FrankGoortani/open-us-law huggingface dataset:
Cal. Const. art. I, § 12 — Article I / Section 12
California Constitution Article I, Section 12
Status: in_force

A person shall be released on bail by sufficient sureties, except for: (a) Capital crimes when the facts are evident or the presumption great; (b) Felony offenses involving acts of violence on another person, or felony sexual assault offenses on another person, when the facts are evident or the presumption great and the court finds based upon clear and convincing evidence that there is a substantial likelihood the person’s release would result in great bodily harm to others; or (c) Felony offenses when the facts are evident or the presumption great and the court finds based on clear and convincing evidence that the person has threatened another with great bodily harm and that there is a substantial likelihood that the person would carry out the threat if released. Excessive bail may not be required. In fixing the amount of bail, the court shall take into consideration the seriousness of the offense charged, the previous criminal record of the defendant, and the probability of his or her appearing at the trial or hearing of the case. A person may be released on his or her own recognizance in the court’s discretion. (Sec. 12 amended Nov. 8, 1994, by Prop. 189. Res.Ch. 95, 1994.)
Cal. Const. art. II, § 1 — Article II / Section 1
California Constitution Article II, Section 1
Status: in_force

All political power is inherent in the people. Government is instituted for their protection, security, and benefit, and they have the right to alter or reform it when the public good may require. (Sec. 1 renumbered from Sec. 26 (of Art. 1) on June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976.)
Cal. Const. art. X, § 7 — Article X / Section 7
California Constitution Article X, Section 7
Status: in_force

Whenever any agency of government, local, state, or federal, hereafter acquires any interest in real property in this State, the acceptance of the interest shall constitute an agreement by the agency to conform to the laws of California as to the acquisition, control, use, and distribution of water with respect to the land so acquired. (Sec. 7 added June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976.)
Cal. Const. art. IV, § 3 — Article IV / Section 3
California Constitution Article IV, Section 3
Status: in_force

(a) The Legislature shall convene in regular session at noon on the first Monday in December of each even-numbered year and each house shall immediately organize. Each session of the Legislature shall adjourn sine die by operation of the Constitution at midnight on November 30 of the following even-numbered year. (b) On extraordinary occasions the Governor by proclamation may cause the Legislature to assemble in special session. When so assembled it has power to legislate only on subjects specified in the proclamation but may provide for expenses and other matters incidental to the session. (Sec. 3 amended June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976.)
Cal. Const. art. XIII, § 23 — Article XIII / Section 23
California Constitution Article XIII, Section 23
Status: in_force

If state boundaries change, the Legislature shall determine how property affected shall be taxed. (Sec. 23 added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 8. Res.Ch. 70, 1974.)
Cal. Const. art. XVI, § 13 — Article XVI / Section 13
California Constitution Article XVI, Section 13
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the Legislature shall have power to release, rescind, cancel, or otherwise nullify in whole or in part any encumbrance on property, personal obligation, or other form of security heretofore or hereafter exacted or imposed by the Legislature to secure the repayment to, or reimbursement of, the State, and the counties or other agencies of the state government, of aid lawfully granted to and received by aged persons. (Sec. 13 amended Nov. 6, 1962, by Prop. 16. Res.Ch. 255, 1961.)
Cal. Const. art. XIII, § 8.5 — Article XIII / Section 8.5
California Constitution Article XIII, Section 8.5
Status: in_force

The Legislature may provide by law for the manner in which a person of low or moderate income who is 62 years of age or older may postpone ad valorem property taxes on the dwelling owned and occupied by him or her as his or her principal place of residence. The Legislature may also provide by law for the manner in which a disabled person may postpone payment of ad valorem property taxes on the dwelling owned and occupied by him or her as his or her principal place of residence. The Legislature shall have plenary power to define all terms in this section. The Legislature shall provide by law for subventions to counties, cities and counties, cities and districts in an amount equal to the amount of revenue lost by each by reason of the postponement of taxes and for the reimbursement to the State of subventions from the payment of postponed taxes. Provision shall be made for the inclusion of reimbursement for the payment of interest on, and any costs to the State incurred in connection with, the subventions. (Sec. 8.5 amended Nov. 6, 1984, by Prop. 33. Res.Ch. 65, 1984.)
Cal. Const. art. I, § 26 — Article I / Section 26
California Constitution Article I, Section 26
Status: in_force

The provisions of this Constitution are mandatory and prohibitory, unless by express words they are declared to be otherwise. (Sec. 26 renumbered from Sec. 28 on June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976.)
Cal. Const. art. XI, § 1 — Article XI / Section 1
California Constitution Article XI, Section 1
Status: in_force

