Before revision: + Commercial Impedance Analyzers have three distinct hardware implementations:MethodFrequency RangeImpedance RangeBasic AccuracyDirect I-V (Direct current-voltage)Dumbrava, Vytautas & Svilainis, Linas (2008) Uncertainty analysis of I-V impedance measurement technique, Measurements, p. 9–14µHz to 50 MHz10 µΩ to 100 TΩ0.05%DIF < ABB (Auto-balanced Bridge)20 Hz to 120 MHz10 mΩ to 100 MΩ0.05%RF-IV (Radio Frequency Current-Voltage)1 MHz to 3 GHz100 mΩ to 100 kΩ1% %DIF > ABB (Auto-balanced bridge)20 Hz to 120 MHz10 mΩ to 100 MΩ0.05%RF-IV (Radio frequency current-voltage)1 MHz to 3 GHz100 mΩ to 100 kΩ1% A fourth implementation, the Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), can be considered a distinct instrument.
After revision: + Impedance analyzers have three distinct hardware implementations:MethodFrequency rangeImpedance rangeBasic accuracyDirect I-V (Direct current-voltage)Dumbrava, Vytautas & Svilainis, Linas (2008) Uncertainty analysis of I-V impedance measurement technique, Measurements, p. 9–14µHz to 50 MHz10 µΩ to 100 TΩ0.05%DIF < ABB (Auto-balanced Bridge)20 Hz to 120 MHz10 mΩ to 100 MΩ0.05%RF-IV (Radio Frequency Current-Voltage)1 MHz to 3 GHz100 mΩ to 100 kΩ1% %DIF > ABB (Auto-balanced bridge)20 Hz to 120 MHz10 mΩ to 100 MΩ0.05%RF-IV (Radio frequency current-voltage)1 MHz to 3 GHz100 mΩ to 100 kΩ1% A fourth implementation, the vector network analyzer (VNA), can be considered a distinct instrument.