Before revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of empires including the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, their Iberian Union and the Islamic Gunpowder empires of Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran.
After revision: Ming dynasty, theIn reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of empires including the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, their Iberian Union and the Islamic Gunpowder empires of Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran.