EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the fifth most common cancer in women in the USA, and an estimated over 62 000 new cases occurred in men and women in 2015. The incidence continues to rise worldwide. Differentiated thyroid cancer is the most frequent subtype of thyroid cancer and in most patients the standard treatment (surgery followed by either radioactive iodine or observation) is effective. Patients with other, more rare subtypes of thyroid cancer-medullary and anaplastic-are ideally treated by physicians with experience managing these malignancies. Targeted treatments that are approved for differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers have prolonged progression-free survival, but these drugs are not curative and therefore are reserved for patients with progressive or symptomatic disease.
Category: Colon_Cancer
TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) plays a critical role in the regulation of innate immune responses and adaptive immune responses. Though recent studies indicate that TRAF6 is involved in cancer, its precise role in cancer including colon cancer has not been extensively investigated and remains largely unknown. The purpose of this work is to determine the expression of TRAF6 in colon cancer as well as the possible role of it in proliferation and apoptosis of colon cancer cells. Fifty colon cancer tissues paired with their adjacent non-cancerous tissues were analyzed. TRAF6 expression is upregulated in cancers (P=0.000), which is correlated with tumor grades (P=0.012). The tumor tissue-array analysis also indicates that expression of TRAF6 is upregulated in colon cancer (P=0.000), but the TRAF6 upregulation has no association with patients' survival rate (P=0.055). We found that knockdown of TRAF6 blocks proliferation of colon cancer cells through cyclin D1. Different from other reports, in our experiments knockdown of TRAF6 alone has little effect on survival of colon cancer cells examined. Knockdown of TRAF6 sensitizes the cells to treatment of the conventional anti-cancer drugs 5-fluorouracil and etoposide. Thus, inhibition of TRAF6 may improve the therapeutic treatment of these drugs. Together, our data suggest that TRAF6 promotes proliferation of colon cancer cells and it may serve as a potential target for therapy of colon cancer.
Category: Generic
This review examines the current state and application of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in cardiovascular medicine. AI is changing the clinical practice of medicine in other specialties. With progress continuing in this emerging technology, the impact for cardiovascular medicine is highlighted to provide insight for the practicing clinician and to identify potential patient benefits.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Bacteria species, which are used as probiotics, are lactic acid bacteria. The majority of them are under the genera Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus. The aim of the present study was to isolate and identify Bifidobacterium and to evaluate the effects of their 24 h and 120 h cell-free supernatants (CFS) from both cultures on colon cancer cell line.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
In summary, PTC is common, although it rarely results in disease-specific mortality. It is being diagnosed increasingly in the subclinical phase as a result of enhanced ultrasound imaging and more aggressive surveillance of smaller thyroid nodules. US-guided FNA is the "gold-standard" for diagnosis. Although controversy continues about the appropriate surgical management of PTC, total thyroidectomy is usually indicated given the frequent multicentricity and metastases of the disease, which in turn, necessitates adjuvant RAI and careful surveillance. An enhanced prognostic classification could better guide initial surgical therapy, standardize surveillance, and reduce the risk of recurrent and persistent disease. Research efforts should focus on the genetic and molecular underpinnings of PTC, as these would facilitate the identification of additional prognostic factors and potential targets for novel therapies.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Reports indicate that up to 40% of patients with colon cancer require nonelective resection, which has been shown to portend worse long-term prognosis compared with elective resection. We used a national database to identify specific preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative factors mediating the acuity-survival relationship in an effort to identify areas of medical practice that can serve as targets for improvement in cancer care.
