Before revision:  Using a simple simulation model, we show that long-term ( 500 years ) priority effects are possible as long as the plants have low fecundity and show an establishment-longevity tradeoff, with annuals having competitive advantage over perennial seedlings.
After revision:  Using a simple simulation model, we show that long-term ( equilibrium ) priority effects are possible as long as the plants have low fecundity and show an establishment-longevity tradeoff, with annuals having competitive advantage over perennial seedlings.