EthM300/QuizBowlClues huggingface dataset:
Answer: acetic acid [or ethanoic acid] TIEBREAKER/EXTRA TOSSUPS
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: An inefficient way to produce this compound using a lot of steam with a tin and titanium vanadate catalyst was developed by Huls and improved by Bayer to reduce the amount of tar produced
Clue: This compound is the food additive E260 and is used to treat fungal and bacterial ear infections in the Vosol ear-drops
Clue: This compound is the active ingredient in photographic stop baths as well as the non-sulfite ingredient in rapid fixers
Clue: In a flash-tank, catalysts producing this compound can precipitate their tri-iodate form when they lose (*) carbon monoxide ligands
Clue: One method for producing this compound under high pressures and temperatures using a rhodium catalyst was improved by switching to an lridium catalyst
Clue: This compound is synthesized by carbonylating methanol in the Cativa and Monsanto processes
Clue: For 10 points, name this carboxylic acid, the primary component of vinegar
Answer: electric field [or E-field]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The Schwinger limit is the value for this quantity where pair production introduces nonlinearities
Clue: The uniqueness of this quantity for a given source configuration can be proved by integrating the square of the difference of two solutions for this quantity over a volume
Clue: The polarization of a linear medium is proportional to this quantity
Clue: In statics, the curl of this quantity is zero and its normal component is discontinuous across a surface charge
Clue: This quantity vanishes inside conductors when there is no time dependence
Clue: This quantity falls off as one over r-cubed for a dipole
Clue: This quantity can be computed by taking the gradient of the scalar potential, and it is sourced by the charge density in Gauss's law
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity that gives the Coulomb force when multiplied by charge
Answer: X-rays
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: They can be produced either through bremsstrahlung or by knocking out an inner electron from a heavy metal atom
Clue: These methods release a photon characterized as "soft" or "hard" according to how penetrative it is
Clue: When directed at a crystalline substance, their diffraction pattern reveals clues to the arrangement of atoms in the substance, as famously done by Rosalind Franklin to discover the double helix structure of DNA
Clue: For 10 points name these electromagnetic waves used in CAT scans, named and studied by Wilhelm Roentgen
Answer: capacitors [or condensers]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: The role of one of these devices is filled by an open-circuit stub shorter than a quarter wavelength on a transmission line
Clue: In transmission line theory, these devices are added to move towards the lower half of a Z Smith chart, and the output branch of a bias tee contains one of them
Clue: Banks of these devices act as reactive "suppliers" in power factor correction, since they produce a reactance that varies inversely with AC frequency
Clue: One curved line appears in the symbol for the polarized electrolytic type of these devices, whose thin oxide layer acts as a permittivity-boosting dielectric
Clue: Their standard type is denoted with two parallel lines and has a strength rated in farads
Clue: For 10 points, name these circuit components that store charge on a pair of separated conducting surfaces
Answer: diagonalization [or diagonalizing a matrix; or eigendecomposition; accept Exact Diagonalization; accept diagonalizing specific matrices like the Hamiltonian or the density matrix; prompt on finding eigenvectors or finding eigenvalues or finding the eigenvalue spectrum with "how?"; prompt on solving the Schrodinger equation or solving the Hamiltonian with "how?"; prompt on ED]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Note to moderator: Read the answerline carefully
Clue: Doing this action to an object derived from the jump operators can solve the Lindblad master equation for open quantum systems
Clue: A numerical implementation of this action has limited application in quantum many-body physics due to its exponential runtime and is known as its "exact" form
Clue: This action is often done via the Bogoliubov transformation in BCS theory
Clue: To avoid division by zero in perturbation theory, one does this action to a degenerate (*) subspace
Clue: It's not measurement, but one can simultaneously do this action to a pair of operators for compatible observables
Clue: The probability of measuring each pure state is found by doing this action to the density matrix
Clue: Doing this action to the Hamiltonian solves the Schrodinger equation by finding the eigenvalue spectrum
Clue: For 10 points, name this action that creates a matrix where nonzero entries run from the top left to bottom right
Answer: multicellularity [accept word forms; accept descriptions like having more than one cell or having many cells]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Otto Butschli ("BEWTCH-lee") hypothesized that the last common animal ancestor with this property was derived from a cnidarian ("nye-DARE-ee-un") larval stage called a planula
Clue: Joseph Thornton's team used ancestral protein reconstruction to determine that this property evolved due to a mutation in the spindle-associated protein GK-PID
Clue: Herron et al
Clue: observed that an organism without this property quickly evolved it in response to predation by Paramecium
Clue: Slime molds like Dictyostelium combat food scarcity by adopting this trait to grow fruiting bodies
Clue: This trait's presence in Volvox and absence in Chlamydomonas acts as a model for this trait's evolution in green algae
Clue: The only fungal species that do not possess this property are yeasts, meaning they cannot form differentiated tissues
Clue: For 10 points, name this trait that is contrasted with unicellularity
Answer: nuclear shell model
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: This model can be extended by the "extreme independent particle model" to approximate deformation from a hard sphere
Clue: A crude harmonic oscillator potential in this model can be refined with a rounded well potential proportional to the inverse of quantity one plus a decaying exponential, and that refinement is named for Woods and Saxon
Clue: This model assumes that the spin-orbit coupling is always analogous to jj coupling such that the individual particle l and s numbers add vectorially
Clue: The strongest success of this model is its explanation of the high neutron cross section and natural abundance of isotopes and isotones with 28, 50, or other "magic numbers" of nucleons, thus improving on the older liquid-drop model
Clue: Eugene Wigner, J. Hans Jensen, and Maria Goeppert Mayer developed, for 10 points, what model of the nucleus, which proposes that nucleons fill up energy states similarly to electrons in atomic orbitals?