Category: Generic
Building and expanding on principles of statistics, machine learning, and scientific inquiry, we propose the predictability, computability, and stability (PCS) framework for veridical data science. Our framework, composed of both a workflow and documentation, aims to provide responsible, reliable, reproducible, and transparent results across the data science life cycle. The PCS workflow uses predictability as a reality check and considers the importance of computation in data collection/storage and algorithm design. It augments predictability and computability with an overarching stability principle. Stability expands on statistical uncertainty considerations to assess how human judgment calls impact data results through data and model/algorithm perturbations. As part of the PCS workflow, we develop PCS inference procedures, namely PCS perturbation intervals and PCS hypothesis testing, to investigate the stability of data results relative to problem formulation, data cleaning, modeling decisions, and interpretations. We illustrate PCS inference through neuroscience and genomics projects of our own and others. Moreover, we demonstrate its favorable performance over existing methods in terms of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in high-dimensional, sparse linear model simulations, including a wide range of misspecified models. Finally, we propose PCS documentation based on R Markdown or Jupyter Notebook, with publicly available, reproducible codes and narratives to back up human choices made throughout an analysis. The PCS workflow and documentation are demonstrated in a genomics case study available on Zenodo.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Acceptance of laparoscopy for the management of oncological disease has been slow due to the increased complexity of the technique, requirement of technological advances, and fears for the oncological safety of the approach. Laparoscopic oncological surgery has a role in the management of oncological patients at all stages of disease. Good evidence exists for the laparoscopic approach being a viable option for colon cancer patients. Current large multicenter trials will report the true outcomes of laparoscopic colon cancer surgery and how it compares with open surgery. This article examines some of the parameters by which laparoscopic colectomy will be judged.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancers frequently have a good prognosis, most of the patients are young and have a long life expectancy. Several hundreds of cases have to be observed over two to five decades before establishing studies of significant actuarial survival and determining the initial prognostic factors likely to characterize the disease. These elements necessitate the creation of a thyroid cancer registry gathering together, from several centres, the data and allowing a computerized multifactorial analysis. Each hospital will have the possibility to participate, with the help of the Belgian Campaign against Cancer, by means of a simple computerized system. Pathologists, endocrinologists, radiologists, radioisotope specialists and surgeons will coordinate their efforts to supply the necessary data to epidemiologists, statisticians and fundamental-researchers. Substantial progress can be expected providing all agree to an individual and collective effort which will have beneficial repercussions on the quality of patient care and the progress of knowledge. The Belgian Thyroid Cancer Study Group will permit our national medicine to meet the European requirements in this regard.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
A personalized approach to the management of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) presents several challenges; however, in the past decade significant progress has been made in both diagnostic and treatment modalities. Germline rearranged in transfection (RET) testing in multiple endocrine neoplasia 2 and 3, and somatic RET testing in sporadic MTC have revolutionized the treatment options available to patients. Positron emission tomography imaging with novel radioligands has improved characterization of disease and a new international grading system can predict prognosis. Systemic therapy for persistent and metastatic disease has evolved significantly with targeted kinase therapy especially for those harboring germline or somatic RET variants. Selpercatinib and pralsetinib are highly selective RET kinase inhibitors that have shown improved progression-free survival with better tolerability than outcomes seen in earlier multikinase inhibitor studies. Here we discuss changes in paradigms for MTC patients: from determining RET alteration status upfront to novel techniques for the evaluation of this heterogenous disease. Successes and challenges with kinase inhibitor use will illustrate how managing this rare malignancy continues to evolve.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Of 195 cases of colon cancer operated on between January 1972 and April 1985, 56 (30.3%) were with macroscopic invasion into surrounding organs. Among them, 45 patients underwent combined resection of the colon and one or more adjacent organs, and in 60% of them, the tumor invasion was verified microscopically. The organ invaded most frequently was the abdominal wall (26 cases), followed by the bladder (7) and stomach (6). The operative mortality was 8.9%, and the five-year survival rate in the curative resection group was 70.9%. Even the noncurative resection group showed a significantly longer mean survival time than the nonresectable group. Combined resection should be undertaken unless the patient is seriously ill.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. It is categorized into two histological groups that have distinct clinical behaviors, the nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and the small cell lung cancer (SCLC). When identified at an early stage, NSCLC is treated by surgical resection. However, patients who undergo surgical resection still have a relative low survival rate, primarily for tumor recurrence. Unfortunately, advances in cytotoxic therapy have reached a plateau and new approaches to treatment are needed together with new and better parameters for more accurate prediction of the outcome and more precise indication of the efficacy of the treatment. Several in vitro studies have examined the role of Clusterin (CLU) in carcinogenesis, lung cancer progression, and response to chemo- and radiotherapy. Studies performed in lung cancer cell lines and animal models showed that CLU is upregulated after exposure to chemo- and radiotherapy. A potential role proposed for the protein is cytoprotective. In vitro, CLU silencing by antisense oligonucleotides (ASO) and small-interfering RNAs (siRNA) directed against CLU mRNA in CLU-rich lung cancer cell lines sensitized cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and decreased their metastatic potential. In vivo, a recent work analyzed the prognostic role of CLU in NSCLC, showing that CLU-positive patients with lung cancer had a better overall survival and disease-free survival than those with CLU-negative tumors. These data are contradictory to the promising in vitro results. From the results of these studies we may hypothesize that in early-stage lung cancers CLU represents a positive biomarker correlating with better overall survival. In advanced patients, already treated with chemo- and radiotherapy, the induction of CLU may confer resistance to the treatments. However, many studies are needed to better understand the role of CLU in early-stage and advanced lung cancers with the aim to discriminate patients and specific local conditions that could benefit for a CLU knocking down treatment.
