Francesco/who-killed-jfk huggingface dataset:
[104-10332-10009.pdf — page 71]
# LEVEL 1 - 15 OF 80 STORIESCopyright 1993 Chicago Tribune CompanyChicago TribuneOctober 3, 1993 Sunday, FINAL EDITIONSECTION: TEMPO; Pg. 1; ZONE: CLENGTH: 1949 wordsHEADLINE: THE CASE AGAINST CONSPIRACY;GERALD POSNER, ACTING ALONE, HAS WOUNDED THE JFK COVER-UP INDUSTRYBYLINE: By Paul Galloway, Tribune Staff Writer.BODY:The rendezvous was arranged for a weeknight last fall at a Turkish restaurant near CIA headquarters in Langley, Va. The proprietor would be expecting him.When author Gerald Posner said he was there to meet George and his wife, as he had been instructed to do, the proprietor led Posner and his wife, Trisha, to a private table in the back room.George was the code name for Yuri Nosenko, a KGB officer who defected to the U.S. in 1964 and now lives under another name in an undisclosed part of the country. Posner was researching a book about the assassination of John F. Kennedy, and Nosenko had agreed to speak for the first time exclusively about the Soviet intelligence agency's surveillance of Lee Harvey Oswald during his stay in the Soviet Union from late 1959 until June 1962. Nosenko had suggested that he and Posner bring their wives, Posner said, because the sight of two couples dining together would serve as cover for their interview."Yuri supervised the Oswald file in Moscow and was familiar with the KGB files on Oswald's time in Minsk, which I had seen," Posner said. "I knew he could be extremely helpful in reconstructing that period of Oswald's life."A chapter in Posner's new book, "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the Assassination of JFK," is devoted to Nosenko and his assessments of Oswald.As the title suggests, Posner finds Oswald to be Kennedy's assassin, acting alone, just as the Warren Commission said. Further, he was not a CIA agent, not a KGB agent, not an innocent patsy but a sociopath and loser who had grandiose notions of making a mark in history.Posner is as surprised at the book's conclusion as the conspiracy buffs are riled."I'm getting some very personal, vindictive calls from the conspiracy people. If it's any consolation, I never set out to do a book that would say here is the final answer, here is who did it," Posner said during a visit to Chicago.Posner's intention was to write a primer of sorts about the assassination after examining the welter of conspiracy theories to see what was credible and what wasn't.![logo of lexis nexis]
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Chicago Tribune, October 3, 1993                                                                                   PAGE 2# Poking in the garbage"When you read all the conspiracy books, it's apparent they can't all be right because they flatly contradict each other," he said. "I knew there was garbage on the record. I didn't know how much."After he debunked as many inaccuracies and false leads as he could, he assumed there would be some issues that would require further investigation, perhaps questions about acoustics or ballistics or possible Mafia involvement.Yet toward the end of his research, Posner notified Bob Loomis, his editor at Random House, that he had taken an unexpected turn."I was convinced the Warren Commission had gotten it right. The evidence was overwhelming," he said.Posner also was aware, of course, that a large majority of the populace thinks the Warren Commission had gotten it wrong, maybe on purpose.He got a feel for such skepticism when Loomis, vice president and executive editor of Random House, took his own poll at the next meeting of the publishing house's top editors, who periodically gather to report on works in progress."Bob told them about what I'd found and asked how many believed the Warren Commission was right," Posner said. "Remember, these are some of the brightest, best-informed, best-educated people in New York City, and no one raised a hand except Bob Loomis."Posner was not dismayed. "When people cite polls showing 70 or 80 or even 90 percent of the public as believing the assassination was the result of a conspiracy, I say I'm surprised it's not 100 percent when you consider that people have essentially heard only one side for three decades."'JFK' an 'abomination'A 1978 congressional investigation estimated that 2,000 books, including those that are self-published, had been written on the subject. All but a handful present a variety of sometimes-elaborate scenarios about plotters, motives, killers and cover-ups, and as a rule, the conspiracy books make bestseller lists, while the others don't."Then there are the TV documentaries, which are invariably pro-conspiracy," Posner said. "A recent one was a five-hour British film for Arts & Entertainment called 'The Men Who Killed Kennedy.' "And most influential of all, he said, is Oliver Stone's $50 million movie, "JFK," released in late 1991."Half of our country's present population weren't born (as of) November 1963. Stone's movie is a historical abomination that's filled with demonstrable falsehoods, but to young people, it's a documentary."Even if they read articles criticizing it, they say, 'Well, Stone may have exaggerated, but there's got to be something there.' Believe it or not, there's not."LEXIS•NEXISServices of Mead Data Central, Inc.