Answer: Paramecium [or paramecia]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Possibly first described by Huygens, organisms in this genus have a polyploid macronucleus and a diploid micronucleus, This genus are preyed upon by genus Didinium
Clue: UGA is the only stop codon in this genus, which can exchange genetic material with other members through conjugation, and which reproduces by binary fission
Clue: The species aurelia forms endosymbiotic relationships with Gram-negative bacteria, while species bursaria has an endosymbiotic relationship with the green algae Zoochlorella
Clue: They range from 50 to 300 microns in length, with a characteristic irregular oblong shape which gives them their name
Clue: For 10 points, name this widespread genus of ciliate protozoa
Answer: negative temperature [or negative absolute temperature; accept temperature is less than absolute zerotemperature; accept temperature is less than zero Kelvin; accept temperature is less than zero Rankine; accept negative spin temperature; prompt on population inversion; reject "less than zero Celsius" or "less than zero Fahrenheit"]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Description acceptable
Clue: A plot of the magnetization deflection versus time with a reversed peak decaying through zero showed that E
Clue: M Purcell and R
Clue: V Pound created this property in a crystal of lithium fluoride
Clue: By exploiting the bounded kinetic energy of the Hubbard model, Braun et al
Clue: produced this property in a system with motional degrees of freedom; that system was an optical lattice of bosons
Clue: In a two-level system with states zero and one, (read slowly) because d-S over d-E is proportional to the ln of the ratio of N-sub-zero to N-sub-one, this property arises when that ratio is less than one, (end read slowly) or at the onset of (*) population inversion
Clue: Boltzmann factors increase with increasing energy in systems with this property
Clue: In systems with this property, adding energy decreases entropy
Clue: For 10 points, systems with what property unexpectedly transfer heat to systems with positive temperature?
Answer: cosmic scale factor [or scale parameter; prompt on a or R until read]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: The time derivative of this quantity was shown to always be positive by G
Clue: W Gibbons due to the "rolling down" of the tachyon field
Clue: In the Taylor expansion for a ratio of two values of this quantity, the second-order term is equal to the opposite of the deceleration parameter
Clue: Blackbody temperature is inversely proportional to this quantity, since after normalizing this quantity, matter energy density is inversely proportional to this quantity to the third power and radiation energy density is inversely proportional to this quantity to the fourth power
Clue: The square of this quantity multiplies the (*) spatial component of the FLRW metric, and the curvature parameter is divided by the square of this quantity in a term in the Friedmann equations
Clue: It's not wavelength, but the ratio of two values of this quantity is equal to one plus cosmological redshift
Clue: The time derivative of this quantity divided by this quantity is the Hubble parameter
Clue: Proper distance is equal to comoving distance times this quantity
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity, symbolized by either a capital R or lowercase a, which represents the relative size of the universe
Answer: chiral/enantiomer/optical isomer resolution [or separating enantiomers or equivalents; accept any answer with resolution or word forms; accept separating racemates/racemic mixtures or equivalents before mentioned; accept deracemization or word forms; prompt on ANY answer with one or more of the following words or word forms of them: "enantiomers," "chiral," "isomers," "diastereomers," "racemic," "asymmetric;" prompt on "separation" or equivalents; prompt on "purification" or equivalents]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: WARNING: DESCRIPTION ACCEPTABLE DMAP analogues can accomplish this process kinetically in solutions of secondary alcohols
Clue: This specific process often involves collecting a precipitate that has reacted with a potassium antimonyl salt, mandelic acid or brucine, then recrystallizing it from glacial acetic acid
Clue: It's not unique to biomolecules, but the success of this process is measured by dividing the observed value of alpha by concentration and path length, or by analyzing the products with ORD or (*) CD spectroscopy
Clue: For molecules in the C3 point group, this process yields solutions designated lambda and delta
Clue: The goal of this non-synthetic process is 100% e
Clue: e It was first performed using crystals of tartaric acid by Louis Pasteur, who discovered that the two resulting solutions each rotated plane-polarized light
Clue: For 10 points, name this process of isolating the halves of a racemic mixture
Answer: potential energy [or U or V until they are read; or gravitational potential energy; or electric potential energy] 5 
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: When this quantity becomes very large, the reflection coefficient becomes greater than one, according to the Klein paradox
