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Agricultural marketing ku dziko la Malawi


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Nthawi ya Atsamunda
Zolinga zomwe zidalengezedwa zamalamulo a atsamunda a Malawi pa kalimidwe ndi malonda a mbewu za chuma zinali kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbeu ndi kupititsa patsogolo ubwino wa mbeu, ndi kukhazikitsira chuma cha alimi panthawi ya kusinthasintha kwa mitengo. Komabe, m’malo mokwezedwa, ziletso zinaikidwa pa chiwerengero cha alimi ang’onoang’ono a ku Africa ndi zotulukapo zawo mwa ndondomeko zolembetsera, kukonza mitengo ya okolola, kupereka ziphaso kwa ogula ndi ogulitsa kunja ndi kukhazikitsa ma board a katundu, omwe nthawi zambiri anali ndi udindo wokhawokha pa ulimi ndi malonda. Zoletsa izi sizinagwire ntchito pakupanga ndi kugulitsa mbewu zomwe zimabzalidwa m'minda ya ku Europe. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zoyendetsera malonda kunapangitsa kuti boma la Nyasaland liwonjezere ndalama zake. Popatsa alimi ang'onoang'ono mitengo yomwe inali yotsika poyerekeza ndi mitengo ya msika wapadziko lonse, boma la atsamunda linkakhometsa msonkho kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono, ndikuchotsa gawo lalikulu la phindu lawo. Malamulo amsika adawonjezeredwa za mbewu zachakudya pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, ndipo pofika chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1950 mabungwe otsatsa malonda adayang'anira malonda a zokolola zazing'ono za ku Africa. Bungwe la Native Tobacco Board (kenako linadzatchedwa African Tobacco Board) linapangidwa. Zofuna za Settler zoyendetsera magawo a fodya ndi thonje zinakhudzidwa ndi mantha akuti ulimi waung'ono wopindulitsa ukhoza kuchepetsa kupezeka kwa ntchito zotsika mtengo za ku Africa kumadera awo. Kupangidwa kwa Native Tobacco Board kunalimbikitsa ulimi wa Africa ku Central Region, koma alimi olembetsa adalipira ndalama zambiri. Poyamba, Bungweli linkalipira levy ya mapeni makumi atatu a fodya, 10% ya mtengo womwe amalipira alimi. Mu 1930, izi zinakwezedwa ku gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a mtengo wolipiridwa kuti akwaniritse mtengo wowonjezereka. Mu Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndipo Bungweli lidabwezanso ndalama zake ndi alimi omwe sanalipidwe, kusunga pakati pa 25% ndi 35% yamitengo yogulitsira yomwe idapezedwa kuti ikwaniritse ndalama zokwana 15% mpaka 20% yamitengo imeneyo. Bungwe Loyang'anira Maize linakhazikitsidwa 1947. Linayenera kuwonetsetsa kuti chimanga cha Malawi chikusungidwa bwino komanso kuti alimi apeze mitengo yotsika, koma zidalephereka chifukwa cha kusowa kwandalama ndipo zolinga zake sizinakwaniritsidwe ndi bungwe lomwe linali nalo. Pofuna kuthana ndi mtengo wa netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi, Bungwe lidakhazikitsa mtengo wogula wotsika kwambiri ndikugulitsa chimanga pamtengo wowirikiza kawiri. Mitengo yotsika imeneyi inalepheretsa alimi kulima chimanga pa malonda, ndipo inalepheretsa chitukuko cha misika yambewu. Kuchuluka kwa chimanga chomwe chinalipo pamsika wapakhomo chinatsika kwambiri pa nthawi ya kuchuluka kwa kufunikira komwe kunayamba chifukwa cha zokolola zosauka mu 1949. Pambuyo pa njala yaikulu ya 1949, MCB inalimbikitsa ulimi wa chimanga, koma pamene mitengo ya padziko lonse inatsika mu 1949. M’zaka za m’ma 1950, idasiya kugulitsa chimanga ndi kugulitsa kunja, ndipo boma la Nyasaland lidaletsa ulimi wa chimanga m’madera osayenera ulimi. zokolola monga chimanga, nyemba, nandolo, tirigu, mtedza, mpunga, mapira, chinangwa ndi thonje. Mu 1956, ntchito, mphamvu ndi ntchito za ma board a Maize Control, African Fodya ndi Cotton Control zidasamutsidwa ku Agricultural Production and Marketing Board. Linali ndi mphamvu zogulira zotsala za anthu ang'onoang'ono, koma mitengo ya omwe akupangayo inkakondera kwa olima olima ndipo silinasonyeze kukwera kwa ndalama zogulira zinthu: zinali zosakhutiritsa kotero kuti ngakhale anthu okhala mu Legislative Council anafuna kukonzanso ndondomeko ya mitengo ya Bungwe. Hastings Banda adakhala nduna ya zaulimi mchaka cha 1961, mfundozi sizinasinthidwe pang’ono. Agricultural Production and Marketing Board inalowedwa m’malo ndi Farmers Marketing Board (FMB) mu 1962, ndipo mamembala a European Board analowedwa m’malo ndi oimira alimi. A Farmers Marketing Board anapatsidwa mphamvu zambiri zogula, kugulitsa ndi kukonza zinthu za m’mafamu, kulimbikitsa kukhazikika kwamitengo ndi kupereka ndalama zothandizira mbewu ndi feteleza.

