Before revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of empires including the Ming dynasty, the Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, their Iberian Union and the Islamic Gunpowder empires of Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran .
After revision: In reference to the 16th and 17th centuries, when globalization emerged, the term has been applied to a variety of empires including the and the Ming dynasty in China Portuguese Empire, the Spanish Empire, their Iberian Union and the Islamic Gunpowder empires of Ottoman Turkey, Mughal India, and Safavid Iran .