FrancophonIA/ELRC3.0 huggingface dataset:
English: However, these data should be considered in the context of the non-clinical studies showing higher levels of gadolinium in brain tissue after exposure to linear GdCAs, compared with exposure to macrocyclic GdCAs.
Danish: Disse data bør dog overvejes i forbindelse med de ikkekliniske undersøgelser, der viser højere niveauer af gadolinium i hjernevæv efter eksponering for lineære GdCA'er sammenlignet med eksponering for makrocykliske GdCA'er.
English: Gadolinium-associated plaques with sclerotic bodies on histology have been reported with some gadolinium-containing contrast agents in patients who do not otherwise have symptoms or signs of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis.
Danish: Der er blevet rapporteret om gadolinium-associerede plaques med sklerotiske kroppe på histologi med nogle gadoliniumholdige kontrastmidler hos patienter, der ikke ellers havde symptomer eller tegn på nefrogen systemisk fibrose.
English: Data in post mortem tissue samples have shown that the highest concentration of gadolinium in the brain was observed in patients that had several exposures to gadodiamide, suggesting that number of doses received had an impact on the deposition of gadolinium.
Danish: Data i post mortem-vævsprøver har vist, at den højeste koncentration af gadolinium i hjernen blev observeret hos patienter, som havde flere eksponeringer for gadodiamid, hvilket antyder, at antallet af modtagne doser har haft en indvirkning på aflejringen af gadolinium.
English: PRAC also considered limiting the number of doses for patients and concluded that there are practical difficulties for limiting the number of doses as it is not possible to ascertain which contrast agent was previously administered to patients, and it would not be possible to ensure effective restriction of number of doses administered during the lifetime of a patient.
Danish: PRAC overvejede også at begrænse antallet af doser til patienter og konkluderede, at der er praktiske vanskeligheder ved at begrænse antallet af doser, da det ikke er muligt at fastslå, hvilket kontrastmiddel der tidligere er blevet indgivet i patienter, og det ville ikke være muligt at sikre en effektiv begrænsning af antallet af doser indgivet i løbet af en patients levetid.
English: Gadolinium containing products have been stratified by risk category for NSF, and warnings and restrictions on the use of the higher NSF risk products in patients with impaired renal function are included in the product information, including contraindication of the high NSF risk products in patients with severe renal impairment or acute kidney injury (AKI) and a switch to the use of low risk products.
Danish: Gadoliniumholdige lægemidler er blevet stratificeret efter risikokategori for NSF, og advarsler mod og begrænsninger af brugen af de højere NSF-risikoprodukter hos patienter med nedsat nyrefunktion er medtaget i produktinformationen, herunder kontraindikation af de høje NSF-risikoprodukter hos patienter med alvorlig nedsat nyrefunktion eller akut nyreskade (AKI) og skift til brug af lavrisikoprodukter.
English: In view of the above, the PRAC considered that the benefits of macrocyclic agents outweigh their risks.
Danish: På baggrund af ovenstående vurderede PRAC, at fordelene ved makrocykliske midler opvejer deres risici.
English: The ground concerning the skin plaques “in addition to NSF, there is also evidence that other harmful outcomes are associated with exposure to linear GdCAs, in particular gadolinium-associated skin plaques” is based on a limited number of cases, and therefore CHMP did not consider it relevant as ground for the suspension of some of the IV linear GdCAs.
Danish: hudplaques “Foruden NSF er der også evidens for, at andre skadelige resultater er forbundet med eksponering for lineære GdCA'er, især gadolinium-associerede hudplaques” er baseret på et begrænset antal tilfælde, og derfor anså CHMP ikke, at det er relevant som begrundelse for suspenderingen af nogle af de IV lineære GdCA'er.
English: In view of the claimed differences of hypersensitivity reactions with Omniscan versus other GdCAs based on meta-analyses of available epidemiological data, PRAC considered these differences are too subtle to influence the benefit-risk balance, and that extremely large clinical trials would be necessary to confirm a statistical difference in frequency of hypersensitivity reactions.
