FrancophonIA/DGT-Translation_Memory huggingface dataset:
English: Ernst W. (1985).
Spanish: Ernst W. (1985).
Portuguese: Ernst W. (1985).
Dutch: Ernst W. (1985).
Finnish: Ernst W. (1985),
Greek: Ernst W. (1985).
English: Accumulation in Aquatic organisms.
Spanish: «Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms».
Portuguese: Accumulation in Aquatic Organisms.
Dutch: Accumulation in Aquatic organisms.
Finnish: Accumulation in aquatic organisms.
Greek: Accumulation in aquatic organisms.
English: Ed. by Sheehman P., Korte F., Klein W. and Bourdeau P. H. Part 4.4, pp. 243-255.
Spanish: Ed. by Sheehman P., Korte F., Klein W. and Bourdeau P.H. 243-255.
Portuguese: Ed. by Sheehman P., Korte F., Klein W. and Bourdeau P.H., Part 4.4, pp.243-255.
Greek: Ed. by Sheehman P., Korte F., Klein W. and Bourdeau P.H. Part 4.4, σ. 243-255.
English: Könemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980).
Spanish: Könemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980).
Portuguese: Könemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980).
Dutch: Könemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980).
Greek: Kφnemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980).
English: Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and Elimination of six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
Spanish: Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and elimination of six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
Portuguese: Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and Elimination of Six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
Dutch: Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and elimination of six chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
Greek: Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and elimination of six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
English: Cf = Cw.
Spanish: Cf = Cw.
Portuguese: Cf = Cw.
Finnish: Cf = Cw.
Greek: Cf = Cw .
English: x (1 - e-k) 0 NUM>k1
Spanish: x (1 - e-k2t ) 0 NUM>k1
Portuguese: x (1 - e-k) 0 NUM>k1
Dutch: x (1 - e-k) 0 NUM>k1
Finnish: x (1 - e-k) 0 NUM>k1
Greek: x (1 - e-k) 0 NUM k1
English: x (e-k - e-k) t
Spanish: x (e-k2(t-tc) - e-k 2t ) t
Finnish: x (e-k - e-k) t
Greek: x (e-k - e-k) t
English: The low molecular weight end-point of the calibration curve is defined by n-hexyl benzene or another suitable non-polar solute. The number average and the weight-average molecular weights are generally determined by means of electronic data processing, based on the formulas of section 1.2.
Finnish: Kalibrointikäyrän loppupiste pienen molekyylipainon päässä määritetään n-heksyylibentseenin tai jonkin muun sopivan ei-polaarisen liuottimen avulla Mn ja Mw määritetään tavallisesti tietokoneella osastossa 1.2. esitettyjen kaavojen perusteella.
English: REFERENCES
French: RÉFÉRENCES
Dutch: REFERENTIES
Swedish: REFERENSER
Finnish: KIRJALLISUUSVIITTEET
Czech: LITERATURA
Slovak: ODKAZY
Polish: BIBLOGRAFIA
Hungarian: IRODALOMJEGYZÉK
Slovenian: LITERATURA
Bulgarian: ПОЗОВАВАНИЯ
Estonian: VIITED
Latvian: ATSAUCES
Lithuanian: NUORODOS
Maltese: REFERENZI
English: They have to be analysed individually.
French: Leurs résultats seront analysés séparément.
Swedish: Experimenten skall analyseras individuellt.
Finnish: Mn, Mw, Mw/ Mn ja Mp on ilmoitettava jokaisesta mittauksesta.
Czech: Analýzy musí být provedeny samostatně.
Slovak: Každý z nich treba analyzovať osobitne.
Polish: Próbki muszą być analizowane pojedynczo.
Hungarian: Külön-külön kell azokat elemezni.
Slovenian: Analizirati je treba vsakega posebej.
Bulgarian: Те се анализират индивидуално.
Estonian: Neid katseid peab eraldi analüüsima.
Latvian: Tie jāanalizē atsevišķi.
Lithuanian: Bandiniai turi būti analizuojami atskirai.
Maltese: Għandhom jiġu analizzati individwalment.
