user
Boma la Malawi ndi ndale zake


assistant
Malawi ndi dziko limodzi la Presidential Republic motsogozedwa ndi President Lazarus Chakwera Lamulo ladziko lino lidakhazikitsidwa pa 18 May 1995. Nthambi za boma zili ndi akuluakulu, malamulo ndi oweruza milandu. Akuluakuluwa akuphatikiza Purezidenti yemwe ndi Mtsogoleri wa Boma ndi Mtsogoleri wa Boma, Wachiwiri ndi Wachiwiri kwa Purezidenti ndi nduna ya Malawi. Mtsogoleli wadziko ndi wotsatila mutsogoleli wadziko amasankhidwa pamodzi zaka zisanu zilizonse. Wachiwiri kwa mutsogoleli wadziko akhoza kusankhidwa ndi mutsogoleli wadziko ngati atasankhidwa, ngakhale akuyenera kukhala akuchipani china. Aphungu a nduna ya dziko la Malawi amasankhidwa ndi mutsogoleli wadziko ndipo akhoza kuchokela mkati kapena kunja kwa nyumba ya malamulo.

Nthambi yopereka malamulo imakhala ndi aphungu 193 omwe amasankhidwa zaka zisanu zilizonse,[44] ndipo ngakhale malamulo a dziko la Malawi akupereka mipando 80 ya Senate, umodzi kulibe. Ngati itapangidwa, Nyumba ya Senate ikanapereka nthumwi za atsogoleri azikhalidwe ndi zigawo zosiyanasiyana za malo, komanso magulu ochita chidwi ndi anthu olumala, achinyamata, ndi amayi. Chipani cha Malawi Congress ndicho chipani cholamula pamodzi ndi zipani zingapo za Tonse Alliance motsogozedwa ndi a Lazarus Chakwera pomwe chipani cha Democratic Progressive chili chipani chachikulu chotsutsa. Kuthawirako kumachitika ponseponse ali ndi zaka 18, ndipo bajeti yayikulu ya boma ya 2021/2022 ndi $ 2.4 biliyoni kuchokera $ 2.8 biliyoni ya chaka chandalama cha 2020/2021.

Nthambi yodziyimira payokha yoweruza imachokera ku Chingelezi ndipo ili ndi Khothi Lalikulu la Apilo, Khoti Lalikulu logawidwa m'magawo atatu (akuluakulu, ovomerezeka, ndi amalonda), khoti la Industrial Relations Court ndi Magistrates Courts, lomaliza lomwe lagawidwa kukhala magiredi asanu ndipo akuphatikizapo makhothi a Child Justice. Makhoti amilandu asinthidwa kangapo kuyambira pamene dziko la Malawi linalandira ufulu wodzilamulira m’chaka cha 1964. Makhoti amilandu ndi makhoti amilandu akhala akugwiritsidwa ntchito m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo pamakhala chipambano ndi katangale wosiyanasiyana.

Dziko la Malawi lili ndi zigawo zitatu (zigawo za Kumpoto, Chapakati, ndi Kummwera), zomwe zagawidwa m’maboma 28, ndipo kupitirira apo m’maboma pafupifupi 250 ndi mawodi 110. Maboma ang'onoang'ono amayendetsedwa ndi oyang'anira zigawo omwe amasankhidwa ndi boma ndi maboma. Kwa nthawi yoyamba mu nthawi ya zipani zambiri, zisankho zapakati pa 21 November 2000, chipani cha UDF chinapambana 70% ya mipando yomwe inalipo. Kudayenera kuchitika gawo lachiwiri la zisankho zapakati zomwe zidavomerezedwa ndi malamulo mu Meyi 2005, koma izi zidathetsedwa ndi boma.

