Before revision:  However, neither cooperative games nor noncooperative games---in which "each player participant independently without collaboration with any of the others" (Nash, 1951) ---fully capture the competition between and across individuals and groups, and the strategic partnerships that give rise to such groups.
After revision:  However, neither cooperative games nor noncooperative games---in which "each player acts independently without collaboration with any of the others" (Nash, 1951) ---fully capture the competition between and across individuals and groups, and the strategic partnerships that give rise to such groups.