FrancophonIA/ELRC3.0 huggingface dataset:
English: After repeated doses of 500 mg twice daily for 7 days in paediatric patients, the peak Cmax and AUC0-t were reduced by approximately 33% and 40%, respectively compared to diabetic adults who received repeated doses of 500 mg twice daily for 14 days.
Croatian: Nakon ponovljenih doza od 500 mg dva puta na dan tijekom 7 dana u pedijatrijskih bolesnika, vršne Cmax i AUC0-t bile su snižene za otprilike 33% odnosno 40%, u usporedbi s odraslim s dijabetesom koji su primili ponovljene doze od 500 mg dva puta na dan tijekom 14 dana.
English: Renal clearance of metformin is > 400 mL/min, indicating that metformin hydrochloride is eliminated by glomerular filtration and tubular secretion.
Croatian: Bubrežni klirens metformina je > 400 ml/min i ukazuje na to da se metforminklorid eliminira glomerularnom filtracijom i tubularnom sekrecijom.
English: • dabigatran (blood thinner medicine that lowers the risk of blood clot formation)
Croatian: • dabigatran (lijek za razrjeđivanje krvi koji smanjuje rizik za formiranje krvnog ugruška)
English: A study conducted in seven normal healthy volunteers showed that cimetidine, administered as 400 mg twice daily, increased metformin AUC by 50% and Cmax by 81%.
Croatian: Ispitivanje koje je provedeno u sedam normalnih zdravih dobrovoljaca pokazalo je da je cimetidin od 400 mg dva puta na dan, povisio AUC metformina za 50%, a Cmax za 81%.
English: • blood tests may show changes related to kidney function (increased creatinine or urea) or increased potassium
Croatian: • krvne pretrage mogu pokazati promjene povezane s bubrežnom funkcijom (povišen kreatinin ili ureja) ili povišen kalij
English: Metformin is a biguanide with antihyperglycemic effects, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose.
Croatian: Metformin je bigvanidin, s antihiperglikemijskim učincima, koji snižava i bazalnu i postprandijalnu glukozu u plazmi.
English: When starting or using such products in combination with Vokanamet, close monitoring of renal function is necessary.
Croatian: Kad se takvi lijekovi uvode ili primjenjuju u kombinaciji s lijekom Vokanamet, potrebno je pažljivo praćenje funkcije bubrega.
English: The mean steady-state volume of distribution (Vd) of canagliflozin following a single intravenous infusion in healthy subjects was 83.5 litres, suggesting extensive tissue distribution.
Croatian: Srednja vrijednost volumena distribucije (Vd) kanagliflozina u stanju dinamičke ravnoteže nakon jedne intravenske infuzije u zdravih ispitanika bila je 83,5 litara, što ukazuje na opsežnu distribuciju u tkiva.
English: • Any type of acute metabolic acidosis (such as lactic acidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis);
Croatian: • Bilo koja vrsta akutne metaboličke acidoze (kao što je laktacidoza, dijabetička ketoacidoza); • dDijabetička prekoma;
English: Elimination Following administration of a single oral [14C]canagliflozin dose to healthy subjects, 41.5%, 7.0%, and
Croatian: Nakon primjene jedne oralne doze [14C]kanagliflozina u zdravih ispitanika, 41,5%; 7,0% i 3,2%
English: In other type 2 diabetes studies with canagliflozin, which enrolled a general diabetes population of approximately 5,800 patients, no difference in fracture risk was observed relative to control.
Croatian: U drugim ispitivanjima dijabetesa tipa 2 s kanagliflozinom, koja su uključila opću populaciju s dijabetesom i otprilike 5800 bolesnika, nije uočena razlika u riziku za frakture u odnosu na kontrolu.
English: PHARMACEUTICAL FORM AND CONTENTS 20 film-coated tablets
Croatian: OBLIK I SADRŽAJ 20 filmom obloženih tableta
English: Vokanamet is available in HDPE bottles with child-resistant closure.
Croatian: Vokanamet je dosupan u HDPE bocama sa sigurnosnim zatvaračem za djecu.
English: Administration of Vokanamet 150 mg/1000 mg with food resulted in no change in overall exposure of canagliflozin.
