Before revision: Gene expression is an inherently noisy process capable of displaying phenotypic variation despite constant environmental conditions. This stochastic behavior results from fluctuations in the transcription and translation of genes between identical cells . DNA looping, which is a common means of regulating transcription, is very much a stochastic process;
After revision: Living cells provide a fluctuating, out-of-equilibrium environment in which genes must coordinate cellular function . DNA looping, which is a common means of regulating transcription, is very much a stochastic process;