English: K = >NUM>R/ (C × V × >NUM>dn/
Finnish: K = >NUM>R/ >DEN>(C × V × >NUM>dn/
English: If both sexes are used, differences in lipid content between sexes should be documented to be non-significant before the start of the exposure; pooling all male and all female fish may be necessary.
Finnish: Jos käytetään molempia sukupuolia, on osoitettava ennen totuttautumisvaihetta, että erot rasva-ainepitoisuudessa sukupuolien välillä ovat merkityksettömät. Määritystä varten voi olla tarpeen yhdistää kaikki koiraat ja kaikki naaraat.
Greek: Εάν χρησιμοποιούνται και από τα δύο φύλα, τότε, πριν από την έναρξη της έκθεσης, θα πρέπει να επιβεβαιώνεται ότι οι διαφορές στο λιπιδικό περιεχόμενο των δύο φύλων δεν είναι σημαντικές, αφού διαφορετικά μπορεί να χρειάζεται να συγκεντρωθούν ξεχωριστά όλα τα αρσενικά και όλα τα θηλυκά.
English: 2,45 days (59 hours)
Finnish: 2,45 vrk (59 tuntia)
English: or up (95 %) = 3,0/0,652, i.e. 4,60 days (110 hours)
Swedish: eller upp (95%) = 3,0/0,652, t.ex. 4,60 dagar (110 timmar)
Finnish: tai up (95 %) = 3,0/0,652; ts. 4,60 vrk (110 tuntia).
English: or up (95 %) = 3,0/0,246, i.e. 12,2 days (293 hours)
Swedish: eller upp (95%) = 3,0/0,246, t.ex.12,2 dagar (293 timmar).
Finnish: tai up (95 %) = 3,0/0,246; ts. 12,2 vrk (293 tuntia).
English: Kristensen P. (1991). Bioconcentration in fish: comparison of BCFs derived from OECD and ASTM testing methods;
Finnish: Kristensen P. (1991), Bioconcentration in fish: comparison of BCF's derived from OECD and ASTM testing methods;
English: Könemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980). Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and Elimination of six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
Finnish: Könemann H. and Van Leeuwen K. (1980), Toxicokinetics in fish: Accumulation and Elimination of six Chlorobenzenes by Guppies.
English: The water should be of constant quality during the period of a test. The pH value should be within the range 6,0 to 8,5, but during a given test it should be within a range of ± 0,5 pH units.
Swedish: Vattnet skall hålla jämn kvalitet under hela undersökningen. pH-värdet skall ligga mellan 6,0 och 8,5, men under pågående provning skall det ligga inom ± 0,5 enheter.
Finnish: Veden laadun on oltava tasainen testin ajan. pH-arvo voi olla 6,0-8,5, mutta vaihtelun on pysyttävä tietyn testin ajan 0,5 pH-yksikön sisällä.
English: log10k2 = -0,414.
Finnish: log10k2 = -0,414 7(4) + 1,47 k2 = 0,652 vrk-1
Slovak: log10k2 = - 0,414.
English: The method described is based on DIN standard 55672 (1). Detailed information about how to carry out the experiments and how to evaluate the data can be found in this DIN standard.
Italian: Il metodo descritto è basato sulla norma DIN 55672 (1), nella quale si trovano informazioni dettagliate su come eseguire gli esperimenti e valutare i dati.
English: where, Ve,M is the elution volume for polystyrene with the molecular weight Mx
Italian: è il volume di eluizione per polistirene di peso molecolare Mx
English: Yau, W. W., Kirkland, J. J., and Bly, D. D. eds, (1979). Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, J. Wiley and Sons.
Italian: Yau, W.W., Kirkland, J.J., and Bly, D.,D,. eds, (1979). Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, J. Wiley and Sons.
English: The method described is based on DIN Standard 55672 (1). Detailed information about how to carry out the experiments and how to evaluate the data can be found in this DIN standard.
Italian: Il metodo descritto è basato sulla norma DIN 55672 (1), che contiene informazioni dettagliate su come eseguire gli esperimenti e valutare i dati.
English: Yau, W. W., Kirkland, J. J., and Bly, D. D. eds. Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, J. Wiley and Sons.
