FrancophonIA/ELRC3.0 huggingface dataset:
English: Intravenous studies with lamivudine and zidovudine showed that the mean apparent volume of distribution is 1.3 and 1.6 l/kg respectively.
Maltese: Studji dwar lamivudine u zidovudine injettati ġol-vini urew li l-volum medju evidenti ta' distribuzzjoni hu 1.3 u 1.6 l/kg rispettivament.
English: The median (range) lamivudine and zidovudine tmax values were 0.75 (0.50-2.00) hours and 0.50 (0.252.00) hours respectively.
Maltese: Il-valuri Tmax medjani (firxa) ta' lamivudine u ta' zidovudine kienu 0.75 (0.50 - 2.00) sigħat u 0.50 (0.25-2.00) sigħat rispettivament.
English: UNIQUE IDENTIFIER - 2D BARCODE 2D barcode carrying the unique identifier included
Maltese: Barcode 2D li għandha l-identifikatur uniku inkluż.
English: Pharmacokinetics in children: In children over the age of 5-6 months, the pharmacokinetic profile of zidovudine is similar to that in adults.
Maltese: Farmakokinetika fit-tfal: Fi tfal ta' aktar minn 5-6 xhur, il-profil farmakokinetiku ta' zidovudine huwa bħal dak fl-adulti.
English: Following single dose Combivir administration in healthy volunteers, mean (CV) lamivudine and zidovudine Cmax values were 1.6 µg/ml (32%) and 2.0 µg/ml (40%), respectively and the corresponding values for AUC were 6.1 µg h/ml (20%) and 2.4 µg h/ml (29%) respectively.
Maltese: lamivudine u ta' zidovudine kienu 1.6 µg/ml (32%) u 2.0 µg/ml (40%), rispettivament u l-valuri korrispondenti għall-AUC kienu 6.1 µg.h/ml (20%) u 2.4 µg.h/ml (29%) rispettivament.
English: Lamivudine-TP and zidovudine-TP have selective inhibitory activity against HIV-1 and HIV-2 replication in vitro; lamivudine is also active against zidovudine-resistant clinical isolates of HIV.
Maltese: Lamivudine - TP u Zidovudine - TP għandhom attivita' inibitorja selettiva kontra r-replikazzjoni in vitro ta' l-HIV-1 u l-HIV-2 ;lamivudine hu wkoll attiv kontra iżolati kliniċi ta' l-HIV li huma reżistenti għal zidovudine.
English: clinically.
Maltese: KLINIKU
English: This dose will achieve an average AUC0-12 ranging from approximately 3,800 to 5,300 ng h/ml.
Maltese: Din id-doża twassal għal AUC0-12 bejn wieħed u ieħor minn 3,800 sa 5,300ng.h/ml.
English: Cssmax levels were 4.45 µM (1.19 µg/ml) following a dose of 120 mg zidovudine (in solution)/m2 body surface area and 7.7 µM (2.06 µg/ml) at 180 mg/m2 body surface area.
Maltese: 4.45μM (1.19μg/ml) wara doża ta' 120mg ta' zidovudine (f'soluzzjoni)/m2 ta' surface area tal-ġisem u 7.7μM (2.06μg/ml) f'surface area tal-ġisem ta' 180mg/m².
English: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)/Lamivudine (160 mg/800 mg once daily for 5 days/300 mg single dose)
Maltese: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole)/Lamivudine (160 mg/800 mg darba kuljum għal 5t ijiem/doża waħda ta' 300
English: Uncommon : Myopathy
Maltese: Mhux komuni: Mijopatija
English: MARKETING AUTHORISATION NUMBER(S) EU/1/98/058/002
Maltese: EU/1/98/058/001 EU/1/98/058/002
English: Frequencies are defined as very common (≥1/10), common (≥1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (≥1/1000 to <1/100), rare (≥1/10,000 to <1/1000), very rare
Maltese: Il-frekwenzi huma definiti bħala komuni ħafna (>1/10), komuni (>1/100 sa <1/10), mhux komuni (>1/1,000 sa 1/100), rari (>1/10,000 sa <1/1,000), rari ħafna (<1/10,000).
