Before revision: Although soft systems thinking treats all problems as ill-defined or not easily quantified, hard systems approaches (systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on) assume that ( Jackson, 1991; Jackson, 2003; Katina, 2015: the problems associated with such systems are well-defined they have a single, optimum solution a scientific approach to problem-solving will work well technical factors will tend to predominate Developments in hard systems thinking Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s
After revision: Although soft systems thinking treats all problems as ill-defined or not easily quantified, hard systems approaches systems analysis (structured methods), operations research and so on) assume that ( Jackson, 1991; Jackson, 2003; Katina, 2015: the problems associated with such systems are well-defined they have a single, optimum solution a scientific approach to problem-solving will work well technical factors will tend to predominate Developments in hard systems thinking Hard systems began to emerge as a distinct philosophy in the 1950s