Pambuyo pa ufulu wodzilamulira
Zaka zoyamba chilandilireni ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1964, a Banda ndi chipani cholamula cha Malawi Congress Party adathandizira kwambiri alimi ang'onoang'ono, chifukwa minda yaying'ono ya ku Europe idatsala. Banda adazindikira kuti dziko la Malawi lili ndi chuma chochepa kupatula ulimi. Iye anali wolowererapo, ndipo Farmers Marketing Board inakhala wogula mwaukali wa zokolola za alimi ang’onoang’ono. Komabe, zokhumudwitsa zolima fodya wamba komanso kukhazikitsidwa kwa mfundo zolima fodya wa Burley m’magawo kunachititsa kuti boma lisamutsire malo ku gawo la estate. Ntchito za FMB zidakulitsidwa kuti ziphatikizepo kutenga nawo gawo muzamalonda, ndikusonkhanitsa ndalama zogulira, mpikisano pakutsatsa mbewu zazakudya za ku Africa udaletsedwa ndipo mphamvu zonse zidalimbitsidwa. Mu 1971, FMB idalowedwa m'malo ndi Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation (ADMARC). ADMARC idapatsidwa mphamvu zatsopano zothandizira bungwe lililonse la boma kapena labizinesi ndi ndalama, ngongole kapena zinthu zina pama projekiti aliwonse okhudzana ndi chitukuko cha chuma cha Malawi. Zolinga zake zinali kuonjezera kuchuluka kwa mbewu za chuma zomwe zingagulitsidwe kunja ndi kukweza bwino, kulimbikitsa kadyedwe ka ulimi wa Malawi kunja kwa dziko ndi kuthandiza alimi ang'onoang'ono. Inatenga ulamuliro wa FMB pa chimanga, fodya ndi thonje, ndi mphamvu zake zokonza mitengo, kuyendetsa misika ndi kupereka ngongole. Olima ang'onoang'ono adathandizira kukwera mtengo kwa ADMARC ndipo phindu lake lalikulu lidabwera chifukwa chowalipira pang'ono, koma idangoyikanso 5% ya ndalama m'mafamu ang'onoang'ono. Kusamutsa chuma kuchoka kwa anthu ang'onoang'ono kupita ku boma kunapangitsa katangale komanso kugwiritsa ntchito udindo molakwika. ADMARC inapereka ndalama zothandizira minda ya fodya ndi mabizinesi ena, ndipo podzafika pakati pa zaka za m’ma 1980, inapatutsa magawo awiri mwa atatu a ndalama zake m’magawo amenewa. Omwe anapindula kwambiri ndi ndondomekoyi anali akuluakulu a ndale omwe ankayang'anira chakudya cha minda ya fodya komanso ogwira ntchito ku ADMARC. Mu 1979, pamene mitengo ya fodya inagwa, zinthu zinali pangozi chifukwa cha mavuto a zachuma, ndipo pofika m’chaka cha 1985, zinali zosakwanira. Ma Estates analinso ndi mwayi wopeza ngongole popanda omwe ang'onoang'ono ang'onoang'ono angakwanitse kugula ngakhale fetereza wamba. Boma la Malawi lidavomera kuti lipange ndalama za private kuti lipeze ngongole ku World Bank, koma Banki Yadziko Lonse idafuna kuthetseratu ndalama zothandizira feteleza. Kuchotsedwa kwathunthu kwa zothandizira kunalepheretsa 75% ya olima ang'onoang'ono kugula feteleza mu 1988-89, kotero thandizo lanthawi yochepa linaperekedwa mpaka 1994-95. Kugulitsako pang'ono kwapadera kunapangitsa ADMARC kukhala ndi ndalama zochepa zoperekera fetereza ndi mbewu kwa olima ang'onoang'ono, ndipo kutsekedwa kwa malo ake ambiri kudalepheretsa kugawa. Kukwera kwa mitengo ya chimanga mchaka cha 1988 sikunapindule alimi omwe adalimapo chimanga cha haibridi m'mbuyomu chifukwa cha ndalama zomwe adataya, motero ambiri adabwereranso kulima chimanga cham'deralo popanda fetereza. Kufooka kwa ADMARC kudapangitsa kuti mitengo ichuluke, kuchepetsa chitetezo cha chakudya komanso vuto la chakudya mu 1991-92. Banki Yadziko Lonse italimbikitsa anthu kuti azigwira ntchito zachinsinsi mu 