Francesco/who-killed-jfk huggingface dataset:
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 4]
SECRET/SENSITIVEon-island anti-Castro forces, and tying up CIA time, money,and manpower for an operation of their own creation. Followingare some reasons which might have contributed to its failure:a. The controversial nature of the principalinitiators, Tad SZULC, Jorge VOLSKY and MORENO. TheAMTRUNK operatives made it known that they were anti-U.S.G.and anti-CIA and accepted assistance only to accomplishtheir own purposes. They were not under CIA control.b. SZULC, although reportedly not directly involvedin the operation, was kept fully informed of its activitiesby MORENO and perhaps others.c. SZULC's direct contact with the White House, iftrue, placed him in a position to pass U.S. policy infor-mation on Cuba to the opposition. (There is a note byRichard Helms on a 23 September 1963 cover sheet requestingAlfonso RODRIGUEZ to maintain periodic contact with SZULCon Cuban matters at Presidential request going back manymonths.)d. RABEL (AMLEO-3)[^6], who "defected" to the U.S. in1962, was knowledgeable of on-island AMTRUNK targets.RABEL, following termination, returned to Cuba allegedlyto bring out his family, and never returned. There isa possibility that he was a CASTRO agent.e. CUBELA was knowledgeable of at least some of theAMTRUNK agents. GUIN (AMTRUNK-10) was a codefendant inthe CUBELA trial. (Believe GUIN may have been givena stiffer sentence than CUBELA and may still be in prison.)[^6]:SECRET/SENSITIVE
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SECRET/SENSITIVECUBELA was given a relatively light sentence, consideringthe magnitude of the crime. Immediately followingsentencing he functioned as a prison physician, andreportedly was driving a jeep unescorted, which is unusualtreatment unless one is trusted by the regime. He report-edly is now practicing medicine as a private physicianin Havana.f. The questionable activities and current where-abouts of AMTRUNK-9. We have learned of the other AMTRUNKagents who were wrapped up but we have been unable todetermine precisely where AMTRUNK-9 is. There is someindication that he might have been G-2.g. There was overlap with other operations: theAMLILAC's, placing CUBELA cache, etc.NOTE: Cables cited in this paper, and other selected papersfrom the AMTRUNK Project, are readily available in theLAD/JFK Task Force office for review if needed.LAD/JFK Task Force/Chris Hopkins: rp
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 6]
14 February 1977MEMORANDUMSUBJECT: Tadeusz (Tad) Witold SZULC (AMCAPE-1) (201-50539)1. SZULC was born on 25 July 1926 in Warsaw, Poland. He arrived in Brazil from Lisbon on 3 August 1940, and came to the U.S. in October 1947 under sponsorship of U.S. Ambassador John C. WILEY, the husband of his mother's sister. He became a correspondent for the *New York Times* (NYT) in 1953, and became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1954 by a special Congressional bill.2. SZULC has been under suspicion as a hostile foreign agent since 1948 when the FBI reported (apparently from a British source) that he was a Communist. He brought himself to the attention of CIA in August 1959 in Santiago, Chile by claiming (falsely) to be "cleared" and requesting contact with an Agency representative. This was the first of many such incidents in Latin America, and resulted in a warning to all Latin American Stations to beware of SZULC and his efforts to interview Agency personnel. It also resulted in continuing watch of his movements and activities because they represented a threat to the cover of Agency personnel. By 1960 his reputation was so widespread that several different CIA officers called for an investigation that would clear up "once and for all" his suspected connections with a hostile intelligence service. He was in frequent contact with Communist Party leaders and functionaries throughout Latin America, constantly sought out and elicited information from U.S. Embassy officers,
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 7]
frequently mentioning the name of other CIA officers withwhom he was acquainted.3. Although the suspicions have increased, and SZULC's   anti-Agency activities have become much more serious and   blatant in the 1970's, it has not been possible to clear up   any of the suspicions about his motives or his possible   connections with a foreign intelligence service. There have   been numerous reviews of his files and the interest in his   activities has extended from the case officer level to the DCI.   In fact, it is not possible to come to any clear conclusion   about this man, and the notes below are simply illustrative   of the kinds of things that keep the suspicions alive. It   is important to note that SZULC's activities can be explained   by the combination of his personality, ambition, and the   demands on an investigative reporter for the NYT. He is an   aggressive, insensitive, and persistent journalist with the   family connections (Ambassador Wiley) and ability to develop   the kinds of contacts appropriate to a successful correspondent   for a paper like the NYT.4. Nevertheless, there are elements throughout his   entire career that are almost designed to arouse suspicion.   For example, a British source in Rio de Janeiro (see Attachment A)   reported that SZULC was "directed" by the Polish regime in   Warsaw to seek employment in U.S. journalistic circles. This   report runs like a thread throughout his file and is repeated   and garbled in several versions over the years. The report
