FrankGoortani/open-us-law huggingface dataset:
Co. Const. art. II, § 16 — Article II / Section 16
CO Const., Article II, Section 16
Status: in_force

Criminal prosecutions - rights of defendant. In criminal prosecutions the accused shall have the right to appear and defend in person and by counsel; to demand the nature and cause of the accusation; to meet the witnesses against him face to face; to have process to compel the attendance of witnesses in his behalf, and a speedy public trial by an impartial jury of the county or district in which the offense is alleged to have been committed. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 31. Editor's note: In a United States supreme court case ( Escobedo v. State of Illinois, 378 U.S. 478, 84 S. Ct. 1758, 12 L. Ed. 2d 977 (1964)) the court held that "where the investigation is no longer a matter of general inquiry into an unsolved crime, but has begun to focus on a particular suspect, the suspect has been taken into police custody, the police carry out a process of interrogations that lends itself to incriminating statements, the suspect has requested and been denied an opportunity to consult with his lawyer and the police have not effectively warned him of his absolute constitutional right to remain silent" such suspect had been denied his constitutional rights and his confession was not admissible. In Washington v. People, 158 Colo. 115, 405 P.2d 735 (1965), the Colorado supreme court held the Escobedo case did not apply where accused made a voluntary confession to a friend prior to police interrogation as the Escobedo case was concerned with police tactics during interrogation. In Ruark v. People, 158 Colo. 110, 405 P.2d 751 (1965), the Colorado supreme court held the Escobedo case did not apply retrospectively to entitle one to relief in case that had been previously decided. Cross references: For duty of court to inform an accused of his right to counsel and the nature of the charges against him, see Crim. P. 5(a)(2) and § 16-7-207; for accused's right to compel attendance of witnesses, see § 16-9-101; for dismissal of criminal case for failure to bring to trial within time period, see Crim. P. 48(b)(1) and (b)(5); for self-incrimination and double jeopardy, see § 18 of this article; for right to trial by jury in criminal cases, see § 23 of this article; for due process in criminal proceedings, see § 25 of this article. ​
Co. Const. art. II, § 30 — Article II / Section 30
CO Const., Article II, Section 30
Status: in_force

Right to vote or petition on annexation - enclaves. (1) No unincorporated area may be annexed to a municipality unless one of the following conditions first has been met: (a) The question of annexation has been submitted to the vote of the landowners and the registered electors in the area proposed to be annexed, and the majority of such persons voting on the question have voted for the annexation; or (b) The annexing municipality has received a petition for the annexation of such area signed by persons comprising more than fifty percent of the landowners in the area and owning more than fifty percent of the area, excluding public streets, and alleys and any land owned by the annexing municipality; or (c) The area is entirely surrounded by or is solely owned by the annexing municipality. (2) The provisions of this section shall not apply to annexations to the city and county of Denver, to the extent that such annexations are governed by other provisions of the constitution. (3) The general assembly may provide by law for procedures necessary to implement this section. This section shall take effect upon completion of the canvass of votes taken thereon. Source: Initiated 80: Entire section added, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 81, p. 2055, December 19, 1980.
Co. Const. art. V, § 22a — Article V / Section 22a
CO Const., Article V, Section 22a
Status: in_force

Caucus positions prohibited - penalties. (1) No member or members of the general assembly shall require or commit themselves or any other member or members, through a vote in a party caucus or any other similar procedure, to vote in favor of or against any bill, appointment, veto, or other measure or issue pending or proposed to be introduced in the general assembly. (2) Notwithstanding the provisions of subsection (1) of this section, a member or members of the general assembly may vote in party caucus on matters directly relating to the selection of officers of a party caucus and the selection of the leadership of the general assembly. Source: Initiated 88: Entire section added, effective upon proclamation of the Governor. L. 89, p. 1664, January 3, 1989.
Co. Const. art. VIII, § 5 — Article VIII / Section 5
CO Const., Article VIII, Section 5
Status: in_force

