Before revision: Photovoltaic energy conversion In 1981, Alexis de Vos and Herman Pauwels showed that a more careful analysis of the quantum mechanics of a junction, under certain assumptions, gives a current versus voltage characteristic of the form in which is the cross-sectional area of the junction, and is the number of incoming photons per unit area, per unit time, with energy over the band-gap energy, and is outgoing photons, given by.
After revision: Feynman gave a derivation using the Brownian ratchet in The Feynman Lectures on Physics URLPhotovoltaic energy conversion In 1981, Alexis de Vos and Herman Pauwels showed that a more careful analysis of the quantum mechanics of a junction, under certain assumptions, gives a current versus voltage characteristic of the form in which is the cross-sectional area of the junction, and is the number of incoming photons per unit area, per unit time, with energy over the band-gap energy, and is outgoing photons, given by.