Before revision:   Using a simple simulation model, we show that long-term (500 years) priority effects in annual-perennial interactions are possible as long as the plants have low fecundity and show a competition-longevity tradeoffsuch that annuals are more competitive than perennial seedlings.
After revision:  Using a simple simulation model, we show that long-term (500 years) priority effects in annual-perennial interactions are possible as long as the plants have low fecundity and show an establishment-longevity tradeoff, with annuals having competitive advantage over perennial seedlings.