Croatian: Primjena lijeka Vokanamet od 150 mg/1000 mg uz hranu nije dovela do promjene u ukupnoj izloženosti kanagliflozinu.
English: Maximum total daily dose is 300 mg.
Croatian: Maksimalna ukupna dnevna doza je 300 mg.
English: Due to volume depletion, generally small mean decreases in GFR were seen within the first 6 weeks of treatment initiation with canagliflozin.
Croatian: Zbog deplecije volumena, obično je primijećeno malo smanjenje srednje vrijednosti GFR unutar prvih 6 tjedana nakon početka liječenja kanagliflozinom.
English: In two studies conducted in special populations (older patients and patients with or at high risk for cardiovascular disease), canagliflozin was added to patients' current stable diabetes treatments (diet, monotherapy, or combination therapy).
Croatian: U dva ispitivanja provedena s posebnim populacijama (stariji bolesnici i bolesnici s kardiovaskularnom bolešću ili s visokim rizikom za kardiovaskularne bolesti), kanagliflozin je bolesnicima dodan uz trenutno stabilno liječenje dijabetesa (dijeta, monoterapija ili kombinirano liječenje).
English: The majority of patients with a baseline GFR 45 mL/min to < 60 mL/min were on insulin and/or a sulphonylurea (85% [614/721]).
Croatian: Većina bolesnika s početnom vrijednošću GFR 45 ml/min do < 60 ml/min bila je na inzulinu i/ili sulfonilureji (85% [614/721]).
English: Decreased renal function in elderly patients is frequent and asymptomatic.
Croatian: Snižena bubrežna funkcija u starijih bolesnika je česta i asimptomatska.
English: It does not stimulate insulin secretion and therefore does not produce hypoglycaemia.
Croatian: Ne stimulira sekreciju inzulina, stoga ne izaziva hipoglikemiju.
English: Vokanamet with alcohol
Croatian: Vokanamet s alkoholom
English: Absolute bioavailability of a 500 mg or 850 mg metformin hydrochloride tablet is approximately 50-60% in healthy subjects.
Croatian: Apsolutna bioraspoloživost tablete od 500 mg ili 850 mg metforminklorida je približno 50-60% u zdravih ispitanika.
English: The effect of concomitant administration of canagliflozin (a weak P-gp inhibitor) on dabigatran etexilate (a P-gp substrate) has not been studied.
Croatian: Učinak konkomitantne primjene kanagliflozina (slabi P-gp inhibitor) na dabigatran eteksilat (P-gp supstrat) nije ispitan.
English: Co-administration of canagliflozin (300 mg once daily) and metformin (2000 mg once daily) had no clinically relevant effect on the pharmacokinetics of either canagliflozin or metformin.
Croatian: Istovremena primjena kanagliflozina (300 mg jedanput dnevno) i metformina (2000 mg jedanput dnevno) nije imala klinički značajan učinak na farmakokinetiku bilo kanagliflozina ili metformina.
English: Therefore, 1,5-AG assays should not be used for assessment of glycemic control in patients on Vokanamet.
Croatian: 1,5-AG testovi se ne smiju se koristiti u svrhu procjene kontrole glikemije u bolesnika na lijeku
English: In an embryo-foetal development study in rats, ossification delays of metatarsal bones were observed at systemic exposures 73 times and 19 times higher than the clinical exposures at the 100 mg and 300 mg doses.
Croatian: U embrio-fetalno m razvojnom ispitivanju u štakora, uočene su zakašnjele osifikacije metatarzalnih kostiju pri sistemskim izloženostima koje su bile 73 puta i 19 puta više u odnosu na kliničke izloženosti pri dozama od 100 mg i 300 mg.
English: Before initiating Vokanamet, factors in the patient history that may predispose to ketoacidosis should be considered.
Croatian: Prije početka liječenja Vokanametom, potrebno je u anamnezi bolesnika razmotriti moguće predisponirajuće faktore za ketoacidozu.
English: Other side effects when taking canagliflozin alone: Very common (may affect more than 1 in 10 people)
Croatian: Ostale nuspojave kada se kanagliflozin uzima samostalno: Vrlo često (mogu se javiti u više od 1 na 10 osoba)
English: Lower limb amputations
Croatian: Amputacije donjih udova
English: The safety and efficacy of canagliflozin in patients with type 1 diabetes have not been established and Vokanamet should not be used for treatment of patients with type 1 diabetes.
