FrancophonIA/DGT-Translation_Memory huggingface dataset:
English: During the transport to the Community, the animals shall not be moved by road, railway or on foot through the territory or part of the territory of a third country that is not approved for importation into the Community of such animals. 4.
Romanian: În timpul transportului spre Comunitate, animalele nu se deplasează pe cale rutieră, feroviară sau pe jos pe teritoriul unei țări terțe sau al unei regiuni a unei țări terțe care nu este autorizată pentru importul acestui tip de animale în Comunitate.
English: Conditions to be applied following importation 1.
Romanian: Condiții ce trebuie aplicate după import
English: trimmed offal of domestic bovine animals intended for human consumption as meat-based products after further heat-treatment by cooking to a core temperature of at least 80 °C, or sterilised in hermetically sealed containers in a way as to achieve a value of Fo >= 3. 2.
Romanian: organe comestibile prelucrate de bovine domestice, destinate consumului uman sub formă de produse din carne după tratament termic realizat prin fierbere la o temperatură interioară de cel puțin 80 °C sau sterilizate în containere închise ermetic, astfel încât să se atingă o valoare Fo ³ 3.
English: For the categories of products referred to in paragraph 1(b), the establishment of destination shall be an establishment specifically approved and registered for processing those products by the Member State in which the establishment is situated. 3.
Romanian: Pentru categoriile de produse menționate în alineatul (1) litera (b), unitatea de destinație trebuie să fie o unitate special autorizată și desemnată pentru transformarea acelor produse de către statul membru în care se află unitatea.
English: However, this shall not preclude the use of electronic certification or other agreed systems, harmonised at Community level." 3.
Romanian: Cu toate acestea, acest lucru nu împiedică utilizarea certificării electronice sau a altor sisteme autorizate și armonizate la nivel comunitar.”
English: Article 4 becomes Article 14. 4.
Romanian: Articolul 4 devine articolul 14.
English: "Commission Decision 2000/572/EC of 8 September 2000 laying down the animal and public health and veterinary certification conditions for imports of meat preparations into the Community from third countries". 2.
Romanian: „Decizia 2000/572/CE a Comisiei din 8 septembrie 2000 de stabilire a condițiilor de sănătate animală și publică și de certificare sanitar-veterinară pentru importurile în Comunitate de preparate din carne provenind din țări terțe”.
Bulgarian: „Решение 2000/572/EО на Комисията от 8 септември 2000 г. за определяне на ветеринарно-санитарните и здравните изисквания и ветеринарното сертифициране за вноса на мляно месо и месни заготовки от трети държави“.
English: This Decision lays down the animal and public health and veterinary certification conditions for the importation of meat preparations." 3.
Romanian: Prezenta decizie stabilește condițiile de sănătate animală și publică și de certificare sanitar-veterinară pentru importurile de preparate din carne.”
English: Article 2 is deleted. 4.
Romanian: Articolul 2 se elimină.
English: Article 4(1) is deleted. 5.
Romanian: Articolul 4 alineatul (1) se elimină.
English: Article 6 is deleted. 6.
Romanian: Articolul 6 se elimină.
English: Decision 2000/585/EC is amended as follows: 1.
Romanian: Decizia 2000/585/Ce se modifică după cum urmează:
Bulgarian: Решение 2000/585/EО се изменя, както следва:
English: "Commission Decision 2000/585/EC of 7 September 2000 drawing up a list of third countries from which Member States authorise imports of rabbit meat and certain wild and farmed game meat, and laying down the animal and public health and the veterinary certification conditions for such imports". 2.
Romanian: „Decizia 2000/585/CE a Comisiei din 7 septembrie 2000 privind întocmirea unei liste a țărilor terțe din care statele membre autorizează importurile de carne de iepure și de anumite tipuri de carne de vânat sălbatic și de crescătorie și de stabilire a condițiilor de sănătate animală și publică și de certificare sanitar-veterinară pentru aceste importuri”
Bulgarian: „Решение 2000/585/EО на Комисията oт 7 септември 2000 г. за съставянето на списък на трети страни, от които държавите-членки разрешават вноса на заешко месо и някои видове месо от дивеч и отгледан във ферми дивеч, и за определяне на ветеринарно-санитарните и здравните изисквания и ветеринарното сертифициране за такъв внос“.
