EthM300/QuizBowlClues huggingface dataset:
Answer: telescopes; antiprompt on "reflector" or "refractor" before read and ask "What kinds of devices are refractors/reflectors?"
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Active optics avoids turbulence and melting in these devices
Clue: One type of these devices has a "prime focus" design and is named after Cassegrain
Clue: These devices have refracting and reflecting types whose mirrors can be 10 to 20 meters wide
Clue: Mauna Kea's (*) highest peak is the site of the Keck one of these devices
Clue: The "radio" types of these devices often have parabolic "dishes"
Clue: Kepler explained how they work, and Tycho Brahe observed planets without one
Clue: For 10 points, name these devices invented by Galileo that observe the stars
Answer: kinetic theory of gases [or kinetic-molecular theory] Round 12 - 
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: One version of this model, in which objects are pushed to regions of heated low-density aether, was used by John Herapath to mechanically explain gravitation
Clue: This theory predicts a value of 2mv for momentum gained by the wall of a container due to a single particle, because this theory assumes that all collisions are perfectly elastic
Clue: It also postulates that individual particles have negligible volumes and that intermolecular attractive or repulsive forces between gas particles are also negligible
Clue: For 10 points, name this theory that describes the behavior of ideal gases undergoing constant, random motion
Answer: Edgeworth-Kuiper Belt (be lenient on pronunciation) &lt;RV&gt; (Astro - other sci)
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: This region was discovered by David Jewett and Jane Luu using a blink comparator
Clue: Objects in this region that have a two-to-three orbital resonance with the nearest planet are known as "plutinos", while objects from this region that are not resonant are known as "cubewanos
Clue: " Kenneth (*) Edgeworth hypothesized its existence with its more famous namesake
Clue: Makemake and Eris were discovered in this region in 2005
Clue: The only man-made object to enter this region of the solar system is the NASA spacecraft New Horizons
Clue: This region of the solar system is thought to be the origin of short-period comets
Clue: For 10 points, name this region of space, a circumstellar disk of icy bodies starting past Neptune's orbit
Answer: tRNA [or transfer ribonucleic acid; prompt on "RNA"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: These molecules are aminoacylated in a process that is catalyzed by the enzyme aaRS and is called charging
Clue: These molecules with a characteristic cloverleaf-shaped secondary structure display wobble pairing, allowing them to violate Watson-Crick base pairing
Clue: Elongation factors allow these molecules to bind to the (*) A site
Clue: These molecules contain an anticodon, which allows them to recognize codons in messenger RNA and transport their associated amino acid to the ribosome
Clue: For 10 points, name this form of RNA involved in translation
Answer: triangles
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: When analyzing these shapes, the mnemonic "a man and his dad put a bomb in the sink" is applied to their cevians (chev-EE-enz) in Stewart's theorem
Clue: The nine-point circle is defined on these shapes
Clue: The square of the area of these shapes is given by the semiperimeter S multiplied by S minus each of its sides, by (*) Heron's formula
Clue: The sine of each angle in one of these shapes, divided by its opposite side, gives the same constant
Clue: The area of these shapes equals one half base times height
Clue: For 10 points, name these shapes whose "right" type are subject to the Pythagorean theorem
Answer: mimicry [accept Batesian mimicry, Mullerian mimicry]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Some orchid species display a form of this behavior that induces male bees and wasps to copulate on the flower to help with its pollination
Clue: Cuckoos that are obligate brood parasites often engage in at least one form of this behavior, usually with their eggs
Clue: Aposematic (aa-PAH-sim-AT-ik) coloration (*) benefits organisms that engage in this behavior, though organisms engaging in the Batesian (BAYT-see-en) form of this behavior are not harmful themselves
Clue: For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which one species has evolved to resemble another
Answer: Earthquake
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Soil liquefaction results when one of these events occurs around loose, saturated soils, and the elastic-rebound theory explains how energy is spread during these processes
Clue: Trilateration can be used to pinpoint the focus and (*) epicenter of these events, a majority of which occur around the Pacific Ring of Fire
Clue: A seismometer is used to measure the scope of one of these by applying a moment magnitude scale, the most famous example of which is the Richter scale
Clue: For 10 points, identify this natural phenomenon in which seismic waves cause the ground to shake
Answer: chitin
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: In 2014, Harvard researchers developed a method to produce a biodegradable plastic from this material, which is also thought to be the causative agent of dust mite allergies
Clue: This material undergoes an analogue of tanning called sclerotization, which increases its rigidity, and is also often compounded with calcium carbonate to increase its (*) strength
Clue: Albert Hoffman determined that this material was made of linked monomers of N-Acetyl-gluco-samine, and it composes the radulas of mollusks and the beaks of cephalopods
Clue: For 10 points, name this polysaccharide found in arthropod exoskeletons and the cell walls of fungi
Answer: carbon dioxide [or CO2 before it is read]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Green methanol and water are synthesized from this compound and two moles of hydrogen gas
Clue: Two molar equivalents of ammonia react with this compound to make urea
Clue: Catalytic converters synthesize this compound from a more reduced equivalent
Clue: CCS techniques aim to "capture" and "sequester" this compound