Croatian: Sigurnost i djelotvornost kanagliflozina u bolesnika s dijabetesom tipa 1 nisu ustanovljene te se Vokanamet ne smije primjenjivati u liječenju bolesnika s dijabetesom tipa 1.
English: Vokanamet should not be used during pregnancy.
Croatian: Vokanamet se ne smije primjenjivati tijekom trudnoće.
English: In addition, in such patients more events of elevated potassium and greater increases in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were reported (see section 4.8).
Croatian: Dodatno, u tih bolesnika prijavljeno je više događaja povišenog kalija i većeg porasta vrijednosti serumskog kreatinina i ureje u krvi (vidjeti dio 4.8).
English: • if you have uncontrolled diabetes, with, for example,severe hyperglycaemia (high blood glucose), nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, rapid weight loss, lactic acidosis (see “Risk of lactic acidosis” below) or ketoacidosis.
Croatian: • ako imate nekontroliranu šećernu bolest uz, primjerice, tešku hiperglikemiju (visoka razina glukoze u krvi), mučninu, povraćanje, proljev, brz gubitak tjelesne težine, laktacidozu (vidjeti “Rizik od laktacidoze” niže) ili ketoacidozu.
English: Do not use this medicine after the expiry date which is stated on the bottle and carton after EXP.
Croatian: Ovaj lijek se ne smije upotrijebiti nakon isteka roka valjanosti navedenog na boci i kutiji iza Rok valjanosti.
English: Food decreases the extent and slightly delays the absorption of metformin.
Croatian: Hrana snižava opseg apsorpcije metformina i neznatno ju odgađa.
English: • by reduction of hepatic glucose production by inhibiting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
Croatian: • snižavajući stvaranje glukoze u jetri inhibirajući glukoneogenezu i glikogenolizu
English: Vokanamet is indicated in adults aged 18 years and older with type 2 diabetes mellitus as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycaemic control:
Croatian: Vokanamet je indiciran u odraslih u dobi od 18 godina i starijih s dijabetesom tipa 2, kao dopuna uz dijetu i tjelovježbu, za poboljšanje regulacije glikemije:
English: Cationic medicinal products that are eliminated by renal tubular secretion (e.g., cimetidine) may interact with metformin by competing for common renal tubular transport systems.
Croatian: Kationski lijekovi koji se eliminiraju putem bubrežne tubularne sekrecije (npr. cimetidin) mogu stupiti u interakciju s metforminom natječući se za zajedničke transportne sustave u bubregu.
English: Due to their potential to decrease renal function, diuretics (especially loop diuretics) may increase the risk of lactic acidosis associated with metformin.
Croatian: Zbog potencijala za sniženje bubrežne funkcije, diuretici (naročito diuretici Henleove petlje) mogu povećati rizik za nastanak laktacidoze povezane s metforminom.
English: Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies on safety, pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, and fertility.
Croatian: Pretklinički podaci ne ukazuju na poseban rizik za ljude na temelju konvencionalnih ispitivanja sigurnosne farmakologije, toksičnosti ponovljenih doza, genotoksičnosti, kancerogenog potencijala i plodnosti.
English: Urinary uric acid excretion was transiently increased by canagliflozin (increased by 19% compared to baseline on day 1 and then attenuating to 6% on day 2 and 1% on day 13).
Croatian: Kanagliflozin je prolazno povisio izlučivanje mokraćne kiseline mokraćom (povišeno za 19% u usporedbi s početnom vrijednošću 1. dana, smanjujući se na 6% 2. dana i 1% 13. dana).
English: Because metformin is eliminated in part by the kidney and elderly patients are more likely to have decreased renal function, Vokanamet should be used with caution as age increases.
Croatian: S obzirom da se metformin djelomično eliminira putem bubrega, a stariji bolesnici češće imaju smanjenu funkciju bubrega, Vokanamet se mora primjenjivati uz oprez s porastom dobi.
English: The SGLT2 transporter, expressed in the proximal renal tubules, is responsible for the majority of the reabsorption of filtered glucose from the tubular lumen.
