Before revision: This term or phrase is commonly used when interpreting data from analytical techniques such as: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) Electron probe micro analysis (EPMA) Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA, XPS) Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, EDX) Infrared spectroscopy (IR, FT-IR, ATR) Liquid chromatography (LC, HPLC) Mass spectrometry (MS, ToF-SIMS, D-SIMS) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, H-NMR, C-NMR, X-NMR) Photoemission spectroscopy (PES, UPS) Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA) Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDX, WDS) Significance The chemical state of a group of elements, can be similar to, but not identical to, the chemical state of another similar group of elements because the two groups have different ratios of the same elements and exhibit different chemical, electronic, and physical properties that can be detected by various spectroscopic techniques.
After revision: This term or phrase is commonly used when interpreting data from analytical techniques such as: Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) Electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA, XPS) Energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS, EDX) Infrared spectroscopy (IR, FT-IR, ATR) Liquid chromatography (LC, HPLC) Mass spectrometry (MS, ToF-SIMS, D-SIMS) Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR, H-NMR, C-NMR, X-NMR) Photoemission spectroscopy (PES, UPS) Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman) Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, ESCA) Wavelength dispersive spectroscopy (WDX, WDS) Significance The chemical state of a group of elements, can be similar to, but not identical to, the chemical state of another similar group of elements because the two groups have different ratios of the same elements and exhibit different chemical, electronic, and physical properties that can be detected by various spectroscopic techniques.