Before revision:  According to our estimates, only a minor share of the total excess deaths detected in Northern Italy over the entire period under scrutiny (February - November 2020) can be attributed to an anticipatory role of COVID-19.
After revision:  According to our estimates, only a minor share of the total excess deaths detected in Northern Italian municipalities over the entire period under scrutiny (February - November 2020) can be attributed to an anticipatory role of COVID-19.