Croatian: SGLT2 transporter, eksprimiran u proksimalnim bubrežnim tubulima, odgovoran je za glavninu reapsorpcije filtrirane glukoze iz tubularnog lumena.
English: Table 2 presents adverse reactions by SOC and by frequency category reported in patients who received metformin as monotherapy and that were not observed in patients receiving canagliflozin.
Croatian: Tablica 2 prikazuje nuspojave, prema SOC-u i kategoriji učestalosti, prijavljene u bolesnika koji su primili metformin u monoterapiji, i koje nisu bile zabilježene u bolesnika koji su primili kanagliflozin.
English: In the dedicated cardiovascular study and the larger pooled analysis, discontinuations due to adverse reactions related to volume depletion and serious adverse reactions related to volume depletion were not increased with canagliflozin.
Croatian: U ciljanom kardiovaskularnom ispitivanju i većoj analizi udruženih podataka, prekidi liječenja zbog nuspojava povezanih s deplecijom volumena i zbog ozbiljnih nuspojava povezanih s deplecijom volumena, nisu povećani uz kanagliflozin.
English: In this pooled analysis, patients on loop diuretics, patients with a baseline GFR 30 mL/min to < 60 mL/min, and patients ≥ 75 years of age had generally higher incidences of these adverse reactions.
Croatian: ovoj udruženoj analizi, bolesnici na diureticima Henleove petlje, bolesnici s početnom vrijednosti GFR 30 ml/min do < 60 ml/min i bolesnici starosti ≥ 75 godina imali su općenito veće incidencije ovih nuspojava.
English: This medicine can be used by itself or along with other medicines you may be using to treat your type 2 diabetes (such as insulin, a DPP-4 inhibitor [such as sitagliptin, saxagliptin, or linagliptin], a sulphonylurea [such as glimepiride or glipizide], or pioglitazone) that lower blood sugar levels.
Croatian: Ovaj lijek se može uzimati sam ili zajedno s drugim lijekovima koje možete uzimati za liječenje šećerne bolesti tipa 2 (poput inzulina, inhibitora DPP-4 [poput sitagliptina, saksagliptina ili linagliptina], sulfonilureje [poput glimepirida ili glipizida] ili pioglitazona) koji snižavaju razinu šećera u krvi.
English: Patients who may be at higher risk of DKA include patients with a low beta-cell function reserve (e.g., type 2 diabetes patients with low C-peptide or latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA) or patients with a history of pancreatitis), patients with conditions that lead to restricted food intake or severe dehydration, patients for whom insulin doses are reduced and patients with increased insulin requirements due to acute medical illness, surgery or alcohol abuse.
Croatian: Bolesnici koji mogu biti pod većim rizikom od DKA uključuju bolesnike s niskom rezervom funkcije beta-stanica (npr. bolesnici s dijabetesom tipa 2 koji imaju nisku razinu C-peptida ili bolesnici s latentnom autoimunim dijabetesom u odraslih (engl. latent autoimmune diabetes in adults, LADA) ili bolesnici s pankreatitisom u anamnezi), bolesnike sa stanjima koja dovode do ograničenog unosa hrane ili teške dehidracije, bolesnike kojima su snižene doze inzulina i bolesnike s povećanim zahtjevima za inzulinom zbog akutne bolesti, kirurškog zahvata ili zlouporabe alkohola.
English: If you forget to take Vokanamet
Croatian: Ako ste zaboravili uzeti Vokanamet
English: A total of 714 patients ≥ 55 years of age to ≤ 80 years of age (227 patients 65 years of age to < 75 years of age and 46 patients 75 years of age to ≤ 80 years of age) with inadequate glycaemic control on current diabetes treatment (glucose-lowering medicinal products and/or diet and exercise) participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study over 26 weeks.
Croatian: Ukupno 714 bolesnika starosti ≥ 55 godina do ≤ 80 godina (227 bolesnika starosti 65 godina do < 75 godina i 46 bolesnika starosti 75 godina do ≤ 80 godina) s neprikladnom regulacijom glikemije s dosadašnjom terapijom dijabetesa (lijekovi koji snižavaju glukozu i/ili dijeta i tjelovježba) sudjelovalo je u dvostruko slijepom, placebom-kontroliranom ispitivanju kroz 26 tjedana.
