FrancophonIA/ELRC3.0 huggingface dataset:
English: Reduced susceptibility has been detected (11.349.4%) for years, based on a breakpoint of ≥4 µg/ml and a non-wild type MIC of ≥0.12 µg/ml.
Maltese: It-tnaqqis fis-suxxettibilità ġie skopert (11.3-49.4%) snin ilu, abbażi ta' valur ta' limitu ta' ≥4 µg/ml u MIC tat-tip non-wild ta' ≥0.
English: Rates of decreased susceptibility of E. coli to ciprofloxacin (based on an epidemiological cut-off of 0.06 mg/l) were 19.3% in 1999-2000 and 33.5% in 2005-2006.
Maltese: Ir-rati ta' tnaqqis fis-suxxettibilità ta' E. coli għal ciprofloxacin (abbażi ta' limitu epidemjoloġiku ta' 0.06 mg/l) kienu ta' 19.3% fl-1999-2000 u ta' 33.5% fl-2005-2006.
English: Enrofloxacin is active against many Gram-negative bacteria, against Gram-positive bacteria and Mycoplasma spp.
Maltese: Enrofloxacin huwa attiv kontra ħafna batterji Gram-negattivi, kontra batterji Gram-pożittivi u Mycoplasma spp.
English: Romania DELOS IMPEX' 96 SRL Str. Horia, Cloşca şi Crişan, nr. 81, Otopeni, Jud.
Maltese: Horia, Cloşca şi Crişan, nr. 81, Otopeni, Jud.
English: Blackthorn Road, Dublin 18
Maltese: Bayer Limited, The Atrium, Blackthorn Road, Dublin 18
English: In vitro susceptibility has been shown in strains of (i) Gram-negative species such as Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida and Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum and (ii) Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Mycoplasma synoviae.
Maltese: Suxxettibilità in vitro intweriet f'razez ta' (i) Speċi Gram-negattivi bħal Escherichia coli, Pasteurella multocida u Avibacterium (Haemophilus) paragallinarum u (ii) Mycoplasma gallisepticum u Mycoplasma synoviae.
English: Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de La Ballastière, 33500 Libourne France
Maltese: Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de La Ballastière, 33500 Libourne Franza
English: The susceptibility of E.coli isolated predominantly from Germany as part of the GermVet 20087 and 20098 and Germap 20109 resistance monitoring during 2004-2009 was provided.
Maltese: Is-suxxettibilità ta' E.coli iżolati b'mod predominanti mill-Ġermanja bħala parti mill-monitoraġġ tarreżistenza ta' GermVet 20087 u 20098 u Germap 20109 matul l-2004-2009 kienet ipprovduta.
English: Treatment for 3-5 consecutive days; for 5 consecutive days in mixed infections and chronic progressive forms.
Maltese: Kura għal 3-5 ijiem konsekuttivi; għal 5 ijiem konsekuttivi f'infezzjonijiet imħallta u forom kroniċi progressivi.
English: GENERA SI d.o.o., Dunajska 51, 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
Maltese: Is-Slovenja GENERA SI d.o.o., Dunajska 51,
English: 50 ppm.
Maltese: 12 µg/ml.
English: ISBN 978-3-0348-0422-6 http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/09_Untersuchungen/Archiv_berichte_Resistenzmonitoring/Bericht_Resiste nzmonitoring_2008.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=3
Maltese: ISBN 978-3-0348-0422-6 http://www.bvl.bund.de/SharedDocs/Downloads/09_Untersuchungen/Archiv_berichte_Resistenzmonitoring/Bericht_Resiste nzmonitoring_2008.
English: Clinical resistance of E.coli in chickens to ciprofloxacin was 1.9% in 1999-2000 and increased through 2002-2003 to 5.9% in 2005-2006.
Maltese: Ir-reżistenza klinika ta' E.coli għal ciprofloxacin fit-tiġieġ kienet ta' 1.9% fl-1999-2000 u żiedet matul l-2002-2003 għal 5.9% fl-2005-2006.
English: Scan Vet Poland Sp. z o.o.
Maltese: Scan Vet Il-Polonja Sp. z o.o. Skiereszowo, ul.
English: Enroxil 10% Oral
Maltese: Enroxil 10% Orali
English: The bibliographic data are also supportive of the longer withdrawal periods.