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PAGE 3Chicago Tribune, October 3, 1993What's especially galling, Posner said, is that Stone based his movie on the investigation of former New Orleans District Atty. Jim Garrison, including his prosecution of businessman Clay Shaw as an alleged conspirator."Garrison's prosecution of Clay Shaw was disgraceful, criminal and has been thoroughly discredited. There was coercion of witnesses and changing of testimony," Posner said. "The jury took only 45 minutes to find Shaw not guilty, and one of the jurors said it would have been 20 minutes but that several jurors had to go to the bathroom."Stone has said "JFK" was a "counter-myth" to the "myth" of the Warren Commission.The no-longer magic bulletAmong the doctrines of conspiracy literature bolstered by "JFK," Posner noted, is that the so-called magic bullet found on Texas Gov. John Connally's stretcher at Parkland Hospital was almost pristine, couldn't have struck Kennedy and Connally, as the Warren Commission said it did, without zigzagging in midair, and was probably planted."If ballistics tests didn't prove conclusively the bullet struck Kennedy and Connally, which they do, use your common sense," Posner said. "At the time the bullet was found, the conspirators wouldn't know if the bullets fired at Connally and Kennedy were still lodged in their bodies or had been recovered."If they wanted to shield the conspiracy, there can only be three shots. More than that, and the single assassin doesn't have time to shoot. So why risk exposing the conspiracy by planting a fourth bullet that wouldn't match ballistically with remnants of the other rounds?"And what about Jack Ruby, the Chicago native who moved to Dallas to run strip clubs? Did he just happen by the Dallas jail on Nov. 24 and shoot Oswald on the spur of the moment?"Ruby's murder of Oswald does more to undermine this case in terms of getting the truth out than anything else," Posner said. "First, it prevents the trial of Oswald, where the evidence would have convicted him. It also gives us a second assassin, with ties to organized crime. It's hard for people to believe this was a coincidence, so you're off and running with a conspiracy."Posner's account of Ruby's life and his actions during the assassination week demolishes any notion he was a conspirator.According to the trade journal Publishers Weekly, six books by major publishers will appear this fall to coincide with the 30th anniversary of the assassination, with "Case Closed" standing alone in its anti-conspiracy stance.Posner has been heartened by promising sales and positive reviews. "Many readers are put off by conspiracy books that select only material that's favorable to their position, whether it checks out or not. I think these people are buying the book."Thumbs up from the critics![logo of Lexis Nexis]
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Chicago Tribune, October 3, 1993 PAGE 4Three weeks after its release, it is eighth on The New York Times national best-seller list and seventh on the Tribune's list of Chicago's best sellers.U.S. News & World Report, which ran excerpts from "Case Closed," writes: "Posner achieves the unprecedented. He sweeps away decades of polemical smoke, layer by layer, and builds an unshakable case against JFK's killer. Lee Harvey Oswald." It quotes Stephen Ambrose, biographer of Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon: "The chapter on the (magic) bullet is a tour de force, absolutely brilliant, absolutely convincing."New York Times book critic Christopher Lehmann-Haupt writes that "Posner effectively refutes hundreds of claims that have added up to conspiracy theories."In a Tribune review, author Jeffrey Toobin writes that "Case Closed" is "utterly convincing in its thesis, which seems, in light of all that has transpired over the past 30 years, almost revolutionary."Posner, 39, didn't set out to be a writer, instead complying with the wishes of his father, a union official in San Francisco. "My father dealt with a lot of lawyers. He said, 'Son, these fellows charge fees you can't believe.' "So Posner attended law school at the University of California at Berkeley, where he was an honor student, then joined a prestigious Wall Street law firm, leaving two years later to form his own firm.In 1981 he represented Jewish victims of Dr. Josef Mengele, the notorious Nazi war criminal who escaped from Germany after World War II and died in hiding in South America."It was a pro bono case, and I sued the Mengele family and the German government," Posner said. "Nothing came of the suit, but I accumulated 25,000 documents about Mengele, so I thought I'd write a book.""Mengele: The Complete Story," which he co-wrote with John Ware, was published in 1986, prompting Posner to leave the law and write full time."Case Closed" is his fifth book. "A weakness of mine is that I tend to underestimate the difficulty of each project I undertake. This was true with this book, but as I kept going I kept finding answers to things I didn't think I could get answers to."The real cover-upsPosner agrees with critics of the Warren Commission who say its investigation was flawed."There was a cover-up by the FBI and the CIA, but they weren't attempting to conceal their involvement in the murder of the president but rather their own inefficiency and bungling," Posner said. "I go into detail in exposing these cover-ups, but they can't be interpreted as evidence of conspiracy."The Warren Commission's work also was tarnished by a dubious finding of the 1978 investigation by the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Posner said.
