Before revision: Demonstrating episodic memory in the absence of language, and thus in non-human animals, is impossible , because there are no agreed upon non-linguistic behavioral indicators of conscious experience (Griffiths et al., 1999).
After revision: Demonstrating episodic memory in the absence of language, and thus in non-human animals, is impossible , because there are no agreed-upon non-linguistic behavioral indicators of conscious experience (Griffiths et al. 1999).