Category: Generic
With the joint advancement in areas such as pervasive neural data sensing, neural computing, neuromodulation and artificial intelligence, neural interface has become a promising technology facilitating both the closed-loop neurorehabilitation for neurologically impaired patients and the intelligent man-machine interactions for general application purposes. However, although neural interface has been widely studied, few previous studies focused on the cybersecurity issues in related applications. In this survey, we systematically investigated possible cybersecurity risks in neural interfaces, together with potential solutions to these problems. Importantly, our survey considers interfacing techniques on both central nervous systems (i.e., brain-computer interfaces) and peripheral nervous systems (i.e., general neural interfaces), covering diverse neural modalities such as electroencephalography, electromyography and more. Moreover, our survey is organized on three different levels: (1) the data level, which mainly focuses on the privacy leakage issue via attacking and analyzing neural database of users; (2) the permission level, which mainly focuses on the prospects and risks to directly use real time neural signals as biometrics for continuous and unobtrusive user identity verification; and (3) the model level, which mainly focuses on adversarial attacks and defenses on both the forward neural decoding models (e.g. via machine learning) and the backward feedback implementation models (e.g. via neuromodulation and stimulation). This is the first study to systematically investigate cybersecurity risks and possible solutions in neural interfaces which covers both central and peripheral nervous systems, and considers multiple different levels to provide a complete picture of this issue.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A 78-year-old man was referred to our hospital with diarrhea, melena, and weight loss. During a digital rectal examination, a protuberant mass located 7-8 cm above the anal verge was palpable. Computed tomography(CT)scans of his chest, abdomen, and pelvis revealed an intestinal obstruction with a target sign in the lower rectum, indicating intussusception due to a sigmoid colon mass. A gastrografin enema examination revealed a typical filling defect with a crab claw sign in the rectum. However, the enema did not reduce the intussusception. The surgical findings showed that the sigmoid colon had slipped inside the rectum, consistent with the diagnostic imaging findings. A radical sigmoidectomy(D2)with diverting colostomy was performed to address the unprepared colon with accompanying edema. Pathology of the resected specimen revealed a type 2 tumor measuring 5 cm in size and comprising moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma(pT3pN0M0, pStage ). The patient's postoperative course was uneventful, and his stoma was closed 2 months later. Intussusception occurs less frequently in adults than in children. In a case of bowel-within-bowel configuration, in which layers of the bowel are duplicated to form concentric rings, the target-like sign on CT images may be a useful diagnostic marker of colorectal intussusception.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
From these data and data from the literature, our recommended treatment for well-differentiated cancer is as follows: For papillary cancer, resection should be adequate to encompass the entire tumor, which in most cases would be complete lobectomy and possibly isthmusectomy. Prophylactic neck dissection is of no value; therapeutic modified neck dissection should be done for stage II disease. Follicular cancer can be treated by lobectomy (for small lesions) or subtotal thyroidectomy. Although total or near-total thyroidectomy may be required in selected patients with large primary cancers or in those with extensive capsular invasion or extrathyroid extension, the number of cases indicating this is small. There were only a few such patients with large primaries requiring total thyroidectomy in this study. Total thyroidectomy is best avoided in most cases, considering the price of hypoparathyroidism and the lack of significant improvement in survival compared with lesser ablative techniques. Postoperative ablation with iodine-131 did not improve survival in staged patients with papillary cancer (the number of patients with follicular cancer was too small for analysis). Postoperative thyroid suppression by exogenous thyroid hormone postoperatively appeared to improve survival. Although the data were not adequate for evaluation in follicular cancer, there seems to be no reason not to use this postoperatively in high-risk patients with either papillary or follicular cancer.
