FrancophonIA/DGT-Translation_Memory huggingface dataset:
English: The simulations were performed using three different smog episodes in 1994, emission base years 1995, 2003 and 2010 and 5 different types of short-term actions. The three basic short-term actions concerned road traffic on a nationwide scale:
Maltese: Is-simulazzjonijiet saru billi ntużaw tliet episodji differenti ta’ smog fl-1994, a-bażi ta’ emissjoni għas-snin 1995, 2003, u 2010 u ħames tipi differenti ta’ miżuri fil-qosor. It-tliet miżuri bażiċi fil-qosor koncernaw traffiku tat-triq fuq skala nazzjonali:
English: Beck, Effects of short-term abatement measures on peak ozone concentrations during summer smog episodes in the Netherlands.
Slovenian: Beck, Effects of short-term abatement measures on peak ozone concentrations during summer smog episodes in the Netherlands.
Romanian: Beck, Effects of short-term abatement measures on peak ozone concentrations during summer smog episodes in the Netherlands.
Latvian: Beck, Effects of short–term abatement measures on peak ozone concentrations during summer smog episodes in the Netherlands.
Maltese: Beck, l-Effetti ta’ tnaqqis permezz ta’ miżuri fil-qosor fuq konċentrazzjonijiet ta’ ożonu quċċata matul episodji ta’ smog matul is-sajf fl-Olanda.
English: The trigger for taking action was the concentration level exceeding 260 μg/m3 as three-hour mean value, taking into account that the implementation of plans takes some time. Most measures related to traffic (mainly ban of vehicles without catalytic converters).
Maltese: Il-pass biex tittieħed l-azzjoni kien meta l-livell tal-konċentrazzjoni jaqbeż il-260 ug/m3 valur imkejjel kull tliet sigħat, meħud kont illi l-implimentazzjoni ta’ pjanijiet tieħu ż-żmien. ħafna mill-miżuri relatati mat-traffiku (l-biċċa l-kbira l-projbizzjoni tas-sewqan ta’ vetturi mingħajr catalytic converters).
English: Umweltbundesamt, Wien.
Slovak: Umweltbundesamt, Wien.
Slovenian: Umweltbundesamt, Wien.
Romanian: Umweltbundesamt, Wien.
Lithuanian: Umweltbundesamt, Wien.
Maltese: Umweltbundesamt, Wien.
English: The figures in brackets indicate the emission reductions. (3) On average one day per year;
Maltese: Il-figuri bejn il-parentezi juru r-riduzzjoni fl-emissjonijiet.
English: Geophhy. Res., 102, D7, 8811-8823.
Hungarian: Geophhy. Res., 102, D7, 8811-8823.
Lithuanian: Geophhy. Res., 102, D7, 8811–8823.
English: Bruckmann, P. and M. Wichmann-Fiebig: 1997.
Portuguese: Bruckmann, P. e M. Wichmann-Fiebig: 1997.
Hungarian: Bruckmann, P. és M. Wichmann-Fiebig: 1997.
Romanian: Bruckmann, P și M. Wichmann-Fiebig: 1997.
Lithuanian: Bruckmann P. ir M. Wichmann-Fiebig: 1997.
English: Effect of various measures on ozone concentrations in Germany Permanent reduction measures:
Lithuanian: Įvairių priemonių ozono koncentracijai Vokietijoje mažinti poveikis
English: Baumann et al. (1997).
Lithuanian: Baumann et al. (1997).
English: FIELD EXPERIMENT: HEILBRONN/NECKARSULM (GERMANY)
French: EXPÉRIENCE SUR LE TERRAIN: HEILBRONN/NECKARSULM (ALLEMAGNE)
Portuguese: EXPERIÊNCIA DE CAMPO: HEILBRONN/NECKARSULM (ALEMANHA)
Hungarian: TEREPKÍSÉRLET: HEILBRONN/NECKARSULM (NÉMETORSZÁG)
Bulgarian: ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТ НА МЯСТО — HEILBRONN/NECKARSULM (ГЕРМАНИЯ)
English: Fair weather, with maximum temperatures climbing from 25 °C to about 30 °C, prevailed during the experiment, with cloud cover on the afternoons of 25 and 27 June. Wind speeds were moderate (i.e. 2 to 4 m/s on 23 and 25 to 27) or elevated (i.e. 4 to 7 m/s on 24), the meteorological conditions thus being favourable, but not exceptionally good for ozone production.
