Before revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of empires including the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, their Iberian Union and the Islamic Gunpowder empires of Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran and the Ming dynasty in China .
After revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of empires including the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, their Iberian Union and the Islamic Gunpowder empires of Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran and the Ming dynasty in the Far East .