| CausalTimeBank (Mirza et al., 2014) | Sentence | 318 | 318 | | TempC | | CausalTimeBank (Mirza et al., 2014) | Sentence | 318 | 318 | | TempC |
+| AltLex (Hidey and McKeown, 2016) Clause 44,240 4,595 | CBND (Boué et al., 2015) | Sentence | 120 | 120 | | BioC |
+| BECauSE (Dunietz et al., 2017) Sentence 729 554 | CaTeRs (Mostafazadeh et al., 2016b) | Sentence | 2,502 | 308 | | TempC |
+| Sentence 2,608 2,608 Temp TCR (Ning et al., 2017) Sentence 2,608 2,608 Temp TCR (Ning et al., 2018) Clause 172 172 Temp SocialIQa (Sape et al., 2019b) Sentence 37,588 SocialIQa (Sape et al., 2019b) Clause 7,991 7,991 * Time Travel (Qin et al., 2019) Clause 7,991 7,991 * Time Travel (Qin et al., 2019) Sentence 109,964 29,849 © * GLUCOSE (Mostafazadeh et al., 2020) Clause 670K 670K Social CausalBank (Li et al., 2020) Sentence 11,000 11,000 * Sentence 1,000 11,000 * Sentence 2,5501 25,501 © * Sentence 2,5501 25,501 © * Sentence 2,5501 25,501 © * Sentence 2,324 21,324 Phys Sentence 2,324 21,324 Phys Sentence 2,324 21,324 Phys Sentence 2,324 21,324 Phys Sentence 2,324 21,324 Phys Sentence 2,360 3,800 © * Sentence 2,360 3,800 © * Sentence 2,360 3,800 © Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 © * Sentence 1,360 1,360 | AltLex (Hidey and McKeown, 2016) | Clause | 44,240 | 4,595 | | * |
+| TCR (Ning et al., 2018) Clause 172 172 □ Term SocialIQa (Sap et al., 2019) Sentence 37,588 □ Soc CPDTB (Webber et al., 2019) Clause 7,991 7,991 □ * Term TimeTravel (Qin et al., 2019) Sentence 109,964 29,849 □ * GLUCOSE (Mostafazadeh et al., 2020) Clause 670K 670K □ Soc CXCOPA (Ponti et al., 2020) Clause 11,000 11,000 □ * CAUSABBank (Li et al., 2020) Clause 314M 314M □ * SemEval20-T5 (Yang et al., 2020) Clause 25,501 25,501 □ * SemEval20-T5 (Yang et al., 2020) Clause 21,324 21,324 □ Phys CoSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Sentence 21,324 21,324 □ Phys CoSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Sentence 27,4 27,4 □ * Sentence COPES (Wang et al., 2022) Sentence 3,800 3,800 □ * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 3,800 3,800 □ * Soc CW-extended (Li et al., 2023) Sentence 10,848 10,848 □ * CausalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 13,500 13,500 □ * Soc CW-extended (Li et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 □ * Sentence LusalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 □ * Sentence LusalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 □ * Sentence LusalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 3,500 13,500 □ * Soc CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 □ * Sentence LusalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 3,500 13,500 □ * Soc CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) Sentence 473,000 □ * Sentence 11,245 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentence 11,245 □ * Sentenc | BECauSE (Dunietz et al., 2017) | Sentence | 729 | 554 | | * |
+| SocialIQa (Sup et al., 2019b) Sentence 37,588 - | ESL (Caselli and Vossen, 2017) | Sentence | 2,608 | 2,608 | | TempC |
+| PDTB (webber et al., 2019) Clause 7,991 7,991 * TimeTravel (Qine et al., 2019) Sentence 109,964 29,849 ≥ * GLUCOSE (Mostafizzade et al., 2020) Clause 670K 670K ⊃ Soc XCOPA (Poni et al., 2020) Sentence 11,000 11,000 * * CausalBank (Li et al., 2020) Clause 314M 314M □ * SemEval20-T5 (Yung et al., 2021) Clause 25,501 25,501 ⇒ * cCARE (Du et al., 2022) Sentence 21,324 21,324 □ Phys CSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Sentence 274 274 ⇒ * CRASS (Frobberg and Binder, 2022) Sentence 1,360 1,360 ⇒ * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 10,848 10,848 ⇒ * CW-extended (Li et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 • * CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M *< | TCR (Ning et al., 2018) | Clause | 172 | 172 | | TempC |
+| Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net C | SocialIQa (Sap et al., 2019b) | Sentence | 37,588 | - | | SocC |
