Francesco/who-killed-jfk huggingface dataset:
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 24]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)entire people who could no longer endure a regime imposed on them by force. Here it is necessary to emphasize that the life of the people in these countries was much better than that of the people in the USSR (I saw for myself how people live in Czechoslovakia, in Germany, and beyond any doubt they live better than the entire people of the Soviet Union).The split of the international Communist movement became for me a clear fact and confirmed my opinion that the theory of Communism is a theory built on sand and that it is practiced according to the needs of the leadership of the Party at a given stage of life and that in reality full material welfare would never be enjoyed by the people but only by the leadership and the Party and the government.Working in the KGB I came to understand much and became conscious of the contradiction between the internal and external course of the USSR. Such questions-as disarmament, the ban of atomic weapons, the position of the USSR in the United Nations--all these are used only in the interest of propaganda and as a screen for carrying out of the policies needed by the communist party. (I was myself present at the negotiations in Geneva and saw the 'politics' of the Soviet delegation.)My trips abroad opened my eyes wide to the true reality. With my own eyes, I saw how people live, how much they earn, how they can dress and live on their wages, and I paid special attention to the life of ordinary people and not to that of scientists, engineers, etc. And all the propaganda about the enormous armies of unemployed in the countries of the West, about the 'heavy exploitation', and the 'unbelievably difficult life' was immediately dispelled. And what I met in my own work, how which Soviet citizens get sent where abroad--this finally debunked this propaganda. Many of my KGB acquaintances think back with great pleasure about life abroad.140001285Top SecretTS No. 197124Copy
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 25]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)I entered the Komsomol completely without thinking about it. The time came, the right age, and I became a Komsomol member like all the others. It was different in regards to the Party: I joined the Party in 1956 after the death of Stalin and while I was working in the KGB and already at that time there was a lack of faith and indecisiveness in me. My father continually insisted on this, saying that without the Party I would never move ahead and would not have success in life. But I myself understood and saw that I would not be able to work in the KGB unless I was a member of the Party. And if I worked somewhere else, I would truly never move ahead in my career unless I entered the Party. But from the very beginning of my entry into the Party, I deeply hated all the Party talmudism and dogmatism. All the Party meetings were literally a torture. Especially when I became the Deputy Chief and then Chief of a section, and then Deputy Chief of a department, because then I had to speak at these meetings. Because this meant to lie, to twist my soul, and to attempt to show myself as deeply dedicated to the Party and its course.In 1960 my oldest girl's asthmatic attacks became worse. The question of a change of climate was raised. At that time the Second Chief Directorate needed to send an officer to Ethiopia for two to three years to conduct counterintelligence work among the Soviet specialists there. It cost me a great deal of effort to personally talk Second Chief Directorate Chief General GRIBANOV into letting me go. The Party and work references had been confirmed, all the questionnaires were already filled out, the photos had been submitted; that is, all the formal- ities had been accomplished. But at the very last moment the Central Personnel Office of the KGB began to protest against my going with my family to Ethiopia. The reason for this was that from the house check made at my place of residence they received information that I sometimes came home in a drunken condition and on this ground had quarrels with my wife. A tour abroad with my family was necessary because of the health of my daughter15# Top Secret
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 26]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)(since 1963 the illness has become better) and also it would have been advantageous from the financial point of view. From this time on I understood that Personnel would not let me go abroad with my family.Knowing many officers in the First (Foreign Intelligence) Chief Directorate, I began to understand that being sent abroad is entirely determined, not by knowledge, experience in work and success, but only by the absolute 'cleanliness' of the person's autobiography and complete assurance as to his limitless dedication to the Party and the "government, But not only being sent abroad but the assignment of personnel in the First and Second Chief Directorates and the entire KGB depends on the reasons indicated by me and also on good relations with the leadership and good connections with workers in Central Personnel.I lived about 11 years with my wife and our life was not a hell. It is true that there were quarrels and basically they boiled down to the fact that she took an extremely unfavorable attitude towards my delays at work and also when I would be delayed with some of my friends and acquaintances after work and would come home with a few drinks under my belt. Of course, I loved loved and love my children and only the fact that they are taken care of financially until they grow up and have received an education to some extent consoled me in taking the decision to leave the USSR. What do I have in mind when I speak of financial security? After the death of my father, the family received a large monetary allowance, plus the money that my mother had saved and valuable property, etc. My mother many times offered to divide all this in three parts: for me, my brother, and for her, but I suggested that we not do this before her death. And, of course, my mother will not leave my children without attention, and my share of the property and the money will be given to my children.160001287Top SecretTS No. 197124Copy