(a) The State is divided into counties which are legal subdivisions of the State. The Legislature shall prescribe uniform procedure for county formation, consolidation, and boundary change. Formation or consolidation requires approval by a majority of electors voting on the question in each affected county. A boundary change requires approval by the governing body of each affected county. No county seat shall be removed unless two-thirds of the qualified electors of the county, voting on the proposition at a general election, shall vote in favor of such removal. A proposition of removal shall not be submitted in the same county more than once in four years. (b) The Legislature shall provide for county powers, an elected county sheriff, an elected district attorney, an elected assessor, and an elected governing body in each county. Except as provided in subdivision (b) of Section 4 of this article, each governing body shall prescribe by ordinance the compensation of its members, but the ordinance prescribing such compensation shall be subject to referendum. The Legislature or the governing body may provide for other officers whose compensation shall be prescribed by the governing body. The governing body shall provide for the number, compensation, tenure, and appointment of employees. (Sec. 1 amended June 7, 1988, by Prop. 66. Res.Ch. 1, 1988.)
Cal. Const. art. XIII, § 9 — Article XIII / Section 9
California Constitution Article XIII, Section 9
Status: in_force

The Legislature may provide for the assessment for taxation only on the basis of use of a single-family dwelling, as defined by the Legislature, and so much of the land as is required for its convenient use and occupation, when the dwelling is occupied by an owner and located on land zoned exclusively for single-family dwellings or for agricultural purposes. (Sec. 9 added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 8. Res.Ch. 70, 1974.)
Cal. Const. art. XX, § 1.5 — Article XX / Section 1.5
California Constitution Article XX, Section 1.5
Status: in_force

The Legislature shall protect, by law, from forced sale a certain portion of the homestead and other property of all heads of families. (Sec. 1.5 added June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976, clause 38, as revised by Res.Ch. 24, Amdt. 7.)
Cal. Const. art. XVIII, § 3 — Article XVIII / Section 3
California Constitution Article XVIII, Section 3
Status: in_force

The electors may amend the Constitution by initiative. (Sec. 3 added Nov. 3, 1970, by Prop. 16. Res.Ch. 187, 1970.)
Cal. Const. art. IV, § 1.5 — Article IV / Section 1.5
California Constitution Article IV, Section 1.5
Status: in_force

The people find and declare that the Founding Fathers established a system of representative government based upon free, fair, and competitive elections. The increased concentration of political power in the hands of incumbent representatives has made our electoral system less free, less competitive, and less representative. The ability of legislators to serve unlimited number of terms, to establish their own retirement system, and to pay for staff and support services at state expense contribute heavily to the extremely high number of incumbents who are reelected. These unfair incumbent advantages discourage qualified candidates from seeking public office and create a class of career politicians, instead of the citizen representatives envisioned by the Founding Fathers. These career politicians become representatives of the bureaucracy, rather than of the people whom they are elected to represent. To restore a free and democratic system of fair elections, and to encourage qualified candidates to seek public office, the people find and declare that the powers of incumbency must be limited. Retirement benefits must be restricted, state-financed incumbent staff and support services limited, and limitations placed upon the number of terms which may be served. (Sec. 1.5 added Nov. 6, 1990, by Prop. 140. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. I, § 1.1 — Article I / Section 1.1
California Constitution Article I, Section 1.1
Status: in_force

The state shall not deny or interfere with an individual’s reproductive freedom in their most intimate decisions, which includes their fundamental right to choose to have an abortion and their fundamental right to choose or refuse contraceptives. This section is intended to further the constitutional right to privacy guaranteed by Section 1, and the constitutional right to not be denied equal protection guaranteed by Section 7. Nothing herein narrows or limits the right to privacy or equal protection. (Sec. 1.1 added Nov. 8, 2022, by Prop. 1. Res.Ch. 97, 2022. Effective December 21, 2022.)
Cal. Const. art. XXXV, § 5 — Article XXXV / Section 5
California Constitution Article XXXV, Section 5
Status: in_force

There is hereby established a right to conduct stem cell research which includes research involving adult stem cells, cord blood stem cells, pluripotent stem cells, and/or progenitor cells. Pluripotent stem cells are cells that are capable of self-renewal, and have broad potential to differentiate into multiple adult cell types. Pluripotent stem cells may be derived from somatic cell nuclear transfer or from surplus products of in vitro fertilization treatments when such products are donated under appropriate informed consent procedures. Progenitor cells are multipotent or precursor cells that are partially differentiated, but retain the ability to divide and give rise to differentiated cells. (Sec. 5 added Nov. 2, 2004, by Prop. 71. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. XII, § 3 — Article XII / Section 3
California Constitution Article XII, Section 3
Status: in_force

