FrancophonIA/ELRC3.0 huggingface dataset:
English: As for all medicines, data on the use of Ambrisentan Mylan are continuously monitored.
Croatian: Kao i za sve lijekove, podatci o primjeni lijeka Ambrisentan Mylan kontinuirano se prate.
English: The active substance in Ambrisentan Mylan, ambrisentan, blocks the receptors (targets) for a hormone called endothelin, which causes blood vessels to become narrow.
Croatian: Djelatna tvar lijeka Ambrisentan Mylan, ambrisentan, blokira receptore (ciljna mjesta) za hormon endotelin, što uzrokuje sužavanje krvnih žila.
English: Ambrisentan Mylan contains the active substance ambrisentan and is a ‘generic medicine'.
Croatian: Ambrisentan Mylan sadrži djelatnu tvar ambrisentan te je „generički lijek”.
English: Other information about Ambrisentan Mylan
Croatian: Ostale informacije o lijeku Ambrisentan Mylan
English: Ambrisentan Mylan is effective in PAH with no identified cause and in PAH caused by connective tissue disease.
Croatian: Lijek Ambrisentan Mylan pokazao se učinkovitim u liječenju PAH-a bez utvrđenog uzroka i PAH-a uzrokovanog bolešću vezivnog tkiva.
English: Therefore, the Agency's view was that, as for Volibris, the benefit of Ambrisentan Mylan outweighs the identified risk and it can be authorised for use in the EU.
Croatian: Stoga je stav Agencije da korist od lijeka Ambrisentan Mylan, kao i od lijeka Volibris, nadmašuje identificirani rizik te da lijek može biti odobren za primjenu u EU-u.
English: Why is Ambrisentan Mylan authorised in the EU?
Croatian: Zašto je lijek Ambrisentan Mylan odobren u EU-u?
English: How has Ambrisentan Mylan been studied?
Croatian: Kako je Ambrisentan Mylan ispitivan?
English: How does Ambrisentan Mylan work?
Croatian: Kako djeluje Ambrisentan Mylan?
English: How is Ambrisentan Mylan used?
Croatian: Kako se Ambrisentan Mylan primjenjuje?
English: What is paromomycin?
Croatian: Što je paromomicin?
English: 11 October 2019
Croatian: 11. listopada 2019.
English: Outcome of a referral procedure under Article 35 of Directive 2001/82/EC (EMEA/V/A/129)
Croatian: Ishod arbitražnog postupka u skladu s člankom 35. Direktive 2001/82/EZ (EMEA/V/A/129)
English: The European Commission issued a decision on 11 October 2019.
Croatian: Europska komisija donijela je odluku 11. listopada 2019.
English: These included data from companies and published literature.
Croatian: Ti su podatci uključivali podatke koje su dostavile tvrtke i podatke iz objavljene literature.
English: Why were veterinary medicines containing paromomycin reviewed?
Croatian: Zašto su veterinarsko-medicinski proizvodi koji sadrže paromomicin ponovno preispitivani?
English: The Committee also noted the possibility that inappropriate doses could lead to bacterial resistance.
Croatian: Odbor je isto tako utvrdio postojanje mogućnosti da bi neprimjerene doze mogle dovesti do otpornosti na bakterije.
English: Therefore, the CVMP recommended suspending the marketing authorisations for these veterinary medicines until adequate data are available.
Croatian: Stoga je CVMP predložio privremeno oduzimanje odobrenja za stavljanje u promet za te veterinarskomedicinske proizvode dok ne budu dostupni odgovarajući podatci.
English: The CVMP reviewed available data on effectiveness and residue depletion.
Croatian: CVMP je pregledao dostupne podatke o učinkovitosti i razgradnji rezidua.
English: On 25 September 2018, the Belgian medicines authority requested that the CVMP review all available data on paromomycin's effectiveness and residue depletion (how long a medicine takes to fall below maximum residue limits (MRLs) in the animal's body).
Croatian: Belgijsko nadležno tijelo za lijekove zatražilo je 25. rujna 2018. da CVMP preispita sve dostupne podatke o učinkovitosti paromomicina i razgradnji rezidua (koliko je vremena potrebno da bi se koncentracija lijeka u tijelu životinje spustila ispod najveće dopuštene količine rezidua (MRL).
