Before revision:  Unlike methods based on varying micro-architectures, the described approach has the ability to achieve a target shear stress and to distribute the shear stress uniformly throughout the scaffold. The ability of topology optimization to alter the shear stress distribution is implemented in experiments where magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to image the flow field.
After revision:  The method is validated by experiments using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is used to image the flow field.