Italian: Yau, W.W., Kirkland, J.J., and Bly, D.D. eds. (1979). Modern Size Exclusion Liquid Chromatography, J.Wiley and Sons.
English: If, after centrifugation or filtering of the content of each vessel, polymer residues remain attached to the wall of the vessel, the vessel should be rinsed with the filtrate until the vessel is cleared from all visible residues. Following which, the filtrate is again centrifuged or filtered.
Italian: Se, dopo centrifugazione o filtrazione del contenuto di ciascun recipiente, rimangono residui di polimero attaccati alla parete del recipiente, risciacquarlo con il filtrato fino a rimuoverne tutti i residui visibili, dopo di che il filtrato viene di nuovo centrifugato o filtrato.
English: If a steady-state is not achieved within 28 days, the uptake phase should be extended until steady-state is reached, or 60 days, whichever comes first; the depuration phase is then begun.
Italian: Se lo stato stazionario non viene raggiunto entro 28 giorni, la fase di assorbimento deve essere prolungata fino al raggiungimento dello stato stazionario, con un limite massimo di 60 giorni, dopo di che si incomincia la fase di depurazione.
Swedish: Om stabilitet inte uppnås inom 28 dagar skall upptagningsfasen förlängas tills stabilitet nås eller till 60 dagar, beroende på vilket som inträffar först, varefter utsöndringsfasen påbörjas.
Greek: Εάν μέσα σε 28 ημέρες δεν επιτευχθεί σταθερή κατάσταση, η φάση της πρόσληψης θα πρέπει να παρατείνεται μέχρις ότου επιτευχθεί σταθερή κατάσταση ή μέχρι 60 ημέρες, όποιο από τα δύο συμβεί πρώτο, κατόπιν δε αρχίζει η φάση της αποβολής.
Estonian: Kui püsiolekut ei saavutata 28 päeva jooksul, siis peab seondumisfaasi pikendama kuni püsioleku saavutamiseni või 60 päeva pikkuseni, sõltuvalt kumb neist esimesena saavutatakse, misjärel alustatakse puhastumisfaasi.
English: Ve,M - Ve,(10Mcross sectional area of the column
Portuguese: Ve,M - Ve(10M>DEN>secção transversal da coluna
Dutch: Ve,M - Ve,(10M>DEN>oppervlak doorsnede van de kolom
English: The residues remaining on the filter or in the centrifuge tube are dried at 40 °C under vacuum and weighed.Drying is continued until a constant weight is reached.
Portuguese: Os resíduos que permaneçam no filtro ou no tubo de centrifugação são secos a 40 °C, sob vácuo, e pesados.
Dutch: De op het filter of in de centrifugebuis achtergebleven residuen worden bij 40 °C onder vacuüm gedroogd tot constant gewicht en vervolgens gewogen.
English: In any case, a loading rate of 0,1 to 1,0 g of fish (wet weight) per litre of water per day is normally recommended.High loading rates can be used if it is shown that the required concentration of test substance can be maintained within ± 20 % limits, and that the concentration of dissolved oxygen does not fall below 60 % saturation.
Dutch: De aanbevolen dichtheid bedraagt normaliter 0,1-1,0 gram vis (versgewicht) per liter water per dag. Een grotere dichtheid is toelaatbaar als wordt aangetoond dat de schommelingen van de concentratie van de teststof de ± 20 %-grenzen niet overschrijden en het gehalte aan opgeloste zuurstof nooit minder bedraagt dan 60 % van het verzadigingspunt.
English: An appropriate number of fish (normally a minimum of four) are removed from the test chambers at each sampling time.The sampled fish are rinsed quickly with water, blot 'dry`, killed instantly using the most appropriate and humane method, and then weighed.
Dutch: Bij iedere bemonstering wordt een adequaat aantal vissen (meestal ten minste vier) uit de testbakken verwijderd, kortstondig met water gespoeld, door afbetten "gedroogd", onverwijld op de meest geschikte en humane manier gedood en gewogen.