English: Lamivudine exhibits linear pharmacokinetics over the therapeutic dose range and displays limited binding to the major plasma protein albumin (<36% serum albumin in vitro).
Maltese: Lamivudine juri farmakokinetika lineari fuq il-firxa ta' dożi terapewtiċi u juri irbit limitat mal-albumin, il-proteina l-aktar komuni tal-plażma (<36% albumin fis serum in vitro). lL-għaqda ta' zidovudine mal-proteini tal-plażma hi bejn 34% u 38%.
English: ANTIFUNGALS Fluconazole/Lamivudine
Maltese: ANTIFUNGALI Fluconazole/Lamivudine
English: No antagonistic effects in vitro were seen with zidovudine and other antiretrovirals (tested agents: abacavir, didanosine and interferon-alpha).
Maltese: Ma deher ebda effett antiagonistiku in vitro b'zidovudine u b'antiretrovirali oħrajn (aġenti ttestjati: abacavir, didanosine u interferon-alpha).
English: When possible, avoid chronic coadministration of Combivir with medicinal products containing sorbitol or other osmotic acting poly-alcohols or monosaccharide alcohols (e.g. xylitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol).
Maltese: Meta possibbli, evita l-għoti flimkien kroniku ta' Combivir ma' prodotti mediċinali li fihom sorbitol jew polialkoħol ieħor b'azzjoni ożmotika jew alkoħol monosakkaridu (eż. xylitol, mannitol, lactitol, maltitol).
English: • high doses of co-trimoxazole, an antibiotic
Maltese: • dożi għoljin ta' co-trimoxazole (antibijotiku)
English: Two patterns of multi-drug resistance mutations, the first characterised by mutations in the HIV reverse transcriptase at codons 62, 75, 77, 116 and 151 and the second involving a T69S mutation plus a 6-base pair insert at the same position, result in phenotypic resistance to AZT as well as to the other approved NRTIs.
Maltese: Żewġ tipi ta' formazzjonijiet ta' mutazzjonijiet reżistenti għal diversi prodotti mediċinali, ta' l-ewwel karatterizzati b'mutazzjonijiet fir-reverse transcriptase tal-HIV f'codons 62,75,77, 116 u 151 u tat-tieni li jinvolvu mutazzjoni T69S u l-introduzzjoni ta' 6-base pair fl-istess pożizzjoni jirriżultaw f'reżistenza fenotipika għal AZT u għal l-NRTIs approvati l-oħra.
English: Lamivudine and zidovudine are nucleoside analogues which have activity against HIV.
Maltese: Lamivudine u Zidovudine huma analogi nuklejosidi li għandhom attivita' kontra l-virus ta' l-HIV.
English: In one study, by the US National Cancer Institute, zidovudine was administered at maximum tolerated doses to pregnant mice from day 12 to 18 of gestation.
Maltese: Fi studju minnhom, li kien sar mill-US National Cancer Institute, zidovudine ingħata fl-ogħla dożi ta' tolleranza lil ġrieden tqal bejn it-12 u t-18-il jum ta' ġestazzjoni.
English: M184V mutants display greatly reduced susceptibility to lamivudine and show diminished viral replicative capacity in vitro.
Maltese: Mutanti ta' l-M184V juru suxxettibilta' mnaqqsa ħafna għal lamivudine u juru tnaqqis tal-ħila replikattiva virali in vitro.
English: OPIOIDS Methadone/Lamivudine
Maltese: OPIOJDI Methadone/Lamivudine
English: The marketing authorisation holder shall submit periodic safety update reports for this product in accordance with the requirements set out in the list of Union reference dates (EURD list) provided for under article 107c(7) of Directive 2001/83/EC and published on the European medicines web-portal.