Clue: The Fourier transform of this quantity gives the first-order scattering amplitude according to the Born approximation
Clue: When this quantity is proportional to a delta function, the system possesses a continuum of sinusoidal scattering states with positive energy and a single bound state with negative energy
Clue: This quantity is infinite inside of a critical radius and zero outside that radius according to the hard sphere model
Clue: This quantity is subtracted in the Lagrangian but added in the Hamiltonian
Clue: This quantity is infinite everywhere except for between 0 and L in the infinite square well or particle-in-a-box model
Clue: For 10 points, name this type of energy equal to "m g h" for an object near the earth, which is symbolized V or U
Answer: Gibbs-Duhem Equation
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: One analogue of this equation can be derived by adding a term for surface tension to the additivity rule for bulk phases and then differentiating
Clue: When applied to a solution, this equation yields a relationship between the natural logarithms of the activities of the solvent and solute
Clue: The general form of this equation sets the central sum over all components of a system equal to negative differential temperature times entropy plus differential pressure times volume
Clue: For systems of constant temperature and pressure, it relates changes in chemical potential with changes in composition
Clue: For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous equation which is used to derive one of its namesake's phase rule
Answer: Harmonic Oscillator [or Quantum Harmonic Oscillator or Simple Harmonic Oscillator]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Because the ground state energy of these systems is the minimum allowed by the uncertainty principle, atoms in a solid lattice cannot have zero energy even at absolute zero
Clue: Those atoms are treated as 3D ones of these in the Einstein model
Clue: The energy eigenvalues of these systems can be obtained with Dirac's "ladder operator" method
Clue: These systems can also be used to model diatomic molecules, and RLC circuits are one of these
Clue: The Q factor describes how omega naught compares to gamma in these systems, which can be critically damped
Clue: For 10 points, name these systems that experience a restoring force when displaced from equilibrium, also known as Hooke's Law, examples of which include springs and pendulums
Answer: maximum likelihood estimation method
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: When the result of this procedure has a unique value, then that value is a function of every sufficient statistic
Clue: The covariance matrices of quantities generated by this method are commonly approximated by the inverse of the Fisher information matrix
Clue: Under appropriate regularity conditions, this method gives results that are equivariant, consistent, asymptotically normal and asymptotically efficient
Clue: This method's namesake function is the data's joint density treated as a function of the parameter being estimated, and that namesake function appears in Bayes' theorem as the unnormalized ratio of the posterior and prior probability densities
Clue: In carrying out this procedure it is often more convenient to replace that namesake function by its logarithm
Clue: For 10 points, name this method of parameter estimation which gives the parameter values that make the observed data most probable
Answer: hemolysis ("hee-MAWL-uh-siss") [accept (autoimmune) hemolytic anemia or hemolytic disease of the newborn; prompt on cell lysis; prompt on anemia until read by asking "caused by what process?"; prompt on cold agglutination or autoagglutination until "agglutination" is read by asking "what process does it precede?"; prompt on alloimmunization or isoimmunization by asking "what process is triggered by the antibodies?"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: In rare cases, this process can be induced by repetitive motions like playing the bongos or marching
Clue: A disease caused by this process can be identified with the Liley ("LYE-lee") chart, which plots changes in optical density at 450 nanometers
Clue: This process names a disease with "cold" and "warm" types, respectively mediated by IgM ("I-G-M") and IgG ("I-G-G")
Clue: In differential diagnosis, this process is confirmed by labs with elevated LDH, decreased haptoglobin, and elevated reticulocyte count
Clue: This process names a "disease of the newborn" that can be identified by agglutination in the direct Coombs test
Clue: This process can cause prehepatic ("pre-huh-PAT-ick") jaundice by triggering autoimmune activation of the complement system
Clue: Rh-positive babies born to Rh-negative mothers experience this process's namesake form of anemia
Clue: For 10 points, name this process that kills red blood cells by rupturing their membranes
Answer: autophagy [or autophagocytosis; accept macroautophagy; prompt on lysosome formation by asking, "what other process does that result in?"] (The organelle is the phagosome.)
