Before revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of states including: the colonial empires of Portugal, Spain, their Iberian Union, and later that of the Netherlands which ventured out from Europe to establish colonies in the Americas, Africa and Asia; the Gunpowder empires the Ottomans, Mughals and Safavids in the Middle East and Central Asia, and the Ming dynasty in the Far East.
After revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of states including: the colonial empires of Portugal, Spain, their Iberian Union, and later that of the Netherlands which ventured out from Europe to establish colonies in the Americas, Africa and Asia; the Austrian Habsburgs in Europe, the Ottomans, Mughals and Safavids in the Middle East and Central Asia, and the Ming dynasty in the Far East.