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 27]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)If the defections of (former KGB officers) PETROV,RASTVOROV and DERYABIN passed without evoking anyparticular thoughts, the defection to the UnitedStates of GOLITSYN, whom I had heard of as anintelligent person and a capable officer, undoubtedlycaused me to think very deeply. Because to act thus,it is necessary to have not only boldness anddecisiveness, but also great strength of will. Andalready I put to myself the question, will I be ableto act thus in view of the dissatisfactions anddisillusionments which had accumulated inside of me?Being in Geneva in 1962, not long before mydeparture I myself of my own desire entered intocontact with you. The reason for this was the lossof money received by me for operational expenses.I would have been unable to accumulate such a sumof money before my departure and there was nobodyto borrow from. To tell the truth about the lossof the money would have meant that it would benecessary to explain where and in what circumstancesit had been lost. This would have risked expulsionfrom the KGB and a serious reprimand from the Party.Not to tell the truth, to think up some sort of astory--they wouldn't believe, and worst of all, theymight think that I had appropriated the money, thatis, stolen it. And this would be for me the worstof all and I would, of course, in such event havetold the truth.To tell the truth, it was only after my returnhome from Geneva in 1962 that I gradually, notimmediately, began full to realize all the seriousnessof my contact with you and its full meaning. Andalthough I did not give you any promises or assurancesabout our continued contact in the future, I under-stood that you sooner or later would set yourselfthe task of continuing our contact. And here it wasthat weighing up all the reasons and causes which Ihave indicated above that in 1962 I took for myselfthe decision to leave the USSR at the first opportunityand that I started to work towards being sent on atrip abroad.17Top Secret0001288TS No. 197124Copy 10
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 28]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)Of course, I wanted to come abroad with some sort of 'baggage', that is, with materials which could be useful and necessary for you. In this entire period up to January 1964 I tried to collect information which would be of the maximum value for you. My assignment to the position of Deputy Chief of the Seventh Department in July 1962 gave me a greater opportunity than before. But at the same time this assignment almost excluded the possibility of a trip abroad and it was only with great difficulty that I was able to get away for the trip in January 1964. It was necessary to convince my superior CHELNOKOV and then to ask CHELNOKOV to convince others. In this I advanced many reasons: that I had not spent all the money (in foreign currency); that the medicine which I bought for my daughter had proven very successful and that I needed to buy some more medicine to carry out one more series of treatments; that this trip would not be a long one and that since I was already the Deputy Chief of the Department. I would not be able to travel abroad any more and so, therefore, this trip would probably be my last. Of course, all this was said at convenient moments and outside of work. Things were easier with the Eleventh Department (which deals with trips abroad) because I was on good terms with the KGB officer who covered Switzerland, besides which when I came back from Geneva in 1962 I had brought him a number of presents.The publication in 1963 by the foreign press of the VASSALL case put me on my guard since in the newspaper *Times* it said outright that the English learned about him thanks to the Americans who learned about VASSALL in the spring of 1962. Fortunately, the leadership of the First Chief Directorate, as I learned from my colleagues, came to the conclusion that here the Americans had been helped by GOLITSYN. But at the same time the First Chief Directorate was not completely sure of this. But the publication in the American press of Alsop's articles on the CIA alarmed me extremely. This article in one spot said plainly that as far as is known the KGB does not have any sources in the18Top Secret
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 29]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)CIA while at the same time the CIA has *penetrated the KGB*. From this moment, I do not conceal this fact, I began to feel afraid that the KGB would somehow learn of my contact with you. This article deeply 'interested' the KGB.During the closed trial of PENKOVSKIY I got a pass from the Second Department and went, in order to look at him myself. For sometimes it is enough to simply look at a man, to see how he holds himself and to hear how he speaks in order to form some sort of an initial opinion of him. Personally, I liked how PENKOVSKIY held himself at the trial; I liked his appearance and I understood that everything which had been said in the KGB about him and the sort of person they were trying to make him out to be (that he was morally degraded, that he had descended and sunk into a swamp) that all this was nonsense, bluff, and chatter. And PENKOVSKIY, the same as GOLITSYN, gave me a feeling of greater confidence in the correctness of the decision taken by me to leave the Soviet Union.26 July 1964Signed: Yu. NOSENKO19Top SecretC001200TS No. 197124Copy 10
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 30]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)## Soviet Officials' Statements About NOSENKOThe portrait of NOSENKO which emerges from Soviet officials' statements about him since his defection coincides markedly with NOSENKO's self-description. According to the comments of Soviet officials, principally intelligence officers most likely to be speaking authoritatively, defector NOSENKO was the son of the deceased Minister, he served over a decade in the KGB, his personal shortcomings were overcome through the patronage of KGB General GRIBANOV, and in connection with operations against Americans he occupied positions of progressively greater trust and responsibility, ultimately becoming Deputy Chief of the largest department in the key Second (Counterintelligence) Chief Directorate. According to these sources, his defection wrought severe damage "for years to come" to the KGB because of his knowledge of KGB operations against American targets, and his treachery prompted the expulsion and disgrace of numerous senior KGB personnel, the recall of many others from abroad, the virtual suspension of KGB operations in the United States, and extraordinary plans to assassinate him.
