EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) represents a rare neuroendocrine neoplasm originating from neoplastic C-cells in the thyroid gland. While localized disease is potentially curable with an optimized surgical approach, the number of relapses is high, and a considerable number of patients present with primary metastatic disease. Multidisciplinary management including standardized surveillance following surgery, but also early involvement of medical oncologists, is therefore important. Several oncogenic pathways are involved in the pathogenesis of MTC including vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, epidermal growth factor receptor, MET, and most importantly RET, and the multi-tyrosine kinase inhibitors vandetanib and cabozantinib have been approved for advanced MTC based on data from phase III studies. As activating RET mutations represent the most important driver, specific RET inhibitors were introduced and suggest high response rates with limited off-target toxicities. The current review provides a practical overview on clinical presentation and management from early to advanced MTC.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Microscopic examination of stained smears and tissue sections remains the standard method for definitive diagnosis and classification of lung cancer. However, the morphology of lung cancer is complex, and consensus classifications such as those prepared by a panel World Health Organization (WHO) are required for the sake of consistency and clinical relevance. In the most recent (1999) WHO classification, the diagnostic categories of greatest clinical importance, small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell lung carcinoma, remain fundamentally unchanged. However, application of immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy has revealed expression of neuroendocrine markers in a wide variety of tumors. Expression of these markers is not taken into account in current treatment protocols, and additional correlative studies will be required to determine the clinical relevance of neuroendocrine differentiation in lung carcinoma. In addition to histological classification, microscopic analysis can provide in situ evidence of response to chemotherapy, as well as information on precursor lesions and multistep carcinogenesis in the airways. Finally, it is likely that morphological assessment of lung carcinoma and preneoplastic lesions will continue to be refined as new diagnostic modalities such as spiral computed tomography and fluorescence bronchoscopy provide previously inaccessible specimens for morphological and correlative molecular studies.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is one of the major causes of cancer-related deaths. Grim mortality figures argue powerfully for new approaches to control this disease. Chemoprevention is the use of specific natural or synthetic chemical agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent carcinogenic progression to invasive cancer. The current article focuses on the field of lung cancer chemoprevention and recent advances. Lung cancer biology and general principles of prevention strategies are also described.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Hereditary colon cancer comprises approximately 10% of total colon cancer, a disease that affects 6% of the North American population. Knowledge of molecular genetics of familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer has improved our diagnostic abilities and management, as well as furthered our understanding of the mechanisms of tumour initiation and progression.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma (PDTC) and anaplastic (undifferentiated) thyroid carcinoma (ATC) comprise a small subset of thyroid tumors that are associated with a poor prognosis and account for a significant portion of the morbidity and mortality related to thyroid cancer. Since management strategies vary between these two entities, it is important for clinicians to be able to differentiate PDTC from ATC.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world, and smoking is the major risk factor, accounting for about 90% of the cases. Diet has also been implicated in the development of lung cancer, although the specific nutrients remain to be elucidated. Vitamins with antioxidant activity have received much attention. beta-Carotene, the most efficient provitamin A, was found to be inversely related to the risk of lung cancer in many prospective epidemiological studies, especially in studies measuring serum concentrations of beta-carotene. The findings from controlled trials, however, contradict the hypothesis that beta-carotene could prevent lung cancer, but rather suggest increased risk of lung cancer with supplementary beta-carotene. Data from both prospective studies and a controlled trial suggest no role for vitamin E in lung carcinogenesis. Some prospective epidemiological studies suggest an inverse relationship between dietary vitamin C and the risk of lung cancer, but due to the high correlation between dietary vitamin C and vegetable and fruit intake the independent role of dietary vitamin C is difficult to estimate. Studies using prediagnostic plasma concentrations of ascorbic acid do not support the involvement of vitamin C in lung carcinogenesis, and no controlled trials of vitamin C on lung cancer have been published. Thus, supplementation with antioxidant vitamins cannot be recommended for the prevention of lung cancer. Non-smoking is the most important target in the prevention of lung cancer. High intakes of vegetables and fruits may provide additional protection and are unlikely to be harmful.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Although lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States, female smokers appear to be at increased risk. After controlling for the number of cigarettes smoked, female sex imparts a significant, independent risk for most histologic types of lung cancer. Cigarette smoking, genetics, and endocrine factors may interact to contribute to the disparity in lung cancer risk between the sexes. Estrogens have direct and indirect actions in the lung, and estrogen has been implicated in lung carcinogenesis in female smokers. This review of the literature will focus on endocrine factors and tobacco carcinogens as risk factors for lung cancer in women.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a rare but very aggressive form of undifferentiated thyroid cancer. Due to its rapid rate of progression and invasive nature, ATC poses significant risks of morbidity and mortality. The cornerstone in the management of ATC remains a prompt diagnosis of the disease and timely management of complications depending on the stage of disease. Surgery continues to offer a higher chance of a cure, although not all patients are candidates for surgical management. Patients with advanced disease may be considered for palliative surgery to reduce morbidity and complications from advanced disease. With the advent of new molecular testing and improved methods of diagnosis, novel therapeutic targets have been identified. Systemic therapy (chemotherapy and radiation therapy) as well as novel immunotherapy have shown some promise in patients with targetable genetic mutations. Patients should therefore have molecular testing of their tumor-if it is unresectable-and be tested for mutations that are targetable. Mutation-targeted therapy may be effective and may result in a significant response to allow surgical intervention for exceptional responders. Overall, patients who receive all three modalities of therapy (surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy) have the highest overall survival.
