EthM300/QuizBowlClues huggingface dataset:
Answer: Carl Friedrich Gauss
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This man names one quantity that is equal to the determinant of the shape operator on a point
Clue: A pillbox is one type of this man's namesake surfaces
Clue: This man used those surfaces to prove a law, which states that the flux integral of the electric field dotted with dA equals the enclosed charge over the permittivity of free space
Clue: This man's namesake law of magnetism prohibits the existence of magnetic monopoles and is one of Maxwell's equations
Clue: An event has a 68.3% chance of being found within one standard deviation on this man's distribution
Clue: For 10 points, name this German mathematician who lends his name to the normal distribution
Answer: resistance
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The relationship between temperature and this quantity is given by the Steinhart-Hart equation
Clue: Tunnel diodes have a negative value for this quantity, whose changes are measured by the most common type of strain gauge
Clue: The proximity and skin effects cause increases in this quantity with increasing frequency
Clue: The time constant tau is equal to indudctance divided by this quantity in an RL circuit
Clue: An unknown value of this quantity can be determined with a Wheatstone bridge
Clue: This quantity is the real part of impedance in AC circuits, and it is equal to voltage divided by current
Clue: For 10 points, name this opposition to the flow of current that is measured in ohms
Answer: reduction potential [accept standard reduction potential or cell potential or redox potential or half-cell potential; accept voltage or voltage potential before mention; prompt on potential]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: This quantity is the y-axis in a Pourbaix ("poor-BAY") diagram
Clue: Dividing Gibbs free energy by the product of negative "n" and Faraday's constant gives this quantity, and this quantity orders elements on a single displacement activity series
Clue: The value of this quantity for the reaction of two (*) protons yielding hydrogen is defined as zero and is listed on half-reaction tables
Clue: This quantity decreases by "RT over nF times the natural log of Q" under non-standard conditions according to the Nernst equation
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity that represents the tendency of a chemical species to acquire or lose electrons
Answer: oxidation
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: One type of this reaction uses DMSO and oxalyl choloride at about negative 78 degrees Celsius to generate a ketone, and another type can use peracids to convert cyclic ketones into lactones
Clue: In addition to the type named for Swern, a reaction of this type catalyzed by chromium trioxide, its namesake's "reagent," converts secondary alcohols into ketones
Clue: The Baeyer-Villiger and Jones are types of this reaction, for which a Lewis structure can be employed to determine its namesake state
Clue: For 10 points, name this type of reaction in which an atom loses an electron, contrasted with a reduction
Answer: neurons [accept nerve cells]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The development of these cells is guided by semaphorins and netrins, and parts of these cells are regulated by actin-supported growth cones
Clue: The disease SMA is caused by a lack of these cells, whose behavior is affected by EPSP's and IPSP's
Clue: Pyramidal cells and Purkinje ("pur-KIN-jee") cells are subtypes of these cells, which have a hillock that leads to a soma
Clue: Long-term potentiation contributes to the "plasticity" of these cells
Clue: The efflux of potassium ions through channels in these cells causes their hyperpolarization, which occurs after these cells "fire" during an action potential
Clue: For 10 points, name these cells with dendrites and axons that conduct signals in the nervous system
Answer: transformers [prompt on inductors]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Both motors and these devices can be analyzed using an equivalent circuit model developed by Charles Steinmetz
Clue: Power loss in these devices can be broken down into no-load losses due to hysteresis and eddy currents, and load losses due to Joule heating
Clue: In these devices, the rms voltage is proportional to the supply frequency times the cross-sectional area times the peak magnetic field
Clue: Materials like laminated silicon steel or ferrite are used in the (*) cores of these devices, which are based on the principle of mutual inductance
Clue: The properties of these devices depend on the number of turns in the primary and secondary winding coils
Clue: For 10 points, name these devices that use electromagnetic induction to transfer energy between two circuits while "stepping up" or "stepping down" the voltage
Answer: Max Planck [accept Planck particle, Planck length, or Planck's constant or reduced Planck constant or Fokker-Planck equation]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: With Adriann Fokker, this scientist developed a partial differential equation which yields the time evolution of the probability density for species in Brownian motion
Clue: This scientist's namesake particle has a Compton wavelength equal to its Schwarzschild radius
Clue: In 2019, the kilogram was redefined in terms of a value named for this scientist
Clue: A (*) length named for this scientist is the smallest possible distance
Clue: This scientist resolved the ultraviolet catastrophe by assuming electromagnetic radiation was emitted in discrete "packets" called quanta
Clue: The energy of a photon equals its frequency times this scientist's namesake constant
Clue: For 10 points, name this German scientist whose constant is denoted as a lowercase h
Answer: time [or t]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Frank Wilczek theorized systems named for this variable that break a symmetry related to this variable
Clue: The viscosity of rheopectic materials depends on this variable
Clue: Conservation of energy results from the translational symmetry of this variable by Noether's theorem
Clue: Physical laws are invariant under (*) charge conjugation, parity transformation, and reversal of this variable
Clue: For a constant force, impulse equals force times this variable
Clue: Derivatives with respect to this variable are indicated by an over-dot
Clue: For 10 points, velocity can be found from position by taking the derivative with respect to what variable?