Maltese: Id-dejta biblijografika tappoġġa wkoll ilperjodi itwal ta' tiżmim.
English: Lavet Pharmaceuticals Ltd., Ottó u. 14.,
Maltese: Ltd., Ottó u. 14.,
English: Lithuania Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de La Ballastière, 33500 Libourne
Maltese: Is-Slovenja Ceva Santé Animale, 10 avenue de La Ballastière, 33500 Libourne
English: Two references were provided showing that in 1993, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of enrofloxacin to M.gallisepticum isolates was 0.0125-0.1 µg/ml and for M.synoviae it was 0.01250.8 µg/ml, and in 1997, MIC for M.gallisepticum isolates was 0.025-1.0 µg/ml and for M.synoviae it was 0.05-0.5 µg/ml.
Maltese: Żewġ referenzi kienu pprovduti li juru li fl-1993, il-Konċentrazzjoni Inibitorja Minima (MIC) ta' enrofloxacin għall-iżolati ta' M.gallisepticum kienet ta' 0.0125-0.1 µg/ml u għal M.synoviae kienet ta' 0.01250.8 µg/ml, u fl-1997, il-MIC għall-iżolati ta' M.gallisepticum kienet ta' 0.025-1.0 µg/ml u għal M.synoviae kienet ta' 0.05-0.5 µg/ml.
English: In a previous study, the Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of 0.06 µg/ml and mutant prevention concentrations (MPC) of 4 µg/ml were determined for this O78/H12 pathogenic strain.
Maltese: Fi studju preċedenti, ilKonċentrazzjoni Batteriċida Minima (MBC) ta' 0.06 µg/ml u l-firxa tal-konċentrazzjoni antimikrobika (mutant prevention concentrations) (MPC) ta' 4 µg/ml kienu stabbiliti għal din ir-razza patoġenika O78/H12.
English: La Selva 135, 17170 - Amer (Girona) Spain
Maltese: La Selva 135, 17170 - Amer (Girona) Spanja
English: It has been postulated that AUC0-24h/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios of >100 and >8, respectively, are predictive of clinical outcome for fluoroquinolones.
Maltese: Ġie postulat li l-proporzjonijiet tal-AUC0-24h/MIC u tas-Cmax/MIC ta' >100 u >8, rispettivament, huma predikattivi tal-eżitu kliniku għall-fluorokwinoloni.
English: Ctra Reus- Cambrils, Km 3.
Maltese: Ctra Reus- Cambrils, Km 3. 43206 Reus.
English: La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona) Spain
Maltese: La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona) Spanja
English: Poultry (broilers)
Maltese: Tjur (brojlers)
English: Approved medication of water with enrofloxacin to treat turkey colibacillosis: Assessment of efficacy using a PK/PD approach.
Maltese: Approved medication of water with enrofloxacin to treat turkey colibacillosis:
English: La Selva 135, 17170 Amer (Girona) Spain
Maltese: La Selva 135, 17170 Amer (Girona) Spanja
English: Romania Hipra Laboratorios Avda.
Maltese: Ir-Rumanija Hipra Laboratorios Avda.
English: Mommaertslaan 14 B-1831 Diegem (Machelen) Belgium
Maltese: B-1831 Diegem (Machelen) Il-Belġju
English: Following a referral procedure (EMEA/V/A/067) under Article 34 of Directive 2001/82/EC, the full product information of the ‘pioneer' product ‘Baytril 10% Oral Solution' and it associated names was harmonised with a Commission Decision of 8 October 20121.
Maltese: Wara proċedura ta' riferiment (EMEA/V/A/067) taħt l-Artikolu 34 tad-Direttiva 2001/82/KE, linformazzjoni kollha tal-prodott ‘pijunier' ‘Baytril 10% Soluzzjoni Orali' u ismijiet assoċjati tiegħu ġiet armonizzata b'Deċiżjoni tal-Kummissjoni tat-8 ta' Ottubru 20121.
English: The data submitted demonstrate that the Salmonella control programmes implemented over the last 20 years have reduced the prevalence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in poultry.
Maltese: Id-dejta ppreżentata turi li l-programmi ta' kontroll tas-Salmonella implimentati matul l-aħħar 20 sena naqqsu l-prevalenza ta' Salmonella mhux tifojdali fit-tjur.
