EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
Most chemical carcinogens are metabolized and activated in vivo by phase I enzymes including the microsomal cytochromes P450 and epoxide hydroxylases. The carcinogens and their metabolites are detoxified by phase II enzymes that in clude various transferases such as glutathion-S-transferases (GST). Increasing numbers of studies have demonstrated the association of the polymorphisms inGSTM1 (a member of GST) andCYP1A1 genes with the susceptibility to lung cancer. Subsequently, the polymorphisms appear to be important biomarkers that provide information for assessment of exposure and total burden of environmental carcinogens. Therefore, the investigation of the polymorphisms in these genes will provide information not only for the prediction of individual cancer risk but also for the prevention of cancer. In this review, we will summarize the polymorphisms in theGSTM1 andCYP1A1 genes and their relation to lung cancer susceptibility.
Category: Lung_Cancer
This articles aims to review epidemiological aspects related to lung cancer (LC). The risk factors for LC are external factors and host factors. One can note an increasing incidence of LC in women, related to considerable increase of smoking habits in this group. Mortality by LC is related to number of cigarettes smoked daily and how deep the smoke is inhaled. Air pollution and occupational factors increase the LC risk among industrial workers. Pre-existing lung diseases (pulmonary fibrosis, COPD or bronchial asthma) can increase the risk for LC. There are also genetic factors involved in LC. Carcinogenesis is a multi-stage process. In each stage exogenous and endogenous factors are involved, determining mutations on the dominant oncogenes and on genes suppressing tumor appearance.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Over the past few years, evidence has accumulated indicating that apart from genetic alterations, epigenetic alterations, through e.g. aberrant promoter methylation, play a major role in the initiation and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). Even in the hereditary colon cancer syndromes, in which the susceptibility is inherited dominantly, cancer develops only as the result of the progressive accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. Diet can both prevent and induce colon carcinogenesis, for instance, through epigenetic changes, which regulate the homeostasis of the intestinal mucosa. Food-derived compounds are constantly present in the intestine and may shift cellular balance toward harmful outcomes, such as increased susceptibility to mutations. There is strong evidence that a major component of cancer risk may involve epigenetic changes in normal cells that increase the probability of cancer after genetic mutation. The recognition of epigenetic changes as a driving force in colorectal neoplasia would open new areas of research in disease epidemiology, risk assessment, and treatment, especially in mutation carriers who already have an inherited predisposition to cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Cell growth and proliferation are controlled through different posttranslational modifications including demethylation, a process regulated by regulated by the demethylase enzymes. This review focuses on our current understanding of functional and therapeutic potentials of histone demethylases in colon cancer. Colon cancer is the third most common malignancy worldwide and the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. The key protein families responsible for demethylation of histones, histone demethylases, have emerged as new therapeutic targets in different cancer types including colon cancer. These families are of great interest as potential novel biomarkers for diagnosis and targets for therapy and prevention of colon cancer. In this manuscript, we will discuss our current understanding of the histone demethylase family, and the role they play as epigenetic activators or repressors of different genes in colon cancer.
Category: Generic
Artificial intelligence (AI) applications have significantly improved our everyday quality of life. The last decade has witnessed the emergence of up-and-coming applications in the field of dentistry. It is hopeful that AI, especially machine learning (ML), due to its powerful capacity for image processing and decision support systems, will find extensive application in orthodontics in the future. We performed a comprehensive literature review of the latest studies on the application of ML in orthodontic procedures, including diagnosis, decision-making and treatment. Machine learning models have been found to perform similar to or with even higher accuracy than humans in landmark identification, skeletal classification, bone age prediction, and tooth segmentation. Meanwhile, compared to human experts, ML algorithms allow for high agreement and stability in orthodontic decision-making procedures and treatment effect evaluation. However, current research on ML raises important questions regarding its interpretability and dataset sample reliability. Therefore, more collaboration between orthodontic professionals and technicians is urged to achieve a positive symbiosis between AI and the clinic.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Cigarette smoking is responsible for enormous health consequences. Lung cancer is fatal in over 80% of cases, and effective treatment is limited. The medical impact of cigarette smoking will diminish with effective measures to prevent smoking and nicotine addiction and to promote smoking cessation. Efforts should focus on the teenage population, with a combination of social, economic, and legislative interventions.