Maltese: • Rapporti Perjodiċi Aġġornati dwar is-Sigurtà Id-detentur tal-awtorizzazzjoni għat-tqegħid fis-suq għandu jippreżenta rapporti perjodiċi aġġornati dwar is-sigurtà għal dan il-prodott f'konformità mar-rekwiżiti mniżżla fil-lista tad-dati ta' referenza tal-Unjoni (lista EURD) prevista skont l-Artikolu 107c(7) tad-Direttiva 2001/83/KE u ppubblikati fuq il-portal elettroniku Ewropew tal-mediċini.
English: Lamivudine and zidovudine are well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract.
Maltese: Assorbiment Lamivudine u Zidovudine jiġu assorbiti tajjeb mis-sistema gastrointestinali.
English: Zidovudine is contraindicated in patients with abnormally low neutrophil counts (<0.75 x 109/l), or abnormally low haemoglobin levels (<7.5 g/dl or 4.65 mmol/l).
Maltese: Zidovudine m'għandux jingħata lil pazjenti b'għadd baxx ta' newtrofili (<0.75 x 109/l), jew b'livelli baxxi aktar min-normal ta' emoglobina (<7.5g/dl jew 4.65mmol/l).
English: Patients with chronic hepatitis B or C and treated with combination antiretroviral therapy are at an increased risk of severe and potentially fatal hepatic adverse events.
Maltese: Pazjenti bl-epatite kronika B jew Ċ li jkunu fuq terapija antiretrovirali kkombinata jkunu f'riskju akbar ta' avvenimenti avversi serji u li jistgħu ikunu fatali.
English: • medicines (usually liquids) containing sorbitol and other sugar alcohols (such as xylitol, mannitol, lactitol or maltitol), if taken regularly.
Maltese: • mediċini (normalment likwidi) li fihom sorbitol u alkoħol ieħor taz-zokkor (bħal xylitol, mannitol, lactitol jew maltitol), jekk jittieħdu regolament.
English: Glaxo Operations UK Limited (trading as Glaxo Wellcome Operations)
Maltese: (jinnegozja bħala Glaxo Wellcome Operations),
English: (often referred to as PCP)
Maltese: (li ħafna drabi ssir referenza għaliha bħala PCP).
English: If gastrointestinal intolerance occurs in patients weighing 21-30 kg, an alternative dosing schedule with one-half tablet taken thrice daily can be applied in attempt to improve tolerability.
Maltese: Jekk ikun hemm intolleranza gastrointestinali f'pazjenti li jiżnu minn 21-30kg, tista' tintuża skeda alternattiva ta' dożaġġ b'nofs pillola tlett darbiet kuljum bi prova biex titjieb it-tolleranza.
English: Lamivudine and zidovudine are not significantly metabolised by cytochrome P450 enzymes (such as CYP 3A4, CYP 2C9 or CYP 2D6) nor do they inhibit or induce this enzyme system.
Maltese: Lamivudine u zidovudine mhumiex immetabolizzati b'mod sinifikanti permezz tal-enzimi taċċitokroma P450 (bħal ma huma CYP 3A4, CYP 2C9 jew CYP 2D6) u lanqas ma jimpedixxu jew jinduċu din is-sistema ta' enzimi.
English: The M184V RT mutant shows a <4-fold decrease in susceptibility to didanosine; the clinical significance of these findings is unknown.
Maltese: Il-mutant M184V juri tnaqqis ta' <4 darbiet fis-suxxettibilta' tiegħu għal didanosine; l-importanza klinika ta' dawn is-sejbiet mhix magħrufa.
English: Additionally, lamivudine has activity against hepatitis B virus (HBV).
Maltese: Barra minn hekk, lamivudine għandu attivita' kontra l-virus ta' l-epatite B (HBV).
English: Abacavir maintains its antiretroviral activities against lamivudineresistant HIV-1 harbouring only the M184V mutation.
Maltese: Abacavir iżomm l-attivitajiet antiretrovirali tiegħu kontra l-HIV-1 li jkun jirreżisti għal lamivudine waqt li jżomm biss il-mutazzjoni M184V.