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 31]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)## The Product of NOSENKO's Debriefing### Positive Intelligence InformationAt his first meeting with CIA in 1962 NOSENKO asserted that he was acquainted with Ministers of the Soviet Government, who were friends of his father, and he heard what was said in their circles. His debriefing and interrogations did not bear out his assertion that he was informed of the attitudes and aims of the Soviet leaders. His responses to questions about the viability of the then Soviet Government, for example, were couched in vague and general terms and did not reflect any specific knowledge. From his debriefing it emerged that NOSENKO had spent his entire adult life either as a student or as a state security official, and he stressed that since the early 1950's he had had few interests and "no real contacts" outside of the KGB itself. Questioned on a wide range of topics, including various aspects of nuclear weaponry, missiles, electronics, communications, unconventional weapons, military industry, military units and equipment, and research and development, NOSENKO repeatedly said that he had no knowledge of such matters and that his responses reflected only personal opinions. Because of his two assignments to Geneva with the Soviet Delegation to the Disarmament Conference, questions were put to NOSENKO about Soviet underground testing, Soviet efforts in the fields of chemical and biological warfare, Soviet disarmament aims and Soviet views of the corresponding attitudes and intentions of the United States. Because his assignments to the Soviet Disarmament Delegation were for cover purposes only, NOSENKO disclaimed any special knowledge. He explained that he took no part in the substantive work of the Delegation nor did he have any connection in the USSR with officials or organizations concerned with arms control or disarmament policies.NOSENKO's failure to provide any useful positive intelligence information was not unique, although previous KGB defectors did not have NOSENKO's claimed access, either on the basis of his family ties or on the basis of his KGB counterintelligence position within the Soviet Union. KGB21Top Secret0001292TS No. 197124Copy 10
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 32]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)officers who defected earlier to Western services provided no significant military, economic or scientific information on the USSR, and the political information provided by a few (usually relating to the personalities and relationships in the ruling group of the Communist Party) was of marginal value.## Counterintelligence InformationNOSENKO's knowledge of KGB foreign intelligence operations was limited, for his whole career had been spent in the Second Chief (Counterintelligence) Directorate concerned with KGB operations within the Soviet Union. His information on Second Chief Directorate operations, however, was apparently a counterintelligence windfall, because most of his KGB assignments involved operations against American targets, either visitors to the Soviet Union or members of the Embassy staff in Moscow. From this circumstance he represents himself as an authoritative source on KGB success and failure in recruiting Americans in the USSR during the years 1953-1963.NOSENKO has described scores of KGB operations mounted against American, Embassy personnel during that ten year period. Because of lasting relationships he established with KGB colleagues, NOSENKO kept abreast of KGB operations against the Embassy, even while serving elsewhere than in the Embassy Section. NOSENKO has stated that he would know if the facts were otherwise, and he has asserted unequivocally that no American stationed permanently at the Embassy was recruited between the early 1950's and his defection in 1964. NOSENKO named six members of the Embassy staff who rejected KGB recruitment overtures, and all have confirmed his assertions. He provided information on the vulnerability of a significant number of Embassy personnel; in particular, two Foreign Service Officers were consequently withdrawn from Moscow. Physical search has confirmed the information he provided regarding the KGB audio surveillance installations in the Embassy.Among Americans other than Embassy personnel whom NOSENKO described as KGB targets, he provided information leading to the identification of 51 KGB agents, including seven correspondents in Moscow, the Moscow representative of the American Express Company, the former code clerk "ANDREY" (Dayle SMITH, see p. 33) and Sgt. Robert Lee JOHNSON,22Top SecretTS No. 197124Copy
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 33]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)Mrs. JOHNSON, and James Allen MINTKENBAUGH. Twenty-five of this number acknowledged KGB recruitment before or after NOSENKO's information was received. In fifteen other instances NOSENKO's information has been corroborated in part by the individuals' admissions of contact with (if not recruitment by) the KGB, or by other sources' reports of their recruitment. Besides these 51, NOSENKO provided leads to four other American KGB agents, including an officer in an American military intelligence organization, none of whom has yet been identified. Lastly, NOSENKO identified 22 Americans whom the KGB knew or suspected to be American Intelligence agents.From NOSENKO's information 68 non-American KGB agents have been identified. Although investigations are still incomplete, in 39 of these cases the individual's KGB recruitment has been reported by other sources, or the individuals were suspect for other reasons. Among these 68 individuals were a