Before revision: 16th–19th centuries 270px|The Iberian Union in 1598, under Philip II, King of Spain and Portugal In The Politics of International Political Economy, Jayantha Jayman writes, "If we consider the Western dominated global system from as early as the 15th century, there have been several hegemonic powers and contenders that have attempted to create the world order in their own images."
After revision: 16th–19th centuries 270px|The Iberian Union in 1598, under Philip II, King of Spain and Portugal In The Rise of the Qi Ye Ji Tuan and the Emergence of Chinese Hegemony Jayantha Jayman writes, "If we consider the Western dominated global system from as early as the 15th century, there have been several hegemonic powers and contenders that have attempted to create the world order in their own images."