Before revision:  Using this simple concept combined with monotonicity of Expected Shortfall with respect to its target confidence level , one can provide an unconditional coverage backtesting framework for Expected Shortfall that is a natural extension of the current Value-at-Risk regulatory traffic-light approach  .
After revision:  Using this simple concept combined with monotonicity of Expected Shortfall with respect to its target confidence level , one can provide an unconditional coverage backtesting framework for Expected Shortfall that is a natural extension of the current Value-at-Risk regulatory traffic-light approach for Value-at-Risk. While being easy to calculate, the test statistic is based on the underlying duality between coherent risk measures and scale-invariant performance measures .