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Ngubani owasungula ukukrwela? 
Iindlela zokukrwela zanamhlanje zenziwa zenzeka ngokuqaliswa kweepleyiti ezijikelezayo, ezikhokelela ekuveleni kweepleyiti ezijikelezayo. Ii-turntables zokuqala eziqhutywa ngebhanti zazingakulungelanga ukukrwela kuba zazinethuba lokuqalisa kancinci, kwaye zazinokutyhala kwaye ziphule, njengoko ibhanti liza kuphuka ngenxa yokubuyela umva okanye ukukrwela. I-turntable yokuqala yokuqhuba ngokuthe ngqo yaqanjwa nguShuichi Obata, injineli eMatsushita (ngoku eyiPanasonic), ese-Osaka, eJapan. Yayilahla ibhanti, yaza endaweni yayo yasebenzisa imoto ukuqhuba ngqo ipleyiti apho irekhodi levinyl lihlala khona. Ngowe-1969, uMatsushita wayikhupha njenge-SP-10, i-turntable yokuqala yokuqhuba ngokuthe ngqo kwintengiso, kunye neyokuqala kuthotho lwabo lweTechnics olunempembelelo. Ngeminyaka yee-1970, iimvumi zehip hop kunye nee-DJ zeeklabhu zaqala ukusebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa zokuguqula irekhodi ukuya nokubuya, ukudala izandi ezibetha kunye neziphumo "zokukrwela" ukuzonwabisa abaphulaphuli babo kumgangatho wokudanisa. Ngelixa ii-DJs zerediyo ze-1940s-1960s bezisebenzisa ukubuyela umva ngelixa bephulaphule izandi nge-headphone zabo, ngaphandle kwabaphulaphuli abaphulaphulayo, ngokukrwela, i-DJ ngokuzithandela ivumela abaphulaphuli ukuba beve izandi ezenziwayo ngokulawula irekhodi kwi-turntable, ngokwalathisa ukuphuma kwi-turntable ukuya kwinkqubo yokomeleza isandi ukuze abaphulaphuli beve izandi. Ukugqobhoza kwaphuhliswa zii-DJ zokuqala ze-hip hop ezivela kwisiXeko saseNew York ezinje ngeGrand Wizzard Theodore, ochaze ukugqobhoza, "akukho nto ngaphandle kokukhonkotha okuva endlebeni yakho ngaphambi kokuba uyithumele [isandi esiqoshiweyo] kwisihlwele". Waqulunqa ubuchule xa wayezama i-Technics SL-1200, i-turntable eqhuba ngokuthe ngqo ekhutshwe nguMatsushita ngo-1972 xa wafumanisa ukuba imoto iya kuqhubeka ijikeleza kwi-RPM echanekileyo nokuba i-DJ yayigxotha irekhodi emva naphambili kwiplate. UAfrika Bambaataa wenza into efanayo nge-SL-1200 ngeminyaka yoo-1970. I-Technics SL-1200 yaqhubeka yaba yeyona nto isetyenziswa kakhulu kwi-turntable kumashumi eminyaka alandelayo. U-DJ Kool Herc, owazalelwa eJamaica waza wafudukela kwisiXeko saseNew York, waba nempembelelo ekuphuhlisweni kokuqala kokukrwela. UKool Herc waphuhlisa i-break-beat DJing, apho iziqendu zeengoma ze-funk - ezona ndawo zinokudaniswa, zihlala zibandakanya ukubetha - zazikhethelwe kwaye ziphindaphindwe ngenjongo yemibutho yokudanisa ubusuku bonke. Wayephenjelelwe ngumculo waseJamaican dub, kwaye waphuhlisa ubuchule bakhe be-turntable esebenzisa i-Technics SL-1100, ekhutshwe ngo-1971, ngenxa yemoto yayo eyomeleleyo, ukuqina, kunye nokunyaniseka. Nangona amagcisa angaphambili afana nombhali nembongi uWilliam S. Burroughs wayevavanye ngombono wokuphatha i-reel-to-reel tape ngesandla ukwenza