Latvian: Eksperimenta laikā pārsvarā bija skaidrs laiks ar maksimālo temperatūru no 25 °C līdz 30 °C, mākoņains laiks bija 25. un 27. jūnija pēcpusdienā. Vēja ātrums bija neliels (t.i., 2 līdz 4 m/s 23. jūnijā un 25. līdz 27. jūnijā) vai lēns (t.i., 4 līdz 7 m/s 24. jūnijā), tādejādi metereoloģiskie apstākļi bija labvēlīgi, bet ne ārkārtīgi labi priekš ozona veidošanās.
English: Umweltministerium Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.): Ozonversuch Neckarsulm/Heilbronn.
Latvian: Umweltministerium Baden–Württemberg (Hrsg.): Ozonversuch Neckarsulm/Heilbronn.
English: Dokumentation über die Vorbereitung und Durchführung des Versuchs, Stuttgart, 1995 Umweltministerium Baden-Württemberg (Hrsg.):
Latvian: Dokumentation über die Vorbereitung und Durchführung des Versuchs, Stuttgart, 1995 Umweltministerium Baden–Württemberg (Hrsg.):
English: Ozonversuch Neckarsulm/Heilbronn, Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Stuttgart, 1995 Bruckmann, P. and M. Wichmann-Fiebig: 1997.
Latvian: Ozonversuch Neckarsulm/Heilbronn, Wissenschaftliche Auswertungen, Stuttgart, 1995 Bruckmann, P. and M. Wichmann–Fiebig: 1997.
English: Afternoon peak values of 240 to 280 μg/m3 would thus drop below 200 μg/m3. The effectiveness of permanent large-scale control measures is significantly higher than that of temporary measures (see below), although the emission-related reduction effects are "only" in the magnitude of -30 to -40 %.
Latvian: Tādējādi pēcpusdienas maksimālā vērtības – 240 līdz 280 μg/m3 samazinātos zem 200 μg/m3 Pastāvīgi liela mēroga kontroles pasākumi ir ievērojami efektīvāki nekā pagaidu pasākumi (sk. turpmāk), lai gan ar emisiju saistītā samazinājuma ietekme ir "tikai" robežās no – 30 līdz – 40 %.
English: Reference: C.J.P.P.
Latvian: Atsauce: C.J.P.P.
English: Smeets and J.P.
Slovenian: Smeets and J.P.
Romanian: Smeets and J.P.
Latvian: Smeets and J.P.
English: Umweltbundesamt, Wien. Baumann et al. (1997).
Latvian: Umweltbundesamt, Wien. Baumann et al. (1997).
English: The field experiment in the Heilbronn/Neckarsulm conurbation (approximately 200000 inhabitants) started with abatement actions on Thursday 23 June, 1994, and lasted until Sunday 26 June, 1994. It was accompanied by measurements at four fixed stations, with 15 mobile units, with an aircraft and balloons and included model calculations on the basis of a detailed emission inventory.
Polish: Eksperyment przeprowadzony w terenie w konurbacji Heilbronn/Neckarsulm (ok. 200000 mieszkańców) rozpoczął się od działań na rzecz obniżenia stężenia ozonu w czwartek dnia 23 czerwca 1994 r. i trwał do niedzieli, 26 czerwca 1994 r. Równocześnie odbywały się pomiary w czterech stałych stacjach, 15 jednostkach ruchomych, oraz przy pomocy samolotów i balonów. Eksperyment obejmował także obliczenia modelowe na podstawie szczegółowych pomiarów emisji.
English: In the downtown area of 45 km2, traffic bans were enforced; however cars equipped with controlled catalytic converters and low emitting diesel vehicles were exempted from this ban, as well as essential traffic, such as fire brigades, suppliers of fresh food, and medicines.
Polish: W centrum miasta o powierzchni 45 km2 wprowadzono zakaz ruchu, z którego wyłączono samochody wyposażone w katalizatory lub silniki diesla o niskiej emisji, a także niezbędne pojazdy, takie jak straż pożarna, oraz samochody dostarczające żywność i leki.
English: In the case of a "severe" nationwide speed limit (-15 % NOx; -1 % VOC), the model simulations show a decrease in the calculated frequency of grid hours exceeding the threshold of ground-level ozone concentrations of 180 μg/m3 by approx. 14 %.