English: ViiV Healthcare S.r.l Tel: + 39 (0)45 9212611
Maltese: Tel: + 39 (0)45 9212611
English: Other medicines and Combivir
Maltese: Mediċini oħra u Combivir
English: • pentamidine or atovaquone to treat parasitic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
Maltese: • pentamidine jew atovaquone, biex jikkura infezzjonijiet parassitiċi bħal pulmonite b'Pneumocystis jirovecii (ħafna drabi ssir referenza għaliha bħala PCP)
English: Renal clearance of zidovudine is estimated to be 0.34 l/h/kg, indicating glomerular filtration and active tubular secretion by the kidneys.
Maltese: It-tneħħija ta' zidovudine mill-kliewi hi stmata li tkun 0.34 l/h/kg, li tindika filtrazzjoni glomerulari u sekrezzjoni tubulari attiva mill-kliewi.
English: Additionally dosage adjustment of zidovudine may be required if severe anaemia or myelosuppression occurs during treatment with Combivir, or in patients with pre-existing bone marrow compromise e.g. haemoglobin <9 g/dl (5.59 mmol/l) or neutrophil count <1.0 x 109/l (see section 4.2).
Maltese: Barra minn hekk jista' jkun meħtieġ tibdil fid-doża ta' zidovudine jekk tiżviluppa xi anemija jew majelosuppressjoni qawwija waqt il-kura b'Combivir, jew f'pazjenti bi problemi fil-mudullun e.ż emoglobina <9 g/dl (5.59 mmol/l) jew għadd ta' newtrofili <1.0 x 109/l (ara taqsima 4.2).
English: • tablet film-coat; hypromellose, titanium dioxide, macrogol 400 and polysorbate 80.
Maltese: • Il-kisja b'rita; hypromellose, titanium dioxide, macrogol 400, u polysorbate 80 Kif jidher Combivir u l-kontenut tal-pakkett
English: Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders Common : Arthralgia, muscle disorders Rare: Rhabdomyolysis
Maltese: Komuni: Artralġja, disturbi fil-muskoli Rari: Rabdomajoliżi
English: Data show that lamivudine and zidovudine penetrate the central nervous system (CNS) and reach the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Maltese: Informazzjoni limitata turi li lamivudine u zidovudine jidħlu fis-sistema nervuża ċentrali (CNS) u jilħqu l-fluwidu ċerebro-spinali (CSF).
English: Zidovudine is well absorbed from the gut and at all dose levels studied in adults and children, the bioavailability was between 60-74% with a mean of 65%.
Maltese: Zidovudine jiġi assorbit tajjeb mill-musrana u fil-livelli kollha ta' dożi studjati fit tfal u fl-adulti, il-biodisponibilità kienet ta' bejn 60-74% b'medja ta' 65%. Livelli ta' Cssmax kienu ta'
English: DATE OF FIRST AUTHORISATION/RENEWAL OF THE AUTHORISATION Date of first authorisation:18 March 1998
Maltese: Data tal-ewwel awtorizzazzjoni: 18 ta' Marzu 1998 Data tal-aħħar tiġdid: 13 ta' Frar 2008
English: Combivir 150 mg/300 mg film-coated tablets lamivudine/zidovudine
Maltese: Combivir 150mg/300mg pilloli Lamivudine/zidovudine
English: The dosing regimen for paediatric patients weighing 14-30 kg is based primarily on pharmacokinetic modelling and supported by data from clinical studies using the individual components lamivudine and zidovudine.
Maltese: Is-sistema ta' dożaġġ għal pazjenti pedjatriċi li jiżnu bejn 14 u 30kg hija bbażata primarjament fuq mudell farmakokinetiku u msaħħaħ minn data minn studji kliniċi fejn intużaw il-komponenti individwali lamivudine u zidovudine.
English: The observed lamivudine half-life of elimination is 5 to 7 hours.
Maltese: Il-half-life ta' lamivudine li ġiet osservata hija bejn 5 u 7 sigħat.
English: Late-onset neurological disorders have been reported rarely (hypertonia, convulsion, abnormal behaviour).
Maltese: Id-disturbi newroloġiċi li ma tfaċċawx mill-ewwel rarament ġew irrappurtati (hypertonia, aċċessjoni, imġiba mhux normali).