English: Denmark aniMedica GmbH, Im Südfeld 9,
Maltese: Id-Danimarka aniMedica GmbH, Im Südfeld 9,
English: In Europe, several antimicrobials are authorised for treatment of colibacillosis in chickens and turkeys (apramycin, chlortetracycline, colistin, difloxacin, doxycycline and sulphadiazine + trimethoprim), but the widespread multidrug resistance of pathogenic E.coli has led to the extensive use of enrofloxacin.
Maltese: Fl-Ewropa, hemm bosta antimikrobiċi awtorizzati għall-kura ta' kolibaċillożi fit-tiġieġ u d-dundjani (apramycin, chlortetracycline, colistin, difloxacin, doxycycline u sulphadiazine + trimethoprim), iżda rreżistenza mifruxa ta' E.coli patoġeniku għal ħafna mediċini waslet għall-użu estensiv ta' enrofloxacin.
English: A comprehensive PK/PD analysis was provided.
Maltese: Analiżi komprensiva tal-PK/PD kienet ipprovduta.
English: Romania INVESA C/ Esmeralda 19-21 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
Maltese: Ir-Rumanija INVESA C/ Esmeralda 19-21 08950
English: Applicant/marketing authorisation holder
Maltese: Applikant/detentur talawtorizzazzjoni għattqegħid fis-suq
English: The active metabolite of enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, is categorised as a critically important antibiotic for use in human medicine.
Maltese: Il-metabolit attiv ta' enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, huwa kategorizzat bħala antibijotiku kritikament importanti għall-użu fil-mediċina tal-bniedem.
English: 08620 Sant Vicenc del Horts, Barcelona Spain
Maltese: Sant Vicenc del Horts, Barcelona Spanja
English: Romania Laboratorios Syva, s.a.u, Avenue Parroco Pablo Diez
Maltese: Ir-Rumanija Laboratorios Syva, s.a.u, Avenue Parroco Pablo Diez
English: C/Capcanes, 12-bajos Poligono Agro-Reus 43206-Reus Tarragona
Maltese: Global Vet Health S.L. C/Capcanes, 12-bajos Poligono Agro-Reus 43206-Reus Tarragona
English: The data are sparse but show that lung levels and plasma Cmax are similar, while AUC is greater in turkeys.
Maltese: Id-dejta hija skarsa iżda turi li l-livelli tas-Cmax fil-pulmun u fil-plasma huma simili, filwaqt li l-AUC huwa akbar fid-dundjani.
English: Poultry (broilers), bovine (calves), pigs
Maltese: Tjur (brojlers), bovini (għoġġiela), ħnieżer
English: Although the studies provided are not considered to be of equal reliability, the CVMP attempted a ‘pooled' statistical analysis of all the data provided by all of the studies submitted and found that this method could not be applied, because the statistical parameters (defined by the Bartlett, Shapiro-Wilk and ANOVA (lack of fit) tests) showed a significant deviation from normality (p < 0.01), i.e. the data were not normally distributed and showed no homogeneity of variance.
Maltese: Għalkemm l-istudji pprovduti mhumiex meqjusa ta' affidabbiltà ugwali, is-CVMP ipprova jagħmel analiżi statistika ‘miġbura' tad-dejta kollha pprovduta mill-istudji kollha ppreżentati u sab li dan ilmetodu ma setax jiġi applikat, minħabba li l-parametri statistiċi (definiti mit-testijiet Bartlett, ShapiroWilk u ANOVA (lack of fit)) urew devjazzjoni sinifikanti mill-normalità (p < 0.01), jiġifieri d-dejta ma kienitx distribwita b'mod normali u ma wriet l-ebda omoġeneità tal-varjanza.
English: Broiler
Maltese: Brojler
English: It has antibacterial activity against a broad spectrum of Gram-negative and Grampositive bacteria.
Maltese: Għandu attività antibatterika kontra spettru wiesgħa ta' batterji Gram-negattivi u Gram-pożittivi.
English: This showed that when enrofloxacin is dosed as a single oral dose of 10 mg/kg bw against a less susceptible E.coli isolate with MIC of 0.5 µg/ml, in chickens, AUC/MIC was 28.8 and in turkeys AUC/MIC was 32.2.