Category: Generic
Congenital diseases requiring reconstruction of parts of the gastrointestinal tract, skin, or bone are a challenge to alleviate especially in rapidly growing children. Novel technologies may be the answer. This article presents the state-of-art in regenerative robotic technologies, which are technologies that assist tissues and organs to regenerate using sensing and mechanotherapeutical capabilities. It addresses the challenges in the development of such technologies, among which are autonomy and fault-tolerance for long-term therapy as well as morphological conformations and compliance of such devices to adapt to gradual changes of the tissues in vivo. The potential as medical devices for delivering therapies for tissue growth and as tools for scientific exploration of regenerative mechanisms is also discussed.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
There have been significant advances in our understanding of carcinogenesis at the molecular level over the last 25 years. Oncogenes are of major interest as part of our search for knowledge surrounding the aetiology of cancer. There are several oncogenes associated with thyroid cancer. Detailed investigation of the nature and function of these tumour genes has provided important insights into both the tumour biology and the complex biochemical pathways of normal cellular functioning. Our knowledge of oncogene biology offers the hope of better diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic modalities in our fight against this and other common cancers. Development of specific thyroid tumour markers and gene therapy is now a realistic prospect to supplement our present armamentarium of surgery and radiotherapy. This review aims to outline the pertinent information gained so far from studies of these oncogenes and provides both clinical relevance and fuel for further interest amongst the ENT thyroid community in this exciting area of research.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
This article reviews most common types of thyroid cancer focusing on older males worldwide. Thyroid carcinoma is the most common endocrine malignancy. It includes tumour types that range from localised papillary carcinomas to lethal anaplastic disease. Among elderly population, male gender seems to be highly correlated with the risk and aggressiveness of thyroid cancer. Early diagnosis and urgent aggressive treatment are important for aging patients. This article includes numerous studies which evaluate prevalence, morbidity and mortality of thyroid cancer in older males.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The aggressive nature of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is evidenced by its propensity to present early with lymph node (LN) metastases. The clinical significance of sporadic MTC < or =1 cm (micro-MTC) is not clearly defined.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Li and colleagues demonstrate that the hematopoietic transcription factor Aiolos (named after the Wind God of Greek mythology) confers anoikis resistance in lung tumor cells through repression of cell adhesion-related genes including the mechanosensor p66Shc.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid carcinoma is a documented medical consequence of the Chernobyl accident, but medicobiological and other aspects of this problem are not yet understood completely because Chernobyl thyroid carcinoma (CTC) is not a single nosological entity but an integrated notion including various groups of population of different age and sex, pollution of the territory, various histogenesis (A-, C-cells) and morphogenesis, latent period (minimal 4 years, maximal not yet known), variable clinical and morphological manifestations. Further CTC studies are needed on a special long-term program.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Activating mutations in the gene encoding BRAF are the most commonly identified oncogenic abnormalities in papillary thyroid cancer. In vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated that overexpression of activated BRAF induces malignant transformation and aggressive tumour behaviour. BRAF and other RAF kinases are frequently activated by other thyroid oncogenes and are important mediators of their biological effects including dedifferentiation and proliferation. Because current therapeutic options for patients with thyroid cancers that are aggressive and/or do not respond to standard therapies are limited, BRAF and its downstream effectors represent attractive therapeutic targets. In this review, data supporting a role for BRAF activation in thyroid cancer development and establishing the potential therapeutic efficacy of BRAF-targeted agents in patients with thyroid cancer will be reviewed.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A wealth of scientific evidence supports a role for vitamin D in decreasing colorectal cancer incidence, and possibly mortality. This reduction in risk is related to inhibition of cellular proliferation and stimulation of differentiation. The minimal amount and duration needed to bring about these effects necessitate additional studies. Furthermore, a critical evaluation of physiologically relevant biomarkers of vitamin D status, including 25-hydroxyvitamin D, is needed. Several dietary components and the balance between energy intake and expenditure influence vitamin D metabolism. Scientists need to identify confounders and modifiers of the biological response to vitamin D, including dietary factors, lifestyle factors such as exercise, race or ethnicity, and genetic background.