Clue: Metallic (*) carbonates react with acids to form water, metallic hydroxides, and this compound
Clue: It dissolves in water to make carbonic acid
Clue: It is the end oxidation product of organic carbon
Clue: Complete, but not incomplete, combustion makes this product
Clue: For 10 points, name this greenhouse gas with formula CO2
Answer: 2
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: In the unit circle, the chord of an angle can be found by multiplying this constant by the sine of half of that angle
Clue: The Euler characteristic of the connected sum of two surfaces can be found by subtracting this constant from the sum of the Euler characteristics of each surface, since the connected sum removes this number of faces
Clue: For any polyhedron, this number is equal to the number of (*) vertices minus edges plus faces
Clue: This sixth decimal digit of pi is also the ones digit of the constant which is the base of the natural logarithm, Euler's number "e
Clue: " For 10 points, name this smallest number of points in Euclidean space needed to determine a line, which is also the smallest prime number
Answer: ovaries
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The most common host cells for developing therapeutic recombinant proteins come from Puck's CHO line, which he developed using cells from this organ in Chinese hamsters
Clue: Theca cells in this organ secrete androstenedione, which adjacent granulosa ["gran-yoo-low-sah"] cells convert into estradiol ["ess-trah-dye-all"]
Clue: An "LH surge" in this organ triggers (*) Graafian follicles to burst open, later forming the corpus luteum
Clue: After ovulation, cells can leave this organ through Fallopian tubes to travel to the uterus
Clue: For 10 points, name these female reproductive organs that are the site of egg cell formation
Answer: paper [accept filter paper]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: "Wet-end" chemistry is concerned with developments in this technology, the manufacture of which is based on the Fourdrinier ["four-drin-yay"] machine
Clue: Whatman grading of the qualitative type of this material is based on particle size, while the quantitative type must be ash-free
Clue: One can use this material to study the separation of constituents of ink by the (*) capillary action of water through this material as the stationary phase
Clue: pH can be measured by absorbing litmus onto this material
Clue: For 10 points, name this thin material produced from wood pulp that is used in chromatography and as a filter
Answer: Richard Feynman
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: A formula showing that parabolic PDEs can be expressed as a sum is named for this scientist and Marc Kac
Clue: This scientist modeled weak decay with Murray Gell-Mann and demonstrated that weakness of O-rings in cold weather caused the (*) Challenger Disaster
Clue: This scientist discussed nanoscale machines in the lecture "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" and delivered a namesake set of "Lectures on Physics" at Caltech
Clue: For 10 points, name this physicist who helped develop quantum electrodynamics and names a type of diagram visualizing the behavior of subatomic particles
Answer: titration [or volumetric analysis; accept complexometric titration; accept redox titration; accept acid-base titration]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Thiosulfate ions and starch are usually added to solid iodine in a form of this technique called iodometry
Clue: Another form of this lab technique uses Eriochrome Black T, along with a hexadentate ligand with four carboxylic acid groups known as EDTA; that is its "complexometric" type
Clue: Its "redox" type may use potassium permanganate, which is especially useful due to its role as a (*) "self-indicator
Clue: " This procedure is commonly conducted by slowly dripping a solution of known concentration from a burette into a flask until the equivalence point
Clue: For 10 points, name this lab technique used to determine an unknown solution's concentration
Answer: Golgi Apparatus [accept Golgi body or Golgi complex]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: One substance synthesised in this organelle through the action of glycosyltransferases prevents cross-species fertilisation
Clue: Transport from this organelle is inhibited by brefeldin A, which prevents the association of COPI
Clue: A membrane-bound structure that "matures" in this organelle, the (*) cisternae, is used to receive vesicles and package polysaccharides
Clue: For 10 points, name this organelle with cis and trans faces which was discovered using the black reaction by a namesake Italian scientist
Answer: Galileo Galilei
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: This man was one of the first to identify the connection between pitch and frequency, which he discovered in an experiment involving a chisel
Clue: This man described Salviati's attempts to sway the neutral Sagredo and Simplicio in one work, and he claimed that mathematics should form the basis of physics in his The Assayer
Clue: In a pamphlet by this man, he described several celestial objects which supported the (*) Copernican view of the solar system, such as the four largest moons of Jupiter, which would be collectively named after this man; that pamphlet was The Starry Messenger
Clue: For ten points, name this Italian scientist who supposedly dropped two differently weighted balls from the Leaning Tower of Pisa
Answer: white dwarf (or white dwarves; accept degenerate dwarf or degenerate dwarves)
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Helium accretion onto these objects has been theorized to create "zombie stars" and would prevent the destruction of these objects by carbon detonation
Clue: "Black" successors to these objects were theorized but do not exist, because the age at which these objects would reach that state is older than the age of the universe
Clue: Fusion does (*) not take place in these objects, which may turn into supernovae if their mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit, and which are one of the successors to red giants
Clue: For 10 points, name these stellar remnants with lower mass than neutron stars and black holes, the final state of stars with fewer than 10 solar masses