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 8]
has never been adequately explained and was apparently never reported in full to London by the British representative in Rio. This report and other questions that arose early in his career (his contacts with a cousin who was a Press Attache in the Polish Embassy in Rio) were, however, just the earliest elements that aroused suspicion.5. Because he became so well-known to so many Agency officers, his name and reputation have become subject of discussion on many occasions. One senior operations officer stated in 1975 that a Soviet agent could not be more beneficial to the Soviets and the Communist cause than SZULC has been. Although he presented a generally anti-Communist view prior to quitting the NYT in 1972, it is noteworthy that he arranged extensive, favorable TV coverage of the Communist-dominated Ligas Campesinas in Northeast Brazil and that one of the most important anti-Castro operations, AMTRUNK, in which he was involved from the beginning, was disastrous for all participants. More indicative of his true beliefs, however, are the articles he has written since Watergate. They have become increasingly critical of the CIA and of the USG generally and have damaged U.S. image and prestige.6. The notes below are somewhat random examples of elements in SZULC's file that bring him under suspicion. As mentioned above, they in no way point to a firm conclusion. For further information on SZULC during the period 1963 - 1964, see the CI review prepared at Miami Station on Jorge VOLSKY in 1964.
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 9]
SECRETa. The 1948 FBI report that SZULC was involved insupplying the Polish Legation in Rio with informationfrom his personal contacts and from Ambassador John C.Wiley has been repeated in various versions throughoutSZULC's file. The FBI has found similar allegationsmade by other sources who knew SZULC at that time. Inaddition, several sources have mentioned SZULC's relationswith his cousin, Ignacy SACHS, who was the Press Attachein the Polish Embassy in 1947 and 1948, although thereis no indication that SACHS had intelligence connections.b. SZULC's marriage to the daughter of the Americanmanager of the English language newspaper in Rio de Janeiro,the *Herald*, lasted only until SZULC had permanent residencein the U.S. and appears to have been carried through forthat purpose.c. By 1949 (SZULC was only 23) he had come to theattention of the *Rio Station* because of his dealingswith the Polish Legation and because investigation revealedhis father had some (apparently innocent) business dealingswith Russians visiting Brazil from Mexico.d. In 1954, about a year after he was hired by theNYT, SZULC obtained a sensational story, by telephone,from a Communist leader in Guatemala. This launched hiscareer with the NYT.e. In 1956 SZULC was investigating Brazilian nuclearpolicy for the NYT. Although a legitimate topic, it wassomewhat unusual for him and the timing seems unusualfor NYT interest.SECRET
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SECRETf. In 1959, on a trip to Santiago, Chile, SZULCclaimed to be "cleared" and requested an interviewwith an Agency representative. This was the first ofnumerous such requests. In addition, it was in about1959 that he also began making a point of telling Agencypersonnel the names of other Agency officers he hadidentified.g. An article SZULC wrote on Cuba for the NYT inDecember 1959 was hailed as an antidote to the excessivelyfavorable reports of his colleague, Herbert MATTHEWS, butin fact his article was largely favorable to Fidel CASTROand to CASTRO's plans for Cuba. It is only in comparisonthatwith MATTHEWS blatantly pro-CASTRO articles / SZULC'spiece/can be considered balanced.h. By September 1960, SZULC was in the forefront ofthose advocating action against CASTRO. (It was he whofinally brought the Leonardo Plan to Washington in 1963.See AMTRUNK Operational paper).i. In April 1961, shortly after John F. KENNEDY wasinnaugurated, SZULC was transferred to Washington by theNYT. Although a reasonable transfer, it is noteworthythat in a very short time SZULC claimed that he had astanding invitation to go directly to the President, theVice President, the Attorney General, McGeorge BUNDYand Robert HURWITCH on Cuban matters.