Polish: W przypadku "zaostrzonego" ograniczenia prędkości w całym kraju (-15 % NOx; -1 % LZO) symulacje modelowe wykazują zmniejszenie obliczanej częstotliwości godzin siatki, przekraczających próg stężeń ozonu na poziomie ziemi 180 μg/m3 o około 14 %.
English: In the case of a nationwide driving ban for passenger cars without a three-way catalyst (-29 % NOx; -32 % VOC), the simulation shows a 29 % decrease of the calculated number of grid hours with ground-level ozone concentrations above 180 μg/m3.
Czech: V případě celostátního zákazu provozu osobních vozidel bez trojcestného katalyzátoru (-29 % NOx, -32 % VOC) simulace ukazuje 29 % snížení vypočteného počtu rastrových hodin s koncentracemi přízemního ozonu nad 180 μg/m3.
Polish: W przypadku ogólnokrajowego zakazu używania samochodów osobowych bez katalizatora trójdrożnego (-29 % NOx; -32 % LZO) symulacja wykazała spadek o 29 % obliczonej liczby godzin siatki ze stężeniami ozonu na poziomie ziemi powyżej 180 μg/m3.
English: On local scales, for the three model regions, the permanent large-scale control measures (up to -30 % NOx; up to -31 % VOC; both plus effects in Germany/Europe) result in a decrease of the calculated peak ozone concentrations in the range of 30 to 40 %.
Polish: w skali lokalnej, dla trzech regionów modelowych, długotrwałe i stosowane w szerokim zakresie środki ograniczania emisji (do -30 % NOx; do -31 % LZO; oba równocześnie oraz oddziaływania w Niemczech/Europie) spowodowały spadek obliczonych najwyższych stężeń ozonu w zakresie 30 do 40 %.
Bulgarian: на местно равнище, в трите модела на области, постоянните широкообхватни контролни мерки за намаляване (до – 30 % за Nox и до – 31 % за ЛОС, с ефект в Германия/Европа и в двата случая) довеждат до намаляване от порядъка на 30 % до 40 % на изчислените пикови концентрации на озона.
English: Local speed limits (up to -14 % NOx; -1 % VOC) and local driving bans including non-low emission diesel cars (up to -25 % NOx; up to -28 % VOC) exert only minor effects on peak ozone concentrations, at maximum -4 % for speed limits and -7 % for traffic bans.
Polish: lokalne ograniczenia prędkości (do -14 % NOx; -1 % LZO) i lokalne zakazy ruchu pojazdów w tym samochodów z silnikami diesla o wyższej emisji (do -25 % NOx i do -28 % LZO) wywierają tylko niewielki wpływ na szczytowe stężenia ozonu, osiągający maksymalnie -4 % dla ograniczeń prędkości i -7 % dla zakazów ruchu.
English: As a result of the short-term measures the nationwide averaged 95 percentile values increased by a few percent for both 1995 and 2003. Only the bottom end extreme case showed a reduction of a few percent.
Polish: W wyniku podjętych środków krótkoterminowych krajowe uśrednione wartości percentyla 95 wzrosły o kilka procent zarówno w przypadku 1995 r., jak i 2003 r. Tylko najniższy skrajny przypadek wykazał obniżenie o kilka procent.
English: In the case of additional permanent reduction measures (-64 % NOx, -72 % VOC)(2), the calculated afternoon's peak concentrations are 30 to 40 % lower than in the base case run.
Romanian: În cazul măsurilor suplimentare permanente de reducere (-64 % NOx, -72 % COV), concentrațiile de vârf calculate în perioada după-amiezii sunt cu 30-40 % mai mici decât cele observate în configurația de referință.
English: In the case of a "severe" nationwide speed limit (-15 % NOx, -1 % VOC), the model simulations show a decrease in the calculated frequency of grid hours exceeding the threshold of ground-level ozone concentrations of 180 μg/m3 by approx. 14 %.
Romanian: în cazul unei limitări de viteză „severe” la nivel național (-15 % NOx, -1 % COV), simulările prin modelare arată o scădere a frecvenței calculate a orelor din grafic în timpul cărora se depășește pragul concentrațiilor de ozon la nivelul solului de 180 µg/m3 cu aproximativ 14 %.
English: In the case of a nationwide driving ban for passenger cars without a three-way catalyst (-29 % NOx, -32 % VOC), the simulation shows a 29 % decrease of the calculated number of grid hours with ground-level ozone concentrations above 180 μg/m3.