Mu February 2005, Pulezidenti Mutharika anasiyana ndi United Democratic Front n’kuyamba chipani chake cha Democratic Progressive Party chomwe chinakopa akuluakulu a zipani zina okonda kusintha zinthu ndipo anapambana zisankho zapadela mu 2006 m’dziko lonselo. idakhazikitsa zosintha pofuna kuthana ndi vuto lalikulu la katangale m’dziko muno, pomwe akuluakulu a chipani cha UDF osachepera asanu akuimbidwa milandu. M’chaka cha 2012, dziko la Malawi lidakhala pa nambala 7 pa mayiko onse a kum’mwera kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa mu ndondomeko ya Ibrahim Index of African Governance, yomwe imayang’anira zinthu zosiyanasiyana pofuna kupereka chithunzithunzi chokwanira cha kayendetsedwe ka maiko a mu Africa. Ngakhale kuti ulamuliro wa dzikoli unali woposa avareji ya ku kontinenti, unali wocheperapo kusiyana ndi wa chigawo cha kum’mwera kwa Africa. Zotsatira zake zapamwamba kwambiri zinali zachitetezo ndi malamulo, ndipo zotsika kwambiri zinali mwayi wokhazikika wazachuma, wokhala ndi udindo wa 47 ku kontinentiyo kuti ukhale ndi mwayi wophunzira. Malawi idachita zisankho mu May 2019, pomwe mtsogoleri wa dziko la Malawi Peter Mutharika anapambana pa chisankho cha Lazarus Chakwera, Atupele Muluzi, ndi Saulos Chilima. Mu 2020 bwalo lamilandu lamilandu la Malawi Constitutional Court linathetsa chipambano cha pulezidenti Peter Mutharika chaka chatha chifukwa cha katangale komanso kusalongosoka komwe kwachuluka. Mtsogoleri wa Opposition Lazarus Chakwera adapambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020 ndipo adakhala Purezidenti watsopano.

Magawo oyang'anira
Dziko la Malawi lagawidwa m’maboma 28 m’zigawo zitatu:

Chigawo chapakati
1 – Dedza
2 – Dowa
3 – Kasungu
4 – Lilongwe
5 – Mchinji
6 – Nkhotakhota
7 – Ntcheu
8 – Ntchisi
9 – Salima

Chigawo chakumpoto
10 – Chitipa
11 – Karonga
12 – Likoma
13 – Mzimba
14 – Nkhata Bay
15 – Rumphi

Chigawo chakumwera
16 – Balaka
17 – Blantyre
18 – Chikwawa
19 – Chiradzulu
20 – Machinga
21 – Mangochi
22 – Mulanje
23 – Mwanza
24 – Nsanje
25 – Thyolo
26 – Phalombe
27 – Zomba
28 – Neno

Maubwenzi akunja
Pulezidenti wakale Hastings Banda adakhazikitsa ndondomeko yolimbikitsa mayiko akunja yomwe idapitilira mpaka kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2011. Inaphatikizanso ubale wabwino ndi mayiko ambiri akumadzulo. Kusintha kuchokera ku chipani chimodzi kupita ku zipani zambiri za demokalase kunalimbitsa ubale wa Amalawi ndi dziko la America. Ophunzira ambiri ochokera ku Malawi amapita ku US kukaphunzira, ndipo US ili ndi nthambi za Peace Corps, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ndi ntchito za anthu ndi Agency for International Development in Malawi. Dziko la Malawi lidali ndi ubale wabwino ndi dziko la South Africa nthawi yonse ya tsankho zomwe zinkasokoneza ubale wa dziko la Malawi ndi mayiko ena a mu Africa. Kutsatira kutha kwa tsankho mu 1994, maubale a kazembe adapangidwa ndikusungidwa mpaka 2011 pakati pa Malawi ndi mayiko ena onse a mu Africa. Koma mu 2010, ubale wa Malawi ndi Mozambique unasokonekera, pang'ono chifukwa cha mikangano yogwiritsa ntchito mtsinje wa Zambezi ndi gridi yamagetsi pakati pa mayiko. M’chaka cha 2007, dziko la Malawi linakhazikitsa ubale waukazembe ndi dziko la China, ndipo chuma cha dziko la China m’dziko muno chikukulirakulirabe kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, ngakhale pali nkhawa yokhudzana ndi kasamalidwe ka ogwira ntchito kumakampani aku China komanso mpikisano wamabizinesi aku China ndi makampani akumeneko. M’chaka cha 2011 ubale wa dziko la Malawi ndi dziko la United Kingdom unasokonekera pamene chikalata chomwe kazembe wa dziko la Britain m’Malawi muno chinatulutsa chikalata chodzudzula Pulezidenti Mutharika. Mutharika adathamangitsa kazembe wa dziko la Malawi, ndipo mu July 2011 dziko la UK lidalengeza kuti likuyimitsa thandizo lililonse la bajeti chifukwa a Mutharika sadayankhe zomwe adadzudzula boma lake komanso kusayendetsa bwino chuma. Pa 26 Julayi 2011, dziko la United States linatsatiranso zomwezo, ndikuyimitsa ndalama zokwana madola 350 miliyoni, ponena za nkhawa zomwe boma likuchita popondereza ndi kuopseza anthu ochita ziwonetsero ndi magulu a anthu, komanso kuletsa chiwawa cha atolankhani ndi apolisi.

