FrancophonIA/ELRC3.0 huggingface dataset:
English: • What CAPRELSA is, what it treats, how it is administered;
Croatian: • što je lijek CAPRELSA, što liječi i kako se primjenjuje;
English: The pharmacokinetics of vandetanib at the 300 mg dose in MTC patients are characterised by a volume of distribution of approximately 7450 l.
Croatian: Farmakokinetiku vandetaniba pri dozi od 300 mg u bolesnika s medularnim karcinomom štitnjače obilježava volumen distribucije od približno 7450 l.
English: • Headache.
Croatian: • glavobolja.
English: A Phase I/II single-center open-label, single-arm study (Study IRUSZACT0098) assessed the activity of vandetanib in 16 patients with unresectable locally advanced or metastatic hereditary MTC.
Croatian: Jednocentrično, otvoreno ispitivanje faze I/II, s jednom skupinom (Ispitivanje IRUSZACT0098), procijenilo je aktivnost vandetaniba u 16 bolesnika s neoperabilnim lokalno uznapredovalim ili metastatskim nasljednim medularnim karcinomom štitnjače.
English: • Clouding of the lens of the eye.
Croatian: • zamućenje leće u oku.
English: Caprelsa should not be given to children below 5 years of age.
Croatian: Caprelsa se ne smije davati djeci mlađoj od 5 godina.
English: The prescriber must discuss the risks of Caprelsa therapy with the patient.
Croatian: Propisivač mora s bolesnikom raspraviti o rizicima liječenja lijekom Caprelsa.
English: • The educational material, including: o Information about the risks associated with CAPRELSA: - QTc prolongation and Torsades de pointes - Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES); - Teeth and bone development abnormalities in pediatric patients - Medication errors in the pediatric population o The Physicians' dosing and monitoring guide for paediatric patients;
Croatian: • edukacijski materijal, uključujući: - informacije o rizicima povezanima s lijekom CAPRELSA: o produljenje QTc-intervala i torsades de pointes o sindrom posteriorne reverzibilne encefalopatije (PRES) o abnormalnosti u razvoju kosti i zubi u pedijatrijskih bolesnika o medikacijske pogreške u pedijatrijskoj populaciji
English: • Involuntary muscle contraction (convulsions).
Croatian: • nevoljno stezanje mišića (konvulzije).
English: Vandetanib also inhibits both wild type and the majority of mutated, activated forms of RET, and significantly inhibits the proliferation of MTC cell lines in vitro.
Croatian: Vandetanib također inhibira kako divlji tip tako i većinu mutiranih, aktiviranih oblika protoonkogena RET te značajno inhibira proliferaciju staničnih linija medularnog karcinoma štitnjače in vitro.
English: • cisapride (used to treat heart burn), pimozide (used to treat uncontrolled repeated movements of the body and verbal outbursts) and halofantrine and lumefantrine (used to treat malaria)
Croatian: • cisaprid (koristi se za liječenje žgaravice), pimozid (koristi se za liječenje nekontroliranih ponavljajućih pokreta tijela i verbalnih ispada) te halofantrin i lumefantrin (koriste za liječenje malarije)
English: - if you are taking any of the following medicines: arsenic, cisapride (used to treat heartburn), erythromycin intravenous and moxifloxacin (used to treat infection), toremifene (used to treat breast cancer), mizolastine (used to treat allergies), Class IA and III antiarrhythmics (used to control heart rhythm).
Croatian: - ako uzimate neki od sljedećih lijekova: arsen, cisaprid (koristi se za liječenje žgaravice), eritromicin primijenjen u venu ili moksifloksacin (koriste se za liječenje infekcija), toremifen (koristi se za liječenje raka dojke), mizolastin (koristi se za liječenje alergija), antiaritmike skupine IA i III (koriste se za kontrolu srčanog ritma).
English: Vandetanib exposure in children between 5-8 years old with glioma-related indications was comparable to MTC patients aged 9-18 years.
Croatian: Izloženost vandetanibu u djece između 5 i 8 godina s indikacijama povezanim s gliomom bila je usporediva s bolesnicima od 9 do 18 godina s medularnim karcinomom štitnjače.
English: Vandetanib is not recommended for use in adult and paediatric patients with moderate or severe renal impairment since there is limited data, and safety and efficacy have not been established (see sections 4.2, 5.1, and 5.2).
