Before revision:  The proposed dynamic system measures and indices, thus, extract detailed information about ecosystems' characteristics, as well as their functions, properties, behaviors, and various other system attributes that are potentially hidden in and even obscured by data  .
After revision:  The proposed dynamic system measures and indices, thus, extract detailed information about ecosystems' characteristics, as well as their functions, properties, behaviors, and various other system attributes that are potentially hidden in and even obscured by data . A dynamic technique for the quantitative characterization and classification of main interspecific interactions and the determination of their strength within food webs is also developed based on the diact effect and utility indices. Moreover, major concepts and quantities in the current static network analyses are also extended to nonlinear dynamic settings and integrated with the proposed dynamic measures and indices in this unifying mathematical framework. Therefore, the proposed methodology enables a holistic view and analysis of ecological systems .