Answer: midpoint
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Frequency polygons show lines connecting these kinds of points, while ogives don't
Clue: Convex functions have means lower than these points at each interval
Clue: In Varignon's theorem, connecting these points on a quadrilateral's sides makes a parallelogram
Clue: Mascheroni constructions use circles (*) to find these points
Clue: This point on the hypotenuse of a right triangle is also the circumcenter
Clue: For a line segment in the coordinate plane, this location is the average of its two endpoints
Clue: In a triangle, the segment connecting this point to the opposing vertex divides the triangle equally and is called a median
Clue: For 10 points, name this point in the middle of two points
Answer: expected value [or expectation; accept just expected after "value" is read; accept EV; accept conditional expectation; accept mean or average before "mean" but prompt afterwards; accept E(X) ("E of X") before it is read]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Sequences where the value of one term is equal to this quantity for the next term are called "martingales
Clue: " The moment-generating function of a random variable X is computed by finding this quantity for "e to the t X"
Clue: For a random variable x with PDF f of x, this quantity equals [read slowly] "the integral from minus infinity to infinity of x times f of x dx
Clue: " The law of large numbers states that for a large number of trials, the (*) mean result will approach this value
Clue: When rolling a six-sided die, this value for the outcome is 3
Clue: 5 ("3 point 5")
Clue: For 10 points, name this term for the average predicted value of a random variable, often denoted "E of X
Answer: nuclear fusion [accept thermonuclear fusion; accept D-T fusion; accept inertial confinement fusion; prompt on nuclear reactions; do NOT accept or prompt on "fission"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Several types of this process, including ones involving boron-11, were enabled by the development of chirped pulse amplification in lasers
Clue: Another type of this process uses a fuel pellet with a plastic coating which is then heavily compressed
Clue: A blanket made of lithium provides the (*) tritium necessary for the D-T type of this process
Clue: The ITER megaproject seeks to develop tokamaks in which this process can be performed sustainably
Clue: Scientists have long searched for a hypothetical "cold" version of this process that avoids the need for high temperature and could feasibly produce power
Clue: For 10 points, name this process in which nuclei merge together at high temperatures
Answer: plasmids [prompt on cloning vectors or DNA vectors or DNA]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: One technique that extracts these structures from cells uses a solution of sodium dodecyl sulfate and sodium hydroxide called Buffer P2
Clue: That technique is based on alkaline lysis and is sold as miniprep kits
Clue: Artificial types of these structures include pBR322 and usually contain a polylinker site
Clue: These structures are used in (*) molecular cloning as a vector to produce recombinant DNA
Clue: These structures can be exchanged via conjugation, which can result in the spread of antibiotic resistance genes
Clue: For 10 points, name these circular extrachromosomal DNA molecules
Answer: speed of light [prompt on "c"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The Einstein tensor contains this quantity to the fourth power in its denominator
Clue: Maxwell discovered that this quantity is equal to one over the square root of the product of the vacuum permittivity and permeability
Clue: Cherenkov radiation occurs when this quantity is (*) exceeded in its local frame
Clue: Length contraction occurs as objects approach this constant
Clue: The equivalence of mass to energy depends on this constant squared, according to Einstein's famous equation
Clue: For 10 points, name this constant, the rate at which a photon travels in a vacuum, denoted by the letter "c
Answer: heart
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Fluid buildup around this organ impairs its function in a namesake tamponade
Clue: Sleep apnea is often a symptom of, and a possible cause of disorders of this organ
Clue: This organ produces P, T, and U waves
Clue: Disorders of this organ often manifest in abnormal QRS complexes
Clue: This organ is regulated by the AV and (*) SA nodes
Clue: Disorders of this organ are the most common cause of death in people with Marfan's syndrome and gigantism
Clue: Its activity is measured with an EKG
Clue: Impaired activity of this organ creates a fluid buildup in its "congestive" failure
Clue: This organ suffers a myocardial infarction when the coronary arteries are blocked
Clue: For 10 points, name this organ that pumps blood
Answer: skin [accept any answer including the word or suffix dermis]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: A hormone that primarily affects this organ has also been implicated in a wasting condition called cachexia, and is abbreviated MSH
Clue: Cancer in this organ is often treated with EDC, or electrodessication and curettage
Clue: This organ contains the arrector pili muscles
Clue: This organ contains infection-prone sebaceous glands, and it manifests the best-known symptoms of the (*) Varicella zoster virus
Clue: This organ produces Vitamin D3 using UV radiation
Clue: This organ's outer layer is mostly keratin, and its color is affected by melanin
Clue: For 10 points, name this largest organ of the body, which is affected by eczema, melanoma, and acne
Answer: primality [or primeness; or word forms]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: The existence of infinitely many bounded gaps between numbers with this property was proven in an acclaimed 2013 paper of Yitang Zhang
Clue: That result generalizes the conjecture that there exist infinitely many pairs "n" and "n plus 2" which have this property
Clue: If every even integer greater than 2 can be written as the sum of two numbers with this property, then Goldbach's conjecture is true
Clue: A classic method for finding numbers with this property is the Sieve of Eratosthenes