Dziko la Malawi lakhala likuonedwa ngati malo othawirako anthu othawa kwawo ochokera m’maiko ena a mu Africa, kuphatikizapo Mozambique ndi Rwanda, kuyambira m’chaka cha 1985. Kuchuluka kwa anthu othawa kwawo kumeneku kwadzetsa mavuto pa chuma cha dziko la Malawi komanso kwabweretsa thandizo lochuluka kuchokera ku mayiko ena. Mayiko omwe apereka thandizo ku Malawi akuphatikizapo United States, Canada, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Ireland, UK ndi Flanders (Belgium), komanso mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi monga World Bank, International Monetary Fund, European Union, African Development Bank ndi mabungwe a UN.

Dziko la Malawi ndi membala wa mabungwe angapo a mayiko monga Commonwealth, UN ndi ena mwa mabungwe ake a ana, IMF, World Bank, African Union ndi World Health Organisation. Dziko la Malawi limaona kuti kukhazikika pazachuma ndi ndale kum'mwera kwa Africa ndi kofunika ndipo imalimbikitsa njira zothetsera mtendere pokambirana. Dzikoli linali loyamba kum’mwera kwa Africa kulandira maphunziro oteteza mtendere pansi pa bungwe la African Crisis Response Initiative.

Ufulu wa anthu
Pofika m’chaka cha 2017, oonera m’mayiko osiyanasiyana anaona zinthu zina zokhudza ufulu wa anthu. Mphamvu zochulukira zidawonedwa kukhala zogwiritsidwa ntchito ndi apolisi, magulu achitetezo anali okhoza kuchitapo kanthu popanda kulangidwa, chiwawa chamagulu chinkawoneka mwa apo ndi apo, ndipo mikhalidwe yandende inapitirizabe kukhala yoipa ndipo nthaŵi zina kuika moyo pachiswe. Komabe, boma lidawoneka kuti likuchita khama kuti lizengereze apolisi omwe adagwiritsa ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri. Nkhani zina zamalamulo zinali zoletsa kulankhula mwaufulu ndi ufulu wa atolankhani, kutsekeredwa m’ndende kwa nthawi yaitali asanazengedwe mlandu, komanso kumanga anthu popanda chifukwa. Nkhani zomwe zapezeka m'maboma zimaphatikizapo nkhanza kwa amayi, kuzembetsa anthu, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ana. Ziphuphu zomwe zikuchitika m’boma zikuoneka kuti ndi nkhani yaikulu ngakhale bungwe lolimbana ndi katangale la Malawi Anti-Corruption Bureau (ACB) lidayesetsa kuzichepetsa. Bungwe la ACB likuwoneka kuti likuchita bwino popeza ndi kuimba mlandu wa ziphuphu zotsika, koma akuluakulu apamwamba akuwoneka kuti angathe kuchita popanda chilango. Ziphuphu pakati pa magulu achitetezo nawonso ndi nkhani. Dziko la Malawi linali limodzi mwa mayiko amene ali ndi chiwerengero chapamwamba cha maukwati a ana padziko lonse.  M’chaka cha 2015 dziko la Malawi linakweza zaka zololedwa kulowa m’banja kuchoka pa zaka 15 kufika pa 18. Nkhani zina zomwe zanenedwa ndi kusowa kwa chitetezo chokwanira cha amayi ku nkhanza zogonana ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza, kuchuluka kwa imfa za amayi oyembekezera komanso kuchitiridwa nkhanza zochitiridwa umboni za ufiti.

Pofika m’chaka cha 2010, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha kunali koletsedwa m’Malawi. Mlandu wina wa 2010, banja lomwe limadziwika kuti ndi amuna kapena akazi okhaokha (mwamuna wa cis ndi mkazi wa trans) adakhala m'ndende nthawi yayitali atapezeka olakwa. Awiri omwe adapezeka olakwa, omwe adaweruzidwa kuti agwire ntchito yolemetsa kwa zaka 14 aliyense, adakhululukidwa patatha milungu iwiri kutsatira kulowererapo kwa mlembi wamkulu wa United Nations a Ban Ki-moon. Mu May 2012, Pulezidenti Joyce Banda adalonjeza kuchotsa malamulo oletsa kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha. Anali wolowa m’malo mwake, a Peter Mutharika, amene adayimitsa malamulo a dziko lino mchaka cha 2015 oletsa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha poyembekezera kuunikanso kwa malamulo omwewo. Pa 26 June 2021, gulu la LGBT mdziko muno lidachita mwambo woyamba wa Pride parade mu likulu la dziko la Lilongwe.