English: 10 % of total residues in fish tissues at steady state.If degradates representing &ge;
Dutch: 10 % van de totale hoeveelheid residuen in het visweefsel vertegenwoordigen, te identificeren en te kwantificeren.
English: log10k2 = -0,414 . (4) + 1,47k2 = 0,652 days-1
Portuguese: log10k2 = -0,414.(4) + 1,47 k2 = 0,652 dias-1
Dutch: log10k2 = -0,414.(4) + 1,47 k2 = 0,652 d-1
English: When GPC is not practicable, the molecular weight may be determined by means of other methods (see Annex).In such cases, full details and justification should be given for the method used.
Portuguese: Nos casos em que o recurso a esta técnica não se afigure viável, a massa molecular pode ser determinada através de outros métodos (ver anexo), devendo documentar-se e justificar-se a opção utilizada.
English: The smallest molecules, with a mean hydrodynamic radius smaller than the pores of the gel, can penetrate all of the pores.These are eluted last.
Portuguese: Finalmente, as moléculas de dimensões mais reduzidas, que possuem um raio hidrodinâmico inferior ao dos poros do gel, penetram estes últimos, sendo eluídas em último lugar.
English: )2 or N = 16 (
Portuguese: )2 ou N = 16 (
English: In order to avoid unnecessary broadening of peaks the cuvette volume of the detector cell must be kept as small as possible.It should not be larger than 10 ìl except for light scattering and viscosity detectors.
Portuguese: De modo a evitar o alargamento dos picos, o volume da célula de detecção deve ser tão reduzido quanto possível, não devendo exceder 10 ìl, excepto no caso dos detectores de difusão de radiações e de viscosidade.
English: Both the molecular weight distribution of the sample and the average molecular weights (Mn, Mw) can be determined using GPC.GPC is a special type of liquid chromatography in which the sample is separated according to the hydrodynamic volumes of the individual constituents (2).
Portuguese: A determinação da distribuição das massas moleculares, bem como das massas moleculares médias da amostra (Mn Mw), pode fazer-se por recurso à cromatografia de permeação em gel, que consiste numa variante da cromatografia líquida em que a amostra é separada em função dos volumes hidrodinâmicos dos diversos componentes (2).
English: In the case of polystyrene standards typical values are:1.6. Description of the test method
Portuguese: No caso da utilização de padrões de poliestireno, os valores característicos são os seguintes:
English: 6,0 [ cm3 cm2 ]
Portuguese: 6,0 [ cm3 cm2 ]
English: In case manual digitisation is used, ASTM D 3536-91 can be consulted (3).If any insoluble polymer is retained on the column, its molecular weight is likely to be higher than that of the soluble fraction, and if not considered would result in an overestimation of the low molecular weight content.
Portuguese: Caso fique retido na coluna um polímero insolúvel, é provável que a sua massa molecular seja superior à massa molecular da fracção solúvel, pelo que a não tomada em conta do mesmo no cálculo do teor de espécies de baixa massa molecular determinará uma sobrestimativa deste último.
English: When the method is not practical or not possible, the solution/extraction behaviour may be investigated by means of other methods.In such cases, full details and justification should be given for the method used.
Portuguese: Nos casos em que a aplicação do método não se afigure viável, pode investigar-se o comportamento dos polímeros na dissolução/extracção aquosa por recurso a outros métodos, devendo apresentar-se a justificação de tal facto, bem como a descrição pormenorizada dos métodos em causa.
English: However, when such methods are not available and determination of the solution/extraction behaviour of the polymer is limited to indirect analysis by determining only the total organic carbon content (TOC) of the aqueous extract, an additional test should be conducted.This additional test should also be done in triplicate, using 10 times smaller polymer samples and the same amounts of water as those used in the first test.
Portuguese: Todavia, caso tal não seja possível e seja necessário determinar o comportamento dos polímeros na dissolução/extracção aquosa do polímero por um processo indirecto, nomeadamente através da determinação do teor de carbono orgânico total do extracto aquoso, deve efectuar-se um ensaio complementar em triplicado, utilizando amostras de polímeros dez vezes inferiores e volumes de água idênticos aos utilizados no primeiro ensaio.