Croatian: Ne preporučuje se primjena vandetaniba u odraslih i pedijatrijskih bolesnika s umjerenim ili teškim oštećenjem bubrega, jer su podaci o primjeni u takvih bolesnika ograničeni, a sigurnost primjene i djelotvornost nisu ustanovljene (vidjeti dijelove 4.2, 5.1 i 5.2).
English: Their frequency is presented in Table 2, adverse reactions using Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS III), listed by MedDRA System Organ Class (SOC) and at the preferred term level and then by frequency classification.
Croatian: Njihova je učestalost prikazana u Tablici 2, koristeći popis radne skupine CIOMS III, a klasificirane su prema MedDRA organskim sustavima i PT razini, a zatim prema učestalosti.
English: PRES has also been observed in patients receiving vandetanib as monotherapy.
Croatian: PRES je opažen i u bolesnika koji su primali vandetanib kao monoterapiju.
English: Diarrhoea is a disease related symptom as well as a known undesirable effect of vandetanib.
Croatian: Proljev je simptom povezan s bolešću kao i poznata nuspojava vandetaniba.
English: Clinical data suggest that no change in starting dose is required in patients with mild renal impairment.
Croatian: Klinički podaci ukazuju da nije potrebno prilagođavati početnu dozu u bolesnika s blagim oštećenjem bubrega.
English: • proton pump inhibitors (used to treat heartburn)
Croatian: • inhibitore protonske pumpe (koriste se za liječenje žgaravice)
English: Within a 21 day collection period after a single dose of 14C-vandetanib, approximately 69% was recovered with 44% in faeces and 25% in urine.
Croatian: U 21-dnevnom razdoblju prikupljanja nakon jedne doze 14C-vandetaniba pronađeno je približno 69%
English: Long term safety data in paediatric patients are not available.
Croatian: Nisu dostupni podaci o dugoročnoj sigurnosti primjene u pedijatrijskih bolesnika.
English: Patients should be monitored for hypertension and controlled as appropriate.
Croatian: Bolesnike treba nadzirati zbog moguće hipertenzije, koju treba primjereno kontrolirati.
English: For patients whose RET mutation status could be negative, a possible lower benefit should be taken into account before individual treatment decisions and the use of vandetanib should be carefully considered because of the treatment related risks.
Croatian: U bolesnika koji bi mogli imati negativan status mutacije protoonkogena RET, prije donošenja odluke o terapiji treba uzeti u obzir moguću slabiju korist liječenja te pažljivo razmotriti primjenu vandetaniba zbog rizika povezanih s liječenjem.
English: In the vandetanib arm, a total of 73 (32%) patients progressed: 64 (28%) by response evaluation criteria in solid tumours (RECIST) progression and 9 (4%) by death in the absence of progression.
Croatian: došlo do progresije: U 64 bolesnika (28%) progresija je utvrđena prema mjerilima za ocjenu odgovora u solidnim tumorima (engl. response evaluation criteria in solid tumours, RECIST), a 9 bolesnika (4%) je umrlo, a da nije došlo do progresije.
English: • Weight loss.
Croatian: • gubitak tjelesne težine.
English: Patients without RET mutation may have a decreased benefit from vandetanib treatment and the benefit/risk balance for this group of patients may therefore differ from that of the group with RET mutations.
Croatian: Bolesnici u kojih nije prisutna mutacija protoonkogena RET mogu imati manju korist od liječenja vandetanibom te se stoga u toj skupini bolesnika ravnoteža koristi i rizika može razlikovati od one u bolesnika koji imaju RET mutaciju.
English: • Stones or calcium deposits in the urinary tract (nephrolithiasis).
Croatian: • kamenci ili talozi kalcija u mokraćnim putovima (nefrolitijaza).
English: RPLS is uncommon (affects less than 1 in 100 people).
Croatian: RPLS je manje česta nuspojava (javlja se u manje od 1 na 100 osoba).
English: • Abnormal sensation of the skin.
Croatian: • neuobičajen osjet na koži.
English: • Seizures, headache, confusion or finding it difficult to concentrate.
Croatian: • epileptički napadaji, glavobolja, smetenost ili poteškoće s koncentracijom.