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Of 2,058 patients who had surgically proven primary hyperparathyroidism at the Mayo Clinic from 1965 through 1979, 51 or 2.5 percent had associated nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma. A history of radiation exposure to the head and neck was obtained in 14 of 43 patients questioned. Thyroid disease consisted of grade 1 papillary adenocarcinoma in 48 cases and pure follicular adenocarcinoma in 3 cases. The parathyroid disease included 41 single adenomas and 5 cases of parathyroid hyperplasia; 5 patients had 2 adenomas. At follow-up, none of the patients had evidence of metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Ten patients were receiving calcium or vitamin D supplementation for protracted hypocalcemia presumably due to the increased insult to the parathyroids from combined bilateral thyroidectomy and parathyroidectomy. More consecutive thyroidectomy, along with parathyroid autotransplantation when indicated, will provide definitive treatment of the thyroid cancer and at the same time minimize the risk of postoperative hypoparathyroidism.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Skin metastases from visceral cancers are rare and the reported incidence from all visceral cancers is 1.4% to 10%. Skin metastases from colorectal cancers account for only 5% of metastatic skin cancers, among which scalp metastases are very rare. We describe a 53-year-old man with scalp metastasis derived from sigmoid colon cancer that was diagnosed and surgically resected in 2005. Metastatic lung tumors that developed thereafter were surgically resected and then chemotherapy was administered. However, metastatic brain tumors occurred in 2008, and these were treated by gamma-knife radiosurgery. Around the same time, a raised lesion that appeared on the scalp was diagnosed as skin metastasis and treated with best supportive care. Thereafter, the brain metastases continued to spread, and the patient died in October 2008.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is associated with a family history in up to 25% of cases. As many as 5% are associated with an established hereditary syndrome, demonstrating the profound influence of inheritable genetic mechanisms in the development of this disease. These syndromes confer a diverse spectrum of risk, age of presentation, endoscopic and histological findings, extracolonic manifestations, and modes of inheritance. As the molecular characteristics of these disorders become better described, enhanced genotype-phenotype correlations may offer a more targeted approach to diagnosis, screening, and surveillance. While the strategies for diagnosis and management of familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and Lynch syndrome are more established, the approach to newly recognized syndromes such as MUTYH-associated polyposis (MAP) and hyperplastic polyposis syndromes continues to evolve. Effective cancer prevention in affected individuals and at-risk family members first requires timely recognition of these hereditary colon cancer syndromes followed by integration of genetic testing and clinical examinations.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The National Lung Screening Study has demonstrated that screening with low-dose spiral computed tomography results in fewer deaths from lung cancer compared with screening with chest radiography (CXR). Previous trials of screening with CXR and sputum cytology failed to exhibit fewer deaths compared with no screening intervention. Early computed tomography (CT) studies showed promise for CT to be a more sensitive test, yet were unable to demonstrate sufficient evidence of efficacy. This review examines the problem of early lung cancer detection, the issues presented by screening, and results of past and recent studies of lung cancer screening.
Category: Lung_Cancer
We report our experience of the presentation and management of symptomatic hypercalcaemia in advanced lung cancer. Between 1981 and 1987, 55 patients required urgent admission due to rapid clinical deterioration accompanied by significant hypercalcaemia (greater than 2.75 mmol l-1). Forty patients (72%) had squamous cell cancer, five small cell, three large cell, two adenocarcinoma and five unclassified. Thirty-five had evidence of bony metastases. Symptoms were categorized for each patient on the basis of being either potentially attributable to hypercalcaemia or not. All patients were rehydrated but specific treatment schedules over the period varied [1981-1985: steroids, calcitonin, mithramycin; 1985-1987: aminohydroxypropylidene bisphosphonate (APD)]. Treatment resulted in a significant reduction in the prevalence of all systems except for pain and nausea/vomiting; the greatest effect being seen on central nervous system and renal tract symptoms (75 and 80% reduction respectively; P less than 0.005 pre- versus post-treatment). Overall, 45 patients (82%) had a biochemical response; serum calcium fell from 3.28 +/- 0.33 mmol l-1 (mean +/- SE) to a nadir of 2.54 +/- 0.36 mmol l-1 (P less than 0.001). Twenty-five (49%) patients were discharged home. We conclude that despite the poor life expectancy of this group of patients (median survival 42 days) treatment of hypercalcaemia is worthwhile as it results in a significant symptomatic improvement.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Gastrin is trophic for normal gastric and colonic mucosa. We examined the potential trophic effects of chronic gastrin administration on the growth of mouse colon adenocarcinoma (MC-26). Thirty-three mice bearing transplantable MC-26 colon cancers were treated with varying doses (125, 250, or 500 micrograms/kg/day) of pentagastrin. Significant increases in tumor weight and DNA content were observed. Fundic mucosal weight and DNA content in these mice showed a dose-related trophic response. The weight of control fundic mucosa was 10 mg and rose to 20, 45, and 65 mg with increasing doses of gastrin. The DNA content of control fundic mucosa was 155 micrograms and rose to 220, 340, and 480 micrograms as the dose of gastrin was increased. Pentagastrin stimulated growth of the MC-26 colon cancer, but the threshold for gastrin-stimulated tumor growth was different from that of normal mucosal growth. The hyperplastic response of the fundic mucosa was increased by increasing gastrin doses; whereas, colon cancer hyperplasia was maximal at the lowest dose tested (125 micrograms/kg/day) and did not increase further with increasing doses of hormone. Mice bearing gastrin-stimulated tumors died at a significantly greater rate than did mice with untreated tumors (80% of control mice and none of the treated mice were alive at day 55). The effects of gastrin treatment on the growth of MC-26 colon cancer persist after treatment is discontinued; mice with tumors that were treated with gastrin for either 7 or 14 days and in which the treatment was stopped were all dead by 35 or 28 days, respectively, after the end of treatment.