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The Luxembourg Institute of Health maintains a database of proteins involved in this process in humans
Clue: Through its interaction with RAB7A, Rubicon is one of the few known negative regulators of this process
Clue: Fluorescent dots of LC3 are used to confirm the presence of this process
Clue: VPS34 phosphorylates inositol phospholipid at the start of this process as part of the Beclin-1 complex after being activated by ULK kinases, which are downregulated by (*) mTOR
Clue: In yeast, this process is regulated by the ATG genes
Clue: The "macro" form of this process results in the formation of a double-membrane vesicle around cytoplasmic components, which fuses with a lysosome for degradation
Clue: Yoshinori Ohsumi won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology for his work on this process
Clue: For 10 points, name this process where a cell recycles its own material
Answer: J/psi [accept charm quark before "decay", accept charmonium before "charm" is mentioned]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: A theoretical prediction for the existence of this particle was made by Glashow and Bjorken in their work on SU1
Clue: symmetry, as well as by the GIM mechanism postulated to solve the kaon lifetime problem
Clue: This particle more often undergoes decay into two kaons rather than three pions even though the former branch is energetically disfavored, because in the latter case, the diagram can be "cut" by snipping only gluon lines, suppressing the three-pion decay and extending this particle's lifetime
Clue: Experimental setups used to discover this particle consisted of electron-positron collisions in one instance, and proton collisions with a beryllium target; both experiments showed a 3
Clue: 1 GeV resonance peak, which was interpreted as the bound state of a particle with a mass of about 1
Clue: 3 GeV and charge +2/3
Clue: Discovered independently by Richter and Ting, for 10 points, identify this meson, the first known bound state of a charm quark and anti-quark
Answer: Maxwell's equations 
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: A derivation of these statements using only Newton's second law and the canonical position-momentum commutation relation was published by Freeman Dyson in 1989 and credited to Richard Feynman
Clue: In the theory of differential forms, they assert that the field strength tensor is closed and exact, and they give the exterior derivative of its Hodge star in terms of a pseudo three-form
Clue: In empty space, applying the curl-of-the-curl identity to these statements yields two vectorial (*) wave equations
Clue: Their relativistic formulation sets the d'Alembertian of the four-potential equal to a constant times the four-current
Clue: One can convert between their integral and differential forms using the divergence theorem and Stokes' theorem
Clue: Both of those forms incorporate the displacement current that their namesake added to correct Ampere's law
Clue: For 10 points, name this set of four differential equations that govern classical electromagnetism
Answer: lactams [or beta-lactams or beta-lactamases; accept cyclic amides until read; prompt on amides until read; reject "lactones"]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: A method to produce 4-substituted examples of this functional group uses TBAF to activate calcium carbide and nitrone derivatives, and is named for Kinugasa
Clue: John C Sheehan created three syntheses for this functional group, including the reaction intermediate 6-APA for the "benzyl" or "G" class of a molecule
Clue: A class of molecules named for this functional group is derived from the fungus Acremonium
Clue: The Ambler system classifies enzymes that cleave this functional group
Clue: They're not azides, but molecules with this functional group are created by performing a 2+2 cycloaddition between a ketene ("KEE-teen") and an imine ("IM-een") in the Staudinger synthesis
Clue: Carbapenems ("CAR-buh-PEN-ems") and cephalosporins contain a central example of this functional group
Clue: For 10 points, name these cyclic amides whose "beta-" variety is found in a class of antibiotics that includes penicillin
Answer: mammals evolving to live in the water [accept equivalents like becoming aquatic or going from land to sea; accept answers indicating evolution into whales or cetaceans; prompt on abilities that promote an aquatic lifestyle such as swimming, diving, or breath-holding by asking "what lifestyle is facilitated by that ability?"; reject "breathing underwater" as cetaceans must still breathe air to survive (that's what blowholes are for)]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Description acceptable
Clue: A vestigial structure from this evolutionary process can reappear in a form of atavism caused by knockdown of BMP7 and PBX1
Clue: While undergoing this process, organisms retained a pair of stumps likely used for mating called pelvic girdles
Clue: Early in this evolutionary process, genera like Indohyus ("in-do-HIGH-uss") and Pakicetus("pak-ee-SEE-tuss") developed involucrum ("in-vuh-LOO-krum") bone patterns and dorsal eye sockets
Clue: During this process, adaptive radiation during the Miocene ("MY-uh-seen") allowed a clade of toothed animals to develop echolocation
Clue: Early animals that underwent this process include the carnivorous Eocene ("EE-uh-seen")rival genera Dorudon and Basilosaurus
Clue: The largest animals in Earth's history evolved after mammals underwent this process
Clue: For 10 points, name this evolutionary process that involved mammals acquiring blowholes and increased lung capacity to adapt to a new environment
Answer: kT [or kBT; or the product of Boltzmann's constant and temperature; or obvious equivalents; or thermal energy until it is read, do NOT accept or prompt on partial answers]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: In the grand canonical ensemble, the derivative of the particle density with respect to the chemical potential equals pressure divided by the square of this quantity
Clue: The distance at which the Coulomb energy between two elementary charges equals this quantity is called the Bjerrum length
Clue: The ensemble average of the product of a generalized coordinate x and the derivative of the Hamiltonian with respect to x equals this quantity
Clue: In Flory-Huggins theory, the exchange energy is normalized by this quantity to give the interaction parameter
Clue: The phonon energy is divided by this quantity in the heat capacity integral found in the Debye model
Clue: The inverse of this quantity is the thermodynamic beta
Clue: The average energy per quadratic degree of freedom equals one-half times this quantity according to the equipartition theorem
Clue: For 10 points, name this quantity which represents a thermal energy scale, since it equals the product of the constant equal to 1