Answer: protons [prompt on cosmic rays]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This particle's "spin crisis" is still unresolved
Clue: Even though it accidentally helped discover neutrinos, the Super-Kamiokande detector was initially intended to study a phenomenon involving this particle
Clue: These specific particles' interactions with the CMBR lead to the GZK cutoff
Clue: Many GUTs put this particle's half-life when free at about 10 to the 36th years, though its decay has never been observed
Clue: This baryon is composed of two up quarks and a down quark, and it is the most common constituent of a cosmic ray
Clue: A positron orbits this particle's anti-particle in antihydrogen
Clue: For 10 points, identify this positively charged particle found alongside neutrons in atomic nuclei
Answer: sodium [accept Na+]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: A method for detecting halogens, nitrogen, and sulfur in organic compounds uses a sample of this element to convert them to their ionic forms, and is known as this element's fusion test
Clue: A solution of this element in ammonia generates a solution of electrons used to reduce benzene in the Birch reduction
Clue: Electrolysis of its chloride is used to generate its hydroxide in the Castner-Kellner process
Clue: It can be prepared from a molten solution of its chloride in a Downs cell
Clue: This element is a common contaminant in flame tests where it drowns out other elements due to its intense, yellow color
Clue: For 10 points, name this element whose chloride is table salt
Answer: reduction [prompt on redox, anti-prompt on hydrogenation by asking "What broader type of reaction is hydrogenation?"]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Raney ("rainy") nickel is used to cleave a thioketal ("thigh-o-kee-tal") in a reaction of this type named for Mozingo
Clue: In another of these reactions, zinc amalgam and hydrochloric acid are reacted with a carbonyl
Clue: Ammonia, sodium, and an alcohol are used to convert benzene to 1,4-cyclohexadiene ("one-four cyclo-hexa-dye-een") in one of these reactions named for (*) Birch
Clue: Precious metal catalysts like palladium can be used to convert alkenes to alkanes in a subclass of this kind of reaction, hydrogenation
Clue: Aldehydes can be converted to alcohols in one type of this reaction, and this reaction occurs at the cathode of an electrochemical cell
Clue: For 10 points, identify this reaction in which a compound gains electrons, usually contrasted with oxidation
Answer: Andrey [Andreyevich] Markov
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: A system named for this man can be analyzed using the Viterbi algorithm
Clue: Policy iteration and value iteration can be used to solve one of this man's namesake decision processes
Clue: Another system named for this man is called ergodic if any state can reach any other state in a finite number of steps
Clue: The simplest dynamic Bayesian network is a "hidden" model named for this man, whose namesake property is possessed by a system whose future states only depend on the present state
Clue: For 10 points, name this Russian mathematician who names stochastic "chains
Answer: bioluminescence [prompt on chemiluminescence; prompt on luminescence; do not accept "fluorescence," "photoluminescence," or "phosphorescence"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: One form of this phenomenon was shown to have a strong correlation with thymidine uptake as a measure of cell proliferation in a paper by Krouch and Kozlowski
Clue: Coelenterazine is a cofactor for enzymes that cause this phenomenon
Clue: Some species in the order Coleoptera regulate this phenomenon with (*) nitric oxide gas
Clue: Acylated homoserine lactone is an autoinducer that binds to proteins from the LuxR gene, which controls this phenomenon in some dinoflagellates
Clue: The BLT and BRET imaging techniques are based on this phenomenon
Clue: Typical examples of this phenomenon rely on the oxidation and decay of a luciferin
Clue: For 10 points, name this phenomenon where organisms such as fireflies produce light
Answer: chirality
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Mosher's acid is used to determine this property for certain alcohols and amines using fluorine-19 NMR
Clue: Cyclodextrin is used to separate molecules with this property in a form of chromatography
Clue: Meso compounds do not exhibit this property
Clue: Molecules with this property are labeled R or S in the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog system
Clue: Glycine is the only amino acid which lacks this property
Clue: Molecules that possesses this property have mirror images known as enantiomers
Clue: For 10 points, name this property that describes molecules which can not be superimposed on their mirror images
Answer: transcription [do NOT accept "translation"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: This process, which can be inhibited by Actinomycin D, is initiated when the sigma factor is released
Clue: One method of terminating this process involves the formation of a GC-rich hairpin loop followed by a series of uracils
Clue: The other main method of terminating this process in prokaryotes makes use of the rho factor, which displaces RNA polymerase
Clue: In eukaryotes, this process is followed by modifications such as the addition of a 5-prime cap or a poly-A tail
Clue: For 10 points, name this process that converts double-stranded DNA into single-stranded messenger RNA
Answer: magnetic field [prompt on B or H until read]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The interaction between these entities and alkali metal vapors is measured by devices called SERFs, which are not limited by spin-exchange relaxation
Clue: A uniform one of these entities can be created using a Helmholtz coil
Clue: The magnitude of these entities is proportional to the [read slowly] integral of I dL cross r-hat divided by r-squared
Clue: Applying these entities perpendicular to a current in a conductor demonstrates the Hall effect
Clue: The Biot-Savart ("bee-OH sah-VAR") law describes how these entities are generated by electric currents
Clue: For 10 points, name this vector field in physics that is often symbolized by a capital B or H, and whose strength is measured in teslas
Answer: trees [or binary (search) trees; or red-black trees; or splay trees, etc.]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: These structures are "graceful" according to the Ringel-Kotzig conjecture
Clue: In-order, pre-order, and post-order are ways to traverse these structures
Clue: The height of these structures can be decreased by the DSW algorithm