Clue: Two numbers have this property relative to one another if they have no nontrivial common divisors
Clue: For 10 points, name this property possessed by numbers that are divisible only by one and themselves
Answer: trees [prompt on heaps until it is mentioned]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: The "dancing" type of these objects is similar to the B+ type, and is used in the Reiser filesystem
Clue: In one type of these structures, the minimal element can be found in constant time and deleted in O(log n) ("big O of log n") time, a property utilized in the heap sort algorithm
Clue: In another type of these structures, each entry is assigned a color, either red or black
Clue: The AVL type is self-balancing, and in the binary type, each node has at most two children
Clue: For 10 points, name these hierarchical data structures with root and leaf nodes, a collection of which is called a "forest
Answer: T cells [accept more specific answers like helper T cells or cytotoxic T cells]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Immature cells called myeloid derived suppressor cells suppress activity of these cells in cancers
Clue: The FOXP3 gene is critical to the development of the regulatory variety of these cells
Clue: Sepsis can result in the exhaustion of these cells, which undergo positive, negative, and beta selection during their development
Clue: The protein gp120 targets these cells' (*) CD4 receptors
Clue: HIV infects one type of these cells, which also come in a "cytotoxic" variety
Clue: Long-lived examples of these cells are known as their "memory" type
Clue: For 10 points, name these immune cells that have "effector" and "helper" types, and which are contrasted with B cells
Answer: RNA [or ribonucleic acids; accept more specific kinds of RNA, like "tRNA", "mRNA", or "rRNA"; accept ribozymes; prompt on "nucleic acids"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The first isolated aptamers were made of these molecules
Clue: These are the molecules that most frequently form stem loops or "hairpins
Clue: " Amounts of this molecule may be detected and quantified by a Northern blot
Clue: One type of this molecule has catalytic capabilities and forms the non-protein part of a snRNP ("snurp")
Clue: Another type of this molecule is synthesized in the nucleolus and forms the non-protein part of (*) ribosomes
Clue: This molecule carries amino acids to the ribosomes to make proteins
Clue: Introns are spliced out of these molecules, which contain uracil
Clue: For 10 points, name this class of nucleic acids, the "messenger" variety of which is transcribed from DNA
Answer: halogens [or group seventeen; or group seven-A]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: One of these elements is ionically bonded to a large heterocycle in an intercalating agent that is often used in gel electrophoresis
Clue: Another of these elements is found in a roughly 75-25 mix of its isotopes 35 and 37
Clue: A compound of one of these elements turns starches dark blue, and is named for Lugol
Clue: Within each period, these elements have the second-lowest atomic (*) radii and the second-highest ionization energy
Clue: This group contains elements that are solids, liquids, and gases at room temperature
Clue: These elements have the highest electronegativity, since they are only "missing" one valence electron
Clue: For 10 points, name these elements that include bromine and chlorine
Answer: enzymes [prompt on "proteins"; prompt on "catalysts" before the word "catalyze"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: These molecules are modeled by the equation "V equals V-max-S over K-m plus S ," which uses a steady-state approximation
Clue: Their function can be enhanced via cooperativity, and they are usually regulated by feedback inhibition
Clue: The function of these molecules is described by the Michaelis-Menten model
Clue: These molecules, which often require (*) cofactors, can be inhibited competitively or noncompetitively, or regulated allosterically
Clue: Via an induced fit, the active site of one of these molecules binds to its substrate, lowering the activation energy of a reaction
Clue: For 10 points, name these proteins that catalyze metabolic reactions
Answer: lysosome
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: A scarcity of alpha-NAGA within this organelle leads to Schindler's disease
Clue: The accumulation of glucocerebroside in this organelle leads to the formation of Gaucher cells
Clue: Two farmers discovered that Jacob sheep could inherit a disease in this organelle caused by a deficiency of hexosaminidase-A
Clue: The buildup of (*) GM2 gangliosides in this organelle leads to Tay-Sachs disease
Clue: Mannose-6-phosphate tags proteins that are transported from the Golgi apparatus to this organelle
Clue: This organelle can fuse with vacuoles to act on phagocytosed material
Clue: For 10 points, name these acidic organelles that break down cellular waste
Answer: planetary rings [accept more specific answers, such as rings of Saturn]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Kepler shear impacts the formation of self-gravity wakes in these structures
Clue: Interactions with a magnetic field causes dark spokes to appear within these structures
Clue: These structures can form when tidal forces exceed the gravitational self-attraction of objects within the Roche limit
Clue: Another of these structures is generated by cryovolcanoes ["CRY-oh-volcanoes"] on Enceladus
Clue: Orbital resonances with shepherd moons cause (*) gaps to form within these structures, examples of which include the Huygens ["high-gens"] Gap and the Cassini Division
Clue: For 10 points, name these systems of small dust and ice particles that orbit a planet, many of which surround Saturn
Answer: quantum electrodynamics [or QED; prompt on quantum field theory or QFT; do not accept or prompt on "quantum chromodynamics" or "QCD"] [the first line refers to the Lamb-Retherford experiment]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Retherford [not Rutherford] accurately predicted one effect in this theory by measuring an energy difference around 1000 megahertz
Clue: Infinite integrals in the perturbative approach to this theory led to the first development of renormalization
