Before revision: Gaetano Licata (2011) rejected the slingshot argument showing that the concept of identity (=) employed in the Davidson's and , which suffer from the criticism proposed by Wittgenstein: to state that x = y when all properties of x are also properties of y is false because y and x are different signs, while to state that x = x when all properties of x are also properties of x is a nonsense .
After revision: Gaetano Licata (2011) rejected the slingshot argument showing that the concept of identity (=) employed in the Davidson's and , which suffer from the criticism proposed by Wittgenstein: Citation needed|reason = Reliable source needed for the whole sentence|date = April 2018 .