that the child or youth has attained or regained competency, the court shall continue with the prosecution of the juvenile matter. If the court finds that the child or youth has not attained or regained competency within the period covered by the intervention order, the court shall determine whether further efforts to attain or regain competency are appropriate. The court shall make its determination of whether further efforts to attain or regain competency are appropriate in accordance with the criteria set forth in subdivision (2) of subsection (g) of this section. If the court finds that further intervention to attain or regain competency is appropriate, the court shall order a new period for restoration of competency not to exceed ninety days. If the court finds that further intervention to attain or regain competency is not appropriate or the child or youth has not attained or regained competency after an additional intervention of ninety days, the court shall issue an order in accordance with subsection (k) of this section.

(k) (1) If the court determines after the period covered by the intervention order that the child or youth has not attained or regained competency and that there is not a substantial probability that the child or youth will attain or regain competency, or that further intervention to attain or regain competency is not appropriate based on the criteria set forth in subdivision (2) of subsection (g) of this section, the court shall: (A) Dismiss the petition if it is a delinquency petition; (B) vest temporary custody of the child or youth in the Commissioner of Children and Families and notify the Office of the Chief Public Defender, which shall assign an attorney to serve as guardian ad litem for the child or youth and investigate whether a petition should be filed under section 46b-129 ; or (C) order that the Department of Children and Families or some other person, agency, mental health facility or treatment program, or such child's or youth's probation officer, conduct or obtain an appropriate assessment and, where appropriate, propose a plan for services that can appropriately address the child's or youth's needs in the least restrictive setting available and appropriate. Any plan for services may include a plan for interagency collaboration for the provision of appropriate services after the child or youth attains the age of eighteen.

(2) Not later than ten business days after the issuance of an order pursuant to subparagraph (B) or (C) of subdivision (1) of this subsection, the court shall hold a hearing to review the order of temporary custody or any recommendations of the Department of Children and Families, such probation officer or such attorney or guardian ad litem for the child or youth.

(3) If the child or youth is adjudicated neglected, uncared for or abused subsequent to such a petition being filed, or if a plan for services pursuant to subparagraph (C) of subdivision (1) of this subsection has been approved by the court and implemented, the court may dismiss the delinquency petition, or, in the discretion of the court, order that the prosecution of the case be suspended for a period not to exceed eighteen months. During the period of suspension, the court may order the Department of Children and Families to provide periodic reports to the court to ensure that appropriate services are being provided to the child or youth. If during the period of suspension, the child or youth or the parent or guardian of the child or youth does not comply with the requirements set forth in the plan for services, the court may hold a hearing to determine whether the court should follow the procedure under subparagraph (B) of subdivision (1) of this subsection for instituting a petition alleging that a child is neglected, uncared for or abused. Whenever the court finds that the need for the suspension of prosecution is no longer necessary, but not later than the expiration of such period of suspension, the delinquency petition shall be dismissed.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-495 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 818 / Section 46b-495
Sec. 46b-495. Genetic testing. Definitions.
Status: in_force

(1) “Combined relationship index” means the product of all tested relationship indices.

(2) “Ethnic or racial group” means, for the purpose of genetic testing, a recognized group that a person identifies as the person's ancestry or part of the ancestry or that is identified by other information.

(3) “Hypothesized genetic relationship” means an asserted genetic relationship between a person and a child.

(4) “Probability of parentage” means, for the ethnic or racial group to which a person alleged to be a parent belongs, the probability that a hypothesized genetic relationship is supported, compared to the probability that a genetic relationship is supported between the child and a random person of the ethnic or racial group used in the hypothesized genetic relationship, expressed as a percentage incorporating the combined relationship index and a prior probability.

(5) “Relationship index” means a likelihood ratio that compares the probability of a genetic marker given a hypothesized genetic relationship and the probability of the genetic marker given a genetic relationship between the child and a random person of the ethnic or racial group used in the hypothesized genetic relationship.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-405 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-405
Sec. 46b-405. Recognition and enforcement of registered Convention support order.
Status: in_force

