Before revision:  We also show that short-term (up to 50 years ) priority effects arise solely due to low fitness difference in cases where perennials dominate in the long term. These results provide a theoretical basis for predicting when restoration of annual-invaded grasslands requires active removal of annuals and timely reintroduction of perennials.
After revision:  We also show that short-term (up to 50 years ) priority effects are more likely and does not require the tradeoff. Our results provide a theoretical basis for predicting when restoration of annual-invaded grasslands requires active removal of annuals and timely reintroduction of perennials.