English: • The other ingredients are calcium hydrogen phosphate dihydrate, microcrystalline cellulose,
Croatian: • Pomoćne tvari su: kalcijev hidrogenfosfat dihidrat, mikrokristalična celuloza, krospovidon
English: • If QTc increases markedly but stays below 500 msec, the advice of a cardiologist should be sought;
Croatian: • Ako se QTc-interval vidno produlji, ali ostane ispod 500 ms, treba zatražiti savjet kardiologa.
English: Table 4: Summary of efficacy findings in a segment of patients according to RET mutation status
Croatian: Tablica 4: Sažetak nalaza djelotvornosti u dijelu bolesnika prema statusu mutacije protoonkogena RET
English: The signs may include redness, pain, ulcers, blisters and shedding of the skin.
Croatian: Znakovi mogu obuhvaćati crvenilo, bol, čireve, mjehuriće i ljuštenje kože.
English: • Seeing flashes of light (photopsia).
Croatian: • opažanje iskrica svjetla i bljeskova (fotopsija).
English: The concomitant use of vandetanib with ondansetron is not recommended (see section 4.5)
Croatian: Istodobna primjena vandetaniba i ondanzetrona se ne preporučuje (vidjeti dio 4.5).
English: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) also known as reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS)
Croatian: Sindrom posteriorne reverzibilne encefalopatije (PRES), poznat i kao sindrom reverzbilne posteriorne leukoencefalopatije (RPLS)
English: If QTc increases markedly but stays below 500 msec, cardiologist advice should be sought.
Croatian: Ako se QTc-interval vidno produlji, ali ostane ispod 500 ms, treba zatražiti savjet kardiologa.
English: If ILD is confirmed, vandetanib should be permanently discontinued and the patient treated appropriately.
Croatian: Potvrdi li se intersticijska bolest pluća, treba trajno obustaviti liječenje vandetanibom i bolesnika primjereno liječiti.
English: Patients who develop a single value of a QTc interval of ≥500 msec should stop taking vandetanib.
Croatian: Bolesnici u kojih se utvrdi i samo jedan QTc-interval ≥ 500 ms moraju prestati uzimati vandetanib.
English: • Increased levels of red cells in your blood.
Croatian: • povećan broj crvenih krvnih stanica u krvi.
English: The benefit of vandetanib in patients with CTN less than 500 pg/ml has not been determined, therefore use in patients with CTN < 500 pg/ml should be carefully considered because of the treatment related risks of vandetanib.
Croatian: 500 pg/ml; stoga se primjena u bolesnika koji imaju CTN < 500 pg/ml mora pažljivo razmotriti s obzirom na rizike povezane s liječenjem vandetanibom.
English: Your doctor may tell you to stop taking Caprelsa or take Caprelsa at a lower dose.
Croatian: Liječnik Vam može reći da prestanete uzimati lijek Caprelsa ili da uzimate manju dozu lijeka Caprelsa.
English: Each tablet contains 100 or 300 mg of vandetanib.
Croatian: Jedna tableta sadrži 100 ili 300 mg vandetaniba.
English: Intent-to-treat (ITT) analysis includes patients who received open-label vandetanib before progression according to the central read.
Croatian: Analiza populacije s namjerom liječenja (engl. intent to treat, ITT) obuhvaća bolesnike koji su otvoreno primali vandetanib prije progresije bolesti sukladno središnjem očitanju.
English: Patients treated with Caprelsa must be given the patient alert card and be informed about the risks of Caprelsa (see also package leaflet).
Croatian: Bolesnici koji se liječe lijekom Caprelsa moraju dobiti Karticu s upozorenjima za bolesnika i mora ih se upoznati s rizicima lijeka Caprelsa (vidjeti i uputu o lijeku).
English: Elevation of systolic and diastolic blood pressure was observed in rats and dogs.
Croatian: U štakora i pasa opaženo je povišenje sistoličkog i dijastoličkog krvnog tlaka.
English: • Concomitant use of vandetanib with the following medicinal products known to also prolong the QTc interval and/or induce Torsades de pointes: Arsenic, cisapride, erythromycin intravenous (IV), toremifene, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, Class IA and III antiarrhythmics (see section 4.5).
