[104-10164-10099.pdf — page 76]
# EXILES vs.CASTRO-A RelentlessPursuitOn Jan. 1, 1959, Fidel Castro took power and the first wave of refugees fled Cuba. A small number of the 600,000 exiles who settled in the U.S. have become extremists.Highlights of events in those 18 years, some involving law-abiding exiles, others involving the extremists–1961: A 1,300-man Cuban Brigade, armed and trained by the U.S. in Florida, Guatemala und Nicaragua, landed at the Bay of Pigs on Cuba's south shore. The invasion was a failure.1962: Survivors of the Bay of Pigs were released by Castro after payment of a 53-million-dollar ransom in drugs, food, medical equipment and other supplies from "private contributions." President John F. Kennedy, in Miami, pledged to the Cuban exiles that the Brigade flag would one day fly over a liberated Cuba.U.S. launched its secret "Operation Mongoose"—a plan to use Cuban exiles in paramilitary war against Castro while U.S. maintained an economic blockade to shake the island's economy. The attacks generally failed.1964: Culkan extremists in New York City fired a mortar shell at United Nations as Cuba's Chó Guevara addressed the General Assembly.1967: Cuban exile specialists and U.S.-trained Bolivian troops trapped and killed Guevara and some of his Communist guerrillas in Bolivia.1968-72: Cuban-exile extremists bombed ships of nations considered to be friendly to Castro, terrorized other exiles to keep them in line.1972: Cuban exiles trained by Contral Intelligence Agency took part in Watergate break-in, later testified that they thought it would help their anti-Castro campaign1973: U.S. and Cuba signed agreement aimed at controlling hyackleg of aircraft and piracy of ships at sea.1974-76: Cuban extremists exploded more than 100 bomba in Miami aren in two-year period, hitting offices of the l'ill, a State attorney and the Miami police department.Exile terrorists attacked airline offices and consul. ates of governments that have diplomatic relations with Castro. Hombings took place in Jamaica, Mexico, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Panama, other countrion. Fishing boats used in Cuba anul Soviet cargo ships were attacked by high-speed motor launches manued by exilo oxtremists.Terror reached ite peak with the hounb sabotage of a Cuban airituor and the death of 73 passengers and crow last Ciotohor d. near Barbudos, ווו solned Cuban exiles in Caracas, Venezuela, on a stan of Involvement in the sabotage Castro canseled U.N. Cuba hijacking agreemom## CUBAN EXTREMISTS[conbnued from preceding page]a former Chilean Ambassador in Washington, DC, on September 21.*   Kidnaping two Culun officials in Argentina.*   Attempting to kidnap a Cuban consul in Mexico.Who are these terrorists? What motivates them? How do they operate? And why are U.S. officials so concerned about what they may do in the future?To answer such questions, Orr Kelly and Carl J. Migdail of the US News & World Report stall dug deeply into the records, interviewed Cuban refugees who share the hopes though not the methods of the terrorists, and talked to law-enforcement officials who are trying to stem the violence.## BREEDING GROUND FOR TERRORISMAfter Fidel Castro took over Cuba in 1959 and it became apparent that he intended to establish a Communist state. 800,000 Cubans "voted with their feet" and fled their homeland. Some 600,000) of them settled in the United States.. They and their children now total 750,000. Most of them live in the Miami area.The majority of these immigrants are low abiding. But Miami's "Little Havana" provides a culture in which the virus of violence can grow."In Miami," explains one refugee leader, "the Cubans keep their national identity, their heritage, traditions. hatreds and their hopes of going back to their homeland. And they know they can't go back until Castro is gone. So they dream of topplina Castro. What is clearly unrealistic in other places in the United States sovins very possible in the atmosphere in Miami."In the early tits, the overthrow of Castro seemed to the Cubans in exile to be not only possible but almost inevitable. It was U.S. policy to drive him from power. There was on attempt to invade Cuba at the Bay of Pigs in 1961 with an army of Cuban exiles recruited and trained in secret by the CIA. The invaders were not given the air cover necessary for a successful attack, and the operation was a disaster. Only 180 of about 1,300 invaders escaped death or capture. The Cubans felt betrayed.Then came other American moves against Castro. There Was a secret "Operation Mongoose," which inchurled efforts to assassinate the Cuban leader. The United States backed an economie blockade of Cuba in an attempt to prevent Castro from obtaining sorely needed supplies and equipement from abroud. Later, Cuban refugees were used to carry out secret operations not only in the Caribbean but also in other parts of Latin America-and.even in Mrtea,To many Culum refugees, attacking Castro and Communism lwenne a way of Me.Muce then, however, American policy has tatled to match In Intensity the florece anti-Castro passion of the more mit tamil refugees In recent years, prominent musters of the U.8. Nonato have visited Cuba. In 1973, Cuba made an agreement with the United States to curb the airplane hijackors who had been using Cuba as asylum. There were moves on both sides toward normalization of relatiom be. Iweon Cuba and thie. U.S.As their hopres of American action against Casten obbed, somo Cardun refugees turned to violonerson their own. The hos on this page gives the chronology of development## TERRORIST LEADERS AND TACTICSHugh the more are small, the 100 or fower, active torrortale Inivo organized themselves into matiy groupe Slogans of one group chalked on the walls in "Little Havana" have Imruly Ingun to fade before they are replaced by the![US NEWS & WORLD REPORT. Doo 6, 1076]