Danish: I betragtning af de påståede forskelle i hypersensitivitetsreaktioner med Omniscan kontra andre GdCA'er baseret på meta-analyser af tilgængelige epidemiologiske data anser PRAC, at disse forskelle er for subtile til at påvirke benefit/risk-forholdet, og at det ville kræves ekstremt store kliniske forsøg at bekræfte en statistisk forskel i hyppigheden af hypersensitivitetsreaktioner.
English: In addition, two GdCA products, gadopentetic acid and gadoteric acid, are authorised as formulations for intra-articular administration for magnetic resonance arthrography and they are able to enhance specific lesions.
Danish: Desuden er to GdCA-lægemidler - gadopentetinsyre og gadoterinsyre - godkendt som formler for intraartikulær indgivelse til magnetisk resonans artrografi, og de er i stand til at forbedre specifikke læsioner.
English: Therefore, it is considered that gadoxetic acid brings an additional benefit to patient management with an exposure to gadolinium that is minimised by the low dose administered, the very significant hepatic uptake and the short time to the delayed phase scanning.
Danish: Derfor anses det, at gadoxetsyre giver en yderligere fordel i patientadministrationen med en eksponering for gadolinium, som minimeres af den lave indgivne dosis, meget betragtelige hepatiske optagelse og den korte tid til den forsinkede fasescanning.
English: Furthermore, CHMP agreed that a communication to healthcare professionals through a joint DHPC should be sent by the MAHs, to which the MAHs agreed.
Danish: Desuden var CHMP enig i, at indehaverne af markedsføringstilladelse skulle fremsende en meddelelse til sundhedspersonale i form af en fælles DHCP, hvilket indehaverne af markedsføringstilladelse accepterede.
English: With regards to the claimed higher relaxivity of Multihance resulting in a better image enhancement and diagnostic performance than other GdCAs, it was noted that higher relaxivity which results in a stronger signal and a brighter image does not automatically translate into differences in diagnostic performance.
Danish: Med hensyn til den hævdede højere relaksivitet i MultiHance, hvilket giver højere billedforbedring og diagnostisk ydelse end andre GdCA'er, blev det bemærket, at højere relaksivitet, som giver et stærkere signal og et lysere billede, ikke automatisk fører til forskelle i diagnostisk ydeevne.
English: • Data on stability, as well as in vitro and non-clinical studies, show that linear gadolinium-containing contrast agents (GdCAs) release gadolinium from the ligand molecules to a greater extent than macrocyclic agents.
Danish: • Data om stabilitet, såvel som in vitro- og ikkekliniske undersøgelser, viser, at lineære gadoliniumholdige kontrastmidler (GdCA'er) frigiver gadolinium fra ligandmolekyler i højere grad end makrocykliske midler.
English: The PRAC confirmed it had considered the totality of the data submitted by the MAHs in the context of the initial referral procedure.
Danish: PRAC bekræftede, at man havde taget hensyn til de samlede data, som indehaverne af markedsføringstilladelse indsendte i forbindelse med den oprindelige indbringelsesprocedure.
English: However, PRAC considered the clinical utility outweighing the risks related to accumulation of gadolinium is limited to the delayed phase liver imaging and thus PRAC recommended that the indication of gadobenic acid is restricted to this use only.
Danish: PRAC anså imidlertid, at den kliniske anvendelighed, som opvejer risiciene i forbindelse med akkumulering af gadolinium, begrænser sig til den forsinkede fasebilleddannelse af leveren, og derfor anbefaler PRAC, at indikationen af gadobensyre begrænses til kun denne brug.
English: PRAC also considered the two linear GdCAs, gadoxetic acid (Primovist) and gadobenic acid (Multihance).
Danish: PRAC overvejede også to lineære GdCA'er, gadoxinsyre (Primovist®) og gadobensyre (MultiHance).