Clue: Sleator and Tarjan invented a self-adjusting type of this structure that changes its shape based on access frequency
Clue: A self-balancing type of this data structure named for two colors is quicker than the AVL type
Clue: Solving the traveling salesman problem involves constructing the minimum spanning type of this data structure
Clue: For 10 points, name this data structure that makes up a forest, and has terminal nodes called leaves
Answer: cancer
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: It has nothing to do with retinopathy, but the characteristic leaky vasculature present in tissues affected by this disorder allows for drugs targeting against it via the EPR effect
Clue: Anthracyclines are a class of antibiotic used to treat this non-bacterial disorder
Clue: 5-FU combats this disorder by inhibiting the action of thymidylate synthase
Clue: Another type of drug used to treat this disorder are topoisomerase inhibitors
Clue: Alkylating agents and (*) cisplatin work to combat this disorder by chemically modifying DNA in a way which leads to apoptosis
Clue: The protein p53 works to prevent the onset and spread of this disorder
Clue: This disorder spreads from its initial site to other tissues in a process termed metastasis
Clue: For 10 points, name this disorder characterized by rapid out-of-control cell growth
Answer: stoichiometry [prompt on balancing reactions] <Jonathen>
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: The change in the amount of reagent over the coefficients produced by this process define the extent of reaction
Clue: By converting the coefficients produced by this process to number of moles and seeing how many moles would be consumed, one can determine the (*) limiting reagent
Clue: By applying this general procedure to combustion reactions, one can find the air-to-fuel ratio and determine whether the combustion is complete or not
Clue: The conservation of mass underpins this process's attempt to calculate the amount of reactants and products needed in a chemical reaction
Clue: For 10 points, name this subfield of chemistry that is chiefly concerned with balancing chemical reactions
Answer: absolute value [accept l-1 norm; prompt on magnitude; prompt on norm; prompt on modulus]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: If the double integral of this function composed with some arbitrary function is finite, then the order of iterated integration can be changed via Fubini's theorem
Clue: In Euclidean space, the taxicab distance between two points equals the sum of this function applied to each coordinatewise difference between the points
Clue: The modulus of a complex number is found by applying this function
Clue: Applying this function is equivalent to taking the square root of the square of each input
Clue: This function negates negative numbers, but does not change non-negative numbers
Clue: For 10 points, name this function with a V-shaped graph that is denoted with two vertical bars
Answer: kinases [accept Just Another Kinase; accept tyrosine kinase; prompt on JAKs and TKs with "what does the K stand for?"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: To design drugs that target specific members of this class of enzymes, the "bump-and-hole" approach was created
Clue: Dendrograms are used to depict the selectivity score of inhibitors of these enzymes
Clue: Conserved lysine and aspartate residues help stabilize a pentavalent intermediate in the active site of these enzymes
Clue: The (*) Philadelphia chromosome codes for a constitutively ("CON-stih-TOO-tiv-lee") active form of one of these enzymes that are inhibited by drugs such as Imatinib and Dasatinib
Clue: RAS activates a pathway involving a cascade of these enzymes that include RAF and ERK
Clue: JAKs are members of this family of enzymes that can act on specific serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues of proteins
Clue: A cyclin-dependent family of these enzymes regulates the cell cycle
Clue: For 10 points, name this class of enzymes that phosphorylates proteins
Answer: Lord Rayleigh
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This scientist names a fading model without dominant line-of sight-propagation that is an example of two-wave with diffuse power fading
Clue: This scientist names a law that relates the magnetization of a ferromagnet quadratically to weak external magnetic fields
Clue: This scientist names an effect for particles much smaller than the wavelength of light to generalize an effect named for (*) Gustav Mie
Clue: This scientist names an angular resolution limit that is equal to the wavelength over the diameter times 1
Clue: 22 This scientist studied blackbody radiation with James Jeans
Clue: For 10 points, name this scientist whose namesake scattering explains the blue sky
Answer: Felix Bloch
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: One theorem named for this man can be used to derive the Wannier functions by applying it to a single band, then summing over the u sub k
Clue: One construct named for him is used to model two-level quantum systems, usually qubits
Clue: In addition to his namesake sphere, another set of equations named for this man sets the derivative of each component of M t equal to a term proportional to the gyromagnetic ratio plus a term containing T1 and T2
Clue: The previous formula decomposes a wavefunction into an exponential term and a periodic term, and applies to particles in a periodic potential
Clue: He also lends his name to the transition regions between magnetic domains, his namesake "walls
Clue: " For 10 points, name this physicist, who with Purcell, developed NMR
Answer: protein folding [prompt on answers involving the formation of secondary or tertiary structure]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Kuhlman et al
Clue: designed Top7 to undergo this process in a way not found in nature
Clue: One protein that assists this process has seven subunits in its cis and trans phases and has a very hydrophobic equatorial domain; that protein, GroEl, forms a complex with GroEs and ATP
Clue: Hydrophobic interactions are the major driving force of this process and it involves the formation of an intermediate called a (*) molten globule
Clue: This process occurred spontaneously after removal of urea from ribonuclease A in an experiment named for Anfinsen
Clue: In eukaryotes, Hsp60, Hsp70, and other chaperones assist this process that causes the formation of structures like beta barrels and and alpha helices
Clue: For 10 points, name this process which certain macromolecules get their three-dimensional structure
