Before revision:  The model evidenced that the current positioning of management areas could be maintained, but an additional 10 \% of the coast should be no-take area. Importantly, by considering all ecosystem properties prioritized by end-users, the model improved the spatial representativeness. The novelty of this approach is that it develops a spatial optimization model that embeds the dynamism of biophysical connectivity to assess the provision of ecosystem services within a network of protected areas .
After revision:  The model evidenced that the current positioning of management areas could be maintained, but an additional 10 \% could maximise ecosystem service provision, while improving the spatial representativeness of protected areas and minimising social conflicts. The location of protected areas was underrepresented in some sections of the study domain, principally due to the restriction of the model to rocky subtidal habitats. Future model developments should encompass the diversity of coastal ecosystems and human activities to inform integrative spatial management. Nevertheless, the spatial optimization model is innovative not only for its integrated ecosystem perspective, but also because it demonstrates that it is possible to incorporate time-varying biophysical connectivity within the optimization problem, thereby linking the dynamics of exploited populations produced by the spatial management regime .