Maltese: Din uriet li meta enrofloxacin jiġi ddożat f'doża ta' doża unika orali ta' 10 mg/kg tal-piż tal-ġisem kontra iżolat anqas suxxettibbli ta' E.coli b'MIC ta' 0.5 µg/ml, fit-tiġieġ, l-AUC/MIC kien ta' 28.8 u fid-dundjani l-AUC/MIC kien ta' 32.2.
English: Novo mesto, Šmarjeska cesta 6 8501 Novo Mesto Slovenia
Maltese: 8501 Novo Mesto Is-Slovenja
English: CHEMO IBÉRICA, S.A. Gran Vía Carlos III 98 - 7a, 08028 Barcelona Spain
Maltese: CHEMO IBÉRICA, S.A. Gran Vía Carlos III 98 - 7a, 08028 Barcelona Spanja
English: 2006 (29) Suppl 1, 19-21.
Maltese: Toutain PL. J Vet Pharmacol Ther. 2006 (29) Suppl 1, 19-21.
English: Adequate data have been submitted to support indications for M.gallisepticum, M.synoviae, A.paragallinarium, P.multocida and E.coli in chickens and M.gallisepticum, M.synoviae, P.multocida and E.coli in turkeys.
Maltese: Dejta adegwata ġiet ippreżentata biex tappoġġa indikazzjonijiet għal M.gallisepticum, M.synoviae, A.paragallinarium, P.multocida u E.coli fit-tiġieġ u M.gallisepticum, M.synoviae, P.multocida u E.coli fiddundjani.
English: Belgium HIPRA LABORATORIOS Avda.
Maltese: HIPRA LABORATORIOS Avda.
English: Fluoroquinolones are recognised as veterinary critically important antimicrobials in the treatment of colibacillosis septicaemia and chronic respiratory disease in poultry.
Maltese: Il-fluorokwinoloni huma rikonoxxuti bħala antimikrobiċi veterinarji kritikament importanti fil-kura ta' settiċemija kolibaċillożi u mard respiratorju kroniku fit-tjur.
English: The MIC50 and MIC90 values of the E coli isolates were 1 and 32 mg/L, respectively, which results in Cmax/MIC and AUC/MIC parameters considerably below the breakpoints for fluoroquinolones.
Maltese: Il-valuri tal-MIC50 u l-MIC90 tal-iżolati ta' E coli kienu ta' 1 u 32 mg/L, rispettivament, li jwasslu għal parametri tasCmax/MIC u AUC/MIC konsiderevolment taħt il-valuri ta' limitu għall-fluorokwinoloni.
English: Belgium aniMedica GmbH, Im Südfeld 9,
Maltese: Il-Ġermanja aniMedica GmbH, Im Südfeld 9,
English: agreed with these conclusions, although the MIC90 remained low at 0.03 µg/ml, range 0.008 -2 µg/ml (Wallman et al, 2007)3.
Maltese: 0082 µg/ml (Wallman et al, 2007)3.
English: A recent study from Russo et al (2012) used modern techniques of measuring plasma levels after pulsed administration of enrofloxacin in drinking water to turkeys at 10 mg/kg bw.
Maltese: Studju riċenti minn Russo et al (2012) uża tekniki moderni biex ikejjel il-livelli fil-plasma wara l-għoti ta' enrofloxacin f'pulsazzjonijiet fl-ilma tax-xorb lid-dundjani f'10 mg/kg tal-piż tal-ġisem.
English: 1107 Budapest, Hungary
Maltese: 1107 Budapest,
English: Romania UNIVERSAL PHARMA Gran Via Carlos III 98-7a 08028-Barcelona
Maltese: Ir-Rumanija UNIVERSAL PHARMA Gran Via Carlos III 98-7a 08028-Barcelona
English: Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2010.
Maltese: European Food Safety Authority and European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control; The European Union Summary Report on antimicrobial resistance in zoonotic and indicator bacteria from humans, animals and food in 2010.
English: Poultry (chicken)
Maltese: Tjur (tiġieġ)
English: Cmax was determined as approximately 0.67 µg/ml in healthy birds and 0.54 µg/ml in sick birds infected with APEC, and AUC0-24 as 7.4 mg/h/l in healthy birds and 7.7 mg/h/l in sick birds.