Answer: food chains [prompt on food webs until read by asking, "What components of food webs?"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: In a 2008 meta-analysis, Takimoto et al
Clue: found that while the length of these structures was not affected by storm surges and other disturbances, their length was positively correlated with island size
Clue: Robert May's expansion on Michael Rosenzweig's hypothesized "paradox of enrichment" showed that an increase in the number of these structures negatively affects ecosystem stability
Clue: The (*) energetic hypothesis states that the length of these structures is limited by the efficiency of energy transfer within them
Clue: Toxins accumulate at higher levels of these structures as a result of biomagnification
Clue: These structures are combined to make food webs
Clue: For 10 points, name these linear paths demonstrating "who eats whom," starting from producers and leading to apex predators
Answer: anxiety [or panic disorder before mention, prompt on "OCD." ]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: A 2001 study by Zvolensky et al
Clue: suggested that this condition is linked to nicotine since smokers are more than twice as likely to be in it than non-smokers
Clue: The Taylor Manifest and Zung Self-Rating questionnaires are used to determine how much this state affects personality
Clue: Buspirone is a common treatment for it, which fMRI studies have linked with an overly active anterior cingulate cortex
Clue: Freud called this state (*) "free-floating" and argued it manifests itself physically via those with conversion syndrome
Clue: PTSD and phobias are classified on this state's namesake spectrum of disorders
Clue: For 10 points, name this state of apprehension or nervousness, whose namesake disorders may manifest themselves in social situations
Answer: Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This statement was discovered due to the non-commutativity of matrices
Clue: It was discovered at Niels Bohr's institute, and first laid out in a letter to Wolfgang Pauli
Clue: This statement is equivalent mathematically to the statement that a function and its Fourier transform cannot both be highly localized
Clue: The modern form of this statement is sigma sub x times sigma sub p is greater than or equal to (*) h-bar on 2, but it was stated during a lecture in Chicago by its discoverer in the less specific form of delta x times delta p is greater than or equal to h
Clue: It was laid out in a thought experiment known as this statement's discoverer's microscope
Clue: For 10 points, name this statement, which says that one cannot determine both the speed and position of a particle to a high accuracy in the same instant
Answer: uniform distribution [accept rectangular distribution]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: The expected number of samplings from this distribution needed to sum to more than one is exactly e
Clue: This distribution is equivalent to a beta distribution with 1 for both parameters
Clue: If the null hypothesis is true, the distribution of p-values equals this distribution
Clue: The joint distribution of arrival times of a Poisson process before some time t has the same distribution as a sample of order statistics from this distribution
Clue: The (*) length of its support is estimated by the sample maximum times 1 plus 1 over sample size
Clue: This distribution's variance is equal to the length of its support squared over 12, and its mean is halfway between its maximum and minimum values
Clue: The cdf of the standard form of this distribution has a line from 0-0 to 1-1, and its pdf is constant at 1
Clue: For 10 points, name this distribution whose discrete form assigns equal probability to every event in a sample space, such as rolling one die
Answer: power [prompt on "P"] (first line refers to the Larmor formula, second clue is the Newton Number)
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This quantity is shown to be Lorentz invariant in a formula in which it is expressed as "charge squared" times "acceleration squared" over 6-pi-epsilon times the "speed of light cubed"
Clue: This quantity also appears in the numerator of a dimensionless number relating the resistance and inertial forces that is sometimes named for Newton
Clue: The ratio of a load's real value for this property and an AC circuit's apparent value for this property are given by its namesake (*) "factor"
Clue: For an exposed surface, this quantity equals the integral of the Poynting vector
Clue: Rotationally, this quantity equals the dot product of torque and angular velocity, and in a circuit it equals the "current squared" times resistance
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity equal to the amount of work per unit time whose SI unit is the Watt
Answer: amines
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: One reaction forms these compounds by reacting a carboxylic acid with hydrazoic acid in the presence of a protic catalyst
Clue: In another reaction, this functionality is added beta to a carbonyl carbon with the assistance of an activated formaldehyde molecule
Clue: Those are the Schmidt and Mannich reactions
Clue: Carbonyls are converted to an intermediate that is reduced to these compounds using sodium cyanoborohydride in their namesake (*) "reductive" synthesis
Clue: The application of silver oxide, water, and heat removes this functional group and leaves behind an alkene in the Hofmann elimination
Clue: These compounds, which can be synthesized via the Gabriel synthesis, often have a fishy smell
Clue: For 10 points, name these compounds that contain one or more alkyl or aryl groups around a basic nitrogen atom
Answer: Doppler effect [accept Doppler on Wheels or Doppler shift or Doppler radar]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: The CSRW in Boulder, Colorado, maintains a truck fleet, called this effect "on wheels," which was deployed in Argentina for the RELAMPAGO project
Clue: Measurements based on this effect taken at different elevation slices are aggregated into a "volume coverage pattern" by the WSR-88D system, better known as NEXRAD ("nex-rad")
Clue: "Hook echoes" appear because the change in (*) phase due to this effect is greater when studying rapidly rotating mesocyclones
Clue: To study the movement of precipitation, meteorologists use pulse timing to detect position and use this effect to detect velocity
Clue: This effect is also exploited in "speed guns" used by police
Clue: A namesake form of weather radar takes advantage of, for 10 points, what effect that causes redshift, in which moving wave sources appear to have different frequencies?