(b) The following grounds are the only grounds on which a tribunal of this state may refuse recognition and enforcement of a registered Convention support order: (1) Recognition and enforcement of the order is manifestly incompatible with public policy, including the failure of the issuing tribunal to observe minimum standards of due process, which include notice and an opportunity to be heard; (2) the issuing tribunal lacked personal jurisdiction consistent with section 46b-311 ; (3) the order is not enforceable in the issuing country; (4) the order was obtained by fraud in connection with a matter of procedure; (5) a record transmitted in accordance with section 46b-403 lacks authenticity or integrity; (6) a proceeding between the same parties and having the same purpose is pending before a tribunal of this state and that proceeding was the first to be filed; (7) the order is incompatible with a more recent support order involving the same parties and having the same purpose if the more recent support order is entitled to recognition and enforcement under sections 46b-301 to 46b-425 , inclusive, in this state; (8) payment, to the extent alleged arrears have been paid in whole or in part; (9) in a case in which the respondent neither appeared nor was represented in the proceeding in the issuing foreign country (A) if the law of that country provides for prior notice of proceedings, the respondent did not have proper notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard; or (B) if the law of that country does not provide for prior notice of the proceedings, the respondent did not have proper notice of the order and an opportunity to be heard in a challenge or appeal on fact or law before a tribunal; or (10) the order was made in violation of section 46b-408 .

(c) If a tribunal of this state does not recognize a Convention support order under subdivision (2), (4) or (9) of subsection (b) of this section (1) the tribunal may not dismiss the proceeding without allowing a reasonable time for a party to request the establishment of a new Convention support order; and (2) the IV-D agency shall take all appropriate measures to request a child support order for the obligee if the application for recognition and enforcement was received under section 46b-401 .
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-88 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815j / Section 46b-88
Sec. 46b-88. National Medical Support Notice. Duties of issuing agency, employer and administrator of group health plan.
Status: in_force

(1) “Issuing agency” means an agency providing child support enforcement services, as defined in subsection (b) of section 46b-231 , and includes the Office of Child Support Services within the Department of Social Services and Support Enforcement Services within Judicial Branch Court Operations; and

(2) “NMSN” means the National Medical Support Notice required under Title IV-D of the Social Security Act and the Employee Retirement Income Security Act used by state child support agencies to enforce health care coverage support provisions in child support orders.

(b) (1) Whenever a court or family support magistrate enters a support order in a Title IV-D support case, as defined in subsection (b) of section 46b-231 , that requires a noncustodial parent to provide employment-based health care coverage for a child, and the noncustodial parent's employer is known to the issuing agency, such agency shall enforce the health care coverage provisions of the order through the use of a NMSN. The issuing agency may also use the NMSN to enforce provisions of the support order requiring the custodial parent to provide employment-based health coverage for the child.

(2) In addition to other notice and requirements contained therein, the NMSN shall serve as notice to the employer that: (A) The employee is obligated to provide employment-based health care coverage for the child; (B) the employer may be required to withhold any employee contributions required by the group health plan or plans in which the child is eligible to be enrolled; and (C) the employer is required to forward the NMSN to the administrator of each group health plan providing such coverage for enrollment determination purposes.

(3) In addition to other notice requirements contained therein, the NMSN shall serve as notice to the group health plan that: (A) Receipt of the NMSN from an employer constitutes receipt of a medical support order; and (B) an appropriately completed NMSN constitutes a qualified medical child support order for health care coverage enrollment purposes.

(4) In any case in which the noncustodial parent is a newly hired employee, the NMSN shall be transferred by the issuing agency to the employer no later than two business days after the date of the entry of the employee in the State Directory of New Hires established under section 31-254 , together with any necessary income withholding notice.

(c) (1) An employer who receives a NMSN from the issuing agency shall: (A) No later than twenty business days, after the date of NMSN, either (i) return the notice to such agency indicating why the health care coverage is not available, or (ii) transfer the notice to the administrator of each appropriate group health plan for which the child may be eligible; (B) upon notification from any such group health plan that the child is eligible for enrollment, withhold from the employee's income any employee contribution required under such plan and send the withheld payments directly to the plan, except as provided in subsection (d) of this section; and (C) notify the issuing agency whenever the employee's employment terminates. (2) Any employer who discharges an employee from employment, refuses to employ, or takes disciplinary action against an employee because of a medical child support withholding, or fails to withhold income or transmit withheld income to the group health plan as required by the NMSN shall be subject to the penalties related to employer processing of child support income withholding, as provided in subsections (f) and (j) of section 52-362 . (3) The issuing agency shall notify the employer promptly when there is no longer a current order for medical support.