English: The Committee based its opinion on the lack of adequate data on how effective these medicines are and residue depletion data.
Croatian: Odbor je svoje mišljenje temeljio na nedostatku odgovarajućih podataka o tome koliko su ti lijekovi učinkoviti i podataka o razgradnji rezidua.
English: Paromomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat a wide range of bacterial infections and is given to pigs by injection into a muscle.
Croatian: Paromomicin je aminoglikozidni antibiotik koji se koristi za liječenje velikog broja bakterijskih infekcija i daje se svinjama injekcijom u mišić.
English: The Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Veterinary Use (CVMP) concluded that the benefits of these medicines do not outweigh their risks because of inadequate data supporting their use in pigs and the possibility of bacterial resistance.
Croatian: Odbor za veterinarsko-medicinske proizvode (CVMP) pri Agenciji zaključio je da koristi od tih lijekova ne nadmašuju s njima povezane rizike zbog neadekvatnih podataka kojima se podupire njihova uporaba u svinja i zbog mogućnosti pojave otpornosti na bakterije.
English: The Belgian authority noted that there were different approved uses, dose schedules and withdrawal periods across the EU.
Croatian: Belgijsko nadležno tijelo utvrdilo je da se odobrene primjene, rasporedi doziranja i razdoblja karencije razlikuju diljem EU-a.
English: Based on the evaluation of the currently available data and the scientific discussion within the Committee, the CVMP concluded that the benefits of veterinary medicines containing paromomycin given to pigs by injection into the muscle do not outweigh their risks.
Croatian: Na temelju procjene trenutačno dostupnih podataka i znanstvene rasprave u Odboru CVMP je zaključio da koristi od veterinarsko-medicinskih proizvoda koji sadržavaju paromomicin i daju se svinjama injekcijom u mišić ne nadmašuju s njima povezane rizike.
English: The withdrawal period is the minimum time that has to elapse before an animal treated with a medicine can be slaughtered and its meat or other animal derived products may be used for human consumption.
Croatian: Karencija je najkraće vrijeme koje mora proteći prije klanja životinje liječene određenim lijekom, odnosno korištenja mesa ili drugih proizvoda dobivenih od te životinje za prehranu ljudi.
English: On 18 July 2019, the European Medicines Agency recommended suspending the marketing authorisations for paromomycin antibiotics given to pigs by injection into a muscle.
Croatian: Europska agencija za lijekove predložila je 18. srpnja 2019. privremeno oduzimanje odobrenja za stavljanje u promet paromomicin antibiotika koji se daju svinjama injekcijom u mišić.
English: Questions and answers on suspension of marketing authorisations for injectable veterinary medicines containing paromomycin given to pigs
Croatian: Pitanja i odgovori o privremenom oduzimanju odobrenja za stavljanje u promet za injektabilnih veterinarsko medicinskih proizvoda koji sadrže paromomicin i daju se svinjama
English: Patients should drink plenty of fluids throughout the day.
Croatian: Bolesnici bi trebali piti puno tekućine tijekom dana.
English: What is Zurampic and what is it used for?
Croatian: Što je Zurampic i za što se koristi?
English: The full EPAR and risk management plan summary for Zurampic can be found on the Agency's website: ema.europa.eu/Find medicine/Human medicines/European public assessment reports.
Croatian: Cjeloviti EPAR kao i sažetak plana upravljanja rizikom za lijek Zurampic nalaze se na internetskim stranicama Agencije: ema.europa.eu/Find medicine/Human medicines/European public assessment reports.
English: Why is Zurampic approved?
Croatian: Zašto je Zurampic odobren?
English: What measures are being taken to ensure the safe and effective use of Zurampic?
Croatian: Koje se mjere poduzimaju kako bi se osigurala sigurna i učinkovita primjena lijeka Zurampic?
English: Risks such as kidney damage or heart problems are addressed in the product information.
Croatian: Rizici poput oštećenja bubrega ili srčanih problema objašnjeni su u informacijama o lijeku.
English: Zurampic is available as 200-mg tablets.
Croatian: Lijek Zurampic dostupan je u obliku tableta od 200 mg.
English: It is not intended to provide practical advice on how to use Zurampic.
