(In millions, except percentages)
2019
2018
2017
Percentage Change 2019 Versus 2018
Percentage Change 2018 Versus 2017
Revenue
Productivity and Business Processes
$ 41,160
$ 35,865
$ 29,870
15%
20%
Intelligent Cloud
38,985
32,219
27,407
21%
18%
More Personal Computing
45,698
42,276
39,294
8%
8%
Total
$  125,843
$  110,360
$  96,571
14%
14%
Operating Income (Loss)
Productivity and Business Processes
$ 16,219
$ 12,924
$ 11,389
25%
13%
Intelligent Cloud
13,920
11,524
9,127
21%
26%
More Personal Computing
12,820
10,610
8,815
21%
20%
Corporate and Other
0
0
(306)
*
*
Total
$42,959
$35,058
$29,025
23%
21%
* not meaningful
segment results of operations .
reportable segments .
fiscal year 2019 compared with fiscal year 2018 .
productivity and business processes .
revenue increased $ 5 .
3 billion or 15 % .
• office commercial revenue increased $ 3 .
2 billion or 13 % driven by office 365 commercial offset in part by lower revenue from products licensed on-premises reflecting a continued shift to cloud offerings .
office 365 commercial grew 33 % due to growth in seats and higher average revenue per user .
• office consumer revenue increased $ 286 million or 7 % driven by office 365 consumer due to recurring subscription revenue and transactional strength in japan .
• linkedin revenue increased $ 1 .
5 billion or 28 % driven by growth across each line of business .
• dynamics revenue increased 15 % driven by dynamics 365 growth .
operating income increased $ 3 .
3 billion or 25 % including an unfavorable foreign currency impact of 2 % .
• gross margin increased $ 4 .
1 billion or 15 % driven by growth in office commercial and linkedin .
gross margin percentage increased slightly due to gross margin percentage improvement in linkedin and office 365 commercial offset in part by an increased mix of cloud offerings .
• operating expenses increased $ 806 million or 6 % driven by investments in linkedin and cloud engineering offset in part by a decrease in marketing .
intelligent cloud .
revenue increased $ 6 .
8 billion or 21 % .
• server products and cloud services revenue including github increased $ 6 .
5 billion or 25 % driven by azure .
azure revenue growth was 72 % due to higher infrastructure-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service consumption-based and per user-based services .
server products revenue increased 6 % due to continued demand for premium versions and hybrid solutions github and demand ahead of end-of-support for sql server 2008 and windows server 2008 .
• enterprise services revenue increased $ 278 million or 5 % driven by growth in premier support services and microsoft consulting services .
operating income increased $ 2 .
4 billion or 21 % .
• gross margin increased $ 4 .
8 billion or 22 % driven by growth in server products and cloud services revenue and cloud services scale and efficiencies .
gross margin percentage increased slightly due to gross margin percentage improvement in azure offset in part by an increased mix of cloud offerings .
• operating expenses increased $ 2 .
4 billion or 22 % driven by investments in cloud and ai engineering github and commercial sales capacity .
more personal computing .
revenue increased $ 3 .
4 billion or 8 % .
• windows revenue increased $ 877 million or 4 % driven by growth in windows commercial and windows oem offset in part by a decline in patent licensing .
windows commercial revenue increased 14 % driven by an increased mix of multi-year agreements that carry higher in-quarter revenue recognition .
windows oem revenue increased 4 % .
windows oem pro revenue grew 10 % ahead of the commercial pc market driven by healthy windows 10 demand .
windows oem non-pro revenue declined 7 % below the consumer pc market driven by continued pressure in the entry level category .
• surface revenue increased $ 1 .
1 billion or 23 % with strong growth across commercial and consumer .
• gaming revenue increased $ 1 .
0 billion or 10 % driven by xbox software and services growth of 19 % primarily due to third-party title strength and subscriptions growth offset in part by a decline in xbox hardware of 13 % primarily due to a decrease in volume of consoles sold .
• search advertising revenue increased $ 616 million or 9 % .
search advertising revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs increased 13 % driven by higher revenue per search .
operating income increased $ 2 .
2 billion or 21 % including an unfavorable foreign currency impact of 2 % .
• gross margin increased $ 2 .
0 billion or 9 % driven by growth in windows gaming and search .
gross margin percentage increased slightly due to a sales mix shift to higher gross margin businesses in windows and gaming .
• operating expenses decreased $ 172 million or 1 % .
fiscal year 2018 compared with fiscal year 2017 .
productivity and business processes .
revenue increased $ 6 .
0 billion or 20 % .