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Chicago Tribune, October 3, 1993                                                                 PAGE 5"The committee's acoustics experts tested a Dictabelt recording of radiotraffic on Dallas police channels and said they were 95 percent certain therehad been a fourth shot, therefore a second shooter and a conspiracy."A retest by the National Academy of Sciences discredited the committee'sexperts, concluding that the recording was made a minute after the shooting,Posner said.Half of "Case Closed" is a meticulous examination of Oswald's entire life,culminating in an almost day-by-day chronicle of his movements in the last twomonths before the assassination. "Many conspiracy books almost ignore Oswald.But he's the key, and it's amazing how much is known about him," Posner said."It's certainly enough to disprove all the theories that he was a spy or apatsy.""My technique was to go to original sources. Too many books quote secondarysources, some of which are passing on misinformation, which means the garbage isdisseminated again and again, becoming fact.""Here's an example. 'JFK' opens with Rose Cheramie, a prostitute, warning herdoctors that the Kennedy assassination is going to take place in Dallas andnaming Ruby as involved. I found her doctor, who said she was psychotic anddidn't mention the assassination until the day after it happened or Ruby untilthe day after he killed Oswald."Posner paused. "I can go on."> [Figure] GRAPHIC: PHOTO GRAPHIC> PHOTO (color): Gerald Posner, debunker of conspiracy theorists, at Smyth> School on West 13th Street, which Jack Ruby attended. Tribune photo by Charles> Cherney.> [Figure] GRAPHIC: The three shots. From: "Case Closed: Lee Harvey Oswald and the> Assassination of JFK," by Gerald Posner (Random House, Sept. 1, 1993.)> See microfilm for complete graphic.LANGUAGE: ENGLISHLOAD-DATE-MDC: December 7, 1993![logo of lexis nexis]
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# 2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992Central Intelligence Agency![Central Intelligence Agency Seal]Washington, D. C. 2050513 December 1996MEMORANDUM FOR: Executive DirectorAssassination Records Review BoardSUBJECT: (U) Identity of Human Sources(We request that this memorandum be returned to CIA once the Review Board has completed its deliberations on the issues discussed below.)1. (U) Issue. The purpose of this memorandum is to relate CIA's concerns to the Review Board regarding the release of the true names of human sources of intelligence which appear in the JFK Collection and to present a proposal on how this problem could be addressed.## I. Factual Background2. (U) In general, CIA "sources" are foreign nationals, recruited and living in a foreign country, who provide information to the U.S. Government under a promise of confidentiality. Their act of passing information to the U.S. is generally against the national interest of their own country and would be considered espionage, which is a capital offense in most countries. Just as in this country when a spy is caught, should a CIA source be discovered, it would be "headline news," even 30 years after the fact. The Review Board will recall that when former National Security Agency employee Robert Lipka was arrested approximately a year ago for espionage he allegedly committed 30 years earlier, this received a lot of attention in the United States. Lipka is currently awaiting trial in the U.S. for his alleged espionage activities.3. (U) This month, the Review Board will be considering approximately 50-60 true names of human sources for release. These particular sources range from encryptedCL BY: 0185904CL REASON: 1.5 (c)DECL ON: X1DRV FM: HUM 4-82
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# SECRETSUBJECT: (U) Identity of Human Sourcesassets to one-time contacts. It is our understanding that additional source names appear throughout the JFK Collection and will be reviewed in the future. It is important, therefore, that the Review Board and CIA agree on a consistent method of dealing with source names appearing in the JFK Collection at this time so as not to impede the future review of documents.4. (C) The Review Board has recently developed a policy for releasing the true names of covert CIA employees. Although there are many similarities between covert employees and sources, there is an important difference that should be reflected in the way the Review Board looks at this issue. With CIA covert employees who are mentioned in this collection, it has been possible in some instances to go to them and seek their permission to reveal their names. Some of these former employees have even been made available for interviews and depositions. With most sources, it is not possible to do this. First, CIA has dropped contact with some of these sources and may not be able to locate them. Attempting to find these individuals would create some risk of creating suspicions that they were or are associated with this Agency or the U.S. Government. If CIA were unable to locate a particular source, there would still be some risk in releasing his name. Just because CIA cannot locate him, does not mean that he is not alive and well-known in his own community. Even if we were able to locate a source without risk to his safety, it is probable that he would not want to be visited by the CIA again after so many years. More than likely, sources do not now want their past association revealed when they have undoubtedly moved on in their lives to do other things. Some may be in political or private enterprise positions where CIA affiliation would damage them professionally and/or harm them and their families personally.5. (U) Another important distinction that needs to be taken into account is the difference between CIA and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) “sources." Perhaps the most significant difference is that many FBI sources provide information with the understanding that the information and the source will be publicly revealed. FBI sources are often used in criminal prosecutions as witnesses. CIA, on the other hand, promises secrecy and confidentiality to its sources. CIA sources rarely appear at public trials. In fact, not only is the identity of CIA sources protected from public acknowledgment, but also it is closely held within the Agency itself. Another difference is the fact that a2SECRET
