EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
The role of limited lung resection 'segmentectomy and wedge resection' in the treatment of lung cancer has been reviewed. Survival for patients with stage I lung cancer and lesions less than 2 cm is comparable to that of major resections such as lobectomy. The theoretical advantage of limited resection is the simplicity of the procedure and the potential for performing it through lesser invasive techniques. The major drawback at this time which should render it a compromise rather than a choice operation is the increased risk of locoregional recurrence. Until properly conducted clinical trials validate its efficacy in peripheral T1 lung cancer with or without adjuvent therapy, sublobar resection should be limited to patients that are at poor risk of tolerating major lung resection. Sublobar resections however may also play a useful role in treatment of metachronous or synchronous lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Chemoprevention science is in flux owing to rapid advances in postgenomic technology. We have witnessed enormous advances in the areas of early detection and molecular profiling of colorectal carcinogenesis; however, unique interpretive and technologic challenges persist. Neoplastic hallmarks must be iteratively tested and validated as markers of risk, targets for intervention, and/or markers of response in order to expedite the development of preventive interventions. In this review, we highlight several of the technologies that are revolutionizing our understanding of carcinogenesis and our approach to colorectal cancer prevention.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Panitumumab, a fully-human monoclonal antibody raised against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMEA) for the treatment of patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic colorectal carcinoma (mCRC) after failure of standard chemotherapy. Additionally, the guideline of the EMEA includes the use of panitumumab in patients with wild-type KRAS. The goal of the current study was to evaluate the effect of panitumumab on colon cancer cells, proliferation, apoptosis, necrosis, cell cycle arrest and autophagy. The effect of panitumumab on the redox status of the cells was also studied.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Pulmonary aspergillosis occurs in the parenchymal cavities or ectatic airways. It rarely affects healthy people with an intact immune response. There have been few reports describing an aspergilloma mimicking a lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Background: Little is known about financial hardship among Hispanic women with thyroid cancer. The goal of this study was to determine the prevalence of financial hardship and to identify correlates of financial hardship in this understudied patient group. Methods: We surveyed Hispanic women who had diagnoses of thyroid cancer reported to the Los Angeles Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry in 2014-2015, and who had previously completed our thyroid cancer survey in 2017-2018 (N = 273; 80% response rate). Acculturation was assessed with the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH). Patients were asked about three outcome measures since their thyroid cancer diagnosis: (i) financial status, (ii) insurance status, and (iii) material measures of financial hardship, collapsed into a single composite measure of financial hardship. We used multivariable logistic regression to identify correlates of financial hardship. Results: Patients' median age at diagnosis was 47 years (range 20-79 years); 49% were low-acculturated and 47% reported financial hardship. Since their thyroid cancer diagnosis, 31% and 12% of the cohort reported being worse off regarding financial and insurance status, respectively. In multivariable analysis, high-acculturated older women were less likely to experience financial hardship compared with high-acculturated 20-year-old women. While financial hardship decreased with age for high-acculturated women (p = 0.002), financial hardship remained elevated across all age groups for low-acculturated women (p = 0.54). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that across all age groups, low-acculturated Hispanic women with thyroid cancer are vulnerable to financial hardship, emphasizing the need for tailored patient-focused interventions.
Category: Colon_Cancer
In an 83-year-old woman presenting with gallstones and a cancer in the sigmoid colon, resection was performed through a median incision, after which the wound was extended, the stones were crushed, and the gallbladder was infolded and sutured (reefed). Even in elderly patients, some treatment for bile stones should be done at abdominal section to avoid future cholecystitis or complications. Reefing is a useful technique that can be done easily from a comparatively narrow field of view.