Educational institutions. (1) The following educational institutions are declared to be state institutions of higher education: The university at Boulder, Colorado Springs, and Denver; the university at Fort Collins; the school of mines at Golden; and such other institutions of higher education as now exist or may hereafter be established by law if they are designated by law as state institutions. The establishment, management, and abolition of the state institutions shall be subject to the control of the state, under the provisions of the constitution and such laws and regulations as the general assembly may provide; except that the regents of the university at Boulder, Colorado Springs, and Denver may, whenever in their judgment the needs of that institution demand such action, establish, maintain, and conduct all or any part of the schools of medicine, dentistry, nursing, and pharmacy of the university, together with hospitals and supporting facilities and programs related to health, at Denver; and further, that nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent state educational institutions from giving temporary lecture courses in any part of the state, or conducting class excursions for the purpose of investigation and study; and provided further, that subject to prior approval by the general assembly, nothing in this section shall be construed to prevent the state institutions of higher education from hereafter establishing, maintaining, and conducting or discontinuing centers, medical centers, or branches of such institutions in any part of the state. (2) The governing boards of the state institutions of higher education, whether established by this constitution or by law, shall have the general supervision of their respective institutions and the exclusive control and direction of all funds of and appropriations to their respective institutions, unless otherwise provided by law. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 54. L. 09: Entire section amended, p. 324. L. 22: Entire section amended, effective December 21, 1922, see L. 23, p. 227. L. 72: Entire section amended, p. 644, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, January 11, 1973. ​ Cross references: For establishment and support of educational institutions, see § 1 of this article.
Co. Const. art. XV, § 9 — Article XV / Section 9
CO Const., Article XV, Section 9
Status: in_force

Fictitious stock, bonds - increase of stock. No corporation shall issue stocks or bonds, except for labor done, service performed, or money or property actually received, and all fictitious increase of stock or indebtedness shall be void. The stock of corporations shall not be increased except in pursuance of general law, nor without the consent of the persons holding a majority of the stock, first obtained at a meeting held after at least thirty days' notice given in pursuance of law. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 70.
Co. Const. art. XVII, § 3 — Article XVII / Section 3
CO Const., Article XVII, Section 3
Status: in_force

Officers - how chosen. The governor shall appoint all general, field and staff officers and commission them. Each company shall elect its own officers, who shall be commissioned by the governor; but if any company shall fail to elect such officers within the time prescribed by law, they may be appointed by the governor. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 73. Cross references: For oath of officers, see § 28-4-113.
Co. Const. art. XXVII, § 11 — Article XXVII / Section 11
CO Const., Article XXVII, Section 11
Status: in_force

Effective date. This article shall become effective upon proclamation by the governor, and shall be self-implementing. This article shall apply to each distribution of net proceeds from the programs operated under the authority of Article XVIII, Section 2 of the Colorado Constitution, whether by the Colorado Lottery Commission or otherwise, made after July 1, 1993 and shall supersede any provision to the contrary in Article XVIII, Section 2 or any other provision of law. Source: Initiated 92: Entire article added, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 93, p. 2175, January 14, 1993.
Co. Const. art. XXVII, § 2 — Article XXVII / Section 2
CO Const., Article XXVII, Section 2
Status: in_force

Trust Fund created. A fund to be known as the Great Outdoors Colorado Trust Fund, referred to in this article as the "Trust Fund," is hereby created and established in the Treasury of the State of Colorado. Source: Initiated 92: Entire article added, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 93, p. 2170, January 14, 1993.
Co. Const. art. VI, § 8 — Article VI / Section 8
CO Const., Article VI, Section 8
Status: in_force

Qualifications of justices. No person shall be eligible to the office of justice of the supreme court unless he shall be a qualified elector of the state of Colorado and shall have been licensed to practice law in this state for at least five years. Source: L. 61: Entire article R&RE, see L. 63, p. 1050. Editor's note: (1) Voters approved the measure repealing and reenacting this article on November 6, 1962. Section 1 of chapter 313, session laws of Colorado 1963, provided that the enactment of this section takes effect immediately. However, according to section 1(4) of article V of the state constitution, a measure "shall take effect from and after the date of the official declaration of the vote thereon by proclamation of the governor". (2) This section is similar to § 10 as it existed prior to 1961. (3) For amendments to that section prior to 1961, see L. 03, p. 149. District Courts
Co. Const. art. IV, § 21 — Article IV / Section 21
CO Const., Article IV, Section 21
Status: in_force

Elected auditor of state - powers and duties. (Repealed) Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 37. L. 64: Entire section amended, p. 838. L. 74: Entire section repealed, p. 447, effective January 1, 1975. Editor's note: The Governor's proclamation date in 1974 was December 20, 1974.
Co. Const. art. V, § 25a — Article V / Section 25a
CO Const., Article V, Section 25a
Status: in_force

Eight-hour employment. (1) The general assembly shall provide by law, and shall prescribe suitable penalties for the violation thereof, for a period of employment not to exceed eight (8) hours within any twenty-four (24) hours (except in cases of emergency where life or property is in imminent danger) for persons employed in underground mines or other underground workings, blast furnaces, smelters; and any ore reduction works or other branch of industry or labor that the general assembly may consider injurious or dangerous to health, life or limb. (2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section to the contrary notwithstanding, the general assembly may establish whatever exceptions it deems appropriate to the eight-hour workday. Source: L. 01: Entire section added, p. 108. L. 88: Entire section amended, p. 1453, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 89, p. 1657, January 3, 1989. Cross references: For provisions regulating hours of labor, see article 13 of title 8.
Co. Const. art. II, § 27 — Article II / Section 27
CO Const., Article II, Section 27
Status: in_force

