Before revision: URL History Precursors TimelinePredecessors Saint-Simon (1760–1825), Karl Marx ( 1817 –83), Friedrich Engels (1820–95), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), Rudolf Clausius (1822–88), Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928), Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950), Robert Maynard Hutchins (1929–51), among others Founders 1946–53: Macy conferences 1948: Norbert Wiener publishes Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine 1951: Talcott Parsons publishes The Social System 1954: The Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory is established by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph W. Gerard, Kenneth Boulding.
After revision: URL History Precursors TimelinePredecessors Saint-Simon (1760–1825), Karl Marx ( 1818 –83), Friedrich Engels (1820–95), Herbert Spencer (1820–1903), Rudolf Clausius (1822–88), Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), Émile Durkheim (1858–1917), Alexander Bogdanov (1873–1928), Nicolai Hartmann (1882–1950), Robert Maynard Hutchins (1929–51), among others Founders 1946–53: Macy conferences 1948: Norbert Wiener publishes Cybernetics: Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine 1951: Talcott Parsons publishes The Social System 1954: The Society for the Advancement of General Systems Theory is established by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, Anatol Rapoport, Ralph W. Gerard, Kenneth Boulding.