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 11]
# SECRETj. SZULC persistently sought a continuing contact with an Agency representative in Washington shortly after he arrived until it was granted in December 1962. The first contact was with Albert C. DAVIES (Lt. Col. on military detail to CIA - Cuba), and was arranged at the behest of Colonel GROGAN, the Assistant to the Director, on SZULC's request.k. In early 1963, at President KENNEDY's urging, contact with SZULC was made into a formal relationship and was continued until October 1964. The meetings were used by SZULC to cross check his information from other sources, including various Cuban exiles and the Department of State. He became, by virtue of his contacts with the exile community and throughout Washington, one of the most knowledgeable people in the area of Cuban affairs, anti-CASTRO activities, and U.S. Government policy. (See CI study on Jorge VOLSKY for more information on this period.)1. The Agency officer, Alfonso RODRIGUEZ, who maintained official contact with SZULC in 1963 and 1964 said in July 1964:"The special friendship and mutual admiration society that has existed between Tad SZULC, Jorge VOLSKY, and Manuel RAY and the JURE is not something that is transparent or easily explained. This alliance may be something unholy and Machiavellian; I just do not know, but I can find no evidence to prove it."
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 12]
SECRETm. Another officer, Seymour Young, wrote in 1965:"After reading and re-reading this man's various files, I began to feel that this man in his position would be an ideal 'agent of influence'. It was noted that he is always in a crisis area and usually in advance of the crisis and writes articles which are more concerned with the Communist successes."n. In about August 1965, SZULC was sent to Madrid as the NYT representative for Spain and Portugal. He stayed overseas until December 1968. He was present in Prague during the Soviet invasion of August 1968 and in December he was expelled, apparently for being too inquisitive. However, the West German Service has remained suspicious of the circumstances of SZULC's expulsion and the details have never been clarified. (It is interesting that SZULC wrote articles reflecting the official CZECH line concerning the defection of General Jan SEJNA who was in the Czech Intelligence service.)o. SZULC was reported by an FBI source to have gone horseback riding with Boris V. YAROCHEVSKIY, a suspect KGB officer, in Washington in June or July 1971. SZULC's file reflects no regular contact with Bloc diplomats.p. In 1972 and 1973 SZULC covered Watergate extensively and demonstrated an *extreme* bias against the CIA. By July 1972, SZULC's inquiries of the Department of State and his articles had taken on a distinctly anti-US Government tone. His coverage of guerrilla and terrorist groups
[104-10103-10097.pdf — page 13]
# SECRETwas less sure than in earlier days and was frequently sensationalist and full of inaccuracies. (See, especially, article in NYT for 14 July 1972 on a terrorist Headquarters in Zurich and other wild statements.)q. Since 1974 SZULC's articles have been highly critical of the Agency and he has used the background information he gathered in the 1960's to attack the Agency and to criticize its operations.r. In May 1975 SZULC accused the Agency of rifling the files of U.S. Senators. This was only one of many irresponsible and false articles he wrote trying to discredit the Agency. One of the more spectacular efforts was a series in *Esquire* magazine, in which, among other things, he charged that the U.S. intelligence community had a hidden budget of $25 billion dollars and a network of 200,000 spies.s. In, *Inside the Company: A CIA Diary*, Philip AGEE credits SZULC's daughter, Nicole, for having "obtained vital research materials in New York and Washington, D.C." There is reason to believe, particularly in view of the extreme views Tad SZULC has manifested in the past two years, that he may have aided his daughter in her "research."SUMMATIONThe case against Tad SZULC as a foreign agent is weak. However, his most recent activities are entirely consonant with the view that he has already served the Soviets well and can8SECRET
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# SECRETend his career as an overt propagandist taking advantage of the current furor over the CIA to do the greatest possible damage. The current paralysis of all anti-Communist action by.the Agency attests to the effectiveness of AGEE, SZULC, the Soviets, et al.NOTE: (See attachment/from a highly sensitive source. Any use of the SECRET/SENSITIVE attachment requires C/CI approval.) The source reported that Nicole, while working with the DGI in Cuba to expose the Agency, said that except for her father, her whole family were "fascists." She said that her father quit the NYT because of the restrictive editorial policy and he wished to write according to his beliefs.LAD/JFK Tas Force 1977/Marty Miller: rp2 Attachments, a/sCopy filed: 201-50539SECRET
[104-10103-10103.pdf — page 0]