English: Following co-administration of canagliflozin with rifampicin (an inducer of various active transporters and drug-metabolising enzymes), 51% and 28% decreases in canagliflozin systemic exposure (area under the curve, AUC) and peak concentration (Cmax) were observed.
Croatian: Nakon istovremene primjene kanagliflozina s rifampicinom (induktor različitih aktivnih transportera i enzima koji metaboliziraju lijekove), primijećeno je smanjenje sistemske izloženosti kanagliflozinu (površina ispod krivulje, AUC) od 51% i vršne koncentracije (Cmax) od 28%.
English: Pharmacokinetic drug interaction studies with Vokanamet have not been performed; however, such studies have been conducted with the individual active substances (canagliflozin and metformin).
Croatian: Nisu provedena ispitivanja farmakokinetičkih interakcija s lijekom Vokanamet; međutim, takva ispitivanja provedena su s pojedinačnim djelatnim tvarima (kanagliflozinom i metforminom).
English: Blood creatinine increased**, k, Blood urea increased**, l, Blood potassium increased**, m, Blood phosphate increasedn
Croatian: Povišen kreatinin u krvi**, k, povišena ureja u krvi**, l, povišen kalij u krvi**, m, povišeni fosfati u krvi n
English: Consistent with the expected increase of hypoglycaemia when a medicinal product not associated with hypoglycaemia is added to insulin and/or sulphonylurea, an increase in hypoglycaemia episodes/events was seen when canagliflozin was added to insulin and/or a sulphonylurea (see section 4.8).
Croatian: U skladu s očekivanim porastom hipoglikemije kada se lijek koji nije povezan s hipoglikemijom dodavao na inzulin i/ili sulfonilureju, bilo je zabilježeno povećanje epizoda/događaja hipoglikemije kada je kanagliflozin dodan na inzulin i/ili sulfonilureju (vidjeti dio 4.8).
English: For patients switching from separate tablets of canagliflozin and metformin For patients switching from separate tablets of canagliflozin and metformin, Vokanamet should be initiated at the same total daily dose of canagliflozin and metformin already being taken or the nearest therapeutically appropriate dose of metformin.
Croatian: Za bolesnike koji prelaze s pojedinačnih tableta kanagliflozina i metformina Za bolesnike koji prelaze s pojedinačnih tableta kanagliflozina i metformina, početna doza uzimanja lijeka Vokanamet mora biti u istim ukupnim dnevnim dozama kanagliflozina i metformina koje se već uzimaju ili u najbližoj prikladnoj terapijskoj dozi metformina.
English: Vulvovaginal candidiasis**, g common
Croatian: Vulvovaginalna kandidijaza**, g često
English: The primary assessment of safety and tolerability was conducted in a pooled analysis (N = 2,313) of four 26-week placebo-controlled clinical studies (monotherapy and add-on therapy with metformin, metformin and a sulphonylurea, and metformin and pioglitazone).
Croatian: Primarna procjena sigurnosti i podnošljivosti provedena analizom udruženih podataka (n = 2313) iz četiri 26-tjedna placebom kontrolirana klinička ispitivanja (monoterapija i dodatna terapija s metforminom, metforminom i sulfonilurejom, i metforminom i pioglitazonom).
English: The safety of canagliflozin was evaluated in 10,285 patients with type 2 diabetes, including 5,151 patients treated with canagliflozin in combination with metformin.
Croatian: Sigurnost kanagliflozina bila je procijenjena u 10 285 bolesnika s dijabetesom tipa 2, uključujući 5 151 bolesnika liječenih kanagliflozinom u kombinaciji s metforminom.
English: A single-dose, open-label study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin 200 mg in subjects with varying degrees of renal impairment (classified using CrCl based on the Cockroft-Gault equation) compared to healthy subjects.
Croatian: Otvoreno ispitivanje jedne doze procijenilo je farmakokinetiku kanagliflozina od 200 mg u ispitanika s nejednakim stupnjem oštećenja bubrega (klasificirano pomoću CrCl temeljeno na Cockroft-Gaultovoj jednadžbi) u usporedbi sa zdravim ispitanicima.