English: Overall, the experts expressed divergent views concerning the risk minimisation measures.
Danish: Samlet set udtrykte eksperterne divergerende synspunkter vedr.
English: There have been more recent MRI studies that have documented signal intensity increases in the brain in association with macrocyclic GdCAs, suggesting that these agents may also deposit gadolinium in the brain.
Danish: Der er blevet foretaget nyere MRI-undersøgelser, som har dokumenteret stigninger i signalintensiteten i hjernen i forbindelse med makrocykliske GdCA'er, hvilket indikerer, at disse midler også kan aflejre gadolinium i hjernen.
English: Grounds for CHMP opinion
Danish: Begrundelser for CHMP's udtalelse
English: With regards to non-clinical studies, unchelated gadolinium in the form of gadolinium chloride has been shown to be toxic with effects including cellular necrosis, fibrosis, and lesions related to mineral deposition (Spencer et al. 1997; Rees et al. 1997), and an in vitro study in rat neurons reported gadolinium-induced cytotoxicity via oxidative injury (Xia et al. 2011).
Danish: Med hensyn til ikkekliniske undersøgelser har uchelateret gadolinium i form af gadoliniumchlorid vist sig at være toksisk med virkninger som f.eks. cellulær nekrose, fibrose og læsioner relateret til mineralaflejring (Spencer et al. 1997; Rees et al. 1997), og en in vitro-undersøgelse i rotteneuroner rapporterede om gadolinium-induceret cytotoksicitet via oxidativ skade (Xia et al. 2011).
English: Indeed, PRAC considered the results of two intra-individual, crossover comparisons of 0.1 mmol/kg body weight with Multihance vs 0.1 mmol/kg body weight of two active comparators (gadopentetate dimeglumine and gadodiamide), in patients with known or suspected brain or spine disease undergoing MRI of the central nervous system (CNS) (MH-109, MH-130) and concluded that the studies were using a blinded comparison of MRI images obtained with two GdCAs side by side and have produced results favouring Multihance on the basis of brighter appearance of the images, but not reflecting any difference in the diagnostic information available or the impact on diagnostic thinking, patient management or clinical outcome.
Danish: Faktisk har PRAC gennemgået resultaterne af to intra-individuelle crossover-sammenligninger af 0,1 mmol/kg kropsvægt med MultiHance kontra 0,1 mmol/kg kropsvægt af to aktive komparatorer (dimeglumingadopentetat og Gadodiamid) i patienter med kendt eller mistænkt hjerne- eller rygsøjlesygdom, der gennemgår MRI af centralnervesystemet (CNS) (MH-109, MH-130) og konkluderede, at undersøgelserne brugte en blindet sammenligning af MRI-billeder opnået med to GdCA'er, side om side, og har givet resultater, der favoriserer MultiHance på grundlag af et lysere udseende af billederne, men ikke afspejler nogen forskel i den diagnostiske information eller indflydelsen på diagnostisk tænkning, patientadministration eller klinisk resultat.
English: Repetitive administration of gadodiamide in rats with renal failure was associated with an increase in the T1 hypersignal in the deep cerebellar nuclei relative to controls with normal renal function.
Danish: Gentagen indgivelse af gadodiamid hos rotter med nyresvigt var forbundet med en stigning i T1-hypersignalet i de dybe cerebellære kerner i forhold til kontroller med normal nyrefunktion.
English: There was also an intermediate position within the expert group that expressed a view that the linear agents should not be suspended but that macrocyclic agents should be used as the first line contrast agent (excepting for the liver), unless the MAHs produced relevant trial data clearly indicating superior patient management outcomes with use of their linear agent compared to macrocyclics.