English: The specific requirements referred to in Annex II and set out in Annex IV must be fulfilled by the exporting third country and so certified by completing Section V of each health certificate in accordance with the model set out in Annex III." 3.
Romanian: Cerințele speciale menționate în anexa II și stabilite în anexa IV trebuie îndeplinite de către țara terță exportatoare și atestate prin completarea secțiunii V a certificatului de sănătate în conformitate cu modelul stabilit în anexa III.”
English: Annexes I and II are replaced by Annex B to this Decision. 4.
Romanian: Anexele I și II se înlocuiesc cu anexa B la prezenta decizie.
English: In Annex III, Models A, B, F, G and J are deleted. 5.
Romanian: În anexa III, modelele A, B, F, G și J se elimină.
English: Transitional and final provisions 1.
Romanian: Dispoziții tranzitorii și finale
English: This Decision shall apply from 1 May 2004. 2.
Romanian: Prezenta decizie se aplică de la 1 mai 2004.
English: References made by Community legislation to the list of third countries appearing in part 1 of the Annex to Decision 79/542/EEC, as laid down before the amendments introduced by the present Decision, shall be construed as references to the list of third countries appearing in Part 1 of Annex II to Decision 79/542/EEC, as amended by the present Decision. 3.
Romanian: Trimiterile legislației comunitare la lista țărilor terțe prevăzută la partea 1 din anexa la Decizia 79/542/CEE, stabilite înainte de modificările introduse de prezenta decizie, se interpretează ca trimiteri la lista țărilor terțe prevăzută la partea 1 din anexa II la Decizia 79/542/CEE, modificată prin prezenta decizie.
English: List of third countries or parts thereof Specific conditions (see footnotes in each certificate):
Romanian: Lista țărilor terțe sau a regiunilor din țările terțeCondiții speciale (vezi notele de subsol din fiecare certificat):
English: For large-scale serological surveys and rapid screening, sera could be tested at a single dilution of 1:
Romanian: Pentru studii serologice la scară mare și teste de control rapide, serurile se pot testa într-o diluție unică 1:
English: 5 (Appendix 1).
Romanian: 5 (apendicele 1).
English: Procedure: 1.
Romanian: Procedura:
English: Tap sides of plate to disperse antigen. 2.
Romanian: Se loveste usor placa de masa pentru a dispersa antigenul.
English: Prepare a two-fold dilution series of each test sample (1:5 to 1:640) in blocking buffer across eight wells of single columns 3 to 12. 4.
Romanian: Se prepară o serie de diluții în progresie geometrică ale fiecărui eșantion de testare (de la 1:5 la 1:640) într-un tampon de blocare in cele opt godeuri ale fiecărei coloane de la 3 la 12.
English: Immediately after the addition of the test sera, dilute Mab 1:
Romanian: Imediat după adăugarea serului de testare, se diluează AcM la 1:
English: 100 in blocking buffer and add 50 μl to all wells of the plate except for the blank control. 5.
Romanian: 100 într-un tampon de blocare și se adaugă 50 µl în toate godeurile plăcii, cu excepția blank-ului.
English: Wash three times with PBS and blot dry. 6.
Romanian: Se spală de trei ori cu PBS și se usucă cu hârtie sugativă.
English: Dilute rabbit anti-mouse concentrate to 1/5000 in blocking buffer and add 50 μl to all wells of the plate. 7.
Romanian: Se diluează concentratul de iepure antișoarece la 1/5 000 într-un tampon de blocare și se adaugă 50 µl în toate godeurile plăcii.
English: Wash three times with PBS and blot dry. 8.
Romanian: Se spală de trei ori cu PBS și se usucă cu hârtie sugativă.
English: Colour should develop in the Mab control wells and in those wells containing sera with no antibody to BTV. 9.
Romanian: Culoarea ar trebui să se dezvolte în godeurile de control AcM și în godeurile ce conțin ser fără anticorpi de BTV.
English: Preparation of BTV ELISA antigen: 1.
Romanian: Prepararea antigenului virusului BTV pentru ELISA:
English: The protocol is as follows: 1.