Croatian: Svrha sažetka nije davati praktične savjete o korištenju lijeka Zurampic.
English: What are the risks associated with Zurampic?
Croatian: Koji su rizici povezani s lijekom Zurampic?
English: The Agency's Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) decided that Zurampic's benefits are greater than its risks and recommended that it be approved for use in the EU.
Croatian: Odbor za lijekove za humanu uporabu (CHMP) pri Agenciji odlučio je da koristi od lijeka Zurampic nadmašuju s njim povezane rizike te je preporučio njegovo odobrenje za korištenje u Europskoj uniji.
English: This summary was last updated in 02-2016.
Croatian: Sažetak je posljednji put ažuriran MM-2016.
English: This is because these disorders have occurred during treatment with Zurampic.
Croatian: To je potrebno jer su se ti poremećaji pojavili tijekom liječenja lijekom Zurampic.
English: Adding Zurampic 200 mg once daily was effective in 55% (222 of 405) patients.
Croatian: Dodavanje doze od 200 mg lijeka Zurampic jedanput dnevno pokazalo se učinkovitim u 55 % (222 od 405) bolesnika.
English: This is a summary of the European public assessment report (EPAR) for Zurampic.
Croatian: Ovo je sažetak europskoga javnog izvješća o ocjeni dokumentacije (EPAR) o lijeku Zurampic.
English: Looking just at patients whose blood uric acid level did not fall sufficiently on treatment with febuxostat alone, the level dropped to less than 50 mg/litre in 44% (26 of 59) patients taking Zurampic compared to 24% (12 of 51) patients taking placebo.
Croatian: Promatranjem samo bolesnika u kojih se razine mokraćne kiseline u krvi nisu dostatno snizile liječenjem samo febuksostatom, u 44 % (26 od 59) bolesnika koji su primili Zurampic razina se snizila na manje od 50 mg/l u usporedbi s 24 % (12 od 51) bolesnika koji su primili placebo.
English: A risk management plan has been developed to ensure that Zurampic is used as safely as possible.
Croatian: Pripremljen je plan upravljanja rizikom kako bi se osigurala što sigurnija primjena lijeka Zurampic.
English: Overall, Zurampic 200 mg once daily was effective in 57% (60 of 106) patients.
Croatian: Sveukupno gledano, doza od 200 mg lijeka Zurampic jedanput dnevno pokazala se učinkovitom u 57 % (60 od 106) bolesnika.
English: Zurampic was studied in two main studies involving over 1,200 adults with gout who were previously treated with allopurinol.
Croatian: Zurampic je ispitivan u okviru dvaju glavnih ispitivanja provedenih na više od 1200 odraslih osoba koje boluju od gihta, a koje su prethodno bile liječene alopurinolom.
English: Other information about Zurampic
Croatian: Ostale informacije o lijeku Zurampic
English: A third main study involved 324 adults who had at least one measurable tophus (large deposit of uric acid in or around a joint or under the skin) and with high blood levels of uric acid (over 80 mg/litre without gout medicines or above 60 mg/litre despite treatment with allopurinol or febuxostat).
Croatian: Treće glavno ispitivanje provedeno je na 324 odrasle osobe s najmanje jednim mjerljivim tofom (velika nakupina mokraćne kiseline u zglobu ili oko njega ili ispod kože) te s visokim razinama mokraćne kiseline u krvi (više od 80 mg/l bez lijekova za liječenje gihta ili iznad 60 mg/l unatoč liječenju alopurinolom ili febuksostatom).
English: Patients must not take Zurampic if they suffer from tumour lysis syndrome (a complication due to the rapid breakdown of cancer cells during cancer treatment) or a rare hereditary disease called LeschNyhan syndrome, both of which raise uric acid levels in the blood.
Croatian: Bolesnici ne smiju uzimati Zurampic ako boluju od sindroma lize tumora (komplikacija uslijed brzog raspada stanica raka tijekom liječenja raka) ili rijetke nasljedne bolesti pod nazivom Lesch-Nyhanov sindrom, koje podižu razine mokraćne kiseline u krvi.
English: Based on this plan, safety information has been included in the summary of product characteristics and the package leaflet for Zurampic, including the appropriate precautions to be followed by healthcare professionals and patients.