English: Analysis of the aqueous phase for the total polymeric species is possible:either by a sufficiently sensitive method, e.g.
Portuguese: A determinação das espécies poliméricas totais na fase aquosa pode ser efectuada por recurso a um método suficientemente sensível, como, por exemplo:
English: UV absorption or spectrofluorimetry for aryl polymers,- LC-MS for low molecular weight samples,
Portuguese: espectroscopia de absorção ou espectrofluorimetria no ultravioleta, no caso de polímeros arílicos,
English: If, after centrifugation or filtering of the content of each vessel, polymer residues remain attached to the wall of the vessel, the vessel should be rinsed with the filtrate until the vessel is cleared from all visible residues.Following which, the filtrate is again centrifuged or filtered.
Portuguese: Se, após a centrifugação ou filtragem do conteúdo de um determinado recipiente, permanecerem resíduos poliméricos nas respectivas paredes, deve lavar-se o mesmo com o filtrado até que não se observem quaisquer resíduos, procedendo então a uma nova centrifugação e filtragem.
English: Additionally, the weight loss of the sample (calculated as the weight of the solute divided by the weight of the initial sample) should also be given.The relative standard deviations (RSD) should be calculated.
Portuguese: Deve também fornecer-se a perda de massa da amostra, expressa no quociente entre a massa de soluto e a massa inicial da amostra, bem como os desvios-padrão relativos.
English: The individual weights of the residues should be given and expressed in percentage of the initial weights of the samples.Averages should be calculated per experiment.
Portuguese: Devem apresentar-se as massas dos diversos resíduos, expressas em percentagem das massas iniciais das amostras, calculando as médias relativas a cada ensaio.
English: If total radioactive residues are measured (for example by combustion or tissue solubilisation), the BCF is based on the parent compound, any retained metabolites and also assimilated carbon. BCFs based on total radioactive residues may not, therefore, be directly comparable to a BCF derived by specific chemical analysis of the parent compound only.
Portuguese: Caso se determinem os resíduos radioactivos totais (nomeadamente por combustão ou solubilização de tecidos), o factor BCF é calculado com base na substância de origem, nos metabolitos fixados e no carbono assimilado, não sendo, por tal facto, directamente comparável ao factor decorrente de análise química específica da substância de origem.
English: The use of soft plastic tubing should be minimised.Teflon (R), stainless steel and/or glass tubing are preferably used.
Portuguese: Deve evitar-se tanto quanto possível o uso de tubos de plástico flexível, recorrendo-se, de preferência, a tubos de teflon (R), aço inoxidável e/ou vidro.
English: In order to ensure that the dilution water will not unduly influence the test result (for example, by complexation of the test substance) or adversely affect the performance of the stock of fish, samples should be taken at intervals for analysis.Determination of heavy metals (e.g. Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Ni), major anions and cations (e.g. Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, SO4), pesticides (e.g. total organophosphorous and total organochlorine pesticides), total organic carbon and suspended solids should be made, for example, every three months where a dilution water is known to be relatively constant in quality.
Portuguese: De modo a assegurar que a água de diluição não afecta os resultados (nomeadamente devido à complexação da substância em estudo) ou o comportamento dos animais, devem recolher-se periodicamente amostras da mesma para análise, procedendo-se à determinação dos metais pesados (Cu, Pb, Zn, Hg, Cd, Ni), principais aniões e catiões (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO42-),pesticidas (nomeadamente pesticidas organofosforados totais e organoclorados totais), carbono orgânico total e sólidos em suspensão, com uma frequência aproximadamente trimestral, caso a qualidade da água de diluição seja relativamente constante.
English: A stock solution of the test substance is prepared at a suitable concentration.The stock solution should preferably be prepared by simply mixing or agitating the test substance in the dilution water.
Portuguese: Prepara-se uma solução-mãe da substância em estudo, de concentração adequada, de preferência misturando ou agitando a substância com a água de diluição.
English: If both sexes are used, differences in lipid content between sexes should be documented to be non-significant before the start of the exposure;pooling all male and all female fish may be necessary.