Answer: manganese [be sure they are not saying "magnesium," prompt on "Mn"]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: This element is found at the center of arginase, and four atoms of it and one calcium atom are found at the center of the oxygen-evolving complex
Clue: This element is bound to a salen ligand in the catalyst for the Jacobsen epoxidation
Clue: This element is present along with iron in the active site of one form of superoxide dismutase
Clue: This element's dioxide is used to selectively oxidize allylic and benzylic alcohols to aldehydes
Clue: It's not osmium, but a polyatomic ion containing this element and oxygen can be used to oxidize alkenes to (*) vicinal diols
Clue: That polyatomic ion possesses a notable intense purple color and contains this element in a +7 oxidation state
Clue: For 10 points, name this element with atomic number 25 and symbol Mn
Answer: Mean Free Path
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The Haas-Biermasz effect describes this value for phonons
Clue: In Ballistic transport, low relative values of this quantity make the scattering effect on resistivity negligible
Clue: The MHD formalism is true only when this value is significantly less than the variational scale
Clue: This value is the numerator of the Knudsen number
Clue: The negative second power of this quantity is proportional to (*) particle size
Clue: Effusion occurs when the diameter is smaller than this value
Clue: This quantity is equal to one over the number density times the effective cross-section and is equal to about 68nm for air at one atmosphere
Clue: For 10 points, what term is used to describe the average time a particle will go between collisions?
Answer: deformation [or word forms; or changing shape; accept necking before mentioned; accept deflection or bending; accept strain; accept compression; accept stretching or elongation; accept elasticity or plasticity; accept finite strain theory or large deformation theory; accept failure; prompt on spring motion or oscillation or simple harmonic motion]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The inverse transpose of this process's namesake gradient is related to area in Nanson's formula, which deals with cases where this process cannot be assumed to occur infinitesimally
Clue: The natural draw ratio quantifies when a form of this process stabilizes
Clue: One type of this process is described by Euler-Bernoulli theory
Clue: Voigt notation is used to express the 21 components of the compliance tensor, which describes how (*) easily a body can undergo this process
Clue: Necking is a common type of this process
Clue: The yield point marks the boundary between two different types of this process
Clue: The ability of a material to undergo this process perpendicular to the direction of loading is quantified by Poisson's ratio
Clue: Strain quantifies the extent to which this process has occurred
Clue: For 10 points, rigid bodies cannot undergo what process?
Answer: Richard Feynman
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The derivative of total energy with respect to a parameter lambda equals the expectation value of the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to lambda by a theorem named for Hellman and this physicist
Clue: This physicist's namesake element would have atomic number 137, which he claimed, based on the Bohr model, would be the last physically possible element
Clue: Smoluchowski and this physicist explained why a machine that uses Brownian motion to do work is impossible
Clue: This physicist developed a theory where a factor of e to the i S over h is contributed by every possible (*) trajectory between two points
Clue: With Schwinger and Tomonaga, this developer of the path integral formulation won the Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on quantum electrodynamics
Clue: For 10 points, name this physicist who is best known for his namesake diagrams
Answer: Lewis bases [accept nucleophiles before "nucleophiles"; accept hard bases or soft bases; prompt on bases] (The "DN" value stands for "donor number.")
