Before revision: According to their dispersing functionality and action mode, one distinguishes two classes of superplasticizers: Ionic interactions : lignosulfonates (first generation of ancient water reducers), sulfonated synthetic polymers (naphthalene, or melamine, formaldehyde condensates) (second generation), and; Steric effects: Polycarboxylates-ether (PCE) synthetic polymers bearing lateral chains (third generation).
After revision: (electrostatic repulsion)According to their dispersing functionality and action mode, one distinguishes two classes of superplasticizers: Ionic interactions : lignosulfonates (first generation of ancient water reducers), sulfonated synthetic polymers (naphthalene, or melamine, formaldehyde condensates) (second generation), and; Steric effects: Polycarboxylates-ether (PCE) synthetic polymers bearing lateral chains (third generation).