Danish: Der var også et mellemliggende standpunkt i ekspertgruppen, der tilkendegav, at de lineære midler ikke bør suspenderes, men at makrocykliske midler bør anvendes som det mest foretrukne kontrastmiddel (undtagen for leveren), medmindre indehaverne af markedsføringstilladelsen fremkom med relevante forsøgsdata, der tydeligt indikerede overlegne patientadministrations-resultater med brugen af deres lineære middel sammenlignet med makrocykliske.
English: Intravenous linear Gadolinium-containing contrast agents (GdCAs)
Danish: Intravenøse lineære Gadolinium-holdige kontrastmidler (GdCA'er)
English: Impact of renal impairment
Danish: Virkninger af nedsat nyrefunktion
English: Therefore, PRAC considered that restriction of the use of linear GdCAs to certain indications or to certain groups of patients would not be justified and would still leave patients exposed to the risk of gadolinium brain accumulation and that risk minimisation measures such as warnings in the SmPC or other contraindications would not limit the exposure to linear GdCAs as no safe level of gadolinium brain accumulation has been established.
Danish: Derfor vurderede PRAC, at begrænsning af brugen af lineære GdCA'er for visse indikationer eller for visse patientgrupper ikke kunne retfærdiggøres og stadig ville efterlade patienter med risiko for gadolinium-hjerneakkumulering, og at risikominimeringsforanstaltninger såsom advarsler i produktresuméet eller andre kontraindikationer ville ikke begrænse eksponeringen for lineære GdCA'er, da der ikke er etableret et sikkert niveau for gadolinium-hjerneakkumulering.
English: Non-chelated gadolinium has been shown to be toxic in non-clinical studies, with effects including cellular necrosis, fibrosis, and lesions related to mineral deposition.
Danish: Ikkechelateret gadolinium har vist sig at være toksisk i ikkekliniske forsøg, med effekter herunder cellulær nekrose, fibrose og læsioner relateret til mineralaflejring.
English: Data from non-clinical electron microscopy (EM) studies of brain tissue have also provided evidence of filamentous electron-dense Gd deposits in the regions where T1 hyper intensity has been observed following dosing with gadodiamide.
Danish: Data fra ikkekliniske elektronmikroskopi-undersøgelser (EM) af hjernevæv har også tilvejebragt evidens for filamentøse elektrontætte Gd-aflejringer i de regioner, hvor der var blevet observeret T1hyperintensitet efter dosering med gadodiamid.
English: There are several publications in rat models that have demonstrated a T1-weighted signal enhancement in the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) - the equivalent to the dentate nucleus (DN) in humans- after administration of the linear agents.
Danish: Der er flere publikationer om rottemodeller, som har påvist en T1-vægtet signalforbedring i de dybe cerebellare kerner (DCN)svarende til den tandede kerne (DN) hos mennesker - efter indgivelse af de lineære midler.
English: In addition, toxicities have been observed with GdCAs in other organs, such as kidney (leading to NSF) and skin (leading to skin plaques), which are considered to be related to Gadolinium released from the chelate.
Danish: Desuden har man observeret toksiciteter med GdCA'er i andre organer såsom nyre (der fører til NSF) og hud (der fører til huden plaques), hvilket anses for at være relateret til gadolinium, som er frigivet fra chelatet.
English: physiology and functionality of many different areas of the body and internal organs as part of a diagnostic workup investigating a wide range of diseases including cancer, inflammatory diseases and degenerative conditions.
Danish: Denne kontrastforbedring har vist sig at være vigtig for visualiseringen af anatomien, fysiologien og funktionaliteten af mange forskellige områder af kroppen og indre organer som del af en diagnostisk oparbejdning, der undersøger en bred vifte af sygdomme herunder cancer, inflammatoriske sygdomme og degenerative tilstande.
English: Macrocyclic agents show only a transient increase in Gd in the brain and undergo early washout.
Danish: Makrocykliske midler viser kun en forbigående stigning i Gd i hjernen og gennemgår tidlig udvaskning.
