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C-O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L 00-B-3,288,475- 5 -24.  Moskalev, both from the papers he gave and his questions and comments     in discussion, indicated that he was very sharp, very advanced in his     knowledge of the biological effects of radiation, particularly with     respect to distinguishing among the effects of various energies of     neutrons and the techniques for measuring these energies. I think it     may be safely assumed that the Russians are using very advanced methods     for detecting and measuring the various energies of neutrons--the     dosimetry of neutrons. In the biological effect, I think they are     way behind us. But they are much involved in the potentials of neutron     irradiation and their objectives are, I am sure, the effects of space     radiation on human beings.25. Actually, [VP] Afanas'yev, who is a physicist, was even more sophisticated    than Moskalev. Afanas'yev's paper was entitled "Production and Investiga-    tion of Dose Fields for Irradiation of Experimental Animals with Protons    of High Energy". His paper showed that both their production of high    energy protons in the laboratory and the measurements of these protons    with respect to animal work is sophisticated. They are advanced in this.    I think this is the distinction to be made: they are more advanced in    the technology of producing high energy radiations and the measurement    of these than they are in biological effects of radiation.26. Q. Was anything reported on effects of radiation on non-regenerative tissues    such as the brain?;A. The Russians are very much involved in CNS effects of radiation, but theypresented no data at the Symposium. The paper that Moskalev gave wasa survey of Russian research work on biological action of neutrons andisotopes. It covered maybe twenty different pieces of work with onlya few sentences for each. It presented no new data and nothing on theClis as I recall. Afanas'yev's paper, on the other hand, presented newdata on the production of dose fields with high energy protons.27. One gets the impression that whereas Russians physics is mechanistic    and quite indistinguishable from ours in that respect, Russian biology    is impregnated with philosophy. Moskalev, for example, spoke of how    the body "adapts" to radiation in the sense that a single animal adapts.    Most biologists will reserve this word to changes in a species over a    very long period. I suppose you could consider wound healing as:    adaptation in a sense. But western biology sees certain events    occurring in an organism as the consequence of a wound which can be    described without resort to notions of teleological adaptation. This    philosophical tendency has been a damaging element in Russian biology,    I believe.28. Q. Here there results in the use of drugs in radiation protection?.A. I can recall nothing on protective drugs from anybody. There was hereand there a reporting of drugs used to enhance the effect of radiationwith respect to tumor treatment.29. Q. Was anything presented on the characteristics of a bio-element used for    space radiation detection including the number required for an extended.    space probe and the method of transmitting information?A. I am afraid I do not understand the question.30. Q. Was there anything on biological indicators at low ranges of radiation    doses?A. There is a tremendous amount of interest in such indicators everywhere.Moskalev's presentations did not say anything specific except that theRussians are working on long-term effects of small doses of radiationC-O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L