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Identification of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is becoming increasingly common. Patients usually have an excellent prognosis. Most undergo total thyroidectomy, radioiodine ablation and treatment with suppressive doses of levothyroxine. Patients require long term follow-up which includes measurement of serum thyroglobulin (Tg). Interpretation of serum Tg requires knowledge of the concurrent thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration, as secretion is TSH dependant, and an awareness of the limitations of the methods used to measure it. These limitations include the heterogeneity of Tg in serum, the ability of assays to recognise forms of Tg secreted by a tumour, assay biases and not least the potential for interference in immunoassays for Tg from endogenous thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAbs) in patient serum. This review considers what the clinician wants to know and how Tg results can be interpreted in light of an awareness of assay limitations.
Category: Generic
Radiology artificial intelligence (AI) projects involve the integration of integrating numerous medical devices, wireless technologies, data warehouses, and social networks. While cybersecurity threats are not new to healthcare, their prevalence has increased with the rise of AI research for applications in radiology, making them one of the major healthcare risks of 2021. Radiologists have extensive experience with the interpretation of medical imaging data but radiologists may not have the required level of awareness or training related to AI-specific cybersecurity concerns. Healthcare providers and device manufacturers can learn from other industry sector industries that have already taken steps to improve their cybersecurity systems. This review aims to introduce cybersecurity concepts as it relates to medical imaging and to provide background information on general and healthcare-specific cybersecurity challenges. We discuss approaches to enhancing the level and effectiveness of security through detection and prevention techniques, as well as ways that technology can improve security while mitigating risks. We first review general cybersecurity concepts and regulatory issues before examining these topics in the context of radiology AI, with a specific focus on data, training, data, training, implementation, and auditability. Finally, we suggest potential risk mitigation strategies. By reading this review, healthcare providers, researchers, and device developers can gain a better understanding of the potential risks associated with radiology AI projects, as well as strategies to improve cybersecurity and reduce potential associated risks. CLINICAL RELEVANCE STATEMENT: This review can aid radiologists' and related professionals' understanding of the potential cybersecurity risks associated with radiology AI projects, as well as strategies to improve security. KEY POINTS: Embarking on a radiology artificial intelligence (AI) project is complex and not without risk especially as cybersecurity threats have certainly become more abundant in the healthcare industry. Fortunately healthcare providers and device manufacturers have the advantage of being able to take inspiration from other industry sectors who are leading the way in the field. Herein we provide an introduction to cybersecurity as it pertains to radiology, a background to both general and healthcare-specific cybersecurity challenges; we outline general approaches to improving security through both detection and preventative techniques, and instances where technology can increase security while mitigating risks.
Category: Generic
De novo drug design aims to generate novel chemical compounds with desirable chemical and pharmacological properties from scratch using computer-based methods. Recently, deep generative neural networks have become a very active research frontier in de novo drug discovery, both in theoretical and in experimental evidence, shedding light on a promising new direction of automatic molecular generation and optimization. In this review, we discussed recent development of deep learning models for molecular generation and summarized them as four different generative architectures with four different optimization strategies. We also discussed future directions of deep generative models for de novo drug design.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the most incident types of cancer and a leading cause of cancer mortality in Brazil. We reviewed the current status of lung cancer by searching relevant data on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment in the country. This review highlights several issues that need to be addressed, including smoking control, patient lack of awareness, late diagnosis, and disparities in the access to cancer health care facilities in Brazil. We propose strategies to help overcome these limitations and challenge health care providers, as well as the society and governmental representatives, to work together and to take a step forward in fighting lung cancer.