English: The main adverse reactions reported are haematological disorders (anaemia, neutropenia) and metabolic disorders (hyperlactatemia, hyperlipasemia).
Maltese: L-aktar reazzjonijiet ħżiena rrappurtati huma mard fid-demm (anemija, newtropenja) u mard ta' metaboliżmu (hyperlaktejtimja, hyperlipasaemia).
English: Glaxo Operations U.K Limited, (trading as Glaxo Wellcome Operations), Priory Street,
Maltese: Glaxo Operations UK Limited (trading as Glaxo Wellcome Operations) Priory Street Ware Herts SG12 0DJ Ir-Renju Unit jew
English: The adverse reactions considered at least possibly related to the treatment are listed below by body system, organ class and absolute frequency.
Maltese: Ir-reazzjonijiet avversi meqjusa li huma għallinqas possibilment relatati mal-kura huma elenkati hawn taħt skond is-sistema klinika, il-klassi tal-organi u l-frekwenza assoluta.
English: Patients co-infected with hepatitis C and treated with alpha interferon and ribavirin may constitute a special risk.
Maltese: Pazjenti ko-infettati bl-epatite C u li jkunu fuq kura bl-alpha interferon u ribavirin jistgħu ikunu f'riskju speċjali.
English: Viruses acquire phenotypic resistance to thymidine analogues through the combination of mutations at codons 41 and 215 or by the accumulation of at least four of the six mutations.
Maltese: Dan il-virus jibni reżistenza fenotipika għall-analogi ta' thymidine permezz ta' mutazzjonijiet f'codons 41 u 215 jew bl-akkumulazzjoni mill-inqas ta' erba' minn sitt mutazzjonijiet.
English: Abbreviations: ↑ = Increase; ↓=decrease; ↔= no significant change; AUC=area under the concentration versus time curve; Cmax=maximum observed concentration; CL/F=apparent oral clearance
Maltese: Fil-qosor ↑ =Żieda; ↓=tnaqqis; ↔= l-ebda tibdil sinifikanti; AUC=l-erja taħt il-kurva tal konċentrazzjoni mal-ħin; Cmax=l-ogħla konċentrazzjoni osservata;
English: The clinically relevant effects of lamivudine and zidovudine in combination are anaemia, neutropenia and leucopenia.
Maltese: L-effetti kliniċi ta' lamivudine u ta' zidovudine flimkien li huma relevanti huma anemija, newtropenja u lukopenja.
English: Treatment with zidovudine should be discontinued if there is symptomatic hyperlactatemia and metabolic/lactic acidosis, progressive hepatomegaly, or rapidly elevating aminotransferase levels.
Maltese: Il-kura b'zidovudinegħandha titwaqqaf malli jidhru hyperlactatemia sintomatika u aċidożi metabolika/lattika , epatomegalija progressiva, jew żjieda mgħaġġla fil-livelli ta' l-aminotransferase.
English: Read the information ‘Other possible side effects of combination therapy for HIV' in
Maltese: Aqra l-informazzjoni ‘Effetti sekondarji oħra li jista' jkun hemm b'terapija b'taħlita ta' mediċini għall-HIV'
English: Rifampicin/Zidovudine (600 mg once daily/200 mg thrice daily)
Maltese: Rifampicin/Zidovudine (600 mg darba kuljum/200 mg tliet darbiet kuljum)
English: Common : Dizziness
Maltese: Mhux komuni: dispneja
English: Early symptoms (symptomatic hyperlactatemia) include benign digestive symptoms (nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain) non-specific malaise, loss of appetite, weight loss, respiratory symptoms (rapid and/or deep breathing) or neurological symptoms (including motor weakness).
Maltese: Sintomi tal-bidu (hyperlactatemia sintomatika) jinkludu sintomi beninni fid-diġestjoni (dardir, remettar u uġigħ ta, żaqq), telqa bla raġuni speċifika, nuqqas ta' aptit, nuqqas fil-piż, sintomi respiratorji (nifs mgħaġġel u/jew nifs qawwi) jew sintomi newroloġiċi (inkluż muskoli dgħajfa).