French and a Canadian Ambassador to Moscow, an Austrian and an Indonesian Army Attache, a // Director and a Deputy Secretary of the Indian Foreign/ Ministry, and a British Admiralty employee (William VASSALL, see below). In addition, NOSENKO provided leads on 22 other KGB foreign agents, yet to be identified. NOSENKO's information about the KGB electronic attack on the German Embassy in Moscow was confirmed by subsequent technical and physical search.With respect to the KGB itself, NOSENKO named (if not completely identified) approximately 1,000 Soviet citizens who are or have been affiliated with. Soviet intelligence and security organizations. These included over seven hundred active KGB staff officers, of whom 435 were serving in the Second Chief Directorate. Of the 165 KGB officers he named as belonging to the First Chief (Foreign Intelligence) Directorate, over one hundred had been previously reported to be KGB personnel, as reflected in CIA files. NOSENKO's information permitted updating CIA holdings on previously received reports of the 1959 KGB reorganization, particularly as it affected the Second Chief Directorate. He described further refinement of responsibilities, the Second Chief Directorate's absorption of previously independent directorates, the creation of new units from elements23Top Secret0001294TS No. 197124Copy 104/BR
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 34]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)formerly belonging to other numbered directorates, and individual officers prominent in each. NOSENKO was not as productive with respect to KGB operational methods and Headquarters procedures, although he furnished numerous examples, particularly regarding operations mounted against Embassy personnel, which provided useful insight on these topics.## Significant KGB Operations Not Directly Related to NOSENKO's Claimed ServiceAll of the KGB operations which NOSENKO has described are favorable evidence of his bona fides, but they break down into two qualitatively different groups. Operations which NOSENKO related to specific KGB positions he held at particular times are described in the following section in connection with an examination of his KGB career. The remaining operations are those which NOSENKO said he learned of informally, or by accident, or even despite (not because of) the KGB position he held at the time. Since these are not material to his claimed positions at various times in the KGB, they are summarized in Annex B. (NOSENKO's leads to most non-American KGB agents belong in this latter group, but for reasons of brevity they are omitted from this paper.)Among the items of information which NOSENKO provided but which do not relate to specific KGB positions he held at particular times, there are several which merit special note here. These, which are among the most significant of his revelations, are the leads to Sgt. Robert Lee JOHNSON, "the KGB agent in the British Admiralty" (William VASSALL) "SASHA" (the KGB agent in American Military Intelligence), "ANDREY" (Embassy military code clerk Dayle W. SMITH), Edward SMITH (CIA officer) and the KGB electronic attack on the West German Embassy in Moscow."The KGB Agent in Paris" (Sgt. Robert Lee JOHNSON)The first item of information given by NOSENKO upon meeting CIA in Geneva in 1964 was a lead to a KGB agent who was an American serviceman stationed at a sensitive U.S. military installation in the Paris area. The agent had been the source of documentary intelligence which had been
[104-10150-10136.pdf — page 35]
# Top Secret(FOUNDATIONS OF NOSENKO'S CLAIMS)shown to Premier Khrushchev personally. Although still active, the agent had lost access to classified documents some months earlier, in 1963. NOSENKO characterized the lead as the most important single counterintelligence item that he acquired during the year and a half he was a CIA collaborator at KGB Headquarters in Moscow.NOSENKO'S InformationShortly after returning to Moscow from Geneva in 1962, NOSENKO first learned of a KGB agent's successful penetra- tion of a classified documents vault at an "important American military installation" in the Paris area. Because the documents included information on strategic targets in France as well as in the Soviet Union, he assumed that it was a "strategic planning installation". The installation had its own airfield and that there were "procedures for bringing Top Secret documents in and for taking them out".There had been six successful entries of the vault, four in 1962 and two in 1963. On each occasion Special Section technicians travelled TDY to Paris under diplomatic courier cover to assist the local KGB case officer in the technical details of the operation. Their function was to advise the case officer concerning the entry to the vault and later surreptitiously to unwrap and re-seal the documents. The case officer, on this basis, would give appropriate instruc- tions to his agent, and the technicians probably never met the American.Although this was a First Chief Directorate operation, officers of the Special Section of the Second Chief Directorate were used. The. Special Section was comprised of technicians transferred from the KGB Operational- Technical Directorate, and usually it handled surreptitious entries to Western embassies in Moscow. Among these officers were S.A. IONOV, L.A. LEBEDEV, S.D. ILYIN, V.V. SINITSYN, V.Z. KARETNIKOV, M.I. PREOBRAZHENSKIY and Fedor FOFANOV. IONOV, LEBEDEV and ILYIN took part in this operation, and FOFANOV was later involved。The specialists were not the ones that carried out the operation. It was carried out by the case officers of the Paris Legal Residency. The specialists just opened and then25Top Secret0001296TS No. 197124Copy 10