Croatian: • Istodobna primjena vandetaniba sa sljedećim lijekovima za koje je poznato da također produljuju QTc-interval i/ili izazivaju torsades de pointes: arsen, cisaprid, eritromicin intravenski (i.v.), toremifen, mizolastin, moksifloksacin, antiaritmici skupine IA i III (vidjeti dio 4.5).
English: Frequency: Not known
Croatian: Učestalost: nepoznato
English: There is limited data in patients with hepatic impairment (serum bilirubin greater than 1.5 times upper limit of normal (see sections 4.2 and 4.4).
Croatian: Podaci o bolesnicima s oštećenjem jetre (vrijednosti bilirubina u serumu više od 1,5 puta iznad gornje granice normale) su ograničeni (vidjeti dijelove 4.2 i 4.4).
English: • Sore mouth (stomatitis).
Croatian: • afte u ustima (stomatitis).
English: • Blistering of skin (bullous dermatitis).
Croatian: • mjehurići po koži (bulozni dermatitis).
English: • Inflammation of the main air passages to the lungs.
Croatian: • upala glavnih dišnih puteva u plućima.
English: Twenty-eight of the 231 patients (12.1%) on vandetanib and 3 of the 99 (3.0%) on placebo discontinued treatment because of an adverse event.
Croatian: (12,1%) liječenih vandetanibom i 3 od 99 (3,0%) bolesnika koji su primali placebo prekinulo je liječenje zbog štetnog događaja.
English: In healthy subjects with wild type for OCT2, the AUC(0-t) and Cmax for metformin (OCT2 substrate) were increased by 74% and 50%, respectively and CLR of metformin was decreased by 52% when given together with vandetanib.
Croatian: Kod zdravih ispitanika sa divljim tipom OCT2, AUC(0-t) i Cmax metformina (supstrat OCT2) su bili povišeni za 74% odnosno 50%, a
English: The Physicians' dosing and monitoring guide for paediatric patients should contain the following key elements:
Croatian: Liječnički vodič za doziranje i terapijsko praćenje za pedijatrijske bolesnike mora sadržavati sljedeće ključne elemente:
English: Treatment should be initiated and supervised by a physician experienced in treatment of MTC and in the use of anticancer medicinal products and experienced in the assessment of electrocardiogram (ECG).
Croatian: 4.2 Doziranje i način primjene Liječenje mora započeti i nadzirati liječnik s iskustvom u liječenju medularnog karcinoma štitnjače i primjeni lijekova protiv raka te iskustvom u procjeni elektrokardiograma (EKG-a).
English: • Pneumonia that happens when you breathe in foreign matter into your lungs.
Croatian: • upala pluća nastala zbog udisanja stranog tijela u pluća.
English: The majority of elevations resolve while continuing treatment, others usually resolve after a 1-2 week interruption in therapy.
Croatian: U ostalim slučajevima obično će se vratiti u normalu nakon prekida liječenja u trajanju od 1-2 tjedna.
English: In vivo vandetanib administration reduced tumour cell-induced angiogenesis, tumour vessel permeability, tumour microvessel density, and inhibited tumour growth of a range of human xenograft tumour models in athymic mice.
Croatian: In vivo je primjena vandetaniba smanjila angiogenezu izazvanu tumorskim stanicama, propusnost tumorskog krvožilja i gustoću tumorskog mikrožilja te inhibirala rast tumora u nizu modela ljudskih tumorskih ksenotransplantata u atimičnih miševa.
English: Mechanism of action and pharmacodynamic effects Vandetanib is a potent inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2 also known as kinase insert domain containing receptor [KDR]), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and RET tyrosine kinases.
Croatian: Vandetanib je snažan inhibitor receptora 2 vaskularnog endotelnog faktora rasta (engl. vascular endothelial growth factor receptor) VEGFR-2, poznatog i kao receptora s domenom za umetanje kinaze [engl. kinase insert domain containing receptor, KDR]), receptora epidermalnog faktora rasta (engl. epidermal growth factor receptor, EGFR) i RET tirozin kinaza.
English: • Numbness or tingling of the skin.
Croatian: • utrnulost ili trnci po koži.
English: • The posology regimens according to patient's body surface area (BSA), including a visual representation of the two-week posology regimen per BSA;
Croatian: • režime doziranja prema bolesnikovoj površini tijela, uključujući vizualni prikaz dvotjednog režima doziranja po površini tijela;
English: In addition, the possibility of QTc prolongation and Torsades de pointes should be considered.