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: The technique of ranking these species by a parameter denoted "DN," representing the negative enthalpy value of one particular reaction, was introduced by Viktor Gutmann
Clue: Triarylphosphines acting as these species react with triarylboranes to form so-called "frustrated" products
Clue: Diatomic nitrogen is considered to be a "borderline" example of these species
Clue: Reactions involving these species interact with their (*) HOMO, or highest unoccupied molecular orbital
Clue: Curved arrows point [emphasize] away from these species in diagrams of adduct formation
Clue: Carbon monoxide is a "soft" example of these species
Clue: All nucleophiles are examples of these species because they form covalent bonds by donating lone pairs
Clue: For 10 points, name these species defined by a namesake American chemist as electron donors
Answer: larynx [accept voice box before mentioned]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, several muscles in this organ are spared from the lack of dystrophin
Clue: An extracellular area within this organ known as Reinke's space is prone to edema
Clue: This structure's namesake "recurrent" nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve, innervates all of its intrinsic muscles except for one
Clue: The conical corniculate cartilage attaches to the apex of the arytenoid cartilage in this organ
Clue: This organ is supported by three paired and three unpaired cartilages; examples of the latter include the (*) cricoid, which forms this organ's back part, and the thyroid, whose peculiar angle results in this organ's namesake "prominence," or Adam's apple
Clue: Twin infoldings of mucous membrane in this organ are separated by the glottis, and vibrate during phonation
Clue: For 10 points, name this organ that houses the vocal folds, colloquially called the voice box
Answer: Brownian motion
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Ornstein and Furth independently derived a general solution that can accurately predict this phenomenon over very short time periods
Clue: By considering hard spheres with a constant instantaneous velocity, Smoluchowski was able to derive a law for this process
Clue: Jean Perrin used this phenomenon to calculate (*) Avogadro's number
Clue: Feynman concluded that the second law of thermodynamics could not be violated by this process' namesake ratchet
Clue: This phenomenon was first noted by a Scottish botanist looking at pollen grains floating on water
Clue: For 10 points, identify this random motion of particles in suspension
Answer: ecological succession [accept primary succession or secondary succession or autogenic succession or allogenic succession]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: William Cooper established the world's longest-running study of this process within six quadrats in Glacier Bay
Clue: Studies of this process often make use of chronosequences or permanent sample plots
Clue: This process can begin through mechanisms of facilitation, tolerance, or inhibition in Connell and Slatyer's model of its autogenic type
Clue: This process occurs in stages called seres ("sears")
Clue: As this process continues, opportunistic r-strategists are gradually replaced by K-selected species that form an equilibrium climax community
Clue: The "primary" form of this process happens when lichens and other pioneer species colonize an area devoid of soil, while its "secondary" form often follows a flood or forest fire
Clue: For 10 points, name this process of change in an ecological community over time
Answer: platinum [or Pt]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: A catalyst based on this element is used in the Shilov system of activating C-H bonds
Clue: A hydrosilylation agent called Karstedt's catalyst contains two atoms of this metal
Clue: Krogmann's salt and Magnus's green salt both contain this element, whose arsenide is known as sperrylite
Clue: Adam's catalyst is a dioxide of this element, to which three chlorine atoms and an ethylene ligand are coordinated in Zeise's salt
Clue: The standard (*) hydrogen electrode is made of this metal
Clue: A common chemotherapy drug that crosslinks DNA contains this atom bonded to two ammonia ligands and two chlorine atoms
Clue: In chemistry labs, it is common to use palladium in place of this element, which is located below palladium on the periodic table
Clue: For 10 points, name this transition metal with atomic number 78
Answer: Schrodinger equation
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: In the interaction picture, this statement is modified by Tomonaga and Schwinger
Clue: Up to constant real factors, this equation differs from the heat equation by a factor of i
Clue: When viewed non-relativistically, propagators are the Green's functions for this equation
Clue: The most general form of probability current conservation is a corollary of this equation
Clue: This equation equates i h-bar times the time derivative of a wavefunction with the Hamiltonian of the wavefunction
Clue: For 10 points, name this equation that describes the evolution of a quantum state, whose developer also posited a thought experiment about a superposition of living and dead cats
Answer: tyrosine
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: One enzyme has conserved SH2 and SH3 domains that bind to this amino acid and are similar to another enzyme that acts on residues of this amino acid and activates STAT proteins; those are SRC and JAK
Clue: Sulfation of residues of this amino acid in secretory proteins occurs mostly in the trans-Golgi network
Clue: One disorder related to production of this compound has a rare form that occurs due to defects in production of (*) tetrahydrobiopterin
Clue: That disease, which more commonly occurs due to mutations in the PAH gene, is phenylketonuria
Clue: This amino acid is a precursor to catecholamines like dopamine and synthesis of thyroxine involves attaching iodine atoms to this amino acid