English: One year post-natally, there was an increase in the incidence of tumours in the lung, liver and female reproductive tract of offspring exposed to the highest dose level (420 mg/kg term body weight).
Maltese: Sena wara t-twelid, kien hemm żjieda fl-inċidenza ta' tumuri fil-pulmun, fil-fwied u fil-passaġġ riproduttiv femminili ta' l-ulied li kienu esposti għall-ogħla livell ta' doża (420 mg/kg piż tal-ġisem f'perijodu).
English: There have been reports of mitochondrial dysfunction in HIV-negative infants exposed in utero and/or post-natally to nucleoside analogues (see section 4.4).
Maltese: Kien hemm rapporti ta' disfunzjoni tal mitokondrija fi trabi negattivi għall-HIV li kienu esposti għal analogi ta' nuklejosidi fil-ġuf u/jew wara t-twelid (ara sezzjoni 4.4).
English: The adverse reactions profile appears similar for adults and adolescents.
Maltese: Il-profil tar-reazzjonijiet avversi jidher li hu simili fil-kbar u fl-adolexxenti.
English: The concomitant use of stavudine with zidovudine should be avoided (see section 4.5).
Maltese: Għandu jkun evitat l-użu ta' stavudine u zidovudine flimkien (ara taqsima 4.5).
English: Haematological parameters should therefore be carefully monitored (see section 4.3) in patients receiving Combivir.
Maltese: Il-parametri ematoloġiċi għalhekk għandhom ikunu mmonitorjati mill-qrib (ara taqsima 4.3) f'pazjenti li jkunu fuq Combivir.
English: Tel: + 34 902 051 260 es-ci@viivhealthcare.com
Maltese: Tel: + 351 21 094 08 01 viiv.fi.pt@viivhealthcare.com
English: Renal and urinary disorders Rare: Urinary frequency
Maltese: Disturbi fil-kliewi u fis-sistema urinarja Rari:
English: In general, lamivudine pharmacokinetics in paediatric patients are similar to adults.
Maltese: Ġeneralment, il-farmakokinetika ta' lamivudine f'pazjenti pedjatriċi hija l-istess bħal ta' l-adulti.
English: Lamivudine and zidovudine have been widely used as components of antiretroviral combination therapy with other antiretroviral agents of the same class (NRTIs) or different classes (PIs, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors).
Maltese: prodotti oħra antiretrovirali ta' l-istess klassi (NRTI) jew ta' klassijiet differenti (PIs, inibituri tarreverse transcriptase li mhumiex nuklejosidi)
English: As only limited data are available the clinical significance is not known.
Maltese: Minħabba li hemm biss dejta limitata, is-sinifikat kliniku mhuwiex magħruf.
English: In vitro data tend to suggest that the continuation of lamivudine in antiretroviral regimen despite the development of M184V might provide residual antiretroviral activity (likely through impaired viral fitness).
Maltese: Data in vitro għandha t-tendenza li turi li l-kontinwazzjoni ta' lamivudine f'sistema ta' kura antiretrovirali minkejja li l-iżvilupp ta' M184V jista' jipprovdi attivita' antiretrovirali residwa (li tista'
English: Zidovudine showed clastogenic effects in an oral repeated dose micronucleus test in mice.
Maltese: Zidovudine wera effetti klastoġeniċi f'testijiet tal-mikronukleju ta' dożi ripetuti mill-ħalq fil-ġrieden.
English: Rare : Insomnia, paraesthesiae, somnolence, loss of mental acuity, convulsions
Maltese: Insomnja, parastesja, ngħas żejjed, nuqqas ta' akutezza mentali, aċċessjonijiet
English: Detailed information on this medicine is available on the European Medicines Agency web site: http://www.ema.europa.eu.
Maltese: Informazzjoni dettaljata dwar dan il-prodott mediċinali tinstab fuq is-sit elettroniku tal-Aġenzija Ewropea għall-Mediċini http://www.ema.europa.eu.