Clue: The abelian gauge group of this theory is U(1)
Clue: The fine structure constant is this theory's coupling constant
Clue: This theory predicts that matter will be created from a strong (*) electric field by the production of electron-positron pairs
Clue: Tomonaga, Schwinger and Feynman won the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physics for their work on developing this theory
Clue: The force described by this theory is mediated by the exchange of photons
Clue: For 10 points, name this theory that describes the electromagnetic force
Answer: Ludwig Boltzmann [accept the Boltzmann Transport equation, Boltzmann H-Theorem, or Boltzmann's constant; prompt on k-sub-b before mention]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: An equation named for this man is derived using the molecular chaos assumption and probabilistically describes the kinetics of a system not at equilibrium
Clue: A theorem named for this man claims a quantity denoted H will always decrease and is analogous to the second law of thermodynamics
Clue: After the base definition shift in the SI, the Kelvin is now defined based on a value named for this man
Clue: That constant is equal to the gas constant divided by Avogadro's number
Clue: For 10 points, name this scientist who names a constant symbolized k-sub-b
Answer: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle (accept either or both underlined part, but accept just Heisenberg after "uncertainty" is read and prompt if they just try giving uncertainty principle again)
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This statement explains why there is a limit on the line-width of spectral lines, and a generalization of it is given by the Robertson-Schrodinger relation
Clue: This statement follows since the commutator of certain conjugate variables is nonzero, and it can be given as an (*) inequality involving h-bar over two
Clue: A thought experiment showing this statement describes the trade-offs in measuring a particle with a microscope, and one usage of it states that both position and momentum cannot be known with exact precision
Clue: For 10 points, give this "uncertainty" principle named for a German physicist
Answer: graphs [accept networks]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: A problem involving these structures defines the GI complexity class
Clue: An algorithm on these structures repeatedly removes certain elements with minimum weight to find a subset that spans one of these structures
Clue: That algorithm is Kruskal's algorithm
Clue: A greedy algorithm on these structures, extended using a heuristic function to the A-star algorithm, finds the (*) shortest path between two points and is named after Dijkstra ["DIKE-stra"]
Clue: Adjacency matrices can be used to represent these structures, acyclic ones of which are known as trees
Clue: For 10 points, name these general structures in computer science which consist of a number of vertices connected by edges
Answer: reflection [accept total internal reflection; accept specular reflection]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: In metals, this process only occurs in the absence of Langmuir waves below the plasma frequency
Clue: The intensity of this process is given by the square of "n- 1 minus n- 2, over n-1 plus n-2" according to the Fresnel equations
Clue: For a properly polarized input, this process does not occur at Brewster's angle
Clue: Light propagating above the (*) critical angle is transmitted in optical fibers via the "total internal" type of this process
Clue: After the specular type of this process, the angle of the outgoing ray equals the angle of incidence
Clue: For 10 points, name this optical process in which light bounces off of surfaces like mirrors
Answer: nitric acid [accept nitric after "acid"; accept HNO3 before mention]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: This compound forms a yellow derivative with aromatic amino acids in the xanthoproteic [zan-tho-PRO-tee-ik] test
Clue: In a common lab experiment, copper is placed in a solution of this compound to produce a brown gas
Clue: 16 molar concentrations of this compound make up its red and white "fuming" varieties
Clue: A platinum-rhodium catalyst is used in the (*) mass production of this compound
Clue: Gold can be dissolved by a mixture of hydrochloric acid and this compound, known as aqua regia [RAY-jee-uh]
Clue: The Ostwald [OST-wald] process creates this compound by reacting oxygen with ammonia
Clue: For 10 points, name this highly corrosive acid with chemical formula H་N་O་3
Answer: precession
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The Thomas type of this corrects for special relativity, while the Larmor type of it uses this concept to predict the effect of an applied magnetic field on electrons and nuclei
Clue: An instance of this effect caused by the rotation of the Earth is demonstrated by a Foucault pendulum, and if the second Euler angle is not constant, nutation occurs in addition to this
Clue: In astronomy, this explains why Polaris has not always been the North Star, and can also mean the slow movement of an orbit's perihelion about the sun
Clue: Referring in general to a change in the orientation of a body's axis of rotation, for 10 points, name this concept from physics often applied to explain the motion of gyroscopes
Answer: alcohols [accept -OH, hydroxyl, ethanol, or isopropyl alcohol]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: These molecules are reacted with DEAD and triphenylphosphine to form esters with the opposite stereochemistry in one reaction
Clue: One of these substances is formed in a two step process where sodium borohydride is reacted with the product of an alkene reacting with mercury (II) acetate; that is the oxymercuration reaction
Clue: Though not a ketone, a 70% concentration of one of these substances is used in aseptic techniques in the lab
Clue: A carboxylic acid (*) refluxes with one of these substances in a Fischer esterification
Clue: These substances can be formed by reducing a carbonyl [["car-bow-NEEL"]]
Clue: For 10 points, name these compounds with an OH [["o-h"]] group bonded to a carbon, exemplified by ethanol