Clue: Phenylalanine, tryptophan, and this amino acid are the only ones to have phenol groups
Clue: For 10 points, name this amino acid symbolized Y
Answer: lava (do not accept or prompt on "magma")
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: This material completely surrounds a kipuka
Clue: This substance can form agglutinated spatter and squeeze-up
Clue: Its morphology can be described as lineated, lobate, or jumbled
Clue: When its surface has angular fragments, this substance is described as block
Clue: Upward masses of this substance are called spines
Clue: One common type has a so-called ropey texture
Clue: Its composition ranges from andesitic to rhylolitic
Clue: It forms namesake domes and tubes
Clue: Underwater it can have a pillow morphology
Clue: Two broad types of it are aa [AH-AH] and pahoehoe [pah-HOH-hoy]
Clue: For 10 points, name this molten rock on the surface of the earth
Answer: hydrogen atom [accept hydrogen-like atom or hydrogenic atom; accept one-electron atom or obvious equivalents before "electron"; prompt on atom before "atomic"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: In 1995, John Klauder found coherent states for this system by changing coordinates to an unphysical "covering space"
Clue: Pauli solved this system by classifying the irreducible representations of the Lie algebra so(4) ["S-O-4"], thereby defining quantum analogues of the Casimir element and the LRL vector
Clue: Solving this system analytically gives an exponentially decaying term times a generalized Laguerre polynomial in one coordinate and a (*) spherical harmonic in the other two, which are respectively the radial and angular parts
Clue: This system's energy levels are proportional to one over n squared, with a constant of proportionality of about -13
Clue: 6 eV named for Rydberg
Clue: For 10 points, name this simplest nontrivial atomic system, consisting of an electron and a proton
Answer: stem cells
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The corkscrew model of these was described in a paper which aimed to discredit the histogen theory and was subtitled "lessons from the crypt"
Clue: That population of these cells are surrounded by Paneth cells and intercalated columnar cells
Clue: Lineages of these cells can be traced by visualizing the polarity of the spectrosome or centrosome in Drosophila models
Clue: A theory of one type of these stem cells involves migration across an ovary while still retaining ring-canals between the lineage and is followed by a competitive selection mechanism
Clue: A series of high profile papers from the (*) Spradling lab brought into question the definition of these cells, especially their supposedly dependent role on niche cells
Clue: Populations of these cells undergo asymmetric or symmetric divisions and can be replenished when transit amplifying cells dedifferentiate
Clue: For 10 points each, name these undifferentiated progenitor cells which include the embryonic and induced pluripotent types
Answer: mitochondria [or mitochondrion; or mitochondrial DNA; prompt on DNA or genome by asking, "What organelle does the DNA belong to?"] Category: Science - Biology cellular/molecular
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: These structures are not disabled by Muller's ratchet due to cell-level regulation known as these structures' "bottleneck
Clue: " These structures' "replacement therapy" is a form of IVF used to prevent disease
Clue: In humans, heteroplasmy occurs when inheriting multiple of these structures with different phenotypes
Clue: A disease of these structures causes epilepsy and is characterized by ragged red fibers
Clue: In this organelle, the FO subunit of an enzyme rotates as protons pass through its inner membrane
Clue: As these organelles are inherited solely from the mother, they have been used to track a maternal common ancestor known as these structures' "Eve
Clue: " For 10 points, name these organelles that are responsible for cellular respiration
Answer: free radicals
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Indirect measurement of atmospheric concentration of one of these molecules using methylchloroform showed that its concentration was, surprisingly, nearly constant
Clue: These molecules are responsible for the troposphere's ability to rapidly cleanse itself of pollutants
Clue: These molecules catalyze the "recombination" step of a (*) cycle involving the rapid creation and destruction of monatomic oxygen
Clue: Most atmospheric examples of these molecules are produced via radiation-induced homolytic bond cleavage
Clue: Photodissociation of CFCs produces one of these molecules containing chlorine, which was largely responsible for the depletion of atmospheric ozone
Clue: For 10 points each, name these highly reactive species containing an unpaired electron
Answer: peroxides [or peroxo groups; or hydrogen peroxide or hydroperoxide; or peracids; or peroxyacids]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: A compound with this functional group replaces sodium hypochlorite in a greener alternative to producing hydrazine in the Olin-Raschig (OH-lin-RASH-ig) process
Clue: One of these groups is present in a common tert-butyl ("tert-B'YOO-tile") oxidizing agent used in conjunction with a titanium isopropoxide-containing chiral catalyst
Clue: Another "hydro-" one of these groups is present in an intermediate of the cumene ("CUE-mean") process
Clue: The Baeyer-Villiger (BAY-ur-VILL-ig-uh) oxidation is carried out in the presence of either one of these functional groups or an acid derivative, such as mCPBA
Clue: A solution of anthraquinone is used in synthesizing a compound with this functional group, which forms a catalytic mixture with ferrous ions used to oxidize wastewater called Fenton's reagent
Clue: For 10 points, an O-O ("O O") single bond characterizes what functional group, whose simplest member has the formula H2O2 ("H 2 O 2")?
