Before revision: Form friction Factors other than straight pipe flow induce friction loss; these are known as “minor loss” : Fittings, such as bends, couplings, valves, or transitions in hose or pipe diameter, or Objects intruded into the fluid flow.
After revision: Form friction Factors other than straight pipe flow induce friction loss; these are known as "minor loss" : Fittings, such as bends, couplings, valves, or transitions in hose or pipe diameter, or Objects intruded into the fluid flow.