Clue: 38 times 10 to the minus 23 Joules per Kelvin and a quantity measured in Kelvins
Answer: coronary artery disease [or coronary heart disease; accept coronary atherosclerosis before "atherosclerosis" is read; prompt on heart disease,]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The first conclusive proof that genetic risk factors heavily influence this disease came when Kristina Sandquist evaluated the family histories of 80,000 people who developed it in Sweden
Clue: Tests for this disease include electron-beam computed tomography to evaluate the presence of calcium
Clue: A nuclear stress test performed to screen for this disease will show a depressed ST segment
Clue: Most people who undergo the Prinzmetal's angina suffer from this disease, whose acute form manifests with unstable angina, Q wave MI, and non-Q wave MI
Clue: This disease was the subject of a namesake West of Scotland Prevention Study, in which men who were prescribed pravastatin had a lower risk of dying from it
Clue: An adjacent "left circumflex" structure might be affected by this disease, which involves atherosclerosis in the namesake blood vessel
Clue: For 10 points, name this leading cause of death among American adults, in which the heart musculature doesn't get supplied by the blood it pumps
Answer: domains
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: One standard technique for observing these structures relies on the rotation of the polarization vector induced in the Kerr effect, which gives both the amplitude and direction associated with these structures
Clue: These structures can also be observed via the Bitter powder pattern technique, and racetrack memory relies on directly manipulating these structures inside a nanowire
Clue: One theory of these structures derives them from a theory of Langevin by adding a mean molecular field, and is known as the Weiss theory
Clue: These entities spontaneously align with each other and change size in response to an applied field, creating a characteristic crackling noise in the Barkhausen effect
Clue: Bloch walls separate these objects from each other, and they only exist above the Curie point; below that point, their constituent spins simply randomly orient
Clue: For 10 points, name these regions within ferromagnetic materials in which all atomic spins are parallel
Answer: rogue waves [accept optical rogue waves; prompt on water waves or freak ocean waves; prompt on solitons]
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Fourth-order perturbation theory is used to derive the Dysthe ("DISS-tuh") equation, which describes the generation of these phenomena
Clue: Optical analogs of these phenomena are generated by inputting a laser frequency comb near a supercontinuum generation threshold
Clue: These phenomena may develop from amplification of a solution to the nonlinear Schrodinger equation called the Peregrine breather
Clue: The Benjamin-Feir, or "modulational," instability is used to explain the formation of these phenomena
Clue: A laser rangefinder on the (*) Draupner platform was used to record the first observed one of these phenomena in 1995
Clue: These phenomena have a crest-to-trough distance that is at least double the significant wave height
Clue: For 10 points, name these unexpectedly large ocean waves
Answer: bolometers [prompt on radio astronomy detector or similar; prompt on particle detector before "wavelengths; DO NOT accept or prompt on antenna or heterodyne detector]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Newer versions of these devices utilize superconducting materials operated at or near their critical temperature which are known as Transition Edge Sensors
Clue: The first one, which operated as two platinum branches of a Wheatstone bridge, was read out by a galvanometer
Clue: A technique called "jiggle-mapping" was used to create images on SCUBA, a detector which used these instruments
Clue: A principal difference between the current SPT-pol and the upgraded SPT-3G is the tenfold increase in the number of these devices
Clue: The surface of these devices, which often appears in a (*) spider web shape, is a thermal absorber, that is then connected to a heat reservoir by a thermally resistant link
Clue: For 10 points, name these detectors fundamental to radio astronomy, whose name suggests that they detect all wavelengths of light, like a certain magnitude scale
Answer: bridging ligand [prompt on ligand]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Noro and Nakamura et al synthesized a neutral one of these called bpdo to form porous polymers of calcium and magnesium
Clue: In the oxygen-evolving complex, O5 acts as an exchangeable one of these components
Clue: These components are usually designated by a mu with a subscript denoting connectivity
Clue: Pyrazine acts as one of these things in a compound used to study inner-sphere electron transfers named for Creutz and Taube
Clue: PdCl2 can form infinite chains due to Cl acting as one of these components
Clue: Carbonyls adopting this role typically show a 100-200 inverse centimeter downshift in IR spectroscopy relative to their (*) terminal counterparts
Clue: When hydrogen acts as one of these components, making a normal electron count is impossible, and these components are counted as LX, with X for the sigma interaction and L for the donor bond
Clue: In the D2h structure of diborane, three-center-two electron bonds allow two of the hydrogens to act as these components
Clue: For 10 points, name this type of ligand that is bonded to two metal atoms
Answer: aircraft altitude [accept height; accept elevation; accept flight level or FL before "FL"; accept vertical position or vertical distance but prompt on just "distance"] (TCAS stands for Traffic Collision Avoidance System, which prevents mid-air collisions.)
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: This value is encoded by a kind of Gray code using twelve bits, or four octal digits, called the Gillham code
Clue: Devices that measure this value include a small "Kollsman window", named after their inventor Paul Kollsman
Clue: While Mode A transponders only broadcast identification, Mode C transponders additionally transmit this value
Clue: Regions where this value is between FL 180 and FL 600 are considered class A, meaning only IFR operations are allowed, as opposed to classes B through E that allow both IFR and VFR
Clue: The rate of change in this value is measured by a (*) variometer
Clue: A TCAS ("TEE-kass") system monitors differences in this value and gives commands to increase or decrease this value as a safety measure
Clue: Both velocity and this value are approximately kept constant during a holding pattern
Clue: For 10 points, devices that measure what value utilize the fact that atmospheric pressure decreases as this value increases?