Property rights of aliens. Aliens, who are or may hereafter become bona fide residents of this state, may acquire, inherit, possess, enjoy and dispose of property, real and personal, as native born citizens. |4em}} Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 32. ​
Co. Const. art. V, § 8 — Article V / Section 8
CO Const., Article V, Section 8
Status: in_force

Members precluded from holding office. No senator or representative shall, while serving as such, be appointed to any civil office under this state; and no member of congress, or other person holding any office (except of attorney-at-law, notary public, or in the militia) under the United States or this state, shall be a member of either house during his ​ continuance in office. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 38. L. 74: Entire section amended, p. 449, effective January 1, 1975. Editor's note: The Governor's proclamation date in 1974 was December 20, 1974.
Co. Const. art. XX, § 3 — Article XX / Section 3
CO Const., Article XX, Section 3
Status: in_force

Establishment of government civil service regulations. Immediately upon the canvass of the vote showing the adoption of this amendment, it shall be the duty of the governor of the state to issue his proclamation accordingly. Every charter shall provide that the department of fire and police and the department of public utilities and works shall be under such civil service regulations as in said charter shall be provided. Source: L. 01: Entire article added, p. 100. L. 2002: Entire section amended, p. 3099, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 2003, p. 3611, December 20, 2002.
Co. Const. art. XVI, § 4 — Article XVI / Section 4
CO Const., Article XVI, Section 4
Status: in_force

Mining, metallurgy, in public institutions. The general assembly may provide that the science of mining and metallurgy be taught in one or more of the institutions of learning under the patronage of the state. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 71. Cross references: For the Colorado school of mines, see article 41 of title 23. Irrigation ​
Co. Const. art. XXVII, § 3 — Article XXVII / Section 3
CO Const., Article XXVII, Section 3
Status: in_force

Moneys allocated to Trust Fund. (1) Beginning with the proceeds from the fourth quarter of the State's Fiscal Year 1992-1993, all proceeds from all programs, including Lotto and every other state-supervised lottery game operated under the authority of Article XVIII, Section 2 of the Colorado Constitution, whether by the Colorado Lottery Commission or otherwise (such programs defined hereafter in this Article as "Lottery Programs"), net of prizes and expenses of the state lottery division and after a sufficient amount of money has been reserved, as of the end of any fiscal quarter, to ensure the operation of the lottery for the ensuing fiscal quarter (such netted proceeds defined hereafter in this Article as "Net Proceeds") are set ​ aside, allocated, allotted, and continuously appropriated as follows, and the Treasurer shall distribute such proceeds no less frequently than quarterly, as follows: (a) Repealed. (b) For each quarter including and after the first quarter of the State's Fiscal Year 1998-1999: (I) Forty percent to the Conservation Trust Fund for distribution to municipalities and counties and other eligible entities for parks, recreation and open space purposes; (II) Ten percent to the Division of Parks and Outdoor Recreation for the acquisition, development and improvement of new and existing state parks, recreation areas and recreational trails; and (III) All remaining Net Proceeds in trust to the Board of the Trust Fund, provided, however, that in any state fiscal year in which the portion of the Net Proceeds which would otherwise be given in trust to the State Board of the Trust Fund exceeds the amount of $35 million, to be adjusted each year for changes from the 1992 Consumer Price Index-Denver, the Net Proceeds in excess of such amount or adjusted amount shall be allocated to the General Fund of the State of Colorado. (c) to (e) Repealed. (2) From July 1, 1993, the following sums of money and property, in addition to Net Proceeds as set forth in Section 3(1) above, are set aside, allocated, allotted, and continuously appropriated in trust to the Board of the Trust Fund: (a) All interest derived from moneys held in the Trust Fund; (b) Any property donated specifically to the State of Colorado for the specific purpose of benefitting the Trust Fund, including contributions, grants, gifts, bequests, donations, and federal, state, or local grants; and (c) Such other moneys as may be allocated to the Trust Fund by the General Assembly. Source: Initiated 92: Entire article added, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 93, p. 2170, January 14, 1993. L. 2002: (1)(a) and (1)(c) to (1)(e) repealed, p. 3099, effective upon proclamation of the Governor, L. 2003, p. 3611, December 20, 2002.
Co. Const. art. XXVIII, § 5 — Article XXVIII / Section 5
CO Const., Article XXVIII, Section 5
Status: in_force