(d) The NMSN shall inform the employer of the duration of the withholding requirement, of any limitations on withholding prescribed by federal or state law, and of any withholding priorities that apply when available income is insufficient to satisfy all cash and medical support obligations. A withholding for medical support obligations shall take priority over all support obligations other than current child and spousal support. The employer shall notify the issuing agency when any such withholding limitations or priorities prevent the employer from withholding the amount required to obtain coverage under the group health plan for which the child is otherwise eligible.

(e) (1) The administrator of a group health plan who receives a NMSN from an employer pursuant to subsection (c) of this section shall deem the NMSN to be a “qualified medical child support order” and an application by the issuing agency for enrollment of the child. Enrollment of the child may not be denied because the child: (A) Was born out of wedlock, (B) is not claimed as a dependent on the participant's federal income tax return, (C) does not reside with the participant or in the plan's service area, or (D) is receiving benefits or is eligible for benefits under a state medical assistance plan required by the Social Security Act. An enrollment shall be made without regard to open season enrollment restrictions, and if enrollment of a child is dependent on the enrollment of a participant who is not enrolled, both the child and the participant shall be enrolled. (2) No later than forty business days after the date of the NMSN the plan administrator shall notify the issuing agency whether coverage is available or, if necessary, of the steps to be taken to begin such coverage. The administrator shall also provide to the custodial parent a description of the coverage available and of any forms or documents necessary to begin coverage. The issuing agency, in consultation with the custodial parent, shall promptly select from any available plan options when necessary. Upon completion of enrollment, the group health plan administrator shall return the NMSN to the employer for a determination of whether any necessary employee contributions are available.

(f) A NMSN issued pursuant to this section shall be deemed part of the court order requiring employment-based health care coverage. The NMSN shall have the same force and effect as a court order directed to an employer or group health plan administrator and may be enforced by the court or family support magistrate in the same manner as an order of the court or family support magistrate. The requirements imposed on employers and group health plan administrators under this section and the NMSN shall be in addition to any requirements imposed on said employer or administrator under other provisions of the general statutes.

See Sec. 17b-745 re court orders for support of persons supported by state.

See Sec. 38a-497a re group coverage and benefits of a noncustodial parent.

See Sec. 46b-84 re parents' obligation for maintenance of minor child.

See Sec. 46b-215 re relatives obliged to furnish support.

See Sec. 46b-569 re judgment and order of court or family support magistrate.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46a-13r — Connecticut Code / Title 46a / Chapter 813a / Section 46a-13r
Sec. 46a-13r. Advisory committee; established; responsibilities.
Status: in_force

(b) The advisory committee shall meet at least three times each year with the Child Advocate, and the Child Advocate's staff, for the purposes described in subdivision (13) of subsection (a) of section 46a-13 l .

(c) The advisory committee shall provide for an annual evaluation of the effectiveness of the Office of the Child Advocate.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-408 — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 817 / Section 46b-408
Sec. 46b-408. Modification of Convention child support order.
Status: in_force

(b) If a tribunal of this state does not modify a Convention child support order because the order is not recognized in this state, subsection (c) of section 46b-405 applies.
Conn. Gen. Stat. § 46b-115r — Connecticut Code / Title 46b / Chapter 815p / Section 46b-115r
Sec. 46b-115r. Jurisdiction declined by reason of conduct; assessment of fees and costs.
Status: in_force

(1) The parents and all persons acting as parents have acquiesced in the exercise of jurisdiction;

(2) A court of the state otherwise having jurisdiction under a provision substantially similar to section 46b-115k , 46b-115 l or 46b-115m determines that this state is a more appropriate forum under a statute similar to section 46b-115q ; or

(3) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction under the criteria specified in sections 46b-115k to 46b-115m , inclusive.

(b) If a court of this state declines to exercise its jurisdiction pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, it may fashion an appropriate remedy to ensure the safety of the child and prevent a repetition of the unjustifiable conduct, including staying the proceeding until a child custody proceeding is commenced in a court having jurisdiction under a provision substantially similar to section 46b-115k , 46b-115 l or 46b-115m .

(c) If a court dismisses a petition or stays a proceeding because it declines to exercise its jurisdiction pursuant to subsection (a) of this section, it shall assess against the party seeking to invoke its jurisdiction reasonable expenses including costs, communication expenses, attorneys' fees, investigative fees, expenses for witnesses, travel expenses and child care during the course of the proceedings, unless the party from whom fees are sought establishes that the assessment would be clearly inappropriate. The court may not assess fees, costs or expenses against the state unless authorized by law.