Maltese: Is-Cmax kien stabbilit f'madwar 0.67 µg/ml f'għasafar b'saħħithom u 0.54 µg/ml f'għasafar morda infettati b'APEC, u l-AUC0-24 bħala 7.4 mg/h/l f'għasafar b'saħħithom u 7.7 mg/h/l f'għasafar morda.
English: 66-400 Gorzów Wlkp., Poland
Maltese: Gorzów Wlkp., Il-Polonja
English: http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1372.pdf 16 Luangtongkum T, Jeon B, Han J, Plummer P, Logue CM, Zhang Q (2009) Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter:
Maltese: 16 Luangtongkum T, Jeon B, Han J, Plummer P, Logue CM, Zhang Q (2009) Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter:
English: 2012; 10(3):2598 [233 pp.] doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2598.
Maltese: 2903/j.efsa.2012.2598.
English: This proposal would ensure the safety of consumers of meat and offal taken from chickens and turkeys treated with the veterinary medicinal products containing enrofloxacin for administration via drinking water to chickens and turkeys at the recommended dose of 10 mg/kg bw/day for 5 consecutive days.
Maltese: Din il-proposta se tiżgura is-sigurtà tal-konsumaturi ta' laħam u ġewwieni meħuda minn tiġieġ u dundjani li ngħataw kura bil-prodotti mediċinali veterinarji li fihom enrofloxacin li jingħataw permezz tal-ilma tax-xorb lit-tiġieġ u d-dundjani fid-doża rakkomandata ta' 10 mg/kg tal-piż tal-ġisem/kuljum għal 5 ijiem konsekuttivi.
English: The recommendations were carried forward to the CVMP Strategy 2011-2015 and were addressed in the previous Article 35 referral for all veterinary medicinal products for food producing species containing quinolones and/or fluoroquinolones as active substances (EMEA/V/A/049)19 and in the current referral.
Maltese: Ir-rakkomandazzjonijiet ġew trasferiti fl-Istrateġija tasCVMP 2011-2015 u ġew indirizzati fir-riferiment preċedenti tal-Artikolu 35 għall-prodotti mediċinali veterinarji kollha għall-ispeċi li jipproduċu l-ikel li fihom kwinoloni u/jew fluorokwinoloni bħala sustanzi attivi (EMEA/V/A/049)19 u fir-riferiment attwali.
English: isolation rate; however, in severe experimental infections, dose rates of 35 and 66 mg/kg bw reduced mortality and the severity of the pathological findings.
Maltese: rata ta' ri-iżolament; madankollu, f'infezzjonijiet severi esperimentali, rati ta' doża ta' 35 u 66 mg/kg tal-piż tal-ġisem naqqsu l-mortalità u s-severità tas-sejbiet patoloġiċi.
English: Rákóczi u. 146.
Maltese: L-Ungerija TolnAgro Kft. Rákóczi u. 146.
English: Turkeys: Meat and offal: 13 days.
Maltese: Dundjani: Laħam u ġewwieni: 13-il jum.
English: Enrocin 10% Oral, enrofloksacyna 100 mg/ml, roztwór doustny dla kur i gołębi
Maltese: Enrocin 10% Orali, enrofloksacyna 100 mg/ml, roztwór doustny dla kur i gołębi
English: In this paper, clinical resistance was assessed against the CLSI break-point for ciprofloxacin of ≥4 mg/l.
Maltese: F'dan id-dokument, ir-reżistenza klinika kienet ivvalutata malvalur ta' limitu tas-CLSI għal ciprofloxacin ta' ≥4 mg/l.
English: CENAVISA, S.A., Cami Pedra Estela s/n, 43205 Reus (Tarragona) Spain
Maltese: CENAVISA, S.A., Cami Pedra Estela s/n, 43205
English: Cross-resistance within the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobials is common.
Maltese: Reżistenza inkroċjata fil-klassi fluoroquinolone ta' antimikrobiċi hija komuni.
English: The majority of studies used an experimental inoculation with M.gallisepticum.
Maltese: Il-maġġoranza tal-istudji użaw tilqima sperimentali b'M.gallisepticum.
English: Based on the Clinical Laboratory and Standards Institute (CLSI) resistance breakpoint of ≥2 µg/ml, one report shows that the upper range of MICs of M.synoviae increased further to 2/4 µg/ml in 2008 in The Netherlands with an 11.7% resistance noted.