Croatian: Dodatno, treba uzeti u obzir i mogućnost produljenja QTc-intervala i nastupa torsades de pointes.
English: Upon objective disease progression based on the investigator's assessment, patients were discontinued from blinded study treatment and given the option to receive open-label vandetanib.
Croatian: Nakon objektivne progresije bolesti bazirano na procjeni ispitivača, bolesnici su prestali primati placebo u ispitivanju te im je ponuđena daljnja terapija vandetanibom.
English: The dosing and monitoring guide for patients and patient's caregivers should contain the following key elements:
Croatian: Vodič za doziranje i terapijsko praćenje za bolesnike i njegovatelje bolesnika mora sadržavati sljedeće ključne elemente:
English: • Bacterial skin infection.
Croatian: • bakterijska infekcija kože.
English: There is limited clinical experience with vandetanib in patients with unresectable locally advanced disease and without metastasis.
Croatian: Kliničko iskustvo primjene vandetaniba u bolesnika s neoperabilnom lokalno uznapredovalom bolešću bez metastaza je ograničeno.
English: Breast-feeding is contraindicated while receiving vandetanib therapy.
Croatian: Dojenje je kontraindicirano tijekom liječenja vandetanibom.
English: In a rat pre- and post-natal development study, at doses producing maternal toxicity during gestation and/or lactation, vandetanib increased pre-birth loss and reduced post-natal pup growth.
Croatian: U istraživanju prenatalnog i postnatalnog razvoja štakora, primjena vandetaniba u dozama koje izazivaju toksične učinke za majku tijekom gestacije i/ili laktacije povećala je gubitke ploda prije okota te smanjila postnatalni rast mladunčadi.
English: In healthy subjects, the Cmax for vandetanib was decreased by 15% while the AUC(0-t) for vandetanib was not affected when given together with omeprazole.
Croatian: Kod zdravih ispitanika, Cmax vandetaniba je smanjena za 15% dok nije bilo učinka na AUC(0-t) vandetaniba kada je bio primijenjen zajedno s omeprazolom.Nije bilo učinka ni na Cmax niti na
English: This syndrome should be considered in any patient presenting with seizures, headache, visual disturbances, confusion or altered mental function.
Croatian: Na taj sindrom treba pomisliti u svakog bolesnika u kojega se pojave napadaji, glavobolja, smetnje vida, konfuzija ili promjene mentalnih funkcija.
English: b OR=Odds Ratio.
Croatian: Odds Ratio).
English: N-desmethyl-vandetanib and vandetanib-N-oxide circulate at concentrations of approximately 11% and 1.4% of those of vandetanib.
Croatian: Koncentracija N-dezmetil-vandetaniba u cirkulaciji iznosi približno 11%, a koncentracija vandetanib-N-oksida približno 1,4% koncentracije vandetaniba.
English: • methadone (used to treat addiction), haloperidol, chlorpromazine, sulpiride, amisulpride, and zuclopenthixol, (used to treat mental illness)
Croatian: • metadon (koristi se za liječenje ovisnosti), haloperidol, klorpromazin, sulpirid, amisulprid i zuklopentiksol (koriste se za liječenje psihičkih bolesti)
English: • Severe high blood pressure.
Croatian: • izrazito visok krvni tlak.
English: A patient was considered to have a RET mutation if either an M918T mutation by the ARMS assay, or a RET mutation in any exons sequenced was present in the tumour.
Croatian: Smatralo se da bolesnik ima mutaciju protoonkogena RET ako je u tumoru bila prisutna bilo mutacija M918T utvrđena ARMS testom, ili RET mutacija na bilo kojem sekvenciranom eksonu.
English: • Bacterial infection.
Croatian: • bakterijska infekcija.
English: A pharmacokinetic study in volunteers with mild, moderate and severe renal impairment shows that exposure to vandetanib after single dose is increased up to 1.5, 1.6 and 2-fold respectively in patients with mild, moderate (creatinine clearance ≥ 30 to < 50 ml/min) and severe (clearance below 30 ml/min) renal impairment at baseline (see section 5.2).
