Before revision: Western philosophers and historians who have discussed various concepts of historic recurrence include the Greek Hellenistic historian Polybius ( ca 200 – ca 118 BCE), the Greek historian and rhetorician Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 60 BCE – after 7 BCE), Luke the Evangelist, Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), Correa Moylan Walsh (1862 — 1936), Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975).
After revision: Western philosophers and historians who have discussed various concepts of historic recurrence include the Greek Hellenistic historian Polybius ( c. 200 – c. 118 BCE), the Greek historian and rhetorician Dionysius of Halicarnassus (c. 60 BCE – after 7 BCE), Luke the Evangelist, Niccolò Machiavelli (1469–1527), Giambattista Vico (1668–1744), Correa Moylan Walsh (1862 – 1936), Arnold J. Toynbee (1889–1975).