Before revision:  Here we use neuroscience methods and a gesture-enriched foreign language (L2) vocabulary learning paradigm to adjudicate between opposing predictions of two neuroscientific learning theories .
After revision:  Here we use neuroscience methods and a gesture-enriched foreign language (L2) vocabulary learning paradigm performed by 22 young adults. Inhibitory TMS of visual motion cortex reduced learning outcomes for abstract and concrete gesture-enriched words in comparison to sham stimulation. There were no TMS effects on words learned with pictures. These results adjudicate between opposing predictions of two neuroscientific learning theories .