+| GLUCOSE (Mostafazadeh et al., 2020) Clause 670K 670K Soc CXCOPA (Pomit et al., 2020) Sentence 11,000 11,000 * CausalBank (Li et al., 2020h) Clause 314M 314M * * semEval20-T5 (Yang et al., 2020) Clause 25,501 25,501 * * e-CARE (Du et al., 2022) Sentence 21,324 21,324 Phys Phys CoSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Image&Text 3,500 3,500 * * CRASS (Frobberg and Blader, 2022) Sentence 274 274 * * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 * * IfQA (Yu et al., 2023) Sentence 10,848 10,848 * * Cw-extended (Li et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 * * δ-CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 * * CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M * * CausalNet (Ra | PDTB (Webber et al., 2019) | Clause | 7,991 | 7,991 | | * |
+| XCOPA (Ponti et al., 2020) Sentence 11,000 11,000 □ * CausaBank (Li et al., 2020b) Clause 314M 314M □ * semEval20-T5 (Yanget al., 2020) Clause 25,501 25,501 ■ * e-CARE (Du et al., 2022) Sentence 21,324 21,324 □ Phys COSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Image&Text 3,500 3,500 ■ * CRASS (Frobberg and Binder, 2022) Sentence 274 274 ■ * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 □ * IQA (Yu et al., 2023b) Sentence 10,848 10,848 ■ * CausalQuest (Cernolo et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 ■ * CausalNet (Lui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 ■ * Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph formst CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M ■ * ConceptNet (S | TimeTravel (Qin et al., 2019) | Sentence | 109,964 | 29,849 | | * |
+| CausalBank (Li et al., 2020) Clause 314M 314M * SemEval20-T5 (Yang et al., 2020) Clause 25,501 25,501 * e-CARE (Du et al., 2021) Sentence 21,324 21,324 Phys CoSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Image&Text 3,500 3,500 * * CRASS (Frobberg and Binder, 2022) Sentence 274 274 * * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 * IfQA (Yue et al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 * CausalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2023) Sentence 10,848 10,848 * * CausalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 13,500 13,500 * δ-CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 * Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph format CausalNet (Lou et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M * ConceptNet (speer et al., 2017) Phrase 473,000 - * Event2Mind (Rashkin et al., 2018) Phrase 25,000 - Socc ATOMIC (Sap et al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - Socc CAUSEN (tiendorf et al., 2020) Sentence 64M 494K * CauseNet (tiendorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M * * | GLUCOSE (Mostafazadeh et al., 2020) | Clause | 670K | 670K | | SocC |
+| SemEval20-T5 (Yang et al., 2020) Clause 25,501 25,501 ■ * | XCOPA (Ponti et al., 2020) | Sentence | 11,000 | 11,000 | | * |
+| e-CARE (Du et al., 2022) | CausalBank (Li et al., 2020b) | Clause | 314M | 314M | | * |
+| CoSIm (Kim et al., 2022) Image&Text 3,500 3,500 * CRASS (Frotberg and Binder, 2022) Sentence 274 274 * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 * ITQA (Yu et al., 2023b) Sentence 3,800 3,800 SOCC CW-extended (Li et al., 2024) Sentence 10,848 10,848 * CausalQuest (Cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 * Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph formst CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M * ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) Phrase 473,000 - * Sec ATOMIC (Sapet al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - SOC ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) Sentence 64M 494K * * CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M 11M . * | SemEval20-T5 (Yang et al., 2020) | Clause | 25,501 | 25,501 | | * |
+| CRASS (Frobberg and Binder, 2022) Sentence 274 274 ■ * COPES (Wang et al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 □ * IIIQA (Yue tal., 2023) Sentence 3,800 3,800 ■ SocC CW-extended (Li et al., 2023) Sentence 10,848 10,848 ■ * CausalQuest (Cenalo et al., 2024) Sentence 13,500 13,500 ■ * δ-CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 ■ * Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph format CausalNet (Lou et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M □ * ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) Phrase 473,000 - □ * Event2Mind (Rashkin et al., 2018) Phrase 25,000 - □ SocC ATOMIC (Sap et al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - ■ SocC ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) Sentence 64M 494K □ * CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M □ * | e-CARE (Du et al., 2022) | Sentence | 21,324 | 21,324 | | PhysC |