• linkedin revenue increased $ 3 .
0 billion to $ 5 .
3 billion .
fiscal year 2018 included a full period of results whereas fiscal year 2017 only included results from the date of acquisition on december 8 2016 .
linkedin revenue primarily consisted of revenue from talent solutions .
• office commercial revenue increased $ 2 .
4 billion or 11 % driven by office 365 commercial revenue growth mainly due to growth in subscribers and average revenue per user offset in part by lower revenue from products licensed on-premises reflecting a continued shift to office 365 commercial .
• office consumer revenue increased $ 382 million or 11 % driven by office 365 consumer revenue growth mainly due to growth in subscribers .
• dynamics revenue increased 13 % driven by dynamics 365 revenue growth .
operating income increased $ 1 .
5 billion or 13 % including a favorable foreign currency impact of 2 % .
• gross margin increased $ 4 .
4 billion or 19 % driven by linkedin and growth in office commercial .
gross margin percentage decreased slightly due to an increased mix of cloud offerings offset in part by gross margin percentage improvement in office 365 commercial and linkedin .
linkedin cost of revenue increased $ 818 million to $ 1 .
7 billion including $ 888 million of amortization for acquired intangible assets .
• operating expenses increased $ 2 .
9 billion or 25 % driven by linkedin expenses and investments in commercial sales capacity and cloud engineering .
linkedin operating expenses increased $ 2 .
2 billion to $ 4 .
5 billion including $ 617 million of amortization of acquired intangible assets .
intelligent cloud .
revenue increased $ 4 .
8 billion or 18 % .
• server products and cloud services revenue increased $ 4 .
5 billion or 21 % driven by azure and server products licensed on-premises revenue growth .
azure revenue grew 91 % due to higher infrastructure-as-a-service and platform-as-a-service consumption-based and per user-based services .
server products licensed on-premises revenue increased 5 % mainly due to a higher mix of premium licenses for windows server and microsoft sql server .
• enterprise services revenue increased $ 304 million or 5 % driven by higher revenue from premier support services and microsoft consulting services offset in part by a decline in revenue from custom support agreements .
operating income increased $ 2 .
4 billion or 26 % .
• gross margin increased $ 3 .
1 billion or 16 % driven by growth in server products and cloud services revenue and cloud services scale and efficiencies .
gross margin percentage decreased due to an increased mix of cloud offerings offset in part by gross margin percentage improvement in azure .
• operating expenses increased $ 683 million or 7 % driven by investments in commercial sales capacity and cloud engineering .
more personal computing .
revenue increased $ 3 .
0 billion or 8 % .
• windows revenue increased $ 925 million or 5 % driven by growth in windows commercial and windows oem offset by a decline in patent licensing revenue .
windows commercial revenue increased 12 % driven by multi-year agreement revenue growth .
windows oem revenue increased 5 % .
windows oem pro revenue grew 11 % ahead of a strengthening commercial pc market .
windows oem non-pro revenue declined 4 % below the consumer pc market driven by continued pressure in the entry-level price category .
• gaming revenue increased $ 1 .
3 billion or 14 % driven by xbox software and services revenue growth of 20 % mainly from third-party title strength .
• search advertising revenue increased $ 793 million or 13 % .
search advertising revenue excluding traffic acquisition costs increased 16 % driven by growth in bing due to higher revenue per search and search volume .
• surface revenue increased $ 625 million or 16 % driven by a higher mix of premium devices and an increase in volumes sold due to the latest editions of surface .
• phone revenue decreased $ 525 million .
operating income increased $ 1 .
8 billion or 20 % including a favorable foreign currency impact of 2 % .
• gross margin increased $ 2 .
2 billion or 11 % driven by growth in windows surface search and gaming .
gross margin percentage increased primarily due to gross margin percentage improvement in surface .
• operating expenses increased $ 391 million or 3 % driven by investments in search ai and gaming engineering and commercial sales capacity offset in part by a decrease in windows marketing expenses .
corporate and other corporate and other includes corporate-level activity not specifically allocated to a segment including restructuring expenses .
fiscal year 2019 compared with fiscal year 2018 we did not incur corporate and other activity in fiscal years 2019 or 2018 .
fiscal year 2018 compared with fiscal year 2017 corporate and other operating loss decreased $ 306 million due to a reduction in restructuring expenses driven by employee severance expenses primarily related to our sales and marketing restructuring plan in fiscal year 2017 .

Question: Why did revenue increase on Office 365 Commercial in 2019 from 2018?
Answer: due to growth in seats and higher average revenue per user