Romanian: Protocolul este următorul:
English: Titrate a 1:20 dilution of BTV antigen in PBS across the microtitre plate in a twofold dilution series (50 μl/well) using a multichannel pipette. 2.
Romanian: Se titrează antigenul BTV în PBS la o diluție de 1:20 pe o placă de microtitrare într-o serie de diluții în progresie geometrică (50 µl/godeu) utilizând o pipetă multicanal.
English: Incubate for one hour at 37 °C on an orbital shaker. 3.
Romanian: Se incubează o oră la 37 °C într-un agitator orbital.
English: Wash plates three times with PBS. 4.
Romanian: Se spală plăcile de trei ori cu PBS.
English: Add 50 μl of monoclonal antibody 3-17-A3 (diluted 1/100) to each well of the microtitre plate. 5.
Romanian: Se adaugă 50 µl de anticorp monoclonal 3-17-A3 (diluat la 1/100) în fiecare godeu al plăcii de microtitrare.
English: Incubate for one hour at 37 °C on an orbital shaker. 6.
Romanian: Se incubează o oră la 37 °C într-un incubator-agitator.
English: Wash plates three times with PBS. 7.
Romanian: Se spală plăcile de trei ori cu PBS.
English: Add 50 μl of rabbit anti-mouse globulin conjugated to horseradish peroxidase, diluted to a pretitrated optimal concentration, to each well of the microtitre plate. 8.
Romanian: Se adaugă 50 µl de globulină de iepure antișoarece conjugată cu peroxidază din hrean, diluată la o concentrație pretitrată optimă, în fiecare godeu al plăcii de microtitrare.
English: Incubate for one hour at 37 °C on an orbital shaker. 9.
Romanian: Se incubează o oră la 37 °C.
English: Recommended transport media: 1.
Romanian: Mijloace de transport recomandate:
English: 0,08M phosphate buffer pH 7,2 containing 0,01 % bovine serum albumin, 0,002 % phenol red and antibiotics. 2.
Romanian: tampon fosfat de 0,08 M, la pH 7,2, conținând albumină din ser bovin 0,01 %, roșu fenol 0,002 % și antibiotice.
English: Tissue culture medium
Romanian: Mediu de cultură tisulară
English: (e.g. Eagle's MEM)
Romanian: (de exemplu, Eagle MEM)
English: containing 0,04M Hepes buffer, 0,01 % bovine serum albumin and antibiotics, pH 7,2. 3.
Romanian: conținând tampon Hepes 0,04 M, albumină dein ser bovin l0,01 % și antibiotice, pH 7,2.
English: ELISA plates are coated with 50 μl of rabbit antiviral sera overnight in a humidity chamber at room temperature. 2.
Romanian: Plăcile ELISA se acoperă cu 50 µl de seruri antivirale de iepure și se lasă peste noapte într-o încăpere umedă, la temperatura ambiantă.
English: The addition of the antigen reduces the starting serum dilution to 1/8. 3.
Romanian: Adăugarea antigenului reduce diluția serică inițială la 1/8.
English: The ELISA plates are washed five times with PBST. 4.
Romanian: Se spală plăcile ELISA cu PBST de cinci ori.
English: Fifty microlitres of serum/antigen mixtures are then transferred from the carrier plates to the rabbit-serum-coated ELISA plates and incubated at 37 °C for one hour on a rotary shaker. 5.
Romanian: Se transferă apoi 50 microlitri de amestecuri ser/antigen din plăcile purtătoare în plăcile ELISA acoperite cu ser de iepure și se incubează la temperatura de 37 °C timp de o oră într-un agitator rotativ.
English: The plates are incubated at 37 °C for one hour a rotary shaker. 6.
Romanian: Se incubează plăcile la temperatura de 37 °C timp de o oră într-un agitator rotativ.
English: The plates are incubated at 37 °C for one hour on a rotary shaker. 7.
Romanian: Plăcile se incubează la temperatura de 37 °C timp de o oră într-un agitator rotativ.
English: The plates are washed and 50 μl of orthophenylene diamine containing 0,05 % H2O2 (30 %) w/v is added to each well. 8.
Romanian: Se spală plăcile și se adaugă în fiecare godeu 50 µl de ortofenilen diamină, ce conține 0,05 % H2O2 (30 %) m/v.