Maltese: Kliniċi u tal-Laboratorju (CLSI) ta' ≥2 µg/ml, rapport wieħed juri li l-firxa ta' fuq tal-MICs ta' M.synoviae komplew jiżdiedu għal 2/4 µg/ml fl-2008 fil-Pajjiżi l-Baxxi b'reżistenza ta' 11.7% innotata.
English: Tolerance data from 2009 show that at doses of 300 and 600 mg enrofloxacin /kg bw administered once or for 5 days to 21 day old broiler chickens, diarrhoea and abnormal behaviour such as reluctance to move, reduced motor activity and disturbed coordination of movement were seen.
Maltese: Dejta ta' tolleranza mill-2009 turi li f'dożi ta' 300 u 600 mg ta' enrofloxacin /kg tal-piż tal-ġisem mgħoti darba jew għal 5 ijiem lil tiġieġ tal-brojler li kellhom 21 ġurnata, kienu osservati dijarea u mġieba abnormali bħal riluttanza biex jimxu, tnaqqis fil-moviment u disturbi fil-koordinazzjoni.
English: According to the EFSA summary report, 201014, the level of resistance (defined by epidemiological cut-off values) to ciprofloxacin in indicator (commensal) E.coli isolates from broiler chickens was 29%.
Maltese: Skont is-sommarju tar-rapport tal-EFSA, 201014, il-livell ta' reżistenza (definit minn valuri ta' limitu epidemjoloġiċi) għal ciprofloxacin f'iżolati indikaturi (kommensali) ta' E.coli minn tiġieġ tal-brojler kien ta' 29%.
English: Resistance has also been reported in Mycoplasma synoviae in the EU.
Maltese: Ir-reżistenza ġiet irrapporta wkoll f'Mycoplasma synoviae fl-UE.
English: Romania S.C. Romvac Company S.A. Şos.
Maltese: Romvac Company S.A. Şos. Centurii, nr. 7,
English: Enrofloxacin 10 % w/v Concentrate for oral solution
Maltese: Enrofloxacin 10 % w/v Konċentrat għal soluzzjoni orali
English: According to the EFSA summary report, 2010, 24% of Salmonella spp isolates from breeding, layer and broiler flocks were resistant (defined by epidemiological cut-off values) to ciprofloxacin.
Maltese: Skont is-sommarju tar-rapport talEFSA, 2010, 24% tal-iżolati ta' Salmonella minn qatgħat tat-tnissil, li jbidu u tal-brojler kienu reżistenti (definit minn valuri ta' limitu epidemjoloġiċi) għal ciprofloxacin.
English: Enrofloxacin 100 g/ 1L Oral solution.
Maltese: Enrofloxacin 100 g/ 1L Soluzzjoni orali.
English: Ceva Animal Health Slovakia, spol s r.o., Račianska 77, 831 02 Bratislava, Slovakia
Maltese: Is-Slovakkja Ceva Animal Health IsSlovakkja, spol s r.o., Račianska 77,
English: The MIC of the challenge strain was 0.06 µg/ml, where reported.
Maltese: Il-MIC tar-razza ta' stimulazzjoni kienet ta' 0.06 µg/ml, fejn din ġiet irrapportata.
English: Resistance to fluoroquinolones has been reported to arise from five sources, (i) point mutations in the genes encoding for DNA gyrase and/or topoisomerase IV leading to alterations of the respective enzyme, (ii) alterations of drug permeability in Gram-negative bacteria, (iii) efflux mechanisms, (iv) plasmid mediated resistance and (v) gyrase protecting proteins.
Maltese: Ir-reżistenza għall-fluorokwinoloni ġiet irrapportata li ġejja minn ħames sorsi, (i) mutazzjonijiet talpunt fil-ġeni li jikkodifikaw għall-gyrase tad-DNA u/jew għat-topoisomerase IV li jwasslu għal tibdil flenzima rispettiva, (ii) tibdil fil-permeabilità tal-mediċina f'batterji Gram-negattivi, (iii) mekkaniżmi ta' effluss, (iv) reżistenza medjata mill-plasmid u (v) proteini li jipproteġu l-gyrase.
English: (See section 4.5) Types and mechanisms of resistance.
