Before revision:  Using a simple simulation model , we show that long-term (equilibrium ) priority effects are possible only when the plants have low fecundity and show an establishment-longevity tradeoff, with annuals having competitive advantage over perennial seedlings .
After revision:  Using a simple simulation model , we show that long-term (equilibrium ) priority effects are possible only when the plants have low fecundity and show an establishment-longevity tradeoff, in which annuals have competitive advantage over perennial seedlings .