English: This may cause the cells to form a gel and more lysis buffer may be added to reduce this effect. (NB:
Slovak: V dôsledku toho sa môže stať, že bunky vytvoria gel a na zníženie tohto účinku možno pridať ešte viac rozloženého tlmivého roztoku.(Upozornenie:
English: Add substrate and chromogen as described previously. Stop the reaction after 10 minutes by the addition of 1 Molar sulphuric acid (50 μl/well).
Slovak: Po 10 minútach reakciu zastavte pridaním 1 molárnej kyseliny sírovej (50 μl/priehradka).
English: A test serum is positive if it forms a specific precipitin line with the antigen and forms a complete line of identity with the control serum. A test serum is negative if it does not form a specific line with the antigen and it does not bend the line of the control serum.
Slovak: Testové sérum je pozitívne, ak s antigénom vytvorí charakteristickú zrazeninovú ciaru ak vytvorí úplne rovnakú ciaru s kontrolným sérom.. Testové sérum je negatívne, ak nevytvorí charakteristickú ciaru s antigénom a ak neohne ciaru kontrolného séra.
English: Fifty microlitres of a duplicate, twofold series of each test serum starting at 1/4 are prepared in U-bottomed multiwell plates (carrier plates). Fifty microlitres of a constant dose of antigen are added to each well and the mixtures are left overnight at 4 °C.
Slovak: Päťdesiat mikrolitrov zdvojených, dvojnásobných sérií každého testového séra počínajúc ¼ sa pripraví v platničkách s multipriehradkami a vypuklým dnom (prepravné platničky) Päťdesiat mikrolitrov konštantnej dávky antigénu sa pridá do každej priehradky a zmesi sa na noc nechajú stáť pri teplote 4 °C.
English: 'trimmed offal': means offal from which the bones, the cartilage, the trachea and main bronchi, the lymphatic glands and adhering connective tissue, the fat and the mucus have been completely removed; in the case of meat from domestic bovine animals, the whole masseter muscles, incised in accordance with point 41(a) of Chapter VIII of Annex I to Council Directive 64/433/EEC, are also considered as trimmed offal.
Polish: oddzielone podroby: oznacza podroby, z których całkowicie usunięto kości, chrząstki, tchawicę i oskrzela, gruczoły limfatyczne wraz z połączoną z nimi tkanką, tłuszcz i śluz, a w przypadku mięsa z domowego bydła całe mięśnie żwaczy, nacięte zgodnie z pkt 41 lit. a) rozdziału VIII załącznika I do dyrektywy Rady 64/433/EWG, są również uważane za oddzielone podroby.
English: For large-scale serological surveys and rapid screening, sera could be tested at a single dilution of 1:5
Polish: Przy badaniach serologicznych i szybkich badaniach screeningowych, surowice mogą być badane w pojedynczym rozcieńczeniu 1:5
English: (Appendix 1).
Polish: (Dodatek 1).
English: Alternatively, 10 sera can be tested over a dilution range from 1:5 to 1:640
Polish: Alternatywnie można zbadać 10 surowic w rozcieńczeniu wahającym się od 1:5 do 1:640
English: (Appendix 2).
Polish: (Dodatek 2).
English: Twofold dilutions of antigen are titrated against a constant dilution (1/100) monoclonal antibody 3-17-A3. The protocol is as follows:
Polish: Dwukrotnie wzrastające rozcieńczenia antygenu mianuje się względem stałego rozcieńczenia 1/100 przeciwciała monoklonalnego 3–17-A3, zgodnie z następującym protokołem:
English: A test pattern of seven moisture-free wells, each 5,0 mm in diameter, is cut in the agar. The pattern consists of one centre well and six wells arranged round it in a circle of radius 3 cm.
Polish: Po zastygnięciu agaru należy wyciąć w nim 7 studzienek o średnicy 5 mm, zgodnie z załączonym schematem, w którym jedna studzienka umieszczona jest centralnie, a sześć w równych odstępach na obwodzie okręgu o promieniu 3 mm.
English: The virus/serum mixtures are incubated for 24 hours at 37 °C in the microtitre plates before the MDBK cells are added. Cells are used at a concentration which forms a complete monolayer after 24 hours.