English: In a study on embryo-fetal development in rats, metformin alone (300 mg/kg/day) caused absent/incomplete ossification, while canagliflozin alone (60 mg/kg/day) had no effects.
Croatian: U ispitivanju embriofetalnog razvoja u štakora, metformin sam (300 mg/kg/dan) je uzrokovao izostanak/nepotpunu osifikaciju, dok kanagliflozin sam (60 mg/kg/dan) nije pokazao učinke.
English: Studies in animals with canagliflozin have shown reproductive toxicity (see section 5.3).
Croatian: Ispitivanja kanagliflozina na životinjama pokazala su reproduktivnu toskičnost (vidjeti dio 5.3).
English: 6.4 Special precautions for storage Do not store above 30°C.
Croatian: 6.4 Posebne mjere pri čuvanju lijeka Nemojte čuvati na temperaturi iznad 30°C.
English: In a pre- and postnatal development study, canagliflozin administered to female rats from gestation day 6 to lactation day 20 resulted in decreased body weights in male and female offspring at maternally toxic doses > 30 mg/kg/day (exposures ≥ 5.9 times the human exposure to canagliflozin at the MHRD).
Croatian: U pre- i postnatalnom razvojnom ispitivanju, kanagliflozin primijenjen ženkama štakora od gestacijskog dana 6 do dana dojenja 20 rezultiralo je smanjenim tjelesnim težinama i muške i ženske mladunčadi pri toksičnim dozama za majku > 30 mg/kg/dan (izloženosti ≥ 5,9 puta izloženosti kanagliflozinu u ljudi pri MHRD).
English: Interaction studies suggest that the pharmacokinetics of canagliflozin are not altered by metformin, hydrochlorothiazide, oral contraceptives (ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrol), ciclosporin, and/or probenecid.
Croatian: Ispitivanja interakcija pokazuju da farmakokinetika kanagliflozina nije promijenjena primjenom metformina, hidroklorotiazida, oralnih kontraceptiva (etinilestradiol i levonorgestrol), ciklosporina, i/ili probenecida.
English: Plasma protein binding is not meaningfully altered in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Croatian: Vezanje na proteine nije značajno promijenjeno u bolesnika s oštećenjem bubrežne ili jetrene funkcije.
English: Frequency categories are based on information available from the metformin Summary of Product Characteristics.
Croatian: Kategorije učestalosti temeljene su na informacijama koje su dostupne u Sažetku opisa svojstava lijeka za metformin.
English: Stop taking Vokanamet and contact a doctor as soon as possible if you have any of the following serious side effects:
Croatian: Prestanite uzimati Vokanamet i što je prije moguće posjetite liječnika ako imate bilo koju od sljedećih ozbiljnih nuspojava:
English: Johnson & Johnson România SRL Str. Tipografilor nr. 11-15 Clădirea S-Park, Corp B3-B4, Etaj 3
Croatian: Tipografilor nr. 11-15 Clădirea S-Park, Corp B3-B4, Etaj 3
English: From a starting value of RTG of approximately 13 mmol/L, maximal suppression of 24-hour mean RTG was seen with the 300 mg daily dose to approximately 4 mmol/L to 5 mmol/L in patients with type 2 diabetes in phase 1 studies, suggesting a low risk for treatment-induced hypoglycaemia.
Croatian: Od početne vrijednosti RTG od oko 13 mmol/L, maksimalna supresija 24-satne srednje vrijednosti RTG primijećena je s dnevnom dozom od 300 mg na oko 4 mmol/L do 5 mmol/L u bolesnika s dijabetesom tipa 2 u ispitivanjima faze 1, što upućuje na nizak rizik hipoglikemije uzrokovane terapijom.
English: Vokanamet has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Croatian: Vokanamet ne utječe ili zanemarivo utječe na sposobnost upravljanja vozilima i rada sa strojevima.
English: If interrupted, consideration should be given to more frequent glucose monitoring.
Croatian: Ukoliko je liječenje prekinuto, u obzir se mora uzeti učestali nadzor glukoze.
English: N/Ac a Intent-to-treat population using last observation in study.
Croatian: N/Pc a „Intent to treat“ populacija (planirana za liječenje) koristeći posljednje zapažanje u ispitivanju.