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# SECRETSUBJECT: (U) Identity of Human Sourcesforeign national cooperating with CIA is usually committing a unique violation of his own country's laws--espionage. If one gets caught committing espionage, the punishment in many countries is for a capital offense. On the other hand, a foreigner who cooperates with the FBI is not usually committing espionage. Cooperation may be with the full knowledge of his government--such as cooperation in a criminal investigation. Therefore, the risks for cooperation with the FBI are not usually as great as cooperation with CIA. In addition, the FBI has greater means for protecting individuals who provide information to it, for example, the witness protection program, which CIA does not have.## II. Legal Considerations6. (U) Although Section 11(a) of the JFK Act provides that when the Act requires release of information, it takes precedence over all other laws that would otherwise prohibit the true names of sources. CIA believes that it is important for the Review Board to consider the laws, which have been growing and developing over the years, to protect classified information because they clearly reflect a larger U.S. Government policy to protect intelligence sources.7. (U) By Executive Order (E.O.) and statute, the President and Congress have made the Director of Central Intelligence (DCI) responsible for protecting intelligence sources. In his Directive of 22 January 1946 which established the Central Intelligence Group, President Truman made the DCI responsible for protecting sources. With the establishment of the CIA, Congress also gave the DCI this responsibility. The National Security Act of 1947, Section 103 (d) (3), codified at 50 U.S.C. §403(3)(c)(5), requires the DCI to protect intelligence sources from unauthorized disclosure. In addition, §403(3)(d) (2) requires the DCI to ensure that risks to the United States and those involved in the collection of intelligence through human sources are minimized.8. (U) Protecting the identity of individuals working with or for CIA has been of particular concern to U.S. lawmakers since the establishment of the Agency. For example, with Section 6 of the Central Intelligence Act of 1949, 50 U.S.C. 1949 §403g, Congress specifically exempted the CIA from the provisions of any law requiring the publication or disclosure of the organization, functions, names, titles, salaries or numbers of personnel employed by the Agency. Although the purpose of this law is to protect3SECRET
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SECRETSUBJECT: (U) Identity of Human Sourcesemployees of the CIA, and not assets or contacts, itindicates Congress' intent from early on to protect thoseworking covertly for the U.S. Government.9. (U) In 1980, Congress passed the Classified   Information Procedures Act (CIPA) which sets out pretrial,   trial, and appellate procedures for criminal cases involving   or potentially involving classified information. Working   with the Department of Justice and the courts, CIA has   successfully protected intelligence sources from public   release even in criminal trials where there are heightened   (i.e., constitutional) considerations favoring disclosure to   the defendant of all government information relevant to the   defense. CIPA allows for in camera ex parte hearings in   which the judge can rule on questions of admissibility and   relevancy of classified information, including the identity   of human sources who may have information pertaining to the   defense, before it is introduced either to the defendant or   defense counsel, or in open court. In some cases involving   CIA, the judge has ordered that CIA information be turned   over to the defense, but only in some unclassified form such   as in a summary. In other cases, judges have reviewed the   classified information and ruled that the harm to national   security outweighs the defendant's legal rights to the   information. In still other cases, the defense was never   notified that CIA even had information bearing on the case   as the judge ruled that the mere fact that CIA possessed   this information was classified and outweighed any rights   the defendant had. Moreover, under CIPA, the Attorney   General has the authority to drop a prosecution in those   cases where the risk to national security is too great.10 (U) In 1982, Congress acted to protect humanintelligence sources by passing the Intelligence IdentitiesProtection Act of 1982, 50 U.S.C. §421 which criminalizesthe revelation of a source's identity. This Act subjectsanyone who reveals information that identifies a covertagent to prosecution with up to 10 years in prison and$50,000 in fines. A covert agent includes: (a) a U.S.citizen whose intelligence relationship with the U.S.Government is classified and is acting abroad as an agent,informant or source of operational assistance to anintelligence agency; and (b) an individual, other than aU.S. citizen whose past or present intelligence relationshipto the U.S. is classified information and who is a presentor former agent or informant of, or is of operationalassistance to, an intelligence agency.