Romanian: În cazul interdicțiilor de circulație la nivel național pentru autoturismele fără catalizator cu trei căi (-29 % NOx, -32 % COV), simularea evidențiază o scădere cu 29 % a numărului calculat de ore din grafic pe durata cărora concentrația de ozon la nivelul solului este de peste 180 µg/m3.
English: On local scales, for the three model regions, the permanent large-scale control measures (up to -30 % NOx, up to -31 % VOC, both plus effects in Germany/Europe) result in a decrease of the calculated peak ozone concentrations in the range of 30 to 40 %.
Romanian: la nivel local, în cele trei regiuni-model, măsurile permanente de control pe scară largă (până la -30 % NOx, până la -31 % COV, ambele cu efecte în Germania/Europa) duc la o scădere a concentrațiilor maxime de ozon calculate în intervalul 30-40 %.
English: Local speed limits (up to -14 % NOx, -1 % VOC) and local driving bans including non-low emission diesel cars (up to -25 % NOx, up to -28 % VOC) exert only minor effects on peak ozone concentrations, at maximum -4 % for speed limits and -7 % for traffic bans.
Romanian: limitările locale de viteză (până la -14 % NOx, -1 % COV) și interdicțiile locale de circulație, inclusiv pentru mașinile diesel fără nivel redus de emisii (până la -25 % NOx, până la -28 % COV) au doar efecte minore asupra concentrațiilor maxime de ozon, maximum -4 % pentru limitările de viteză și -7 % pentru interdicțiile de circulație.
English: C.J.P.P.
Slovenian: C.J.P.P.
Romanian: C.J.P.P.
English: Baumann et al.
Slovak: Baumann a kol.
Slovenian: Baumann et al.
Romanian: Baumann et al.
English: Pannonisches Ozonprojekt. Zusammenfassender Endbericht.
Romanian: Pannonisches Ozonprojekt, Zusammenfassender Endbericht.
English: In the following the guidance on appropriate short-term actions is given with regard to geographical differences, regional extension and duration of possible measures. 1.
Bulgarian: По-нататък е представено ръководство за краткосрочни действия, като се имат предвид географските различия, регионалното разпространение и времетраенето на възможните мерки.
English: Therefore cities and/or regions in southern Europe characterised by particular orographic conditions can, in principle, locally profit from short-term measures for reducing the risk or severity of exceedances of the alert value, especially for exceptional situations of extreme O3-episodes such as experienced in 2003. 2.
Bulgarian: Следователно, градове и/или райони в Южна Европа, които се характеризират с особени орографски условия, могат, по принцип, да се възползва на местно равнище от краткосрочни мерки с цел намаляване на риска или сериозността на надвишаването на критичните стойности, особено при изключителни ситуации с екстремни О3-епизоди, каквито е имало през 2003 г.
English: Similarly, short-term actions may require a regional-wide assessment and approach, where layering and transport account for a significant part of the observed ozone. 3.
Bulgarian: Подобно на това, при провеждане на краткосрочните мерки, понякога се налага да се направи оценка и да се приложи подход на регионално равнище поради това, че наблюдаваният озон се дължи отчасти на разслоението и преноса за значителна част от наблюдаваната зона.
English: Directive 1999/13/EC on the limitation of emissions of volatile organic compounds due to the use of organic solvents in certain activities and installations(5); Directive 96/61/EC concerning integrated pollution prevention and control(6)) as well as pending strategies to regulate the VOC content in products will reduce ozone peak levels.
Bulgarian: Директива 1999/13/EО на Съвета от 11 март 1999 г. относно ограничаване на емисиите на летливи органични съединения, дължащи се на употребата на органични разтворители в определени дейности и инсталации и Директива 96/61/EО на Съвета от 24 септември 1996 г. относно комплексно предотвратяване и контрол на замърсяването и преоктостратегиите, предназначени за регулиране на съдържанието на ЛОС в някои продукти ще доведат до намаляването на равнището на тези пикови нива.
English: Thus, the background concentrations of ozone and ozone precursors are reduced. Temporary reduction measures:
Bulgarian: Така се намаляват фоновите озонови концентрации и концентрацията на прекурсорите на озона.
