Before revision:  after-market tuning, efficiency and performance monitoring, and fault diagnosis . Guided by the four-part CAN signal definition, we present CAN-D ( CAN Decoder ), a modular, four-step pipeline for identifying each signal's boundaries (start bit and length), endianness (byte ordering ), signedness (bit-to-integer encoding), and meaningful, physical interpretation (label, unit, scaling factors). En route to CAN-D, we provide a comprehensive review of the CAN signal reverse engineering research.
After revision:  after-market tuning, efficiency and performance monitoring, and fault diagnosis . Guided by the four-part CAN signal definition, we present CAN-D ( CAN Decoder ), a modular, four-step pipeline for identifying each signal's boundaries (start bit and length), endianness (byte ordering ), signedness (bit-to-integer encoding), and by leveraging diagnostic standards, augmenting a subset of the extracted signals with physical interpretation. We provide a comprehensive review of the CAN signal reverse engineering research.