Croatian: Na temelju tog plana, u sažetku opisa svojstava lijeka kao i u uputi o lijeku za lijek Zurampic nalaze se sigurnosne informacije, uključujući odgovarajuće mjere opreza kojih se zdravstveni djelatnici i bolesnici trebaju pridržavati.
English: The patient's kidney function will be monitored regularly during treatment with Zurampic and the doctor will advise the patient to take sufficient fluid during the day and always take Zurampic with either allopurinol or febuxostat, which helps to prevent kidney damage from Zurampic.
Croatian: Potrebno je redovito pratiti funkciju rada bubrega bolesnika tijekom liječenja lijekom Zurampic, a liječnik će bolesnika savjetovati da uzima puno tekućine tijekom dana te da uvijek uzima Zurampic s alopurinolom ili febuksostatom, što pomaže u sprječavanju oštećenja bubrega zbog uzimanja lijeka Zurampic.
English: It does this by blocking a protein called ‘uric acid transporter-1' (URAT1) in the kidneys.
Croatian: To čini blokiranjem proteina pod nazivom transporter mokraćne kiseline (URAT1) u bubrezima.
English: The most common side effects with Zurampic (which may affect up to 1 in 10 people) are flu, headache, heartburn and (gastro-oesophageal reflux disease) stomach acid coming back to the mouth, and blood tests showing increased blood creatinine levels (a marker of kidney function).
Croatian: Najčešće nuspojave lijeka Zurampic (mogu se javiti u do 1 na 10 osoba) jesu gripa, glavobolja, žgaravica i (bolest gastroezofagealnog refluksa) vraćanje želučane kiseline u usnu šupljinu te krvne pretrage koje pokazuju povećane razine kreatinina u krvi (pokazatelj funkcije bubrega).
English: This compared with 26% (104 of 407) in patients who took placebo in addition to allopurinol.
Croatian: To je uspoređeno s učinkovitošću od 26 % (104 od 407) u bolesnika koji su uz alopurinol uzimali placebo.
English: The company that markets Zurampic will carry out a study on the risk of heart, circulation or kidney disorders in patients treated with Zurampic, particularly in those who have previously suffered from such disorders.
Croatian: Tvrtka koja stavlja u promet lijek Zurampic provest će ispitivanje o riziku od poremećaja rada srca, cirkulacije i rada bubrega u pacijenata liječenih lijekom Zurampic, osobito u onih koji su prethodno bolovali od tih poremećaja.
English: This prevents the build-up of uric acid in joints where it can cause pain, swelling and joint damage.
Croatian: Time se sprječava nakupljanje mokraćne kiseline u zglobovima gdje može izazvati bol, oticanje i oštećenje zglobova.
English: This compared with 47% (51 of 109) patients given placebo.
Croatian: Usporedbe radi, to je bio slučaj u 47 % (51 od 109) bolesnika koji su primili placebo.
English: The recommended dose is 200 mg once daily, taken in the morning at the same time as a xanthine oxidase inhibitor medicine such as allopurinol or febuxostat.
Croatian: Preporučena doza iznosi 200 mg jedanput dnevno i uzima se ujutro zajedno s inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze, poput alopurinola ili febuksostata.
English: Gout results from a build-up of uric acid crystals in and around the joints, especially in the toes, which causes pain and swelling.
Croatian: Giht nastaje stvaranjem kristala mokraćne kiseline u zglobovima i oko njih, osobito u nožnim prstima, što prouzrokuje bol i oticanje.
English: These studies compared the effect of adding Zurampic or placebo (a dummy treatment) to patients' allopurinol treatment.
Croatian: U ispitivanjima je uspoređen učinak dodavanja lijeka Zurampic ili placeba (slijepo liječenje) u liječenje bolesnika alopurinolom.
English: The most serious adverse reactions were kidney failure, reduced kidney function, and kidney stones, which affected less than 1 patient in 100.
Croatian: Najozbiljnije nuspojave bile su zatajenje bubrega, smanjena funkcija rada bubrega i bubrežni kamenci, koje su se javile u manje od 1 na 100 bolesnika.
English: For more information about treatment with Zurampic, read the package leaflet (also part of the EPAR) or contact your doctor or pharmacist.