Polish: Mieszanina neutralizująca jest inkubowana w 37 °C w ciągu dwóch godzin w płytkach do mikrohodowli, po czym dodawane są komórki MDBK w takiej liczbie, aby po 24 godzinach powstała hodowla jednowarstwowa
English: After washing, 50 μl of guinea-pig antiserum to the antigen used in point 4 is added to each well. The plates are incubated at 37 °C for one hour a rotary shaker.
Polish: Po wypłukaniu, do każdej studzienki dodać po 50 μl przeciwciał świnki morskiej przeciwko antygenowi używanemu w pkt4 i pozostawić płytki na godzinę w temperaturze 37 °C na wytrząsarce poziomej.
English: The virus/serum mixtures are incubated for 30 to 60 minutes at 37 °C in the microtitre plates before the appropriate cells are added. Cells are used at a concentration which forms a complete monolayer after 24 hours.
Polish: Mieszanina wirusa i surowicy jest następnie inkubowana 30–60 minut w temperaturze 37 °C w płytkach titracyjnych, po czym dodawana jest zawiesina komórek o takiej gęstości, aby po upływie 24 godzin utworzyła pełną, jednowarstwową hodowlę.
English: trimmed offal of domestic bovine animals intended for human consumption as meat based products after further heat-treatment by cooking to a core temperature of at least 80°C, or sterilised in hermetically sealed containers in a way as to achieve a value of Fo ≥ 3.
Hungarian: háziasított szarvasmarhafélék kitisztított belsőségei, amelyeket - mint húsalapú termékeket - emberi fogyasztásra szánnak főzéssel történő további hőkezelés után, amely során legalább 80 °C-os belső hőmérsékletet érnek el, vagy légmentesen lezárt tárolóedényekben sterilizálják azokat olyan módon, hogy elérjék az Fo ≥ 3 értéket.
English: Article 6 This Decision is addressed to the Member States.
Hungarian: Kelt Brüsszelben, 2004. január 6-án.
English: David BYRNE
Hungarian: a Bizottság tagja
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-X, OVI-Y
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-X, OVI-Y
English: BOV-X, OVI-X, OVI-Y
Hungarian: BOV-X, OVI-X, OVI-Y
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y OVI-X, OVI-Y RUM
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y, OVI-X, OVI-Y, RUM
English: POR-X, POR-Y SUI
Hungarian: POR-X, POR-Y SUI
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y,RUM, OVI-X, OVI-Y
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-X, OVI-Y POR-X, POR-Y
English: POR-X, POR-Y IVa V
Hungarian: IVa V
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-Y
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-Y
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-X, OVI-Y V
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y, RUM, OVI-X, OVI-Y POR-X, POR-Y
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y RUM,
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y RUM,
English: OVI-X, OVI-Y I
Hungarian: OVI-X, OVI-Y I
English: BOV-X, BOV-Y OVI-Y, RUM
Hungarian: BOV-X, BOV-Y OVI-Y, RUM
English: POR-X, POR-Y OVI-X, OVI-Y I
Hungarian: POR-X, POR-Y OVI-X, OVI-Y I
English: Registration number(s), ship name or flight number
Hungarian: Rendszám(ok), a hajó neve vagy a repülőgép járatszáma
English: Official identification numbers(8) Date of birth and Sex(9)
Hungarian: Hatósági azonosító számok8 Születési idő és ivar9
English: Tests(6)(10):
Hungarian: Vizsgálatok6,10
English: they come from the territory with code :(3) which, at the date of issuing this certificate :
Hungarian: A 3 kóddal jelölt területről származnak, és amely e bizonyítvány kiállításakor:
English: they have been loaded for dispatch to the European Community on …(17) in the means of transport described under point 7 above that were cleaned and disinfected before loading with an officially authorised disinfectant and so constructed that faeces, urine, litter or fodder could not flow or fall out of the vehicle or container during transportation.
Hungarian: Az Európai Közösségbe való szállításra -án17 rakodták be azokat a fenti 7. pontban leírt szállítóeszközbe, amelyet a berakodás előtt kitisztítottak és hivatalosan engedélyezett fertőtlenítőszerrel lefertőtlenítettek, és amelyet úgy alakítottak ki, hogy ürülék, vizelet, alom vagy takarmány nem folyhat vagy eshet ki a járműből vagy konténerből szállítás közben.
