Before revision:  However, competition generally depends on imperfect proxy measures in order to assess performance. Examples include: in science, the publication count of an author; in healthcare, the number of patients treated; or in business, the profit achieved. Importantly, some practices may optimize proxy performancebut not the actual societal goal. In such cases, individual decisions and cultural practices may shift away from the societal goal and toward the proxy. To paraphrase what has become known as Goodhart 's or Campbell's law: Any proxy measure in a competitive societal system becomes a target for the competing individuals (or groups), promoting corruption of the measure .
After revision:  However, competition generally depends on imperfect proxy measures . For instance profit is used to measure value to consumers, patient volumes to measure hospital performance, or the Journal Impact Factor to measure scientific value. Here we note that 's or Campbell's law: Any proxy measure in a competitive societal system becomes a target for the competing individuals (or groups), promoting corruption of the measure .