Croatian: Više informacija o terapiji lijekom Zurampic pročitajte u uputi o lijeku (također dio EPAR-a), ili se obratite svom liječniku ili ljekarniku.
English: Their blood level of uric acid was not sufficiently controlled with allopurinol alone and was above 60 mg/litre at the start of the study.
Croatian: Njihova razina mokraćne kiseline u krvi nije se dostatno kontrolirala samo alopurinolom te je na početku ispitivanja iznosila 60 mg/l.
English: What benefits of Zurampic have been shown in studies?
Croatian: Koje su koristi od lijeka Zurampic utvrđene u ispitivanjima?
English: URAT1 normally allows some uric acid to return to the blood after the kidneys have filtered it out.
Croatian: URAT1 obično omogućuje vraćanje dijela mokraćne kiseline u krv nakon filtriranja u bubrezima.
English: Patients were first treated with febuxostat alone for three weeks and then with febuxostat plus either Zurampic or placebo.
Croatian: Bolesnici su prvo tri tjedna liječeni samo febuksostatom, a zatim febuksostatom i lijekom Zurampic ili placebom.
English: Patients with very poor kidney function or who have had a kidney transplant must also not take Zurampic.
Croatian: Bolesnici s vrlo smanjenom funkcijom rada bubrega ili oni s presatkom bubrega ne smiju uzimati Zurampic.
English: Zurampic is used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor such as allopurinol or febuxostat.
Croatian: Zurampic se koristi u kombinaciji s inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze, poput alopurinola ili febuksostata.
English: If treatment with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor is interrupted, then treatment with Zurampic must also be interrupted at the same time.
Croatian: Ako se prekine liječenje inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze, potrebno je istodobno prekinuti liječenje lijekom Zurampic.
English: Xanthine oxidase inhibitors reduce the production of uric acid in the body.
Croatian: Inhibitori ksantin oksidaze smanjuju stvaranje mokraćne kiseline u tijelu.
English: Over time, visible deposits of uric acid disappeared in increasing number of patients continuing Zurampic and febuxostat treatment, and fewer patients had recurrence of gout attacks.
Croatian: Nakon nekog vremena vidljive nakupine mokraćne kiseline nestale su u sve većeg broja bolesnika koji su nastavili liječenje lijekom Zurampic i febuksostatom te je u manje bolesnika došlo do ponovne pojave napadaja gihta.
English: The active substance in Zurampic, lesinurad, helps to remove uric acid from the body.
Croatian: Djelatna tvar u lijeku Zurampic, lesinurad, pomaže pri uklanjanju mokraćne kiseline iz tijela.
English: For practical information about using Zurampic, patients should read the package leaflet or contact their doctor or pharmacist.
Croatian: Praktične informacije o korištenju lijeka Zurampic pročitajte u uputi o lijeku, odnosno obratite se svom liječniku ili ljekarniku.
English: The main measure of effectiveness was the number of patients whose blood level of uric acid dropped below 50 mg/litre after 6 months of treatment.
Croatian: Glavna mjera djelotvornosti bio je broj bolesnika u kojih su se razine mokraćne kiseline u krvi snizile ispod 50 mg/l nakon šest mjeseci liječenja.
English: The main measure of effectiveness was the number of patients whose blood level of uric acid dropped below 60 mg/litre after 6 months of treatment.
Croatian: Glavna mjera djelotvornosti bio je broj bolesnika u kojih su se razine mokraćne kiseline u krvi snizile ispod 60 mg/l nakon šest mjeseci liječenja.
English: How does Zurampic work?
Croatian: Kako djeluje Zurampic?
English: How is Zurampic used?
Croatian: Kako se Zurampic koristi?
English: Zurampic is a medicine used in adults with gout to reduce high levels of uric acid in the blood.
Croatian: Zurampic je lijek koji se koristi u odraslih osoba koje boluju od gihta radi smanjivanja visokih razina mokraćne kiseline u krivi.
English: Combined with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, Zurampic reduced blood levels of uric acid in patients with gout whose high uric acid levels were not sufficiently controlled by a xanthine oxidase inhibitor.