Portuguese: Caso se utilizem animais de ambos os sexos, as diferenças entre os respectivos teores de lípidos antes do início da exposição não devem ser significativas, podendo ser necessário reunir os machos e as fêmeas.
English: Fish are fed daily throughout the acclimation and test periods at a level of approximately 1 to 2 % of body weight per day;this keeps the lipid concentration in most species of fish at a relatively constant level during the test.
Portuguese: Os animais são alimentados diariamente, sendo a quantidade de alimentos fornecida de ordem de 1 a 2 % da massa corporal/dia, o que permite manter a concentração de lípidos da maioria das espécies a níveis relativamente constantes, durante o ensaio.
English: The photoperiod is usually 12 to 16 hours and the temperature (± 2 °C) should be appropriate for the test species (see Annex 2).The type and characteristics of illumination should be known.
Portuguese: O período de irradiação é, em geral, de 12 a 16 horas, devendo a temperatura, cuja variação não deve exceder ± 2 °C, ser adequada às espécies em estudo (ver anexo II).
English: Also, the major metabolites may be characterised at steady-state or at the end of the uptake phase, whichever is the sooner.If the BCF in terms of total radiolabelled residues is &ge;
Portuguese: Além disso, os principais metabolitos podem ser caracterizados no estado estacionário ou no final da fase de fixação, consoante o que ocorrer primeiro.
English: 1 000 %, it may be advisable, and for certain categories of chemicals such as pesticides strongly recommended, to identify and quantify degradates representing &ge;10 % of total residues in fish tissues at steady state.
Portuguese: Se o factor BCF calculado com base nos resíduos radioactivos totais for igual ou superior a 1000 %, pode ser aconselhável e mesmo, no caso de determinadas categorias de substâncias, tais como os pesticidas, fortemente recomendável, identificar e quantificar os produtos de degradação que representem 10 % ou mais da totalidade dos resíduos nos tecidos dos peixes, no estado estacionário.
English: If degradates representing &ge;10 % of total radiolabelled residues in the fish tissue are identified and quantified, then it is also recommended to identify and quantify degradates in the test water.
Portuguese: Caso se identifiquem e quantifiquem os produtos de degradação que representam 10 % ou mais dos resíduos totais marcados com radioisótopos nos tecidos dos peixes, recomenda-se também a identificação e quantificação dos produtos de degradação na água do ensaio.
English: Lipid content of the fish is determined on each sampling occasion if possible.Suitable methods should be used for determination of lipid content (references 8 and 2 of Annex 3).
Portuguese: O teor de lípidos dos peixes deve ser determinado, se possível, em cada amostragem, devendo, para tal, utilizar-se métodos adequados (ver os pontos 8 e 2 do anexo 3).
English: The depuration rate constant (k2) is usually determined from the depuration curve (i.e. a plot of the decrease in test substance concentration in the fish with time).The uptake rate constant (k1) is then calculated given k2 and a value of Cf which is derived from the uptake curve (see also Annex 5).
Portuguese: De modo geral, a constante de velocidade de depuração (k2) é determinada com base na curva de depuração (representação gráfica do decréscimo da concentração da substância em estudo nos peixes em função do tempo), calculando-se a constante de velocidade de fixação (k1) com base em k2 e num valor de Cf obtido da curva de fixação (ver também o anexo 5).
English: The variation in uptake/depuration constants between the two test concentrations should be less than 20 %.Observed significant differences in uptake/depuration rates between the two applied test concentrations should be recorded and possible explanations given.
Portuguese: A variação das velocidades de fixação e depuração obtidas com ambas as concentrações de ensaio deve ser inferior a 20 %, devendo registar-se e tentar explicar-se a ocorrência de variações significativas das referidas velocidades.
English: Cf and Cw (with standard deviation and range, if appropriate) for all sampling times
Portuguese: concentrações Cf e Cw (incluindo os respectivos desvios-padrão e gama, se adequado) para todos os períodos de amostragem.
English: Rev. Environ.
French: Rev. Environ.
Portuguese: Rev.Environ.
Maltese: Rev. Environ.
English: dt = k1.Cw - k2.Cf
Portuguese: dt = k1 . Cw - k2.Cf