Before revision: Penrose Roger Penrose contends that the foundations of mathematics can't be understood without the Platonic view that "mathematical truth is absolute, external and eternal, and not based on man-made criteria ... mathematical objects have a timeless existence of their own..." Indian philosophy Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika (Realist position) Indian philosophers similarly discuss the problem of universals in relation to semantics.
After revision: Penrose Roger Penrose contends that the foundations of mathematics can't be understood without the Platonic view that "mathematical truth is absolute, external and eternal, and not based on man-made criteria ... mathematical objects have a timeless existence of their own..." Indian philosophy Nyāya-Vaiśeṣika (Realist position) Indian philosophers raise the problem of universals in relation to semantics.