Maltese: (Ara sezzjoni 4.5)
English: Resistance rates in E.coli from chickens and turkeys are reported as low in the study by Wallman 2007, where a clinical breakpoint of ≥ 2 mg/l was used and resistance was determined as up to 4.6% in isolates from 2004-2005.
Maltese: Ir-rati ta' reżistenza f'E.coli minn tiġieġ u dundjani huma rrappurtati bħala baxxi fl-istudju minn Wallman 2007, fejn intuża valur ta' limitu kliniku ta' ≥ 2 mg/l u r-reżistenza kienet determinata sa 4.6% f'iżolati mill-2004-2005.
English: In a study from 2010 an experimental infection of E.coli did not acquire resistance from a preinoculated multi-resistant E.coli.
Maltese: Fi studju mill-2010 infezzjoni sperimentali ta' E.coli ma kisbitx reżistenza minn tilqima preċedenti b'E.coli reżistenti għal ħafna mediċini.
English: In a recent study from Italy, Russo et al. (2012)10 found that 30.34% of eighty-nine APEC (avian pathogenic E. coli) isolates from turkeys were classified as resistant to enrofloxacin and 40.45% as intermediately resistant with a breakpoint of 2 µg/ml.
Maltese: (2012)10 sab li 30.34% minn disa' u tmenin iżolat ta' APEC (E. coli patoġeniku avarju) minn dundjani kienu kklassifikati bħala reżistenti għal enrofloxacin u 40.45% bħala intermedjatament reżistenti b'valur ta' limitu ta' 2 µg/ml.
English: Enrofloxacin is associated with a concentration-dependent bactericidal action and therefore AUC0-24h/MIC and Cmax/MIC ratios are considered indicators of efficacy.
Maltese: Enrofloxacin huwa assoċjat ma' azzjoni batteriċida li tiddependi fuq il-konċentrazzjoni u għalhekk ilproporzjonijiet tal-AUC0-24h/MIC u tas-Cmax/MIC huma meqjusa bħala indikaturi ta' effikaċja.
English: When administered continuously in drinking water (based on a daily dose of 10 mg/kg bw), steadystate plasma concentrations (Css) for enrofloxacin were 0.33 ± 0.04 µg/ml in turkeys and 0.56 ± 0.13 µg/ml in chickens.
Maltese: Meta jingħata b'mod kontinwu fl-ilma tax-xorb (abbażi ta' doża ta' kuljum ta' 10 mg/kg tal-piż talġisem), il-konċentrazzjonijiet fi stat fiss għal enrofloxacin fil-plasma (Css) kienu ta' 0.33 ± 0.04 µg/ml fid-dundjani u ta' 0.56 ± 0.13 µg/ml fit-tiġieġ.
English: Usually resistance to fluoroquinolones arises spontaneously because of point mutations that result in amino acid substitutions within the topoisomeerase subunits gyrA, gyrB, parC or parE, a decreased expression of outer membrane porins, or an overexpression of multidrug efflux pumps.
Maltese: Ġeneralment ir-reżistenza għall-fluorokwinoloni titfaċċa b'mod spontanju minħabba mutazzjonijiet talpunt li jwasslu għal sostituzzjonijiet fl-aċidu amminiku fis-sottounitajiet topoisomeerase gyrA, gyrB, parC jew parE, tnaqqis fl-espressjoni ta' porins tal-membrana ta' barra, jew espressjoni żejda talpompi ta' effluss ta' ħafna mediċini.
English: Poultry, pigs
Maltese: Tjur, fniek
English: A report by Sellyei et al, 20094, advised that although P.multocida isolates are susceptible to most widely used antimicrobials, remarkable resistance was detected to sulphonamides, tetracyclines, first generation quinolones and aminoglycosides.
Maltese: Rapport minn Sellyei et al, 20094, irrakkomanda li għalkemm l-iżolati ta' P.multocida huma suxxettibbli għal ħafna antimikrobiċi wżati b'mod wiesa, ġiet skoperta reżistenza notevoli għal sulfonamidi, tetraċiklini, kwinoloni tal-ewwel ġenerazzjoni u aminoglikosidi.
English: EFSA Journal 2009; 7(11):1372.
Maltese: EFSA Journal 2009; 7(11):1372.http://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/doc/1372.pdf