Private corporations and persons that own, operate, control, or manage a line, plant, or system for the transportation of people or property, the transmission of telephone and telegraph messages, or the production, generation, transmission, or furnishing of heat, light, water, power, storage, or wharfage directly or indirectly to or for the public, and common carriers, are public utilities subject to control by the Legislature. The Legislature may prescribe that additional classes of private corporations or other persons are public utilities. (Sec. 3 added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 12. Res.Ch. 88, 1974.)
Cal. Const. art. X, § 5 — Article X / Section 5
California Constitution Article X, Section 5
Status: in_force

The use of all water now appropriated, or that may hereafter be appropriated, for sale, rental, or distribution, is hereby declared to be a public use, and subject to the regulation and control of the State, in the manner to be prescribed by law. (Sec. 5 added June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976.)
Cal. Const. art. I, § 14.1 — Article I / Section 14.1
California Constitution Article I, Section 14.1
Status: in_force

If a felony is prosecuted by indictment, there shall be no postindictment preliminary hearing. (Sec. 14.1 added June 5, 1990, by Prop. 115. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. XIII, § 8 — Article XIII / Section 8
California Constitution Article XIII, Section 8
Status: in_force

To promote the conservation, preservation and continued existence of open space lands, the Legislature may define open space land and shall provide that when this land is enforceably restricted, in a manner specified by the Legislature, to recreation, enjoyment of scenic beauty, use or conservation of natural resources, or production of food or fiber, it shall be valued for property tax purposes only on a basis that is consistent with its restrictions and uses. To promote the preservation of property of historical significance, the Legislature may define such property and shall provide that when it is enforceably restricted, in a manner specified by the Legislature, it shall be valued for property tax purposes only on a basis that is consistent with its restrictions and uses. (Second paragraph added June 8, 1976, by Prop. 7. Res.Ch. 198, 1974. Other Source: Entire Sec. 8 was added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 8; Res.Ch. 70, 1974.)
Cal. Const. art. VI, § 10 — Article VI / Section 10
California Constitution Article VI, Section 10
Status: in_force

The Supreme Court, courts of appeal, superior courts, and their judges have original jurisdiction in habeas corpus proceedings. Those courts also have original jurisdiction in proceedings for extraordinary relief in the nature of mandamus, certiorari, and prohibition. The appellate division of the superior court has original jurisdiction in proceedings for extraordinary relief in the nature of mandamus, certiorari, and prohibition directed to the superior court in causes subject to its appellate jurisdiction. Superior courts have original jurisdiction in all other causes. The court may make any comment on the evidence and the testimony and credibility of any witness as in its opinion is necessary for the proper determination of the cause. (Sec. 10 amended Nov. 5, 2002, by Prop. 48. Res.Ch. 88, 2002.)
Cal. Const. art. XXXV, § 4 — Article XXXV / Section 4
California Constitution Article XXXV, Section 4
Status: in_force

Funds authorized for, or made available to, the institute shall be continuously appropriated without regard to fiscal year, be available and used only for the purposes provided in this article, and shall not be subject to appropriation or transfer by the Legislature or the Governor for any other purpose. (Sec. 4 added Nov. 2, 2004, by Prop. 71. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. I, § 32 — Article I / Section 32
California Constitution Article I, Section 32
Status: in_force

(a) The following provisions are hereby enacted to enhance public safety, improve rehabilitation, and avoid the release of prisoners by federal court order, notwithstanding anything in this article or any other provision of law: (1) Parole Consideration: Any person convicted of a nonviolent felony offense and sentenced to state prison shall be eligible for parole consideration after completing the full term for his or her primary offense. (A) For purposes of this section only, the full term for the primary offense means the longest term of imprisonment imposed by the court for any offense, excluding the imposition of an enhancement, consecutive sentence, or alternative sentence. (2) Credit Earning: The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall have authority to award credits earned for good behavior and approved rehabilitative or educational achievements. (b) The Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall adopt regulations in furtherance of these provisions, and the Secretary of the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation shall certify that these regulations protect and enhance public safety. (Sec. 32 added Nov. 8, 2016, by Prop. 57. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. XIX, § 2 — Article XIX / Section 2
California Constitution Article XIX, Section 2
Status: in_force