English: Multiple drug antiretroviral therapy containing lamivudine has been shown to be effective in antiretrovirally-naive patients as well as in patients presenting with viruses containing the M184V mutations.
Maltese: It-terapija anti-retrovirali b'aktar minn mediċina waħda li tinkludi lamivudine irriżulta li kienet effettiva f'pazjenti naïve anti-retroviralment kif ukoll f'pazjenti bil-virus bil-mutazzjonijiet M184V.
English: Osteonecrosis: Although the etiology is considered to be multifactorial (including corticosteroid use, alcohol consumption, severe immunosuppression, higher body mass index), cases of osteonecrosis have been reported particularly in patients with advanced HIV-disease and/or long-term exposure to combination antiretroviral therapy (CART).
Maltese: kortikosterojdi, il-konsum ta' alkoħol, immunosuppressjoni qawwija, indiċi ogħla ta' piż tal-ġisem), każi ta' ostejonekrożi nstabu li huma partikolarment aktar komuni f'pazjenti b'HIVavvanzat u/jew użu ta' terapija antiretrovirali kkombinata (TARK) fit-tul.
English: Neither lamivudine nor zidovudine are mutagenic in bacterial tests, but consistent with other nucleoside analogues, inhibit cellular DNA replication in in vitro mammalian tests such as the mouse lymphoma assay.
Maltese: La lamivudine u l-anqas zidovudine ma nstabu li huma mutaġeniċi f'testijiet bil-batterji imma, bħal ma jiġri b'analogi nuklejosidi oħra, jimpedixxu r-replikazzjoni tad-DNA taċ-ċelluli f'testijiet in vitro fil mammali bħal l-analiżi tal-limfoma fil-ġrieden.
English: • stavudine, to treat HIV infection
Maltese: • stavudine, biex tikkura infezzjoni bl-HIV
English: Both of these belong to a group of antiretroviral medicines called nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).
Maltese: It-tnejn li huma jagħmlu parti minn grupp ta' mediċini antiretrovirali msejħa inibituri ta' reverse transcriptase analogi għal nucleoside (NRTI).
English: Opportunistic infections: Patients receiving Combivir or any other antiretroviral therapy may continue to develop opportunistic infections and other complications of HIV infection.
Maltese: Pazjenti li jkunu qed jieħdu Combivir jew xi terapija oħra antiretrovirali jistgħu jaqbduhom infezzjonijiet opportunistiċi u kumplikazzjonijiet oħra ta' l-infezzjoni HIV.
English: In vitro antagonism of anti-HIV activity between stavudine and zidovudine could result in decreased efficacy of both drugs.
Maltese: Antagoniżmu in vitro fl-attività kontra l-HIV bejn stavudine u zidovudine jista' jwassal għal tnaqqis fl-effikaċja taż-żewġ mediċini.
English: The mean systemic clearance of lamivudine is approximately 0.32 l/h/kg, with predominantly renal clearance (>70%) via the organic cationic transport system.
Maltese: 32 l/siegħa/kg , l-aktar tneħħija tkun mill-kliewi (> 70%) permezz tas sistema ta' trasport organiku katijoniku.
English: However, absolute bioavailability (approximately 55-65%) was reduced in paediatric patients below 12 years of age.
Maltese: Madankollu, il-biodisponibilità assoluta (bejn wieħed u ieħor 55-65%) kienet anqas f'pazjenti pedjatriċi taħt it-12- il sena.
English: Mitochondrial dysfunction following exposure in utero: Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues may impact mitochondrial function to a variable degree, which is most pronounced with stavudine, didanosine and zidovudine.
Maltese: Analogi nukleosidi u nukleotidi jistgħu jaffettwaw il-funzjoni mitokondrjali sa grad varjabbli, li hija l-iktar evidenti bi stavudine, didanosine u zidovudine.
English: Children weighing from 14 kg to 21 kg: the recommended oral dose of Combivir is one-half tablet taken twice daily.
Maltese: Tfal li jiżnu bejn l-14kg u 21kg: id-doża orali ta' Combivir irrakomandata hija ta' nofs pillola darbtejn kuljum.