izandi, njengakwirekhodi lakhe le-1950s, "I-Sound Piece", i-vinyl scratching njengento ye-hip hop yaphayona umbono wokwenza isandi sibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kunye nesingqisho somculo endaweni yengxolo engalawulwayo. Ukutshiza kuhambelana "nokucoca" (ngokubhekiselele ekuhlelweni kweaudiyo kunye nemveliso) xa iireels ze-reel-to-reel tape deck (ngokuqhelekileyo i-1/4 intshi ye-magnetic audio tape) ijikelezwe ngenyameko emva nangaphambili ngelixa intloko yokudlala isaphila kwaye ikhulisiwe, ukuhlukanisa indawo ethile kwi-tape apho ukuhlela "kunqunyulwa" kufuneka kwenziwe. Kwiminyaka yo 2010, kokubini ukukrwela kunye nokucoca kungenziwa kwizitishi zokusebenza zomsindo zedijithali (DAWs) ezixhotyiselwe ezi ndlela. Apho kwaqala khona konke umzekelo weDJ wengoma ethi "Where it All Started" Ingaba kukho ingxaki ekudlaleni le fayile? Jonga uncedo lweendaba. UChristian Marclay wayengomnye wabaculi bokuqala ukucula ngaphandle kwehip hop. Phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1970, uMarclay wasebenzisa iirekhodi zegramophone kunye neetrontables njengezixhobo zomculo ukudala iikholaji zesandi. Wavelisa izandi zakhe ze-turntable ngokuzimeleyo kwii-DJ ze-hip hop. Nangona engaziwa ngabantu abaninzi, uMarclay uye wachazwa "njengoyena mntu unempembelelo kwi-turntable ngaphandle kwe-hip hop" kunye "nomqambi ongazi nto we-turntablism". Ngowe-1981 iGrandmaster Flash yakhupha ingoma ethi "The Adventures of Grandmaster Flash on the Wheels of Steel" eyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kweendlela ezininzi zokukrwela i-DJ. Yayikukuqala ukurekhoda kwezorhwebo okwenziwa ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa iitronet. Ngowe-1982, uMalcolm McLaren kunye neQela eliPhakamileyo elidumileyo leHlabathi likhuphe i-single ethi "Buffalo Gals", edibanisa ukukrwela okubanzi kunye neefowuni ezivela kumdaniso wesikwere, kwaye, ngo-1983, i-EP, iD'ya Like Scratchin'? egxile ngokupheleleyo ekrweleni. Enye ingoma eyaphuma ngo-1983 eyabalaselisa ukukrwela yiGrammy Award-winning single kaHerbie Hancock ethi "Rockit". Le ngoma yayidlalwa ngokuthe ngqo kwi-Grammy Awards ka-1984, kwaye kwifilimu ye-documentary Scratch, intsebenzo icatshulwa ngabaninzi be-DJs be-1980s njengokuqala kwabo ukubetha. I-Street Sounds Electro ingqokelela yoluhlu eyaqala ngo-1983 nayo iyaphawuleka ngenxa yemizekelo yokuqala yokukrwela. Kwakhona, icandelo eliphawulekayo yayingu "For A Few Dollars More" nguBill Laswell-Michael Beinhorn band Material, ekhutshwe kwi-12 "yodwa eJapan kwaye iqulethe ukukrwela okwenziwe nguGrand Mixer DXT, omnye uvulindlela wokukrwela.


assistant
Njengokuba ukukrwela yayisisiganeko esiqhelekileyo esenziwe ngokufika kweediski ezijikelezayo, kunzima ukuxelela ukuba ngubani umntu wokuqala ukukrwela kwidiski ejikelezayo, nangona kunjalo kuvunyelwene ukuba iGrandMasterFlash kunye neKoolHerc zenze uhlobo oludumileyo.