# DISPATCH104-10103-10103 2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992CLASSIFICATIONSECRET/NOFORNCONTINUED CONTROLTOChief, WHDChief, EEFROMChief of Station, Rio de JaneiroSUBJECTBEDOX/OperationalSMEDIFY Information ConcerningTad SZULC (201-050539)ACTION REQUIREDFYIREFERENCE(S)DISPATCH SYMBOL AND NO.HBRA 9438HEADQUARTERS FILE NO.201-050539DATE20 June 1962RE: "43-3" (CHECK "X" ONE)MARKED FOR INDEXINGNO INDEXING REQUIREDINDEXING CAN BE JUDGEDBY QUALIFIED HQ. DESK ONLY1.  Attached is a SMEDIFA report concerning Tadeusz SZULC which includes SMEDICEVA's traces on SZULC.2.  Station has the following information regarding Ignacy SACHS, who is mentioned in the attachment.ALBICUSPID from ALBICUSPID-5, 4 May 1961 (ultimate source: *Henryk HRANKROWSKI*, former member of the Polish Commercial Mission, in Brazil)Ignacy SACHS, upon his return from India, will not work in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs, but will be reassigned to the Latin American section of the Polish Ministry of Foreign Trade. He recently wrote a report on Latin America based upon material contained in the South and Central American press. He reportedly had a falling out with his superiors in the Foreign Ministry, hence the transfer.ALBICUSPID from ABICUSPID-5, 30 May 1961 (ultimate source: *Czeslaw SLOWAKIEWICZ*, Polish diplomat)Ignacy SACHS, after a period of disgrace, has a new job, economic assistant for underdeveloped countries in Department III of the Ministry of Foreign Trade.FREDERICK L. ROUZKYDistribution1 - WHD w/attachment1 - EE w/attachment1 - Sao Paulo2 - Files19 June 1962/bcj> [Figure: Image of handwritten notes]ATT. APAGE NO.1
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2nd June, 1961.Tadeusz SZULC(4)3(6)The Station copies of the original reports on SZULC have been destroyed. I attach, however, a memorandum consisting of selected entries from his card.2. All the information is from the same source, a Polish *emigre* who knew SZULC personally and also had informants in the Polish Embassy.3. There is little doubt that SZULC was pro-communist at the time, and that he co-operated with Ignacy SACHS, a cousin who was employed by the Press Section of the Polish Embassy, and provided him with "information". It would, however, be unwise to jump to the conclusion that this collaboration took the form of espionage, since SZULCs does not seem to have made any secret of the relationship.4. I can find no evidence that Ignacy SACHS was an intelligence officer, but he seems to have been an active propagandist. He returned to Poland in 1954. A report from the same source, dated June 1956, stated that he then occupied the Brazilian desk at the Polish Institute for International Affairs.![text: NOFORIN / Carte und intel]![text: att. to 11BRA 9438]![text: att. to //BRA 9438]CS COPY![text: AUJUNGZ 201-50537]
[104-10103-10103.pdf — page 2]
# Tadeusz SZULCBorn: c. 1926.Nationality: Pole. Naturalised U.S. citizen 1955.Occupation: Journalist.June 1947:Used to work for the "Brazil Herald" and now for FRANCE PRESSE. Is, on good terms with the Polish Legation whom he supplies with information on Brazil. One of the party who accompanied Raul FERNANDEZ on his mission to Montevideo. He is the son of Seweryn SZULC.Dec, 1947:sub-source:Re subject's efforts to find employment in American press circles. Mr. HORAN tried to help him, due to a letter of introduction from SZULC's uncle, Mohn WILEY, American Ambassador in Lisbon, but desisted on finding that SZULC had been connected with the Rio de Janeiro communist paper "Diretrizes".Harold HORAN ofNew York:Feb. 1948:Further details of subject's efforts to find a job in the United States. He is to work on the Palestine Commission of the U.N.O. as from middle of February.March 1948:Subject still in New York and writing regular reports on U.S. political affairs and personalities to the Polish Legation in Rio de Janeiro. Trying to get a job with U.S. Press through the influence of Mrs. J. WILEY.Sept. 1949:Subject at present in New York, married to an American girl, and working in one of the American News Agencies. Since arrival of new Legation (Warsaw) he was in touch with the Minister, the Secretary and the ex-Press Attache, the late Wikinski. Told by Warsaw Poles in Washington that to be useful he cannot have a job with the Press Dept. of the Washington Polish Embassy or the Polish Press Bureau in New York. Using his "Uncle" introduction letters (the U.S. Ambassador John Wiley married to Polish born, Irene BARUCH, who is the sister of the first Mrs. SZULC), he obtained a job with Americans on orders from the Poles. Subject is helped financially by the Polish Legation in Rio de Janeiro. Thanks to introduction letters from the WILEYS, SZULC penetrated several circles in New York. He is writing reports to Rio de Janeiro and working with people in New York and is considered useful for future tasks.June 1951:Nephew of newly appointed U.S. Ambassador in PANAMA, he is now trying to get a job in Panama as American correspondent. He has a job with U.P. in New York. In Rio de Janeiro in 1947/48, was fellow traveller and informed of communist nucleus on the staff of the communist newspaper "Diretrizes". Also worked for FRANCE PRESSE and reported regularly on the Polish colony in Rio de Janeiro.June 1951:Visited Rio de Janeiro from 11.6.51 to 27.6.51 when he returned to New York. Whilst in Rio, he was in touch with Igancy SACHS to whom he brought information from the USA. The two are relatives and boyhood friends and subject writes personal letters to SACHS containing matters of interest to the Polish Legation. Subject also has useful contacts in New York in political and artistic circles, obtained through his Aunt. Is believed to be trying to obtain American citizenship through having married an American woman./ - 2 - ......