English: Two linear GdCAs, gadoxetic acid and gadobenic acid, have been shown to have an uptake by hepatocytes and are the only liver-specific agents that can provide both the dynamic and the delayed phase imaging.
Danish: To lineære GdCA'er - gadoxetsyre og gadobensyre - har vist sig at have en optagelse via hepatocytter og er de eneste leverspecifikke midler, der kan tilvejebringe både den dynamiske og den forsinkede fasebilleddannelse.
English: Another study showed that at one year, Gd levels in the brain following administration of gadoteric acid, a macrocyclic agent, are over 30 fold lower compared to gadodiamide (linear).
Danish: En anden undersøgelse viste, at Gd-niveauerne i hjernen et år efter indgivelse af gadoterinsyre, et makrocyklisk middel, er over 30 gange lavere sammenlignet med gadodiamid (lineær).
English: 1 ICP-MS: Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Danish: 1 ICP-MS: Induktivt koblet plasma-massespektrometri dette er endnu ikke blevet påvist.
English: In order to minimise the risk of Gd accumulation in the brain and the potential associated harm in relation to linear GdCAs, PRAC considered options for risk minimisation measures such as warnings in the SmPC, contraindications and other additional risk minimisation measures.
Danish: For at minimere risikoen for Gd-akkumulering i hjernen og den potentielle tilknyttede skade i forhold til lineære GdCA'er, vurderede PRAC muligheder for risikominimeringstiltag såsom advarsler i produktresuméet, kontraindikationer og andre yderligere risikominimeringsforanstaltninger.
English: In rat studies, residual Gd found in the rat brain after repeated administration of linear GdCAs was present in at least 3 distinctive forms - soluble small molecules, presumably intact GdCA, soluble macromolecules and to the largest extent an insoluble form.
Danish: I rotteforsøg blev der fundet rest-Gd i rottehjernen efter gentagen indgivelse af lineære GdCA'er i mindst 3 markante former - opløselige små molekyler, formentlig intakt GdCA, opløselige makromolekyler og, i størst omgang, en uopløselig form.
English: In view of the above, and the claim on the lack of clinical evidence of neurotoxicity due to deposited gadolinium, PRAC considered that while the clinical consequences of gadolinium retention in the brain are currently unknown or remain unclear, absent or limited information from case reports cannot be taken as evidence that such toxicity does not occur.
Danish: På baggrund af ovenstående, og påstanden om den manglende kliniske evidens for neurotoksicitet som følge af aflejret gadolinium, mente PRAC, at da de kliniske konsekvenser af gadolinium-retention i hjernen er ukendte p.t., eller fortsat uklare, kan manglende eller begrænsede oplysninger fra caserapporter ikke tages som bevis for, at en sådan toksicitet ikke forekommer.
English: • variation to the terms of the marketing authorisation for the macrocyclic agents (gadoteridol (Prohance), gadobutrol (Gadovist), gadoteric acid (Dotarem and Artirem)) with changes to SmPC sections 4.1 and 4.2.
Danish: • ændring af betingelserne i markedsføringstilladelsen for makrocykliske midler (gadoteridol (ProHance), gadobutrol (Gadovist), gadoterinsyre (Dotarem og Artirem)) med ændring af produktresuméets afsnit 4.1 og 4.2.
English: Final benefit-risk balance
Danish: Endeligt benefit/risk-forhold
English: GdCAs can be differentiated by their structure: linear (gadodiamide, gadopentetic acid, gadobenic acid, gadoxetic acid, gadoversetamide) or macrocyclic (gadoteridol, gadobutrol, gadoteric acid), and by the overall charge on the complex formed (ionic or non-ionic).
Danish: GdCA'er kan differentieres ved deres struktur: lineær (gadodiamid, gadopentetinsyre, gadobensyre, gadoxetsyre og gadoversetamid) eller makrocyklisk (gadoteridol, gadobutrol og gadoterinsyre) samt ved den samlede ladning på det dannede kompleks (ionisk eller ikkeionisk).
