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Mbiri ya dziko la Malawi


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Mbiri ya utsamunda
Dera la Africa lomwe tsopano limadziwika kuti Malawi linali ndi anthu ochepa osaka osaka anthu ambiri amtundu wa Bantu asanayambe kusamuka kuchokera kumpoto cha m'ma 1000. Ngakhale kuti ambiri mwa anthu a Bantu anapitirizabe kum'mwera, ena adatsalira ndipo adayambitsa mafuko omwe amatsatira makolo amodzi. Pofika m’chaka cha 1500 AD, mafukowo anali atakhazikitsa ufumu wa Maravi womwe unafika kumpoto kwa dziko limene masiku ano limatchedwa Nkhotakota mpaka kumtsinje wa Zambezi komanso kuchokera ku Nyanja ya Malawi mpaka kumtsinje wa Luangwa komwe panopa ndi Zambia.

Chakumapeto kwa zaka za m’ma 1600, derali linali logwirizana kwambiri ndi wolamulira mmodzi, anthu a m’derali anayamba kukumana, kuchita malonda ndi amalonda achipwitikizi komanso asilikali. Koma pofika m’chaka cha 1700, ufumuwo unali utagawanika kukhala madera olamulidwa ndi anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Malonda a ukapolo ku Indian Ocean adafika pachimake chapakati pa zaka za m'ma 1800, pamene anthu pafupifupi 20,000 anali akapolo ndipo amatengedwa kuti amatengedwa chaka chilichonse kuchokera ku Nkhotakota kupita ku Kilwa kumene ankagulitsidwa.

Ntchito yachitsamunda
Mmishonale ndi wofufuza malo David Livingstone anafika ku Nyanja ya Malawi (yomwe nthawiyo inali Nyanja ya Nyasa) m’chaka cha 1859 ndipo anazindikira kuti mapiri a Shire kum’mwera kwa nyanjayi ndi malo oyenera kukhalamo anthu a ku Ulaya. Chifukwa cha ulendo wa Livingstone, mishoni zingapo za Anglican ndi Presbyterian zinakhazikitsidwa m'derali m'zaka za m'ma 1860 ndi 1870, African Lakes Company Limited inakhazikitsidwa mu 1878 kuti ikhazikitse malonda ndi zoyendetsa ntchito mogwirizana ndi mishoni, ndi ntchito yaying'ono. ndipo kukhazikika kwa malonda kudakhazikitsidwa ku Blantyre mu 1876 ndipo kazembe waku Britain adakhala kumeneko mu 1883. Boma la Portugal lidachitanso chidwi ndi derali kotero kuti aletse kulanda Apwitikizi, boma la Britain linatumiza Harry Johnston ngati kazembe waku Britain ndi malangizo oti apange mapangano. ndi olamulira akumalo opitilira ulamuliro wa Chipwitikizi.

Mu 1889, chitetezo cha Britain chinalengezedwa pa mapiri a Shire, omwe adawonjezedwa mu 1891 kuti aphatikize dziko lonse la Malawi lamakono monga British Central Africa Protectorate. Mu 1907, chitetezocho chinatchedwa Nyasaland, dzina lomwe lidakhalabe nalo kwa nthawi yonse yotsala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Britain. Mu chitsanzo chabwino cha zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa "Thin White Line" ya ulamuliro wa atsamunda mu Africa, boma la atsamunda la Nyasaland linakhazikitsidwa mu 1891. zokwanira kugwiritsa ntchito anthu wamba khumi aku Europe, akuluakulu ankhondo awiri, ma Sikh a Punjabi makumi asanu ndi awiri ndi onyamula katundu aku Zanzibar makumi asanu ndi atatu ndi asanu. Ogwira ntchito ochepawa ndiye akuyembekezeka kuyang'anira ndikuwongolera gawo la ma kilomita pafupifupi 94,000 okhala ndi anthu pakati pa miliyoni imodzi ndi ziwiri.

Chaka chomwecho, ukapolo unatheratu pamene Sir Harry Johnston, Commissioner wa Nyasaland anayesetsa kuti athetse malondawa.

Mu 1944, Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) idakhazikitsidwa ndi Afirika a Nyasaland kuti akweze zofuna za boma la Britain. Mu 1953, dziko la Britain linagwirizanitsa Nyasaland ndi Northern and Southern Rhodesia m’mayiko amene ankatchedwa Federation of Rhodesia ndi Nyasaland, omwe nthawi zambiri ankatchedwa Central African Federation (CAF), makamaka pazifukwa za ndale. Ngakhale kuti bungweli linali lodziimira paokha, mgwirizanowu unayambitsa kutsutsidwa ndi okonda dziko la Africa, ndipo NAC idalandira chithandizo chambiri. Wotsutsana ndi CAF anali Hastings Banda, dotolo wophunzitsidwa ku Ulaya yemwe amagwira ntchito ku Ghana yemwe adakakamizika kubwerera ku Nyasaland mu 1958 kuti akathandize pazochitika za dziko. Banda adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa NAC ndipo adagwira ntchito yolimbikitsa malingaliro okonda dziko lawo asanamangidwe ndi atsamunda mu 1959. Anamasulidwa mu 1960 ndipo adapemphedwa kuti athandize kulemba malamulo atsopano a dziko la Nyasaland, ndi chiganizo chopatsa anthu aku Africa ambiri ku Legislative Council.