Category: Generic
Cybersecurity is a critical issue that must be prioritized not just by enterprises of all kinds, but also by national security. To safeguard an organization's cyberenvironments, information, and communication technologies, many enterprises are investing substantially in cybersecurity these days. One part of the cyberdefense mechanism is building an enterprises' security policies library, for consistent implementation of security controls. Significant and common cybersecurity policies of various enterprises are compared and explored in this study to provide robust and comprehensive cybersecurity knowledge that can be used in various enterprises. Several significant common security policies were identified and discussed in this comprehensive study. This study identified 10 common cybersecurity policy aspects in five enterprises: healthcare, finance, education, aviation, and e-commerce. We aimed to build a strong infrastructure in each business, and investigate the security laws and policies that apply to all businesses in each sector. Furthermore, the findings of this study reveal that the importance of cybersecurity requirements differ across multiple organizations. The choice and applicability of cybersecurity policies are determined by the type of information under control and the security requirements of organizations in relation to these policies.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Epigenetic changes have been detected in thyroid cancer cells, and evidence indicates that they may contribute to altered differentiation and proliferation of these cells. Histone acetylation/deacetylation represents a major mechanism for modulating the expression of genes, including those involved in neoplastic transformation, and drugs that inhibit histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity have displayed promising anti-tumor activity in many pre-clinical studies.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer, accounting for about 1% of all cancers. Sarcomas, lymphomas and metastases to the thyroid gland are rare and only with a handful of descriptions in the literature.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The terms "hereditary," "sporadic," and "familial" colorectal cancer (CRC) suggest a knowledge of causation; however, current understanding of CRC does not permit categorization of differing CRC risks in accord with their cause per se. Despite these serious shortcomings, these terms are defined operationally on the basis of a family history of cancer, and when available, additional phenotypic information. The sporadic type occurs in the absence of a family history of CRC in a first-degree relative. The familial type occurs when at least one first-degree relative has CRC. Both these categories require the exclusion of hereditary CRC. In the case of hereditary CRC, this type is defined as a family history of CRC occurring in a pattern that indicates autosomal-dominant inheritance, which also may involve certain phenotypic signs (depending on the specific disorder, i.e., florid adenomatous polyps, benign and malignant extracolonic lesions, cancer of unusually early onset, and multiple primary cancer, particularly synchronous and metachronous CRC). Although this operational classification does not produce etiologically homogeneous groups, it is believed to have pragmatic utility with respect to planning targeted surveillance and management strategies. Because of the distinctive natural history of CRC in hereditary syndromes, it is of paramount clinical importance to identify hereditary CRC when it does occur. Even in patients with no evidence of hereditary CRC syndrome, their family history may be second only to age in determining the best CRC screening program for those who are asymptomatic. In an attempt to provide a perspective on the clinical evaluation of CRC risk, research was reviewed on pathologic features and biomarkers that may be related to CRC causes, especially the genetic basis of CRC susceptibility. The long-term objective of studies on the genetic epidemiology of CRC is primary and secondary prevention through development of targeted management and surveillance recommendations (based on an understanding of CRC causation) that is relevant to hereditary, familial, and sporadic CRC.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
CD82 (KAI1) and CD63 (ME491) are highly glycosylated proteins which belong to the transmembrane 4 superfamily (TM4SF). CD82 has been implicated as a possible prostate cancer metastasis suppressor gene, whereas CD63 is involved in the progression of human melanoma cancer. Down-regulation of both CD82 and CD63 expression has been associated with the metastatic potential of several solid tumors. Currently, information is lacking on the role of CD82 and CD63 during thyroid carcinogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the expression of CD82 and CD63 is a useful prognostic indicator in patients with thyroid carcinoma. The expression of CD82 and CD63 was analysed by reverse transcriptase-PCR (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry in benign goiter (n=12) and 75 primary thyroid carcinoma tissue specimens (PTC: 33, FTC: 24, UTC: 18) out of which 36 were non-metastasized primary tumors and 39 were metastasized tumors (regional lymph node and/or distant metastases). All of the benign goiter tissues showed CD82 expression. By contrast, a significant decrease in CD82 mRNA and protein levels was detected in carcinoma tissues as compared to benign goiter tissues (p<0.001). A similar down-regulation was observed in metastasized tumor tissues when compared with non-metastasized tumors (all p<0.05). CD82 expression was correlated with pTNM status of differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid tumor and the pathologic stage of differentiated thyroid tumor. In contrast to CD82, CD63 mRNA and protein expression was unchanged in all thyroid carcinomas. Benign goiter tissues showed weak expression of CD63. There were no significant correlation between CD63 mRNA/protein expression and any clinical/pathological parameters. Our results support the hypothesis that down-regulation of CD82 expression may reflect an increased in vivo metastatic potential of thyroid cancer cells. CD82 may serve as a prognostic marker of metastasis in thyroid cancer. Constitutive expression of CD63 may indicate that this factor does not play a direct role in thyroid carcinogenesis.