Answer: quantization [accept word forms indicating things are quantized or in quanta or are quantum; accept anything suggesting things are discrete or discretized until "discretized" is read]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Lev Landau showed that, under certain conditions, the cyclotron motions of charged particles have this property, a fact which allows resistance to be written in terms of the von Klitzing constant
Clue: A sharp peak at 254 nanometers corresponding to 4
Clue: 9 electron-volts implied this result in an experiment that fired electrons through a vapor of mercury and was run by Franck and Hertz
Clue: When deriving his law of blackbody radiation, (*) Max Planck arbitrarily assumed that energy has this property
Clue: Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by proposing that light is a particle, and thus has this property
Clue: For 10 points, name this property where at small scales, quantities become discretized, which names a subfield of physics involving wavefunctions and randomness
Answer: glucose
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: It's not salicylic acid, but the turnover rate of this compound can be measured using Trinder's Reagent
Clue: It is hydrogenated in part of the Reichstein process, which eventually produces Vitamin C
Clue: The quantity of this compound present in hemoglobin is measured via the A1C test
Clue: One pathway involved in synthesizing this molecule relies on (*) PEPCK and pyruvate carboxylase, while in a different pathway it is produced from two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate exiting the Calvin Cycle
Clue: The amount of of this molecule present in the bloodstream is increased by a hormone produced in the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, and is decreased by insulin
Clue: For 10 points, name this monomeric sugar which in the beginning of cellular respiration is cleaved into two molecules of pyruvate
Answer: speed of sound
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Using a Lucite or Kundt tube, this quantity can be determined experimentally by examining the sequence of Lissajous curves as the measuring apparatus is moved
Clue: The Prandtl-Glauert transformation breaks down at this value as it predicts an object at it would experience infinite pressure
Clue: Often determined in physics labs with a resonance tube or tuning fork, the shock waves formed when this quantity is exceeded give rise to a sonic boom
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity equal to Mach 1, the speed at which acoustic waves travel in a given medium
Answer: Streptococcus [or Streptococcus mutans; or Streptococcus viridans; or Streptococcus pyogenes; or Streptococcus pneumoniae]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The PANDAS hypothesis supposes that infection from species in this genus leads to OCD
Clue: A species in this genus gets its common name because it produces green-colored colonies on a blood agar plate
Clue: Frederick Griffith demonstrated that DNA transmits genetic information using an optochin-sensitive bacterium from this genus
Clue: The most common Cas9 used for gene editing is derived from the (*) pyogenes species in this genus
Clue: Both Klebsiella and this genus of bacteria cause pneumonia
Clue: Infection by the Group A species in this genus, which causes pharyngitis and is diagnosed by a culture from the tonsils, is especially common in children
Clue: For 10 points, name this genus of spherical bacteria that cause throat infections
Answer: extrasolar planets [or exoplanets; prompt on planets]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: The HARPS instrument is used in a telescope at La Silla Observatory to search for these objects
Clue: Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz pioneered a technique for observing these objects that involved looking for small redshifts or blueshifts
Clue: After discovering a radiation pattern in a pulsar, Aleksander Wolszczan made the first discovery of these (*) bodies
Clue: These bodies, many of which are being discovered by the Kepler spacecraft, can be located through radial velocity or the transit method
Clue: Astronomers are looking for bodies of this type, such as Kepler-22b, that fall within the habitable zone
Clue: Many of the earliest discovered ones were called "hot Jupiters
Clue: " For 10 points, name these planets that do not orbit the Sun
Answer: seafloor spreading [or plate tectonics before Morley-Vine-Matthews hypothesis]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Conclusive evidence for this process was provided by the same vessel that found the first empirical evidence for the Messinian salinity crisis
Clue: That vessel was the Glomar Challenger
Clue: The Morley-Vine-Matthews hypothesis states that this phenomenon preserves the history of (*) reversal's in the Earth's magnetic field
Clue: Also found on Mars, that preservation results in bands of alternating magnetic polarization, known as magnetic striping
Clue: First proposed by Harry Hess, this phenomenon is caused by convection currents in the asthenosphere and explains continental drift
Clue: For 10 points, name this geologic process, typical of divergent plate boundaries, which led to the establishment of plate tectonic theory and by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges
Answer: beta decay [accept beta-plus decay or beta-minus decay; prompt on "decay", "radioactive decay", or "nuclear decay"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Iodine and Xenon lie at the base of a valley of stability in which this process does not occur
Clue: Neutron stars would degenerate in 10 minutes through this process if all electron states weren't filled in the core
Clue: This phenomenon was used to derive Fermi's Golden Rule
Clue: The NEMO-3 experiment searches for a variant of it that can only occur if the neutrino is its own antiparticle
Clue: This process uses an intermediate W boson to transform a (*) down quark into an up quark or vice versa
Clue: This phenomenon, which is responsible for changing carbon-14 to nitrogen-14 with a half-life of 5700 years, changes the atomic number by one but leaves the atomic mass constant
Clue: For 10 points, name this phenomenon in which a nucleus emits either a positron or an electron