Croatian: U kombinaciji s inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze, Zurampic je snizio razine mokraćne kiseline u krvi u bolesnika koji boluju od gihta, a u kojih razine mokraćne kiseline nisu bile dostatno kontrolirane inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze.
English: It is used in combination with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor, another type of gout medicine, when the xanthine oxidase inhibitor on its own is not able to control uric acid levels sufficiently.
Croatian: Koristi se u kombinaciji s inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze, drugom vrstom lijeka za liječenje gihta, kada se samo inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze ne mogu učinkovito kontrolirati razine mokraćne kiseline.
English: Thus, adding Zurampic to treatment with a xanthine oxidase inhibitor lowers uric acid levels further.
Croatian: Stoga se uvođenjem lijeka Zurampic u liječenje inhibitorom ksantin oksidaze dodatno snižavaju razine mokraćne kiseline.
English: Zurampic contains the active substance lesinurad.
Croatian: Sadrži djelatnu tvar lesinurad.
English: The European Commission granted a marketing authorisation valid throughout the European Union for Zurampic on 18 February 2016.
Croatian: Europska komisija izdala je odobrenje za stavljanje u promet koje za lijek Zurampic vrijedi na prostoru Europske unije od <datum izdavanja odobrenja za stavljanje u promet>.
English: For the full list of all side effects reported with Zurampic, see the package leaflet.
Croatian: Potpuni popis nuspojava zabilježenih pri primjeni lijeka Zurampic potražite u uputi o lijeku.
English: 2 (2 x 1) vials + 2 (2 x 1) syringes +2 (2 x 1) needles + 2 (2 x 1) vial adapters + 4 (2 x 2) alcohol pads (multipack)
Croatian: 6 napunjenih brizgalica + 6 jastučića natopljenih alkoholom2 (2x1) bočice + 2 (2x1) štrcaljke + 2 (2x1) igle + 2 (2x1) nastavka za bočicu + 4 (2x2) jastučića natopljena alkoholom (višestruko pakiranje)
English: 1 vial + 1 syringe + 1 needle + 1 vial adapter + 2 alcohol pads
Croatian: 1 bočica + 1 štrcaljka + 1 igla + 1 nastavak za bočicu + 2 jastučića natopljena alkoholom
English: 1 pre-filled syringe + 2 alcohol pads
Croatian: 1 napunjena brizgalica + 2 jastučića natopljena alkoholom2 napunjene brizgalice + 2 jastučića natopljena alkoholom
English: • This medicine has been prescribed for you only.
Croatian: • Ovaj lijek je propisan samo Vama.
English: Always take this medicine exactly as your doctor has told you.
Croatian: Uvijek uzmite ovaj lijek točno onako kakao Vam je rekao liječnik.
English: Date of latest renewal: 15th July 2016
Croatian: Datum posljednje obnove odobrenja: 15. srpanj 2016
English: Date of first authorisation: 30 September 2011
Croatian: Datum prvog odobrenja: 30. rujna 2011.
English: - Uncontrollable excessive shopping or spending
Croatian: - nekontrolirana prekomjerna kupovina ili trošenje
English: Table 2: Other indication
Croatian: Tablica 2: Druga indikacija
English: However, these studies did not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to male fertility.
Croatian: Međutim, ove studije nisu ukazale na izravne ili neizravne štetne učinke s obzirom na mušku plodnost.
English: The leaflet was last revised in {MM/YYYY}.
Croatian: Ova uputa je zadnji puta revidirana u {MM/GGGG}.
English: Package leaflet: Information for the user
Croatian: Upute o lijeku: Informacije za korisnika
English: Inhibitors/competitors of active renal elimination pathway
Croatian: Inhibitori/kompetitori aktivnog renalnog sustava eliminacije
English: • Augmentation.
Croatian: • Augmentacija.
English: • Contact your doctor or nearest hospital casualty department immediately for advice.
Croatian: • Odmah se javite liječniku ili na odjel za hitni prijem najbliže bolnice za savjet.
English: If you are pregnant or breast-feeding, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor for advice before taking this medicine.
Croatian: Ako ste trudni ili dojite, mislite da biste mogli biti ili planirate imate dijete, obratite se svom liječniku za savjet prije nego uzmete ovaj lijek.