Nthawi ya Hastings Kamuzu Banda (1961-1993)
Mu 1961, Malawi Congress Party (MCP) ya Banda idapeza zambiri pazisankho za Legislative Council ndipo Banda adakhala nduna yayikulu mu 1963. Federation idathetsedwa mu 1963, ndipo pa 6 July 1964, Nyasaland idadziyimira pawokha kuchoka ku Britain ndikudzitcha Malawi. ndipo tsikuli limakumbukiridwa ngati Tsiku la Ufulu wa dziko, tchuthi chapagulu. Pansi pa malamulo oyendetsera dziko lino, dziko la Malawi linakhala dziko la Republic ndipo a Banda anakhala mtsogoleri wawo woyamba. Chikalata chatsopanochi chidapangitsanso kuti dziko la Malawi likhale la chipani chimodzi pomwe chipani cha MCP ndichokhacho chomwe chili chipani chazamalamulo. Mu 1971, Banda adasankhidwa kukhala mtsogoleri wa moyo. Kwa zaka pafupifupi 30, a Banda adatsogolera ulamuliro wankhanza, womwe unawonetsetsa kuti dziko la Malawi silikuvutitsidwa ndi nkhondo. Zipani zotsutsa boma, Malawi Freedom Movement of Orton Chirwa ndi Socialist League of Malawi, zidakhazikitsidwa ku ukapolo.

Chuma cha dziko la Malawi, pomwe a Banda anali mtsogoleri wa dziko, nthawi zambiri ankapereka chitsanzo cha momwe dziko losauka, lopanda mtunda, komanso lokhala ndi anthu ambiri losowa mchere, lingafikire patsogolo pa ulimi ndi chitukuko cha mafakitale. Ali paudindowu komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wake mdziko muno, Banda adamanga bizinesi yomwe idatulutsa gawo limodzi mwa magawo atatu a GDP ya dziko lino ndikulemba 10% ya ogwira ntchito omwe amalandila malipiro.

Demokalase ya zipani zambiri (1993-pano)
Pokakamizidwa kuti awonjezere ufulu wa ndale, a Banda adavomera referendum mu 1993, pomwe anthu adavotera demokalase ya zipani zambiri. Chakumapeto kwa 1993, bungwe la pulezidenti linakhazikitsidwa, utsogoleri wa moyo unathetsedwa ndipo lamulo latsopano linakhazikitsidwa, kuthetsa ulamuliro wa MCP. Mu 1994 chisankho choyamba cha zipani zambiri chinachitika ku Malawi, ndipo a Banda anagonjetsedwa ndi a Bakili Muluzi (amene anali mlembi wamkulu wa MCP komanso nduna yakale ya Banda). Atasankhidwanso mu 1999, a Muluzi anakhalabe pulezidenti mpaka 2004, pamene Bingu wa Mutharika anasankhidwa. Ngakhale kuti nyengo ya ndale imati ndi yovuta, koma m’chaka cha 2009 zidanenedwa kuti m’Malawi muno muli zipani zambiri. Chisankho cha aphungu ndi apulezidenti azipani zambiri chinachitika kwa nthawi yachinayi m’Malawi m’mwezi wa May 2009, ndipo Pulezidenti Mutharika anasankhidwanso bwinobwino ngakhale kuti ankamuimba mlandu wochita zachinyengo.

Mtsogoleri wa dziko lino a Mutharika ankamuona kuti ndi wopondereza komanso wonyoza ufulu wachibadwidwe, ndipo mu July 2011 zionetsero zokhuza kukwera mtengo kwa moyo, kuchepetsa ubale wa mayiko, kusayendetsa bwino komanso kusowa kwa ndalama zakunja kunachitika. Ziwonetserozi zidapha anthu 18 ndipo ena pafupifupi 44 akuvulala ndi mfuti.

Mu April 2012, Mutharika anamwalira ndi matenda a mtima. Kwa nthawi ya maola 48, imfa yake inali yobisika, kuphatikizapo ulendo wa ndege ndi thupi kupita ku South Africa, kumene oyendetsa ambulansi anakana kuchotsa mtembowo, ponena kuti analibe chilolezo chosuntha mtembo. Boma la South Africa litawopseza kuti liulula zambiri, udindo wa pulezidenti unatengedwa ndi Vice-President Joyce Banda (osagwirizana ndi mtsogoleri wakale wa dziko lino Banda).

Mu chisankho cha 2014 ku Malawi Joyce Banda analephera zisankho (amene adakhala wachitatu) ndipo adalowa m'malo ndi Peter Mutharika, mchimwene wake wa Purezidenti Mutharika. Mu chisankho cha 2019 mtsogoleli wadziko la Malawi Peter Mutharika adasankhidwanso mwapang'ono pomwe. Mu February 2020 Khothi Lamilandu Lamilandu la Malawi lidathetsa chigamulocho chifukwa chakusakhazikika komanso chinyengo chofala. Mu May 2020 Khoti Lalikulu ku Malawi linagwirizana ndi chigamulochi ndipo linalengeza kuti chisankho chatsopano chinachitika pa July 2. Aka kanali koyamba kuti chisankho m’dzikoli chitsutsidwe mwalamulo. Mtsogoleri wotsutsa a Lazarus Chakwera adapambana pa chisankho cha pulezidenti wa Malawi mu 2020 ndipo adalumbiritsidwa kukhala Purezidenti watsopano wa Malawi.