+| COPES (wage at al., 2023) Sentence 1,360 1,360 | CoSIm (Kim et al., 2022) | Image&Tex | t3,500 | 3,500 | | * |
+| Title Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal Net Causal | CRASS (Frohberg and Binder, 2022) | Sentence | 274 | 274 | | * |
+| CW-extended (i.i et al., 2023) Sentence 10,848 10,848 * CausalQuest (cenolo et al., 2024) Sentence 13,500 □ * δ-CAUSAL (cui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 □ * Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph format CausalNet (t.uo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M □ * ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) Phrase 473,000 - □ Soc ATOMIC (Sapet al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - □ Soc ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) Sentence 64M 494K □ * CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M □ * | COPES (Wang et al., 2023) | Sentence | 1,360 | 1,360 | | * |
+| Cwe-kerholder (leaf, 2023) Sentence 13,500 13,500 ■ δ-CAUSAL (Cut et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 ■ * Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph format CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11 M 11M * ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) Phrase 473,000 - - * Event2Mind (Rashkin et al., 2018) Phrase 25,000 - - Socc ATOMIC (Sape et al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - ■ Socc ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) Sentence 64M 494K = * CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M = * | IfQA (Yu et al., 2023b) | Sentence | 3,800 | 3,800 | | SocC |
+| δ-CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) Sentence 11,245 11,245 | CW-extended (Li et al., 2023) | Sentence | 10,848 | 10,848 | | * |
+| CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M * ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2018) Phrase 473,000 * Event2Mind (Rankhin et al., 2018) Phrase 25,000 - ATOMIC (Sape et al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - Event2Mind (Rankhin et al., 2018) Sentence 64M 494K * CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M * | CausalQuest (Ceraolo et al., 2024) | Sentence | 13,500 | 13,500 | | * |
+| CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) Word 11M 11M * ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) Phrase 473,000 - * Event2Mind (Rashkin et al., 2018) Phrase 25,000 - Soc ATOMIC (Sape et al., 2019a) Sentence 877K - ■ Soc ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) Sentence 64M 494K - * CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M . * | $\delta$ -CAUSAL (Cui et al., 2024) | Sentence | 11,245 | 11,245 | | * |
+| ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2019) | Empirical commonsense causality in knowledge graph format | | | | | |
+| Phrase 25,000 - Soct | CausalNet (Luo et al., 2016) | Word | 11M | 11M | | * |
+| ATOMIC (Sap et al., 2019a) ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Word Wor | ConceptNet (Speer et al., 2017) | Phrase | 473,000 | - | | * |
+| $ \begin{array}{llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll$ | Event2Mind (Rashkin et al., 2018) | Phrase | 25,000 | - | | SocC |
+| CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 11M 11M : | ATOMIC (Sap et al., 2019a) | Sentence | 877K | - | | SocC |
+| Causervet (Heindorf et al., 2020) Word 111VI 111VI | ASER (Zhang et al., 2020) | Sentence | 64M | 494K | | * |
+| CEGraph (Li et al., 2020b) Phrase 89.1M 89.1M = * | CauseNet (Heindorf et al., 2020) | Word | 11M | 11M | | * |
+| | CEGraph (Li et al., 2020b) | Phrase | 89.1M | 89.1M | | * |
+
+Table 1: Overview of commonsense causality datasets. A more detailed version is present in App. G.
+
+Different classification criteria lead to different taxonomies for commonsense causality. We build our criteria based on commonsense types (§ 2.1) and uncertainty levels (§ 2.2). This section corresponds to the context marked in light gray color in Figure 2.
+
+According to the commonsense types (App. B.1) on which causality is built, commonsense causality can be roughly classified into four categories: (i) *Physical causality* (PhysC) refers to the commonsense cause-effect relationships grounded in
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+