Category: Generic
An automated platform for cell culture combines robotics and artificial intelligence to optimize cell culture protocols and reliably produce specific cell types that could be used for regenerative medicine treatments.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system with a steadily rising incidence. The term "thyroid cancer" encompasses a spectrum of subtypes, namely papillary thyroid cancer, follicular thyroid cancer, anaplastic thyroid cancer, and medullary thyroid cancer. Each subtype differs histopathologically and in degrees of cellular differentiation, which may be in part due to signaling of the Notch pathway. The Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signal transduction mechanism that regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, stem cell maintenance, embryonic and adult development, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and angiogenesis. Its role in cancer biology is controversial, as it has been shown to play both an oncogenic and tumor-suppressive role in many different types of cancers. This discordance holds true for each subtype of thyroid cancer, indicating that Notch signaling is likely cell type and context dependent. Whether oncogenic or not, Notch signaling has proven to be significantly involved in the tumorigenesis of thyroid cancer and has thus earned interest as a therapeutic target. Advancement in the understanding of Notch signaling in thyroid cancer holds great promise for the development of novel treatment strategies to benefit patients.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Radiation is an environmental factor that elevates the risk of developing thyroid cancer. Actual and possible scenarios of exposures to external and internal radiation are multiple and diverse. This article reviews radiation doses to the thyroid and corresponding cancer risks due to planned, existing, and emergency exposure situations, and medical, public, and occupational categories of exposures. Any exposure scenario may deliver a range of doses to the thyroid, and the risk for cancer is addressed along with modifying factors. The consequences of the Chornobyl and Fukushima nuclear power plant accidents are described, summarizing the information on thyroid cancer epidemiology, treatment, and prognosis, clinicopathological characteristics, and genetic alterations. The Chornobyl thyroid cancers have evolved in time: becoming less aggressive and driver shifting from fusions to point mutations. A comparison of thyroid cancers from the 2 areas reveals numerous differences that cumulatively suggest the low probability of the radiogenic nature of thyroid cancers in Fukushima. In view of continuing usage of different sources of radiation in various settings, the possible ways of reducing thyroid cancer risk from exposures are considered. For external exposures, reasonable measures are generally in line with the As Low As Reasonably Achievable principle, while for internal irradiation from radioactive iodine, thyroid blocking with stable iodine may be recommended in addition to other measures in case of anticipated exposures from a nuclear reactor accident. Finally, the perspectives of studies of radiation effects on the thyroid are discussed from the epidemiological, basic science, and clinical points of view.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Several studies suggested that frequent eating may increase colon cancer risk. To further clarify this issue, a case-control study was carried out in six areas of Italy on 1,225 incident cases or = 4 vs. < or = 2 daily meals = 1.24). Coffee intake, which was inversely associated with cancer risk, exerted a modification effect, with an odds ratio of 1.89 for frequent eaters who drank fewer than two cups of coffee per day. Frequent eating increases, whereas high coffee intake decreases, the excretion of bile acids, which are suspected to be carcinogenic to the colon. Thus, it is conceivable that frequent coffee intake may counterbalance the effect of frequent eating.
Category: Generic
Deep learning is a powerful machine learning technique that can learn from large amounts of data using multiple layers of artificial neural networks. This paper reviews some applications of deep learning in bioinformatics, a field that deals with analyzing and interpreting biological data. We first introduce the basic concepts of deep learning and then survey the recent advances and challenges of applying deep learning to various bioinformatics problems, such as genome sequencing, gene expression analysis, protein structure prediction, drug discovery, and disease diagnosis. We also discuss future directions and opportunities for deep learning in bioinformatics. We aim to provide an overview of deep learning so that bioinformaticians applying deep learning models can consider all critical technical and ethical aspects. Thus, our target audience is biomedical informatics researchers who use deep learning models for inference. This review will inspire more bioinformatics researchers to adopt deep-learning methods for their research questions while considering fairness, potential biases, explainability, and accountability.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of death worldwide. Its overall survival rate has improved only slightly, and surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy remain the mainstays of current treatment. Therapies with novel targeted agents are currently under active investigation in all settings of treatment including chemoprevention, defined as the use of natural or synthetic agents to interrupt the process of carcinogenesis and to prevent or delay tumor occurrence. Thus, chemoprevention describes the collaborative efforts of researchers in basic science and clinical settings who study the biology of lung cancer with the hope of uncovering new mechanisms of treatment. Because lung cancer has become an increasingly difficult problem to treat with standard therapies, chemopreventive strategies have been developed. Small molecule compounds that target specific receptors or mutations will play an increasingly significant role in treatment of lung cancer because the side effect profiles of such agents are tolerable and they may be more effective than other treatments.