Croatian: Farmakokinetičko ispitivanje u dobrovoljaca s blagim, umjerenim i teškim oštećenjem bubrega pokazalo je da je izloženost vandetanibu nakon jedne doze porasla za 1,5 puta u bolesnika s blagim oštećenjem, 1,6 puta u bolesnika s umjerenim oštećenjem (klirens kreatinina ≥ 30 i < 50 ml/min), odnosno 2 puta u bolesnika koji su imali teško oštećenje bubrežne funkcije (klirens kreatinina manji od 30 ml/min) na početku ispitivanja (vidjeti dio 5.2).
English: • Vandetanib has demonstrated adverse effect on growing tissue that relies on vascularization such as teeth and growth plates in non-clinical studies;
Croatian: • u nekliničkim ispitivanjima vandetanib je pokazao štetan učinak na rastućem tkivu ovisnom o vaskularizaciji, kao što su zubi i zone rasta; • potreba za pažljivim nadzorom abnormalnosti zubi i kosti u pedijatrijskoj populaciji;
English: Torsades de pointes and ventricular tachycardia have been uncommonly reported in patients administered vandetanib 300 mg daily.
Croatian: Torsades de pointes i ventrikularna tahikardija rjeđe se prijavljuju u bolesnika kod kojih je primijenjena dnevna doza od 300 mg vandetaniba.
English: • Combinations contraindicated (see section 4.3): Cisapride, erythromycin intravenous (IV), toremifene, mizolastine, moxifloxacin, arsenic, Class IA and III antiarrhythmics
Croatian: • Kombinacije koje su kontraindicirane (vidjeti dio 4.3): cisaprid, eritromicin intravenski (i.v.), toremifen, mizolastin, moksifloksacin, arsen, antiaritmici skupine IA i III
English: 300 daily
Croatian: 300 dnevno
English: Vandetanib is not recommended for use in patients with severe renal impairment since there is limited data in patients with severe renal impairment, and safety and efficacy have not been established.
Croatian: Ne preporučuje se primjena vandetaniba u bolesnika s teškim oštećenjem bubrega, jer su ograničeni podaci o primjeni u takvih bolesnika, a sigurnost primjene i djelotvornost nisu ustanovljene.
English: If ondansetron is administered with vandetanib, closer monitoring of serum electrolytes and ECGs and aggressive management of any abnormalities is required.
Croatian: Ako se ondanzetron primjenjuje zajedno s vandetanibom, nalaže se stroži nadzor vrijednosti elektrolita u serumu i EKG-a te odlučno liječenje svakog odstupanja.
English: Very common (affects more than 1 in 10 people):
Croatian: Vrlo često (javljaju se u više od 1 na 10 osoba)
English: • How CAPRELSA dose is calculated;
Croatian: • kako se računa doza lijeka CAPRELSA;
English: Temporary or permanent discontinuation of therapy may be necessary in patients with heart failure.
Croatian: U bolesnika sa zatajenjem srca možda će biti potrebno privremeno prekinuti ili trajno obustaviti liječenje.
English: A single dose pharmacokinetic study in volunteers indicated that exposure to vandetanib is enhanced (up to 1.5, 1.6 and 2-fold) in mild, moderate and severe renal impaired subjects respectively compared to subjects with normal renal function (see sections 4.2, 4.4 and 4.5).
Croatian: Farmakokinetičko ispitivanje jedne doze u dobrovoljaca pokazalo je da se izloženost vandetanibu povećava (do 1,5, 1,6 odnosno 2 puta) u ispitanika s blagim, umjerenim odnosno teškim oštećenjem bubrega u usporedbi s ispitanicima s normalnom bubrežnom funkcijom (vidjeti dijelove 4.2, 4.4 i 4.5).
English: • Dry eye.
Croatian: • suhoća oka.
English: Fertility In rats, vandetanib had no effect on male fertility but impaired female fertility (see section 5.3).
Croatian: Plodnost Vandetanib nije utjecao na plodnost mužjaka štakora, ali je umanjio plodnost ženki (vidjeti dio 5.3).
English: • PRES should be considered in any patient presenting with seizures, headache, visual disturbances, confusion or altered mental function.
Croatian: • Na PRES treba pomisliti u svakog bolesnika u kojega se pojave napadaji, glavobolja, smetnje vida, konfuzija ili promjene mentalnih funkcija.