Before revision: With the holy land lost to Islam and the Byzantine Empire seeking help from Turks, the Pope initiated the crusades against Muslims in an attempt to restore Christian unity following the Eastern Schism of the Orthodox from the Catholics.Bryce Lyon, Medieval Constitutionalism: A Balance of Power (1961).
After revision: With the Holy Land lost to Islam and the Byzantine Empire seeking help from Turks, the Pope initiated the crusades against Muslims in an attempt to restore Christian unity following the Eastern Schism of the Orthodox from the Catholics.Bryce Lyon, Medieval Constitutionalism: A Balance of Power (1961).