English: -1 % VOC) and local driving bans including non-low emission diesel cars (up to -25 % NOx; up to -28 % VOC) exert only minor effects on peak ozone concentrations, at maximum -4 % for speed limits and -7 % for traffic bans.
Bulgarian: 1 % за ЛОС) и местните забрани за движение на определени места на “дизелови автомобили които не са с ниски емисии (до – 25 % за Nox и – 28 % за ЛОС) имат слаб ефект върху пиковите озонови концентрации (максимум – 4 % за ограниченията на скоростта и – 7 % за забраната на трафика).
English: It is particularly recommended to set up monitoring sites in those areas where no EMEP monitoring sites exist. In the south it should be considered to include some of the most abundant biogenic hydrocarbons, e. g. the monoterpenes α-pinene and limonene, in the monitoring programme.
Bulgarian: Особено важна е препоръката да се изградят контролни пунктове в зоните, където няма измервателни станции по програмата EMEP На юг следва де се предвиди включване в програмата за контрол на някои биогенни въглеводороди, като например, монотерпените α-пинен и лимонен.
English: Fair weather, with maximum temperatures climbing from 25 °C to about 30 °C, prevailed during the experiment, with cloud cover on the afternoons of 25 and 27 June. Wind speeds were moderate (i.e.
Slovenian: Med poskusom je prevladovalo lepo vreme z najvišjimi temperaturami med 25 °C in okrog 30 °C, pri čemer je bilo 25. in 27. junija popoldne oblačno.
English: 2 to 4 m/s on 23 and 25 to 27) or elevated (i.e. 4 to 7 m/s on 24), the meteorological conditions thus being favourable, but not exceptionally good for ozone production.
Slovenian: Hitrost vetra je bila zmerna (tj. 2 do 4 m/s 23. in 25. do 27. junija) ali povečana (tj. 4 do 7 m/s 24. junija), tako da so bile vremenske razmere ugodne, ne pa izjemno dobre za nastanek ozona.
English: however, in about half of the years since 1990 no exceedances were measured at all.ANNEX III
Slovenian: vendar pa v približno polovici let od leta 1990 preseganja sploh niso bila izmerjena. PRILOGA III
English: Some countries (e.g, France) have both regimes depending on the region.
Czech: Některé země (např, Francie) mají oba režimy v závislosti na regionu.
English: Moreover these actions would have to be taken well in advance, e.g, one or two days, of an exceedance event (either on the basis of forecasts or during the whole summer season), and should have the appropriate regional extension (see above).
Czech: Navíc musí být tato opatření provedena v dostatečném předstihu, např, den nebo dva před překročením (buď na základě předpovědi, či v průběhu celého letního období), a měla by mít příslušný regionální rozsah (viz výše).
English: In the case of a "severe" nationwide speed limit (-15 % NOx, -1 % VOC), the model simulations show a decrease in the calculated frequency of grid hours exceeding the threshold of ground-level ozone concentrations of 180 μg/m3 by approx 14 %.
Czech: v případě "přísného" omezení rychlosti na vnitrostátní úrovni (–15 % Nox, –1 % VOC) ukazují modelové simulace snížení vypočtené frekvence rastrových hodin, kdy je překračována prahová hodnota koncentrací přízemního ozonu 180 μg/m3, přibližně o 14 %.
English: On local scales, for the three model regions, the permanent large-scale control measures (up to -30 % NOx; up to -31 % VOC;
Czech: v místním měřítku ve třech modelových regionech měla trvalá rozsáhlá kontrolní opatření (až do -30 % NOx, -31 % VOC;
English: Local speed limits (up to -14 % NOx; -1 % VOC) and local driving bans including non-low emission diesel cars (up to -25 % NOx;
Czech: místní omezení rychlosti (až do -14 % NOx, -1 % VOC) a místní zákazy provozu zahrnující vozidla s dieselovým motorem s vyššími emisemi (až do –25 % NOx,
English: To support the understanding of ozone formation, of precursor dispersion, and of photochemical models, in addition to the VOC listed in Annex VI to Directive 2002/3/EC, measurements of photo-reactive species (e.g, HO2- and RO2-radicals, PAN) are advisable.
Czech: Pro zlepšení porozumění vytváření ozonu, rozptylu prekurzorů a fotochemických modelů se kromě těkavých organických sloučenin uvedených v příloze VI směrnice 2002/3/ES doporučuje měření fotoreaktivních druhů (např, radikály HO2 a RO2, PAN).