Category: Generic
Cybersecurity is an increasing concern for many in the medical cybersecurity and information technology professions. As computerized devices in medical facilities become increasingly networked within their own walls and with external facilities, the risk of cyberattacks also increases, threatening confidentiality, safety, and well-being. This article describes what health care organizations and imaging professionals should do to minimize the risks.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The 3 phases of thyroid cancer care are discussed: diagnosis, management, and survivorship. Drivers of quality of life (QOL) in each phase are described, and suggestions are made for mitigating the risk of poor QOL. Active surveillance is another emerging management strategy that has the potential to improve QOL by eliminating upfront surgical morbidity but will need to be studied prospectively.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer represents a major health problem in the world. The outcome of newly diagnosed cases predominantly relies on stage as defined by the UICC-TNM and American Joint Committee on Cancer classifications.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Abstract Background: Despite women suffering a disproportionate burden of colon cancer mortality, few studies have examined gender differences in evidence-based treatment, especially in poorer states like Alabama.
Category: Colon_Cancer
In the United States, more than 149,000 new cases of colorectal cancer are expected in 1994. Surgery remains the most effective method of treatment for this disease. Because these operations often result in formation of an ostomy, ET nurses frequently care for patients with colorectal cancer. Many of these patients will receive additional types of therapy after operation, including such traditional therapies as radiation and chemotherapy. Biotherapy, one of the newest therapeutic modalities in cancer care, is increasingly being used in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Because the ET nurse may be one of the few nurses caring for patients throughout the course of their disease, knowledge of the various biotherapeutic agents and the management of patients receiving them is vital.
Category: Generic
The expanding scale and inherent complexity of biological data have encouraged a growing use of machine learning in biology to build informative and predictive models of the underlying biological processes. All machine learning techniques fit models to data; however, the specific methods are quite varied and can at first glance seem bewildering. In this Review, we aim to provide readers with a gentle introduction to a few key machine learning techniques, including the most recently developed and widely used techniques involving deep neural networks. We describe how different techniques may be suited to specific types of biological data, and also discuss some best practices and points to consider when one is embarking on experiments involving machine learning. Some emerging directions in machine learning methodology are also discussed.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Somatostatins are neuropeptides that exert a downregulatory effect on various physiological processes. Somatostatin analogues are used in the imaging and management of various tumour types. Their role in thyroid cancer has not as yet been fully elucidated. A systematic review of the literature using the keywords thyroid, cancer and somatostatin revealed 263 references. This paper summarizes the current knowledge of the role of somatostatins in thyroid cancer and assesses their future potential.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Differentiated thyroid cancer has a good overall prognosis, however, unfavourable evolution may be observed in cases discovered at an advanced stage. Thyroid cancer incidence has increased in occidental countries over the last 20 years without any significant change in mortality. This has been partially related to changes in diagnostic procedures with an increased detection of small cancers. Indeed, microcarcinomas (less than 10mm diameter), frequently incidentally discovered are now, the most frequent form of thyroid cancer, representing around 40 % of cases. Their prognosis is excellent and the benefit of their surgical management remains to be demonstrated. Unexpectedly, the proportion of large thyroid cancer at diagnosis has remained stable representing around 20 % of cases. These forms are responsible of most of the thyroid cancer specific mortality and an intensification of their clinical screening is necessary. By contrast, a systematic ultrasonographic screening of thyroid nodules should increase the proportion of small thyroid cancers without evidence of an earlier diagnosis of advanced forms and the ratio cost-benefit of such a strategy should be properly evaluated.