Answer: Haber-Bosch process [prompt on "nitrogen fixation"]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: BASF S6-10 catalysts are commonly used for this process
Clue: Alternatives to this process include the use of Molybdenum-HIPT catalysts in the Yandulov-Schrock cycle, and the catalyst most often used for it was developed by Alwin Mittasch
Clue: Gerhard Ertl won the 2007 Nobel for elucidating this process' mechanism, whose rate limiting step is (*) adsorption to the iron catalyst
Clue: 3-5% of the world's natural gas is consumed in this highly exothermic process, which occurs at very high pressures in a classic application of Le Chatelier's principle
Clue: For 10 points, name this industrial process which generates ammonia from nitrogen, developed by a German
Answer: neuron
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: An enolase specific to these cells is a tumor marker for small cell lung cancer, and the function of these cells is subject to Dale's principle
Clue: Specific types of them include Betz cells and Renshaw cells
Clue: The Fitzhugh-Nagumo model modifies an earlier mathematical model of their operation, and these cells contain a large quantity of ribosome-rich Nissl substance
Clue: The first model of their operation was derived by Hodgkin and Huxley using patch-clamp experiments
Clue: These cells, which are often adjacent to oligodendrocytes or Schwann cells, have a hillock between their bodies and a long process that contains nodes of Ranvier known as the axon
Clue: For 10 points, name these cells which communicate using action potentials and synapses, the primary cell type of the nervous system
Answer: view [or viewing; accept materialized view or view foo or viewport or model, view, controller or viewing frustum or field of view or pageview; prompt on "vision"]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: When this term is "materialized," it refers to the results of a database query
Clue: The SQL command "CREATE [this term] foo, "AS" ("as") query" creates a virtual table named "foo" for the results of a query
Clue: Window coordinates transform into coordinates named for this term and "port" to get the rectangular area of the device where an image appears
Clue: It names the output representation in a software design pattern for user interfaces named "model, [this term], controller
Clue: " In 3D graphics, objects are culled outside of the frustum named for this term, which is the space seen by the camera
Clue: In a first-person game, the angle subtended by the visible extent of the world is called the "field of" this term
Clue: For 10 points, what term in web analytics is distinct from a "hit" and refers to a visitor's access of a webpage?
Answer: tokamaks
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: In these devices, divertor plates are used to remove impurities as well as dissipate excess heat
Clue: Vertical displacement events and so-called major disruptions can cause rapid quenching in these devices, while a quasiperiodic drop in the density in the center of these devices can cause a sawtooth event
Clue: Because of their high safety factors, these devices suppress the kink instability
Clue: These devices use electric current to prevent particles from drifting outward, in contrast to the twisting external (*) magnets used by the stellarator
Clue: Igor Tamm and Andrei Sakharov proposed this device as a way to heat hydrogen to millions of degrees Celsius without destroying the walls of the container
Clue: For 10 points, name these reactors which use magnetic fields to confine plasma in the shape of a torus and ignite nuclear fusion
Answer: bosons [prompt on quasiparticles by asking 'with what statistics?']
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The Holstein-Primakoff and Schwinger transformations both convert a system of spins into a system of these entities
Clue: A Bogoliubov [bog-ol-YOU-bov] transformation preserves the symplectic structure on these entities' Hilbert space by mixing certain operators using hyperbolic trigonometric functions
Clue: Spontaneously broken symmetries are accompanied by the Goldstone variety of these particles
Clue: Wave functions of N particles of this type can be computed using permanents to enforce the equality of the wave function under particle exchange
Clue: At low temperatures gases of these particles form a condensate named for their namesake and Einstein
Clue: For 10 points, name these integer spin particles, one fundamental example of which is the 'Higgs' particle
Answer: ants
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Cordyceps unilateralis is an ascomycete that specifically infects types of these organisms, causing them to go to the tops of plants
Clue: Antibiotic secretions by Pseudonocardia deter growth of Escovopsis weberi, which is a pathogen of certain fungal cultivars maintained as a food source by the attine variety of these organisms
Clue: Bull horn acacia provide a home and Beltian bodies as food for these organisms that protect the plant from large mammals and other plants
Clue: These organisms use their antennae to milk their herd for honeydew and will also fiercely defend their herd against predators such as lady beetles
Clue: For 10 points, identify these social insects that farm aphids and live in large colonies whose portals to the outside world often take the form of hills
Answer: zinc [or Zn; or zinc fingers]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: The diisopropyl ("di-iso-propyl") compound of this metal autocatalytically ("auto-catalytic-ly") alkylates an aldehyde in the Soai reaction
Clue: A nitrile is attacked by the product of this metal and an alpha-bromo-ester in a reaction modifying one by which this metal creates two intermediate enolates, then a beta-hydroxy-ester
Clue: This metal used in the Blaise and Reformatsky reactions is found in the "gag-knuckle" and "treble-clef" protein motifs
Clue: This metal's plus-2 cation is a cofactor for alcohol dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase
Clue: This organometallic compounds of this metal react in the palladium-catalyzed Fukuyama and Negishi couplings
Clue: Its mercury amalgam reduces ketones in the Clemmensen reduction
Clue: This metal forms DNA-binding "fingers
Clue: " For 10 points, name this metal combined with copper in brass
Answer: thin films [accept multilayers or monolayers; prompt on films; prompt on optical coating before mentioned]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Suspended-particle devices use these systems that change their internal orientation when a voltage is applied, which is the technology behind Smart glass
Clue: These systems can be visualized in real time using the Sarfus Technique
Clue: The change of polarization of these systems is measured in ellipsometry
Clue: A PVD method called Sputter deposition produces these systems
Clue: Amorphous silicon is used as one of these systems in the common designs of second-generation solar cells
Clue: The difference between the refractive indices of the two boundaries of these systems causes the bright color fringes seen in soap bubbles
Clue: The thickness of these systems is close to the coherence length of light
Clue: For 10 points, identify these systems that have applications such as anti-reflective and anti-scratch coatings