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Chemoprevention studies utilizing calcium have now progressed from basic measurements to clinical trials. Calcium's effects on epithelial cells have demonstrated decreased proliferation and induced cell differentiation with increasing levels of calcium in vitro, similar in vivo effects in rodent and human colon, and decreased carcinogen-induced colonic tumor formation in rodents. Current studies are attempting to inhibit colonic adenoma formation in human subjects. Most but not all epidemiologic studies also link increased dietary calcium with a decreased risk of colon cancer. In animal models, supplemental dietary calcium has decreased mammary epithelial cell hyperplasia and hyperproliferation and colonic cell hyperproliferation when the latter was induced by bile acids, fatty acids, and partial resection of the small intestine. Supplemental dietary calcium also decreased carcinogen-induced colonic tumors in several rodent models. In normal mice, and in mice carrying a targeted apc gene mutation, we recently increased colonic polypoid hyperplasias by a Western-style diet containing low calcium and vitamin D. In human subjects at increased risk for colon cancer, oral calcium supplementation significantly reduced colonic epithelial cell proliferation in most of the studies, including four randomized clinical trials. These studies have now progressed to short-term human clinical trials, including trials that measure the regrowth of transformed adenoma cells. Short-term adenoma-regrowth clinical trials, however, are limited in their ability to measure whether chemopreventive agents inhibit early genotoxic events, abnormal cellular metabolic activities involved in tumor promotion over many years, or the progression of adenoma cells to carcinoma.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in both men and women, with 80% to 90% of cases caused by smoking. Small cell lung cancer accounts for 20% of all cases, and is usually treated with chemotherapy. Adenocarcinoma is the main non-small cell pathology, and is treated initially with surgery.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In order to maintain the QOL in lung cancer patients and also save on medical costs, chemotherapy should be performed on an outpatient basis as much as possible. If the performance status is good and their residence is nearby, then not only in the case of small cell lung cancer or unresectable non-small cell lung cancer, but also including postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer, in all such suitable cases, chemotherapy can be performed on an outpatient basis. For example, by performing outpatient chemotherapy in moderate amounts for older people, the survival can be improved while maintaining the QOL. However,a single dose of cisplatin 60 to 80 mg/m(2) requires a high volume iv infusion, and the first chemotherapy treatment needs to be carried out in the hospital for nausea and vomiting control. For a regimen of combined anticancer drugs other than cisplatin and including carboplatin, such as paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan, gemcitabine or vinorelbine, the required iv time is short, side effects such as nausea or vomiting are less severe,and it is easily performed on an outpatient basis. An oral anticancer drug, gefitinib, or S-1 can also be an effective choice for non-small cell lung cancer. Since lung cancer patients tend to be susceptible to obstructive pneumonia or pneumonia from opportunistic infections, these need particular attention at the time of neutropenia. In addition, strict caution is required in order to prevent prescription or medication errors, or medical accidents such as leakage of the intravenous drip. If severe side effects occur, then a system must be prepared in which the patient can make contact promptly in emergency situations and thus can be hospitalized as necessary. Outpatient chemotherapy for lung cancers is increasing in Japan, however, there are many issues including insufficient staff, overworked staff, or situations where home nursing care places a heavy burden on the family. The assignment of sufficient medical treatment fees, the rationalization of work responsibilities or further development of home assistance systems are therefore eagerly anticipated.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Association between autoimmune thyroiditis (CLT) and thyroid cancer remains not clear. Although both diseases often occur simultaneously in histological samples, it is not yet clear whether CLT can be regarded as a risk factor for thyroid malignancy. This review focus on the known epidemiological and molecular genetics links between both diseases. Most studies have shown a significant association between thyroid cancer and positive antibodies to thyroglobulin and histological evidence of CLT, as well. Both disorders share some risk factors (greater incidence in women, in areas with adequate supply of iodine and in patients after radiotherapy of the neck) and molecular genetics linkage. For example: RET/PTC rearrangements could be more often found in carcinomas associated with CLT, but this mutation could be found in benign lesions such as CLT, as well. CLT seems to be a positive prognostic factor in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. It is associated with less invasive forms of tumor, lower occurrence of infiltrated lymphatic nodes and a lower risk of recurrence.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
A review was undertaken of the clinical, gross, and microscopic features of thyroid carcinoma in all patients younger than 21 years of age seen at North Carolina Memorial Hospital from 1952 to 1987 (N = 32). These patients had papillary carcinoma, well-differentiated follicular carcinoma with H rthle cell change, medullary carcinoma, and an unclassifiable aggressive malignancy. In spite of the presence of lymph node metastases at diagnosis in more half the patients with papillary carcinoma, the prognosis of pediatric papillary thyroid carcinoma appears to be excellent with treatment by surgical debulking and hormonal thyroid suppression. Flow cytometric study of 26 cases showed tumor aneuploidy in 8 of 21 papillary carcinomas and 2 of 3 follicular carcinomas. Aneuploidy did not, however, correlate with clinical outcome in this group of pediatric patients, who were followed for 1 to 29 years. Analysis of multiple tissue blocks of tumor does appear to increase the probability of identifying aneuploid populations.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The prevalence of thyroid carcinoma in hyperthyroidism remains controversial. The aim of this retrospective study was to evaluate prevalence.