Answer: outer core
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: An ongoing debate concerns whether the outermost shell of this layer contains an anomalous ultra low-velocity zone
Clue: The boundary between this layer and the layer above it is home to a whispering-gallery mode called the SmKS mode
Clue: PKNP waves with N equals four and seven are multiply reflected when bouncing around this layer
Clue: The boundary between this layer and the layer above it refracts PKIKP waves
Clue: When they enter this layer, SKS and SKKS waves convert to P waves, and P-wave velocity increases smoothly with depth in this region
Clue: S wave velocity (*) drops to zero in this region, which lies immediately underneath the d-double prime layer of another region
Clue: Convection currents in which are the drivers in the dynamo theory of the Earth's magnetic field
Clue: For 10 points, name this 1400-mile thick layer of the earth bound from above by the Gutenberg discontinuity, which consisting of liquid iron and nickel
Answer: scanning [accept "scan rate"]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: It's not diffusion, but the rate at which this process occurs is found in the denominator of a parameter denoted capital lambda which determines whether or not a reaction is electrochemically reversible via the Matsuda-Ayabe conditions
Clue: In one technique, the peak current is related to the rate at which this process occurs by to the Randles-Sevcik equation
Clue: This is the first word in the name of a technique which uses both an X-ray detector to observe cathodoluminescence and an Everhart-Thornley detector to detect backscattering and secondary emission signals
Clue: This process occurs in a non-linear fashion in cyclic voltammetry
Clue: In another technique, the device which performs this process moves vertically in constant-current mode, but not constant-height mode
Clue: For 10 points, name this process performed by a namesake piezoelectric probe in a technique which uses quantum tunneling to image a surface
Answer: PAGE [or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, or protein gel electrophoresis; or protein electrophoresis accept more specific answers like SDS-PAGE, native PAGE, QNPC-PAGE, 2D SDS-PAGE, etc; need both protein and electrophoresis for points to distinguish from DNA gel electrophoresis; prompt on partial answers]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: The results of one form of this technique are commonly analyzed using Melanie or REDFIN
Clue: One reagent used in this technique is a sulfonated triphenylmethane derivative that is also used in the Bradford assay, though increased sensitivity can be obtained using silver instead
Clue: Ammonium persulfate and TEMED are used as polymerizing agents to create the matrix for this technique, which commonly has a separating component underneath a stacking component
Clue: A two-dimensional variation of this technique uses a pH (*) gradient to first separate analytes by isoelectric point
Clue: This technique uses a Tris-glycine buffer system named for Laemelli
Clue: Native variations of this technique don't use anionic detergents, and the results of this technique are commonly visualized using Coomassie blue
Clue: Samples in this technique are commonly boiled in DTT or beta-mercaptoethanol
Clue: The results of this technique are sandwiched between two pieces of filter paper and a piece of PVDF membrane in the transfer step of a western blot
Clue: For 10 points, name this technique that uses a polyacrylamide matrix to separate proteins
Answer: steel [or stainless steel; accept molten steel]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Many facilities manufacturing this material get their feedstocks from MIDREX facilities, which employ a stoichiometric reformer to produce the reductant gas used in a shaft furnace
Clue: The HYBRIT initiative is conducting pilot studies of their eco-friendly process of producing this material using hydrogen gas as a reducing agent
Clue: The refinement of this material is the primary application of the AOD process, which achieves minimal oxidation by injecting oxygen mixed with argon via submerged tuyeres ["twee-airs"]
Clue: The ore taconite is too low-grade to be input to the (*) direct reduction process, whose outputs are used to make this material in electric arc furnaces
Clue: TTT diagrams of this material visualize the impact of time and temperature on the transformation of austenite to pearlite, bainite, or martensite
Clue: The blast furnace-basic oxygen furnace route of producing this material rendered the Bessemer process obsolete
Clue: For 10 points, name this alloy of iron and carbon
Answer: riboswitches
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: One family of these structures is characterized by the presence of a three-way helical junction, while the downstream peptide motif is hypothesized to form one of these structure because it can conform to a shape that resembles a pseudoknot
Clue: Another class of these structures, which contain natural aptamers, works by forming a stem-loop structure followed by several (*) uridine residues, and that structure acts as a rho-independent terminator
Clue: These structures are generally located in 5-prime untranslated regions, and some of these structures work by blocking and unblocking Shine-Dalgarno sequences
Clue: For 10 points, name these elements that respond to ligand binding by forming alternative structures that regulate the expression of mRNA
Answer: RNAses [or ribonucleases, accept ribonuclease inhibitor, accept specific RNAses like RNAse A and RNAse H; prompt on "nucleases", "exonucleases", or "endonucleases"]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Ranpirnase ("ran-PEER-nace") and amphinase ("AM-fin-ace") are examples of these enzymes which are cytotoxic to tumors