Independent expenditures. (1) Any person making an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars per calendar year shall deliver notice in writing to ​ the secretary of state of such independent expenditure, as well as the amount of such expenditure, and a detailed description of the use of such independent expenditure. The notice shall specifically state the name of the candidate whom the independent expenditure is intended to support or oppose. Each independent expenditure in excess of one-thousand dollars shall require the delivery of a new notice. Any person making an independent expenditure within thirty days of a primary or general election shall deliver such notice within forty-eight hours after obligating funds for such expenditure. (2) Any person making an independent expenditure in excess of one thousand dollars shall disclose, in the communication produced by the expenditure, the name of the person making the expenditure and the specific statement that the advertisement of material is not authorized by any candidate. Such disclosure shall be prominently featured in the communication. (3) Expenditures by any person on behalf of a candidate for public office that are coordinated with or controlled by the candidate or the candidate's agent, or political party shall be considered a contribution to the candidate's candidate committee, or the political party, respectively. (4) This section 5 applies only to independent expenditures made for the purpose of expressly advocating the defeat or election of any candidate. Source: Initiated 2002: Entire article added, L. 2003, p. 3605. For the effective date of this article, see the editor's note following the article heading.
Co. Const. art. XXIX, § 7 — Article XXIX / Section 7
CO Const., Article XXIX, Section 7
Status: in_force

Seals of supreme and district courts. Until otherwise provided by law, the seals now in use in the supreme and district courts of this territory are hereby declared to be the seals of the supreme and district courts respectively of the state.
Co. Const. art. VI, § 2 — Article VI / Section 2
CO Const., Article VI, Section 2
Status: in_force

Appellate jurisdiction. (1) The supreme court, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be coextensive with the state, and shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts, under such regulations and limitations as may be prescribed by law. (2) Appellate review by the supreme court of every final judgment of the district courts, the probate court of the city and county of Denver, and the juvenile court of the city and county of Denver shall be allowed, and the supreme court shall have such other appellate review as may be provided by law. There shall be no appellate review by the district court of any final judgment of the probate court of the city and county of Denver or of the juvenile court of the city and county of Denver. Source: L. 61: Entire article R&RE, effective January 12, 1965, see L. 63, p. 1049. Editor's note: This section is similar to § 2 as it existed prior to 1961. Cross references: For supreme court review of judgments by the court of appeals, see § 13-4-108; for determination of jurisdiction, see § 13-4-110; for procedure for review in the supreme court on writ of certiorari, see C.A.R. 49 to 57.
Co. Const. art. XIII, § 0 — Article XIII / Section 0
CO Const., Article XIII
Status: in_force

Article XIV: Counties
Co. Const. art. VII, § 11 — Article VII / Section 11
CO Const., Article VII, Section 11
Status: in_force

Purity of elections. The general assembly shall pass laws to secure the purity of elections, and guard against abuses of the elective franchise. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 53. Cross references: For offenses committed in relation to general, primary, or special elections, see article 13 of title 1; for offenses committed in relation to municipal elections, see part 15 of article 10 of title 31.
Co. Const. art. XI, § 0 — Article XI / Section 0
CO Const., Article XI
Status: in_force

Article XII: Officers
Co. Const. art. V, § 6 — Article V / Section 6
CO Const., Article V, Section 6
Status: in_force

Salary and expenses of members. Each member of the general assembly shall receive such salary and expenses as are prescribed by law. No general assembly shall fix its own salary. Members of the general assembly shall receive the same mileage rate permitted for travel as other state employees. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 38. L. 1883: Entire section amended, p. 21. L. 09: Entire section amended, p. 314. L. 74: Entire section R&RE, p. 448, effective January 1, 1975. Editor's note: The Governor's proclamation date in 1974 was December 20, 1974. Cross references: For compensation of members of the general assembly, see § 2-2-307.
Co. Const. art. XIV, § 13 — Article XIV / Section 13
CO Const., Article XIV, Section 13
Status: in_force

Classification of cities and towns. The general assembly shall provide, by general laws, for the organization and classification of cities and towns. The number of such classes shall not exceed four; and the powers of each class shall be defined by general laws, so that all municipal corporations of the same class shall possess the same powers and be subject to the same restrictions. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 68. Cross references: For classification of municipalities, see § 31-1-201.
Co. Const. art. XXIX, § 4 — Article XXIX / Section 4
CO Const., Article XXIX, Section 4
Status: in_force

Duty of general assembly. The general assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this constitution.
Co. Const. art. XII, § 2 — Article XII / Section 2
CO Const., Article XII, Section 2
Status: in_force

Personal attention required. No person shall hold any office or employment of trust or profit, under the laws of the state or any ordinance of any municipality therein, without devoting his personal attention to the duties of the same. Source: Entire article added, effective August 1, 1876, see L. 1877, p. 64.