Before revision: Online manipulation of information has become  prevalent in recent years as  disinformation campaigns seek to  polarize political topics . While we are aware that disinformation campaigns exist, detecting their online presence is still difficult. Researchers have proposed detecting disinformation campaigns on Twitter by looking for specific coordination patterns (e.g., sharing the same hashtag in a short time frame). The problem with this approach, however, is that while the proposed coordination patterns may have been unique to the studied disinformation campaigns , the patterns have not been thoroughly validated against non-random samples or across a diverse set of campaigns. We examine the usefulness of these coordination patterns for identifying the activity of a disinformation campaign from other Twitter activity.
After revision: Online manipulation of information has become prevalent in recent years as disinformation campaigns seek to polarize political topics through massive coordinated efforts. In the process, these efforts leave behind artifacts, which researchers have leveraged to analyze the tactics employed by disinformation campaigns after they are taken down. Coordination network analysis has proven helpful for learning about how disinformation campaigns operate; however, the usefulness of these coordination patterns for identifying the activity of a disinformation campaign from other Twitter activity.