Before revision:  the wealth of real-time vehicle information hidden in  CAN packets is uninterpretable-- severely impeding vehicle-related research including CAN cybersecurity, after-market tuning, efficiency and performance monitoring, and fault diagnosis . Guided by the four-part CAN signal definition, we present CAN-D ( CAN Decoder ), a modular, four-step pipeline for identifying each signal's boundaries (start bit and length), endianness (byte ordering ), signedness (bit-to-integer encoding), and meaningful, physical interpretation (label, unit, scaling factors).
After revision:  the wealth of real-time vehicle information hidden in CAN packets is uninterpretable-- severely impeding vehicle-related research . Guided by the four-part CAN signal definition, we present CAN-D ( CAN Decoder ), a modular, four-step pipeline for identifying each signal's boundaries (start bit and length), endianness (byte ordering ), signedness (bit-to-integer encoding), and meaningful, physical interpretation (label, unit, scaling factors).