Clue: Their L isozyme ("ICE-oh-zime") is interferon ("in-turr-FEAR-on")-dependent
Clue: A protein which inhibits these enzymes is the canonical example of an alpha/beta horseshoe containing leucine ("LEW-seen")-rich repeat protein
Clue: One of these proteins extracted from bovine pancreas is stable at 100 degrees celsius
Clue: These enzymes are inactivated by treating water with diethyl pyrocarbonate and autoclaving for 15 minutes
Clue: One of these enzymes spontaneously (*) refolded after urea and beta-mercaptoethanol were removed in Anfinsen's experiment
Clue: In addition to its polymerase activity, reverse transcriptase ("tran-SCRIP-tace") contains a domain which acts as the H isozyme of these enzymes
Clue: Drosha and Dicer are examples of these enzymes which act on double-stranded substrates
Clue: For 10 points, name these enzymes which degrade an uracil-containing nucleic acid
Answer: influenza [or flu]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: The causative agent of this disease possesses the NS1 protein, which inhibits the ubiquitination of RIG-I by TRIM and suppresses the production of interferon in host cells
Clue: One protein used by its causative agent to cause this disease includes a 130 loop, a 190 loop, and a 220 loop
Clue: Some strains of this disease are treated by compounds that inhibit the M2 ion channel
Clue: Thomas Francis proposed his doctrine of "original antigenic sin" while studying this disease
Clue: Drugs against this disease include (*) Rimantadine
Clue: The binding and release of the causative agent of this disease occurs at sialic acid residues on the host cell membrane
Clue: Ferrets are used as animal models for the transmission and pathogenicity of this disease, which is often treated with olestamivir, a neuraminidase inhibitor
Clue: For 10 points, name this disease caused by an orthomyxovirus that comes in "Spanish," "Avian," and "Swine" types
Answer: rhodopsin
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: An algal form of this molecule tagged with a Venus reporter has been used by the Svoboda group to map layer 2 and 3 callosal projections
Clue: Stability of its active intermediate form depends on protonation of a conserved glutamine residue that forms a salt bridge with a conserved arginine residue, as well as the transfer of a proton from a Schiff base linkage with lysine to another glutamine residue
Clue: Arrestin binds its phosphorylated domain to deactivate it, and at high calcium concentrations, recoverin inhibits its kinase
Clue: Its activation of the G protein transducin allows a phosphodiesterase to hydrolyze cyclic GMP, closing sodium-calcium channels to hyperpolarize the cell
Clue: It is broken down in the pigment epithelium and reconverted to a complex including an 11-cis form in the outer segment disks
Clue: One of its subunits selects for its spectrum; the other is a chromophore made of an aldehyde of vitamin A
Clue: Converting to all-trans form when a photon hits, for 10 points, name this photopigment found in rods
Answer: David Liu
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: This scientist developed a method that attaches "supercharged" GFP to other proteins enhance their delivery into cells
Clue: Another method developed by this scientist uses oligonucleotide annealing to increase the effective molarity of attached reactant molecules
Clue: One method developed in this scientist's laboratory involves flowing E
Clue: coli cells through a vessel known as a lagoon
Clue: That method, which relies on production of the coat protein pIII [p-three] on M13 is an improved version of directed evolution known as (*) Phage-Assisted Continuous Evolution
Clue: This scientist developed a method of enclosing Cas9 in cationic lipids to transiently nucleofect into cell nuclei, in order to prevent off-target cleavages
Clue: He's not Feng Zhang, but in 2016 and 2017 this scientist published two papers which detailed the use of evolved deaminase enzymes attached to Cas9 proteins to interconvert of DNA bases
Clue: For 10 points, name this Harvard scientist who recently developed a non-cleaving DNA single base editor
Answer: gas chromatography [accept GC]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: The Grob test mixture is considered the most comprehensive for determining the effectiveness of devices for this technique
Clue: The Trennzahl number characterizes the resolving power of this technique
Clue: Silicone oils and phthalates found in septa can cause issues due to "bleeding" in this technique
Clue: Wall-coating, support coating, and porous-layers are the linings used for the open tubular (*) columns used in this technique
Clue: Temperature programming can be used in this technique to account for the general elution problem
Clue: Thermal conductivity detectors and flame ionization detectors are primarily used for this technique, which can also use retention volume instead of retention times
Clue: Like HPLC, this technique's outputs are often immediately placed into a mass spectrometer
Clue: For 10 points, name this technique whose analytes must be vaporized
Answer: potential energy surfaces [or PES; or potential energy landscapes, potential energy functions, potential energy hypersurfaces, or potential energy profiles; accept Morse potentials or Morse/Long-range potentials or MLR potentials until "Morse" is read; prompt on More O'Ferrall-Jencks plots; prompt on reaction coordinate diagrams; prompt on potential energy or energy or surfaces or landscapes; prompt on potentials by asking "which are used to generate what constructs?"]