Revenues from taxes imposed by the State on motor vehicle fuels for use in motor vehicles upon public streets and highways, over and above the costs of collection and any refunds authorized by law, shall be deposited into the Highway Users Tax Account (Section 2100 of the Streets and Highways Code) or its successor, which is hereby declared to be a trust fund, and shall be allocated monthly in accordance with Section 4, and shall be used solely for the following purposes: (a) The research, planning, construction, improvement, maintenance, and operation of public streets and highways (and their related public facilities for nonmotorized traffic), including the mitigation of their environmental effects, the payment for property taken or damaged for such purposes, and the administrative costs necessarily incurred in the foregoing purposes. (b) The research, planning, construction, and improvement of exclusive public mass transit guideways (and their related fixed facilities), including the mitigation of their environmental effects, the payment for property taken or damaged for such purposes, the administrative costs necessarily incurred in the foregoing purposes, and the maintenance of the structures and the immediate right-of-way for the public mass transit guideways, but excluding the maintenance and operating costs for mass transit power systems and mass transit passenger facilities, vehicles, equipment, and services. (Sec. 2 renumbered from Sec. 1 on Nov. 2, 2010, by Prop. 22. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. XX, § 3 — Article XX / Section 3
California Constitution Article XX, Section 3
Status: in_force

Members of the Legislature, and all public officers and employees, executive, legislative, and judicial, except such inferior officers and employees as may be by law exempted, shall, before they enter upon the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: “I, ___________, do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and defend the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California against all enemies, foreign and domestic; that I will bear true faith and allegiance to the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of California; that I take this obligation freely, without any mental reservation or purpose of evasion; and that I will well and faithfully discharge the duties upon which I am about to enter. “And I do further swear (or affirm) that I do not advocate, nor am I a member of any party or organization, political or otherwise, that now advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States or of the State of California by force or violence or other unlawful means; that within the five years immediately preceding the taking of this oath (or affirmation) I have not been a member of any party or organization, political or otherwise, that advocated the overthrow of the Government of the United States or of the State of California by force or violence or other unlawful means except as follows: _____ (If no affiliations, write in the words “No Exceptions”) _____ and that during such time as I hold the office of _____ (name of office) _____ I will not advocate nor become a member of any party or organization, political or otherwise, that advocates the overthrow of the Government of the United States or of the State of California by force or violence or other unlawful means.” And no other oath, declaration, or test, shall be required as a qualification for any public office or employment. “Public officer and employee” includes every officer and employee of the State, including the University of California, every county, city, city and county, district, and authority, including any department, division, bureau, board, commission, agency, or instrumentality of any of the foregoing. (Sec. 3 amended Nov. 4, 1952, by Prop. 6. Res.Ch. 69, 1951.)
Cal. Const. art. XIX, § 5 — Article XIX / Section 5
California Constitution Article XIX, Section 5
Status: in_force

Revenues allocated pursuant to Section 4 may not be expended for the purposes specified in subdivision (b) of Section 2, except for research and planning, until such use is approved by a majority of the votes cast on the proposition authorizing such use of such revenues in an election held throughout the county or counties, or a specified area of a county or counties, within which the revenues are to be expended. The Legislature may authorize the revenues approved for allocation or expenditure under this section to be pledged or used for the payment of principal and interest on voter-approved bonds issued for the purposes specified in subdivision (b) of Section 2. (Sec. 5 renumbered from Sec. 4 on Nov. 2, 2010, by Prop. 22. Initiative measure.)
Cal. Const. art. XIII, § 22 — Article XIII / Section 22
California Constitution Article XIII, Section 22
Status: in_force

Not more than 25 percent of the total appropriations from all funds of the State shall be raised by means of taxes on real and personal property according to the value thereof. (Sec. 22 added Nov. 5, 1974, by Prop. 8. Res.Ch. 70, 1974.)
Cal. Const. art. II, § 12 — Article II / Section 12
California Constitution Article II, Section 12
Status: in_force

No amendment to the Constitution, and no statute proposed to the electors by the Legislature or by initiative, that names any individual to hold any office, or names or identifies any private corporation to perform any function or to have any power or duty, may be submitted to the electors or have any effect. (Sec. 12 renumbered from Sec. 26 (of Art. 4) on June 8, 1976, by Prop. 14. Res.Ch. 5, 1976.)
Cal. Const. art. XI, § 6 — Article XI / Section 6
California Constitution Article XI, Section 6
Status: in_force

(a) A county and all cities within it may consolidate as a charter city and county as provided by statute. (b) A charter city and county is a charter city and a charter county. Its charter city powers supersede conflicting charter county powers. (Sec. 6 added June 2, 1970, by Prop. 2. Res.Ch. 331, 1969.)
Cal. Const. art. XX, § 23 — Article XX / Section 23
California Constitution Article XX, Section 23
Status: in_force

Notwithstanding any other provision of this Constitution, the Speaker of the Assembly shall be an ex officio member, having equal rights and duties with the nonlegislative members, of any state agency created by the Legislature in the field of public higher education which is charged with the management, administration, and control of the State College System of California. (Sec. 23 added Nov. 3, 1970, by Prop. 7. Res.Ch. 169, 1970.)