Before revision: Online platforms are using warning messages to counter disinformation, but current approaches are not evidence-based and appear ineffective. We designed and empirically evaluated new disinformation warnings by drawing from the research that led to effective security warnings.
After revision: Disinformation is proliferating on the internet, and platforms are responding by attaching warnings to content. There is little evidence, however, that these warnings help users identify or avoid disinformation. In this work, we adapt methods and results from the information security warning literature in order to design and evaluate effective disinformation warnings.