Category: Generic
Novel data science approaches are needed to confront large-scale infectious disease epidemics such as COVID-19, human immunodeficiency viruses, African swine flu and Ebola. Human beings are now equipped with richer data and more advanced data analytics methodologies, many of which have become available only in the last decade. The theme issue Data Science Approaches to Infectious Diseases Surveillance reports the latest interdisciplinary research on developing novel data science methodologies to capitalize on the rich 'big data' of human behaviours to confront infectious diseases, with a particular focus on combating the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Compared to conventional public health research, articles in this issue present innovative data science approaches that were not possible without the growing human behaviour data and the recent advances in information and communications technology. This issue has 12 research papers and one review paper from a strong lineup of contributors from multiple disciplines, including data science, computer science, computational social sciences, applied maths, statistics, physics and public health. This introductory article provides a brief overview of the issue and discusses the future of this emerging field. This article is part of the theme issue 'Data science approaches to infectious disease surveillance'.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Angiogenesis, the recruitment and growth of blood vessels, is a process central to the growth of solid tumors. One of the key mediators of angiogenesis is the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family of ligands. An antibody to VEGF-A, bevacizumab, has demonstrated a survival benefit in conjunction with platinum-based doublet chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Aflibercept (VEGF Trap) is a recombinant VEGF receptor-antibody protein fusion with higher affinity for VEGF-A than bevacizumab, plus affinity for VEGF-B and placental growth factor (PlGF).
Category: Lung_Cancer
Fifty-one women with lung cancer and 163 other hospital patients were interviewed regarding the smoking habits of themselves and their husbands. Forty of the lung cancer cases and 149 of the other patients were non-smokers. Among the non-smoking women there was a statistically significant difference between the cancer cases and the other patients with respect to their husbands' smoking habits. Estimates of the relative risk of lung cancer associated with having a husband who smokes were 2.4 for a smoker of less than one pack and 3.4 for women whose husbands smoked more than one pack of cigarettes per day. The limitations of the data are examined; it is evident that further investigation of this issue is warranted.
Category: Generic
Machine learning (ML) is a collection of algorithms allowing computers to learn directly from data without predetermined equations. It is used widely to analyze "big data". In gastrointestinal surgery, surgeons deal with various data such as clinical parameters, surgical videos, and pathological images, to stratify surgical risk, perform safe surgery and predict patient prognosis. In the current "big data" era, the accelerating accumulation of a large amount of data drives studies using ML algorithms. Three subfields of ML are supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning. In this review, we summarize applications of ML to surgical practice in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of care. Prediction and stratification using ML is promising; however, the current overarching concern is the availability of ML models. Information systems that can manage "big data" and integrate ML models into electronic health records are essential to incorporate ML into daily practice. ML is fundamental technology to meaningfully process data that exceeds the capacity of the human mind to comprehend. The accelerating accumulation of a large amount of data is changing the nature of surgical practice fundamentally. Artificial intelligence (AI), represented by ML, is being incorporated into daily surgical practice.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In 2014, developments in our understanding of escape signalling circuits implicated in resistance to targeted agents in patients with lung cancer have led to improvements in tackling such resistance. The potential role for PET in the management of erlotinib therapy, novel combination therapies and pharmacogenomic-driven individualization of platinum-based chemotherapy represent other key advances.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A large number of patients have been reported with colon cancers following ureterosigmoidostomy, created after total cystectomy. However, there have been few reports of cancer in rectal bladder created instead of ureterosigmoidostomy to reduce the risk of cancer development. We report a case of colon cancer that developed in the rectal bladder 6 years after the operation. A 77-year-old man presented with blood in stools. Colonoscopy revealed a cancer adjacent to the urine inlet to the colonic lumen in rectal bladder. At laparotomy. the cancer was recognized in the rectal bladder. with invasion to the pubic bone. A palliative resection of the rectal bladder, and creation of sigmoid colostomy and ileal conduit were performed. Histologic examination confirmed moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, which was considered to have originated from the colonic mucosa in the rectal bladder. Colonic mucosa has an increased risk of cancer development after continuous exposure to urine. It is important for gastroenterologists to perform surveillance colonoscopy in patients with urinary diversion into the colon.