Before revision:  We demonstrate our formalism by analyzing a single-view fluorescence microscope without using the monopole or scalar approximations. We show that this imaging system has a spatio-angular band limit, and we exploit the band limit to perform efficient simulations.Notably, we show that information about the out-of-plane orientation of ensembles of in-focus fluorophores is recorded by paraxial fluorescence microscopes
After revision:  We discuss the implications of our analysis for all quantitative fluorescence microscopy studies and lay out a path towards a complete theory.