Category: Science (Chemistry)
Clue: Tersoff and Brenner developed the REBO model of these theoretical constructs
Clue: In the Tinker software package, these constructs are analyzed using the GDA and SCAN programs
Clue: A simple one of these constructs has three parameters, including the coupling constant a equal to [read slowly] "the square root of the force constant divided by the well depth divided by 2
Clue: " To locate certain points on these constructs, Peng and Schlegel combined quasi-Newton and synchronous transit methods
Clue: A Hessian matrix is created for (*) stationary points on these constructs using geometry optimization
Clue: They're not bands, but at conical intersections on these constructs, the Born-Oppenheimer approximation breaks down
Clue: A type of these constructs that uses an anharmonic oscillator to model diatomic systems is named for Morse
Clue: Saddle points on these graphs correspond to transition states
Clue: For 10 points, name these graphs that model a namesake variable in terms of atom positions
Answer: the classification of finite simple groups [prompt on incomplete answer; accept answers indicating the classification of groups that are finite and simple]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: John Thompson called those engaged in this project "the intellectual confreres of Linnaeus" wondering if "a future Darwin will conceptualize and unify" their work
Clue: Though it was announced as complete by Gorenstein in 1983, it wasn't actually finished until Aschbacher and Smith completed work on the quasi-thins
Clue: Between 1965 and 1975, a category believed only to contain five objects named for Mathieu was expanded by twenty one additional objects as part of this project, though some believe that a structure named for Jacques Tits should be considered a 27th member of that category
Clue: This project required hundreds of articles to write up a theorem categorizing structures as cyclic of prime order, alternating of degree five or above, Lie (LEE)-type, or sporadic
Clue: For 10 points, name this project whose result was the sorting of all of a basic algebraic structure into one of four categories
Answer: Gauss-Markov Theorem
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: In order to formally test one assumption of this theorem one can use the coefficients of determination in order to compute the variance inflation factor or the tolerance
Clue: Another important assumption of this theorem can be tested via the Breusch-Pagan or White tests, and ARCH modeling can be used to resolve that issue for time-series data
Clue: That issue, which violates one of the conditions of this theorem occurs when the variances differ among supposedly random variables and is known as heteroscedasticity
Clue: This theorem states that for homoscedastic and uncorrelated errors the mean squared error of the estimate will be lowest possible and the estimated coefficients will be described as BLUE
Clue: For 10 points, name this doubly-eponymous theorem from statistics which defines the validity of Ordinary Least Squares Linear Regressions
Answer: Merrifield solid phase peptide synthesis [or SPPS; accept "protein" instead of "peptide"; accept Merrifield synthesis or reaction; accept descriptive answers that clearly state solid phase and optionally proteins or peptides being produced]
Category: Science (Biology)
Clue: Leighton and Pirrung massively parallelized the fundamentals of this method in their VL-SIPS technology
Clue: Jean Frechet and Clifford Leznoff developed techniques that rely on the same principles as this method
Clue: This method was significantly enhanced in Ronald Frank's SPOT method
Clue: This method's inventor names a chloro-methyl derivative of polystyrene used in this method, and Gisin's cesium salt esterification can generate the backbone in this method
Clue: Racemization can be introduced in this method with the use of in-situ coupling agents like DCC or DIPCDI, which prime the monomers
Clue: TFMSA or hydrofluoric acid cleave protecting groups like Boc or Fmoc ["F-mock"]from the product in its last step, and it proceeds via a "deprotection-wash-coupling-wash" cycle
Clue: Its products are assembled in a C- terminal to N-terminal fashion, unlike in ribosomal synthesis
Clue: For 10 points, name this method of synthesizing proteins developed by Robert Merrifield that involves growth on small insoluble particles
Answer: radio telescopes [prompt on specific parts of radio telescopes before mentioned such as: radio antennae or dishes or parabolic antennae with "as a part of what larger instruments?"; prompt on telescopes]
Category: Science (Other Science)
Clue: Scan line artifacts are removed from the output of these instruments by scanning the target in orthogonal directions in the basket-weaving technique
Clue: In the Dicke ("dick-eh") switching technique, gain variations are minimized in these instruments by taking differential measurements between the signal and thermal noise
Clue: When taking measurements with many of these instruments, the closure phase method removes electrical path-length errors
Clue: These instruments observe signals within the (*) water hole
Clue: All components of Earth's orientation can be accurately determined by making time difference measurements between many of these devices in VLBI
Clue: China's FAST, also called Tianyan, is a large one of these typically-terrestrial instruments, many of which are found at the Very Large Array
Clue: These instruments often observe at the 21-centimeter line
Clue: For 10 points, name these instruments that use a dish and antenna to observe light with wavelengths larger than infrared
Answer: Isidor Isaac [I.I.] Rabi
Category: Science (Physics)
Clue: Indirect evidence of a phenomenon named for this physicist came from McCall and Hahn's observations of self-induced transparency
Clue: Mollow triplets are the frequency-domain equivalent of a phenomenon named for this scientist, the typical form of which is subject to "collapse" and "revival" in the Jayne-Cummings model
Clue: The quantity defined by the transition dipole moment times the amplitude of the electric field over h-bar determines the frequency of that phenomenon named for this person, which occurs in two-state systems driven by coherent radiation and results in a sinusoidal oscillation of populations between the two states
Clue: A technique developed by this scientist was improved by the labs of (*) Purcell and Bloch and involved flipping the magnetic moment of nuclei in a molecular beam
Clue: For 10 points, name this man who used a modified Stern-Gerlach apparatus to discover namesake "oscillations" that paved the way for magnetic resonance imaging