English: Done at on
Hungarian: Kelt: (hely) (dátum)
English: Keep as appropriate. (6) Complete if appropriate.
Hungarian: 5 A megfelelőt meg kell hagyni. 6 Értelemszerűen kell kitölteni.
English: Name, address and registration number of the slaughterhouse
Hungarian: A vágóhíd neve, címe és nyilvántartási száma
English: they have been loaded for dispatch to the European Community on …(12) in the means of transport described under point 7 above that were cleaned and disinfected before loading with an official authorised disinfectant and so constructed that faeces, urine, litter or fodder could not flow or fall out of the vehicle or container during transportation.
Hungarian: Az Európai Közösségbe való szállításra -án12 rakodták be azokat a fenti 7. pontban leírt szállítóeszközbe, amelyet a berakodás előtt kitisztítottak és hivatalosan engedélyezett fertőtlenítőszerrel lefertőtlenítettek, és amelyet úgy alakítottak ki, hogy ürülék, vizelet, alom vagy takarmány nem folyhat vagy eshet ki a járműből vagy konténerből szállítás közben.
English: Done aton
Hungarian: Kelt: (hely) (dátum)
English: (signature of official veterinarian) (stamp)
Hungarian: (a hatósági állatorvos aláírása) (pecsét)
English: Establishment(s) and place of loading …for exportation …
Hungarian: Az exportra történő berakodás helyéül szolgáló létesítmény(ek)
English: Official identification numbers(8) Age and Sex(9) Tests(6)(10):
Hungarian: Vizsgálatok6,10
English: they come from the territory with code :(3) which, at the date of issuing this certificate:
Hungarian: A 3 kóddal jelölt területről származnak, és amely e bizonyítvány kiállításakor:
English: (date) and the …. (date) on all non-vaccinated ovine and caprine animals over six months of age , and - the …. (date) and the ….
Hungarian: -án/-én (dátum) és -án/-én (dátum), valamennyi hat hónaposnál idősebb, nem vakcinázott juh- és kecskefélén, és
English: they have been loaded for dispatch to the European Community the …(18) in the means of transport described under point 7 above that were cleaned and disinfected before loading with an official authorised disinfectant and so constructed that faeces, urine, litter or fodder could not flow or fall out of the vehicle or container during transportation.
Hungarian: Az Európai Közösségbe való szállításra -án18 rakodták be azokat a 7. pontban leírt szállítóeszközbe, amelyet a berakodás előtt kitisztítottak és hivatalosan engedélyezett fertőtlenítőszerrel lefertőtlenítettek, és amelyet úgy alakítottak ki, hogy ürülék, vizelet, alom vagy takarmány nem folyhat vagy eshet ki a járműből vagy konténerből szállítás közben.
English: Done at …on
Hungarian: Kelt: (hely) (dátum)
English: Where more than one holding of origin is involved the date of the most recent test on each holding must be clearly indicated. (15) In the case of animals intended, exclusively, for breeding purposes.
Hungarian: Egynél több származási gazdaság esetén az egyes gazdaságokban utoljára elvégzett vizsgálatok időpontját kell egyértelműen feltüntetni.
English: Animal species and/or cross-breeds : …
Hungarian: Állatfajok és/vagy keresztezett fajták
English: Age and Sex (9) .
Hungarian: Kor és ivar9
English: they have been loaded for dispatch to the European Community on …(11) in the means of transport described under point 7 above that were cleaned and disinfected before loading with an official authorised disinfectant and so constructed that faeces, urine, litter or fodder could not flow or fall out of the vehicle or container during transportation.
Hungarian: Az Európai Közösségbe való szállításra -án/-én11 rakodták be azokat a fenti 7. pontban leírt szállítóeszközbe, amelyet a berakodás előtt kitisztítottak és hivatalosan engedélyezett fertőtlenítőszerrel lefertőtlenítettek, és amelyet úgy alakítottak ki, hogy ürülék, vizelet, alom vagy takarmány nem folyhat vagy eshet ki a járműből vagy konténerből szállítás közben.