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Recent improvements in serum Tg assays, the availability of recombinant thyrotropin, widespread use of neck ultrasonography, and positron emission tomography (PET)/CT have caused a shift of paradigm in the detection of recurrent disease in well differentiated thyroid cancer. High-resolution neck ultrasonography has taken on a central role, whereas (131)I whole body scanning has become less important. PET/CT has emerged as a powerful tool in the assessment of patients who have recurrent tumor not demonstrable with other imaging modalities. The author reviews the tools available for the detection and localization of recurrent thyroid cancer with respect to their advantages and limitations in various clinical scenarios.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
This report documents papillary cell carcinoma of the thyroid occurring in a 55-year-old woman after three-and-a-half years of lithium therapy. She presented with unilateral thyroid enlargement causing tracheal deviation. There was no clinical suspicion of malignancy and the histological findings were totally unexpected.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Clinical staging is fundamental in lung cancer, as this descriptive system facilitates the transmission of the extension of the disease, provides prognostic information, helps in choosing the most appropriate treatment program, and provides a standardized system that enables the treatment outcomes of different series of patients to be compared. The most important technique for defining local, regional, and remote extension of the disease continues to be chest and abdominal CT. Functional imaging techniques play a complementary role that is becoming increasingly important in the noninvasive characterization of mediastinal lymph-node involvement.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Extended lymphadenectomy has gained considerable attention as an adjunct to conventional colon cancer surgery with the hope that it may potentially decrease local recurrence rates and improve cancer-specific outcome measures. Despite the enthusiasm surrounding these techniques, it is difficult to establish any additional survival benefit associated with more comprehensive lymphadenectomy strategies when these are performed in addition to conventional colon cancer surgery. Furthermore, these techniques remain unproven by large randomized clinical trials. The appropriate indications for performing extended lymphadenectomy also remain unclear, and there is a lack of standardization with regard to surgical technique. Moreover, there are a number of confounding factors that frequently receive little attention when oncological outcome measures are reported following extended lymphadenectomy in the setting of colon cancer. The purpose of this review is to outline these confounding issues and discuss their impact on reports describing cancer-specific outcome measures following the use of extended lymphadenectomy techniques. Furthermore, this review proposes that in light of the available published evidence, the role of radical lymphadenectomy is currently unproven, with large randomized clinical trials required in the future to determine whether there is a survival benefit for colon cancer patients.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer is an uncommon, typically lethal malignancy of older adults with no effective systemic therapy. The mean survival time is usually less than 6 months from the time of diagnosis and, unfortunately, this outcome is not fundamentally altered by available treatments. Histologic tissue confirmation is recommended if the diagnosis is not absolutely certain to exclude tumors with better prognosis or that require different treatment. Patency of the airway should be kept in mind throughout the patient's course and individuals with impending airway obstruction, in the absence of imminent death from other sites of disease, should be considered for a tracheostomy to secure the airway. Enrollment in meaningful clinical trials should be given the highest priority at all decision points.