Answer: the universe
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: According to one model, this entity originally consisted of a hot, dense, gas called ylem
Clue: Cyclic models of this object include the ekpyrotic model
Clue: Arguments about the nature of certain constants are the basis for the suggestion that this object is finely tuned
Clue: WMAP has found that, for the most part, this item is flat
Clue: Alan Guth proposed that this object rapidly increased in size during the inflationary epoch
Clue: AA Friedman solved Einstein's equations to produce a model of this object originating from a (*) singularity
Clue: Some models of this object propose that it is heading towards a heat death or that it will eventually collapse with a Big Crunch
Clue: For 10 points, name this object whose expansion is modeled by the Big Bang
Answer: camels [or Camelus; accept Camelus dromedarius or Camelus bactrianus]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: A locomotive passes by one of these animals in a notable diamond-shaped postage stamp from the short-lived Tuvan People's Republic
Clue: Despite being more commonly used with elephants, the name of an object called a howdah derives from its use with these animals, which inhabit a reserve around the dried-up lake of Lop Nur
Clue: The use of this animal's urine in medicine may have helped spread the MERS virus
Clue: A train from (*) Darwin to Adelaide is named "the Ghan," honoring Afghan traders who popularized this animal in Australia, which currently has the largest feral population of them
Clue: The less common of this animal's two species is restricted to the Gobi Desert and is named after Bactria
Clue: For 10 points, name this animal which stores fat, not water, in its humps
Answer: amylase
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: This enzyme breaks down the indicator compound Phadebas, which is used to measure the levels of this enzyme in grain
Clue: Termamyl is a heat-stable version of this enzyme isolated from Bacillus licheniformis, and phaseolamin is an inhibitor of it
Clue: The active site of this enzyme contains a chloride ion for activation and cleaves the substrate using two aspartate and one glutamate residues
Clue: Malt is a common source of this enzyme in (*) breadmaking
Clue: This enzyme is used to produce limit dextrins, and along with lipase, a version of this enzyme is measured in studies of pancreatic function
Clue: This enzyme breaks down alpha-one-four glycosidic bonds in a certain polymer
Clue: For 10 points, name this enzyme that breaks down starch, a version of which is found in saliva
Answer: quantum harmonic oscillator [or QHO; accept quantum harmonic oscillator after "quantum" is read]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This model's energy is added to the energy of the rigid rotor to model rovibrionic coupling, and using an exponential Morse potential with this system gives more accurate results in IR spectroscopy
Clue: Taking the higher-order terms of the Taylor expansion of the potential of this system allows for modeling anharmonic effects, and this system's wavefunction contains a Hermite polynomial
Clue: The energy levels of this system are proportional to the (*) quantum number plus one half
Clue: Diatomic molecules are commonly modeled using this system, whose energy levels are evenly spaced and whose potential is a parabola given by Hooke's Law
Clue: For 10 points, name this simple quantum system that is an analog of the classical masses connected by a spring
Answer: adipose tissue [or fat tissue before it is read; or brown fat before it is read; or white fat before it is read]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Macrophages form crown-like structures around dead cells in this tissue
Clue: Hibernomas form through the excessive growth of one type of this tissue
Clue: Mitochondria in this tissue express uncoupling protein-1 in their inner membranes to dissipate the proton gradient
Clue: TNF alpha and resistin are produced in this tissue
Clue: A hormone produced primarily by this tissue is encoded by the ob gene
Clue: Non-shivering (*) thermogenesis is promoted by the brown kind of this tissue, which is most abundant in newborns, while the white kind of this tissue is the primary source of leptin
Clue: Abdominal deposits of this tissue are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
Clue: It is removed by liposuction
Clue: For 10 points, name this kind of amorphous connective tissue which stores fat
Answer: Paul Dirac
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: To simplify the notation of this scientist's namesake equation, one uses a set of four four-by-four gamma matrices
Clue: This scientist introduced the bra and ket notation in quantum mechanics
Clue: He is the second namesake of a distribution function equal to one over the quantity positive one plus some constant times the exponential of energy over k T
Clue: A function that exists only where its input is zero, has infinite height, and has an integral one is his (*) "delta"
Clue: His namesake equation is a relativistic wave equation describing spin-one-half particles, as does that distribution of which he is the second namesake
Clue: That distribution's first namesake also names spin-one-half particles: Enrico Fermi
Clue: For 10 points, name this person whose namesake equation predicted the existence of antimatter
Answer: Zika virus
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: This disease's causative agent has an unusual Asn-154 glycosylation site in its envelope glycoprotein
Clue: AXL is a potential receptor for this disease's causative agent
Clue: The A hensili species was the primary reservoir for a 2007 outbreak of this disease that occurred in the Yap Islands
Clue: In 2013 and 2014, an outbreak of this virus occurred along with dengue and chikungunya in (*) French Polynesia
Clue: This virus was first isolated in 1947 from a rhesus monkey in Uganda
Clue: Bob and Mike Bryan, Rory McIlroy, and Jordan Spieth notably missed a sporting event over fears of this virus, and fetuses may develop microcephaly if infected with this virus
Clue: Mosquitoes are the primary carrier of, for 10 points, what virus that caused concerns around the 2016 Rio Olympics?
