Year Ended December 31,
Year Ended December 31,
Year Ended December 31,
2017 to 2018
2016 to 2017
2018
2017
2016
% Change
% Change
Transaction-based revenue
$2,471,451
$1,920,174
$1,456,160
29%
32%
Starbucks transaction-based revenue
—
—
78,903
NM
(100)%
Subscription and services-based revenue
591,706
252,664
129,351
134%
95%
Hardware revenue
68,503
41,415
44,307
65%
(7)%
Bitcoin revenue
166,517
—
—
NM
NM
Total net revenue
$3,298,177
$2,214,253
$1,708,721
49%
30%
results of operations .
revenue -in thousands except for percentages .
comparison of years ended december 31 2018 and 2017 .
total net revenue for the year ended december 31 2018 increased by $ 1083 .
9 million or 49 % compared to the year ended december 31 2017 .
transaction-based revenue for the year ended december 31 2018 increased by $ 551 .
3 million or 29 % compared to the year ended december 31 2017 .
this increase was attributable to the growth in gpv processed of $ 19 .
3 billion or 30 % to $ 84 .
7 billion from $ 65 .
3 billion .
we continued to benefit from growth in processed volumes from our existing sellers in addition to meaningful contributions from new sellers .
additionally gpv from larger sellers which we define as all sellers that generate more than $ 125000 in annualized gpv represented 51 % of our gpv in the fourth quarter of 2018 an increase from 47 % in the fourth quarter of 2017 .
we continued to see ongoing success with attracting and enabling large seller growth which we believe will help drive strong gpv growth as we scale .
subscription and services-based revenue for the year ended december 31 2018 increased by $ 339 .
0 million or 134 % compared to the year ended december 31 2017 .
growth was driven primarily by instant deposit caviar cash card and square capital as well as acquisitions completed in the second quarter .
subscription and services-based revenue grew to 18 % of total net revenue in the year ended december 31 2018 up from 11 % in the year ended december 31 2017 .
hardware revenue for the year ended december 31 2018 increased by $ 27 .
1 million or 65 % compared to the year ended december 31 2017 .
the increase primarily reflects growth in shipments of square register following its launch in the fourth quarter of 2017 and to a lesser extent the launch of square terminal during the fourth quarter of 2018 .
the increase was also driven by continued growth in sales of our contactless and chip readers as well as growth in sales of our square stand and third-party peripherals driven primarily by new features and product offerings .
additionally the adoption of asc 606 resulted in an increase of $ 5 .
9 million in hardware revenue for the year ended december 31 2018 primarily related to the earlier revenue recognition of hardware sold through retail distribution channels and hardware installment sales which were previously recorded upon sell through to the end user customer .
bitcoin revenue for the year ended december 31 2018 increased by $ 166 .
5 million compared to the year ended december 31 2017 .
during the fourth quarter of 2017 we started offering our cash app customers the ability to purchase bitcoin from us .
bitcoin revenue comprises the total sale amount we receive from bitcoin sales to customers and is recorded upon transfer of bitcoin to the customer ’ s account .
the sale amount generally includes a small margin added to the price we pay to purchase bitcoin and accordingly the amount of bitcoin revenue will fluctuate depending on the volatility of market bitcoin prices and customer demand .

Question: What was the cause of the increase in Subscription and services-based revenue from 2017 to 2018?
Answer: Instant Deposit, Caviar, Cash Card, and Square Capital, as well as acquisitions completed in the second quarter