Before revision:  We implement the model in the first-mile scenario in Tampines . In four regulation scenarios--two by two combinations regarding whether AV and PT are allowed to change supplies--we find that since AV can release the bus operator from low-demand routes, the competition can lead to higher profits of both, and higher system efficiency , simultaneously, rather than a one-sided loss-gain result.
After revision:  We implement the model in the first-mile scenario in Tampines , Singapore. We find that the competition can result in higher profits and higher system efficiency , simultaneously, rather than a one-sided loss-gain result.