Answer: magnetic flux [accept electromagnetic flux; accept magnetic flux quantum; accept magnetic flux linkage; prompt on phi or phi-sub-B or flux; do not accept or prompt on "magnetic flux density" or "magnetic field"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The Little-Parks effect is a variation of superconducting critical temperature with this quantity
Clue: Vortices in the Meissner effect are quantized in terms of this quantity where it is equal to h over 2e
Clue: An equivalent of this quantity used in circuit analysis is differentiated with respect to charge to find the memristance, and is called this quantity's "linkage
Clue: " The field that is indirectly generated by the (*) change in this quantity will point right, if the time derivative of this vector quantity points left, according the Faraday-Lenz law
Clue: The surface integral of this quantity taken around a source must sum to zero by Gauss's law, implying that monopoles do not exist
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity measured in Webers, which gives the density of a magnetic field in an area
Answer: Alzheimer's disease [prompt on "AD"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The disruption of trkA signalling early in this disease leads to denervation of the cerebral microvascular system and the degradation of efferent projections from the basal forebrain
Clue: One form of this disease has been linked to mutations in the presenilin-1 gene
Clue: Other genetic risk factors include the ApoE4 allele
Clue: Hyperphosphorylation of a protein that normally stabilizes microtubules, (*) tau, leads to the development of neurofibrillary tangles in this disease, which is also characterized by the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques
Clue: It is frequently treated with the acetylcholinesterase-inhibitor donepezil
Clue: Mild cognitive impairment is associated with an increased risk of, for 10 points, which neurodegenerative disease with both early- and late-onset forms?
Answer: Doppler effect
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: In spectroscopy, thermal motion of particles causes line broadening via this effect
Clue: Within an optical trap, this effect can be used to cool atoms; that setup is used to create Bose-Einstein condensates
Clue: At relativistic speeds, this effect's namesake factor is the Lorenz gamma times the quantity one minus v divided by the speed of light
Clue: Special relativity predicts a transverse version of it
Clue: At lower speeds, the wave (*) velocity is added or subtracted from the receiver or source speed in the numerator and denominator, respectively, of the factor multiplying the frequency
Clue: For 10 points, identify this effect in which the relative motion of the emitter and observer causes a shift in the observed frequency of a wave
Answer: golden ratio [accept golden ratio after "ratio" is read; prompt on phi; reject "pi"; prompt on 1.61803 with "What is the name of the non-truncated value of that number?"]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: This number gives an alternate name for Robinson triangles, which comprise a variation of the Penrose rhomb tilings
Clue: In this number's base, any number has a unique standard form that contains only the binary digits with no consecutive ones
Clue: For n greater than one, the nth Lucas number equals this number to the power of quantity n minus one, rounded to the nearest integer
Clue: In a regular pentagon, the ratio between the diagonal and the side length is equal to this number
Clue: This number is the positive (*) solution to the equation "x-squared equals x plus one
Clue: " This number equals the mean of one and the square root of five
Clue: For 10 points, name this number that is, roughly, the common ratio of the Fibonacci sequence
Answer: dilution [or diluting; or making it more dilute; prompt on increasing volume or decreasing concentration or decreasing molarity]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: The heat of this process is the leftover background signal once binding is finished in isothermal titration calorimetry
Clue: Phase-separated helium isotopes cool a cryogenic refrigerator named for this process
Clue: At the infinite limit of this process, a chemical's activity coefficient reaches a limiting value, its vapor pressure obeys Henry's law, and its mole fraction approaches (*) zero
Clue: An assay standard curve is prepared by performing this process serially in log-fold decrements, pipetting a stock from tube-to-tube
Clue: This process names the equation "C1 V1 equals C2 V2
Clue: " Colligative properties vanish as this general process is done, since it lowers molality
Clue: For 10 points, name this decrease in a solution's concentration
Answer: ionizing radiation [accept particle radiation; anti-prompt on alpha particles, beta particles, X-rays, or gamma rays by asking "can you be less specific?"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Thallium-doped sodium iodide is often used to detect this phenomenon
Clue: Proportional counters both detect and quantify this phenomenon using a chamber of inert gas and quench gas and measuring the output of a Townsend avalanche
Clue: The stopping power characterizes the loss in energy of this phenomenon as it interacts with matter, and the location where this phenomenon stops in matter is found on the peak of a (*) Bragg curve
Clue: The amount of energy deposited by this phenomenon is measured via the absorbed dose
Clue: High energy examples of this phenomenon can detach electrons from atoms, and thus "ionize" them, and common examples of this phenomenon are produced by nuclear decay
Clue: For 10 points, name this phenomenon detected by Geiger counters