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Sept, 1951: Personal reports on the U.S. Ambassador to Panama, John WILEY, continue to be forwarded by the Polish Legation in Rio de Janeiro to Warsaw via subject.March 1952: Source met subject in America recently. Subject volunteered that he obtained much information on the differences of policy between the British and American Governments on the Persian problem through his aunt, the wife of John WILEY, and that he kept the Polish Government informed through Ignacy SACHS. He boasted acquaintance with Drew PEARSON and the Shah of Persia.
[104-10103-10108.pdf — page 0]
2025 RELEASE UNDER THE PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY ASSASSINATION RECORDS ACT OF 1992MEMORANDUM**SECRET**14 February 1977SUBJECT: Nestor Antonio MORENO Lopez (AMICE-27) (201-312091)1. MORENO was born on 25 August 1921 in Havana, Cuba. His father was a Cuban Senator (1940-44) and the Cuban Minister of Public Works (1944). MORENO became a lawyer and continued to live in comfortable circumstances. He became involved in the anti-BATISTA movement, apparently in the late 1950's, and ultimately in the 26th of July Movement. After the revolution, one of his clients was Camilo CIENFUEGOS. In Miami after defection, he was associated with the JURE.2. MORENO's specific activities in the anti-BATISTA movement were not reported and apparently were unexceptional. A point worth noting about his activities before defection is his acquaintance with Tad SZULC, at least by 1959, and with Jorge VOLSKY. MORENO's background as a lawyer did not prepare him for active revolutionary involvement. When he defected in April 1961, therefore, he associated with anti-CASTRO exiles, particularly VOLSKY, but did not become actively involved. He was assessed in 1963 as being unfriendly to CIA.3. About February 1963 MORENO and Enrique CAYADO Ribera reportedly collaborated in the formulation of an operational plan to overthrow the Castro government. They discussed it with Jorge VOLSKY, who then passed it to Tad SZULC. VOLSKY and SZULC apparently conspired to have the plan presented to the "political authorities" (Robert HURWITCH and the KENNEDY Administration) in Washington in order to by-pass the dis-
[104-10103-10108.pdf — page 1]
# SECRETtrusted "operational authorities" (the CIA). (VOLSKY originally took full credit for the plan, called "Leonardo Plan," which eventually became known as the AMTRUNK Operation.)4. The Leonardo Plan was well thought-out and caught the fancy of the KENNEDY Administration. HURWITCH bought it to the CIA with the blessings of the Department of State. Thus, from the very beginning, SZULC, VOLSKY, and MORENO, each of whom had outside interests to some degree in conflict with AMTRUNK, were involved in AMTRUNK policy and planning meetings. Moreover, all three were to some degree antipathetic to the Agency for various reasons and were difficult or impossible to control.5. MORENO's indiscretions were a serious problem that limited his effectiveness as a direct participant in the AMTRUNK Operation by arousing the concern of other participants. While the Station attempted to cut out VOLSKY and SZULC after the initial policy discussions in Washington, VOLSKY always remained involved to some degree and kept SZULC fully informed. Under the circumstances, the censure of MORENO for talking to SZULC was just an attempt to plug one of many leaks. The fact is that MORENO, SZULC, and VOLSKY believed they had an inside track in Washington because of their contacts there and all three disliked following Agency instructions that conflicted with their own diverse interests. However, because JMWAVE Station and AMICE-14 (Miguel A. DIAZ Isalgue) objected to MORENO's continued involvement in the AMTRUNK Operation after learning of his free talk with SZULC and others, the StationSECRET