1987, ADMARC inalibe ndalama zoperekera chithandizo. Ngakhale kuti msika udamasuka, amalonda ochepa okha adatulukira, ndipo misika ya chimanga idasokonekera ndipo dziko la Malawi lidadalira kwambiri chimanga chochokera kunja. Banki Yadziko Lonse idadzudzula kuwonongeka komwe idachita pa chimanga chochokera kunja, ndipo mu 1996, idafuna kuti pakhale bungwe lodziyimira pawokha lopanda mphamvu za boma kuti lilamulire zogula kuchokera kunja. ADMARC idakhala ndi ulamuliro pa mbewu zapakhomo ndipo idayamba kugulitsa nkhokwe zapakhomo kuti ikwaniritse ngongole zake. ADMARC idapitilira kugulitsa nkhokwe zake mu 2000, ndipo mu 2001 ngakhale idakolola movutikira. Kulephera kuteteza njala kunadzetsa imfa chifukwa cha njala ndi matenda, makamaka mu 2002. Banki Yadziko Lonse idadana ndi ADMARC kuti ikhale pansi pa ulamuliro wandale ndipo inaganiza kuti izingoyendetsa ntchito zake zazikulu zamalonda zaulimi ndikungopereka ntchito zotsatsa m'madera akumidzi. dziko lomwe lili ndi mpikisano wocheperako wamagulu azibizinesi: zosinthazi zidakhazikitsidwa kuyambira 2006 kupita mtsogolo. Makampani apadera analibe mphamvu zoperekera ntchito zotsatsa malonda. Inakanika kusunga tirigu wokwanira kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za chakudya m'nyengo yowonda, yosafuna kugula chimanga kwa alimi ang'onoang'ono omwe ali kumidzi yakutali komanso opanda mphamvu yogulitsira chimanga chokwanira m'nthawi yakusowa kwa dziko kuti asunge mitengo. Popeza misika ya chimanga m'Malawi sinachite bwino, boma lidafunika kuchitapo kanthu kudzera mu ADMARC, ndipo idatsalira ngati wogula ndi wogulitsa. Pachimake pakumasulidwa mu 2002-03, panali malo 180 okha a ADMARC. Pofika 2009–2010, chiwerengero cha misika yoyendetsedwa ndi ADMARC chidakwera kufika pa 788, ndipo mu 2010–11 chiwerengerocho chinakwera kufika pa 904. Ikukhalabe pansi pa ulamuliro wa ndale, ndipo izi zapangitsa kuti anthu azinena za katangale ndi maganizo a anthu kuti ADMARC. sichichita zinthu zokomera anthu amene cholinga chake n’kuwathandiza. ADMARC inakula zaka khumi pambuyo pa 2002 ndipo ikadalipo chifukwa cha kulephera kwa ndondomeko ya malonda a agro-dealer kuti akhazikitse ndondomeko yotsatsa malonda achinsinsi. ) onse anali ndi chidwi ndi nkhani ya Malawi. Kupanga chuma chokhazikika komanso boma lomwe dziko loyamba lingagwire ntchito ndi IMF linagwiritsa ntchito ma SAPs (Structural Adjustment Policies) kuti akonzenso dzikolo. Kusagwirizana kumeneku kwa mabungwe ambiri padziko lonse lapansi kukuwonetsa momwe nthawi kuyambira 1990 - 2012 inali imodzi ya neo-colonialism. Mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi awa amatsatira makamaka malangizo ndi zolinga za dziko loyamba. Malawi ikuwonetsa "economic imperialism". zomwe mabungwe awa adapanga. Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kudzera mu SAPs zimasinthidwa kuti zitsimikizire kudalira dziko loyamba ndikupanga kusiyana pakati pa magawo a chitukuko. Kuletsedwa kwa ulamuliro ku Malawi kunathetsa kutukuka kwa anthu apakati. Palibe kutengerapo kwenikweni kwa mphamvu kwa maulamuliro ovomerezeka a ku Africa komwe kudachitikapo kuyambira kumapeto kwa chitsamunda. zomwe nthawi zonse zimasokoneza zofuna zenizeni za boma. Bungwe lolimbana ndi atsamunda likutsindika za ulamuliro wa neo-Colonist womwe ukuchitikira ku Malawi ndi mayiko ena a mu Africa. Ndi gulu lomwe likukulirakulira kuvomerezeka padziko lonse lapansi.