English: In view of the claim regarding the cardiac indication of Omniscan, the PRAC highlighted that the primary goal of cardiac perfusion imaging is the detection of myocardial ischemia in patients with suspected coronary artery disease or cardiomyopathy.
Danish: I betragtning af påstanden om hjerte-indikation for Omniscan fremhævede PRAC, at det primære mål med hjerteperfusions-billeddannelse er påvisningen af myocardial iskæmi hos patienter med formodet koronararteriesygdom eller kardiomyopati.
English: PRAC noted that gadoxetic acid has only the liver imaging indication.
Danish: PRAC bemærkede, at gadoxinsyre kun har billeddannelses-indikation for leveren.
English: PRAC maintained its view that conducting clinical studies to fully address the potential risk associated with Gd accumulation in the brain would not be feasible within a reasonable period of time.
Danish: PRAC fastholdt sin opfattelse af, at det ikke ville være muligt at gennemføre kliniske undersøgelser, der til fulde adresserede den potentielle risiko, som er forbundet med Gd-akkumulering i hjernen, inden for en rimelig tid.
English: Intra-articular products containing gadopentetic acid and gadoteric acid are administered at very low doses and present a low risk of tissue accumulation.
Danish: Intra-artikulære lægemidler indeholdende gadopentdikesyre og gadoterinsyre indgives i meget lave doser og giver en lav risiko for vævsakkumulering.
English: Toxicity of accumulation of Gd in the brain
Danish: Toksicitet ved akkumulering af Gd i hjernen
English: Furthermore the CHMP took the opportunity to clarify that toxicities of non-chelated gadolinium discussed in the non-clinical section of the scientific grounds above have been observed with GdCAs in skin and other tissues (leading to NSF and skin plaques), which are considered to be related to Gadolinium released from the chelate.
Danish: Endvidere benyttede CHMP lejligheden til at præcisere, at toksiciteter af ikkechelateret gadolinium, der er behandlet i den ikkekliniske del af den videnskabelige begrundelse ovenfor, er blevet observeret med GdCA'er i hud og andre væv (hvilket fører til NSF og hudplaques), hvilket anses for at være relateret til gadolinium, som er blevet frigivet fra chelatet.
English: Therefore, the PRAC considered that the benefits of these products outweigh their risks.
Danish: Derfor anså PRAC, at fordelene ved disse lægemidler opvejer deres risici.
English: The benefit-risk balance of medicinal products containing intravenous gadobenic acid (in all other indications than liver imaging), gadodiamide, gadopentetic acid (IV presentation), and gadoversetamide is no longer favourable and these marketing authorisations should be suspended.
Danish: Risk/benefit-forholdet for lægemidler, der indeholder intravenøs gadobensyre (i alle andre indikationer end billeddannelse af leveren), gadodiamid, gadopentetinsyre (IV præsentation) og gadoversetamid, er ikke længere fordelagtig, og disse markedsføringstilladelser bør suspenderes.
English: • Based on non-clinical data, both linear and macrocyclic agents have the ability to distribute to the brain.
Danish: • Baseret på ikkekliniske data har både lineære og makrocykliske midler evnen til at fordele sig til hjernen.
English: In relation to the statement about the macrocyclic early washout “macrocyclic agents show only a transient increase in Gd in the brain and undergo early washout”, the CHMP considered it sufficient to reflect the observation that measurements of gadolinium in the brain over longer periods showed differences between linear and macrocyclic agents in terms of accumulation over time.
Danish: I forhold til erklæringen om den makrocykliske tidlige udvaskning "makrocykliske midler viser kun en kortvarig stigning i Gd i hjernen og gennemgår tidlig udvaskning", fandt CHMP den tilstrækkelig til at afspejle den observation, at målinger af gadolinium i hjernen over længere perioder viste forskelle mellem lineære og makrocykliske midler i form af akkumulering over tid.