Category: Colon_Cancer
MicroRNAs are being exploited for diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of cancer and other diseases. Their high tissue specificity and critical role in oncogenesis provide new biomarkers for the diagnosis and classification of cancer as well as predicting patients' outcomes. MicroRNAs signatures have been identified for many human tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). In most cases, metastatic disease is difficult to predict and to prevent with adequate therapies. The aim of our study was to identify a microRNA signature for metastatic CRC that could predict and differentiate metastatic target organ localization. Normal and cancer tissues of three different groups of CRC patients were analyzed. RNA microarray and TaqMan Array analysis were performed on 66 Italian patients with or without lymph nodes and/or liver recurrences. Data obtained with the two assays were analyzed separately and then intersected to identify a primary CRC metastatic signature. Five differentially expressed microRNAs (hsa-miR-21, -103, -93, -31 and -566) were validated by qRT-PCR on a second group of 16 American metastatic patients. In situ hybridization was performed on the 16 American patients as well as on three distinct commercial tissues microarray (TMA) containing normal adjacent colon, the primary adenocarcinoma, normal and metastatic lymph nodes and liver. Hsa-miRNA-21, -93, and -103 upregulation together with hsa-miR-566 downregulation defined the CRC metastatic signature, while in situ hybridization data identified a lymphonodal invasion profile. We provided the first microRNAs signature that could discriminate between colorectal recurrences to lymph nodes and liver and between colorectal liver metastasis and primary hepatic tumor.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in Western countries. Although most colon cancer patients will undergo curative surgery, survival, depending on the pathologic stage, varies from 30-60% for Dukes C to 60-80% for Dukes B. Until very recently, the absolute benefit for survival obtained with adjuvant therapy compared with control was about 6%. The present review analyzes the results of the new combination of 5-fluorouracil/leucovorin/oxaliplatin (MOSAIC study), the oral fluoropyrimidines, and the studies of genetic and molecular markers, attempting to identify the patients at risk of recurrence.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) can be sporadic or can occur as a component cancer as part of several well-described hereditary cancer syndromes. NMTC, particularly papillary thyroid cancer, also can occur by itself in families and is often termed familial NMTC or familial papillary thyroid cancer. The occurrence of NMTC in families, along with extensive population-based evidence from patients with sporadic thyroid cancer, together suggest that NMTC has a strong genetic component, only a small proportion of which has been characterized to date. Advances in genetic and genomic technology have rapidly advanced our understanding of the complex nature of NMTC susceptibility, although much remains to be explained. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge, starting with a brief review of hereditary syndromic causes and moving on to describe recent data using modern genomic approaches to identifying genes involved in the predisposition to NMTC.
Category: Generic
Ultrasound (US), a exible green imaging modality, is expanding globally as a rst-line imaging technique in various clinical fields following with the continual emergence of advanced ultrasonic technologies and the well-established US-based digital health system. Actually, in US practice, qualified physicians should manually collect and visually evaluate images for the detection, identification and monitoring of diseases. The diagnostic performance is inevitably reduced due to the intrinsic property of high operator-dependence from US. In contrast, artificial intelligence (AI) excels at automatically recognizing complex patterns and providing quantitative assessment for imaging data, showing high potential to assist physicians in acquiring more accurate and reproducible results. In this article, we will provide a general understanding of AI, machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) technologies; We then review the rapidly growing applications of AI-especially DL technology in the field of US-based on the following anatomical regions: thyroid, breast, abdomen and pelvis, obstetrics heart and blood vessels, musculoskeletal system and other organs by covering image quality control, anatomy localization, object detection, lesion segmentation, and computer-aided diagnosis and prognosis evaluation; Finally, we offer our perspective on the challenges and opportunities for the clinical practice of biomedical AI systems in US.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Pancreatic metastases from colorectal cancer are extremely rare. We report the case of a 74-years-old patient presented with a metachronous pancreatic metastasis, which was treated by segmental pancreatectomy. After reviewing literature, diagnosis and management of pancreatic metastasis from colorectal carcinoma are discussed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Gene therapy was originally conceived to treat monogenic diseases. The replacement of a defective gene with a functional gene can theoretically cure the disease. In cancer, multiple genetic defects are present and the molecular profile changes during the course of the disease, making the replacement of all defective genes impossible. To overcome these difficulties, various gene therapy strategies have been adopted, including immune stimulation, transfer of suicide genes, inhibition of driver oncogenes, replacement of tumor-suppressor genes that could mediate apoptosis or anti-angiogenesis, and transfer of genes that enhance conventional treatments such as radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Some of these strategies have been tested successfully in non-small-cell lung cancer patients and the results of laboratory studies and clinical trials are reviewed herein.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The most active vitamin D metabolite, 1 ,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3) (1,25(OH)(2)D(3)), is a pleiotropic hormone with wide regulatory actions. Classically, vitamin D deficiency was known to alter calcium and phosphate metabolism and bone biology. In addition, recent epidemiological and experimental studies support the association of vitamin D deficiency with a large variety of human diseases, and particularly with the high risk of colorectal cancer. By regulating the expression of many genes via several mechanisms, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) induces differentiation, controls the detoxification metabolism and cell phenotype, sensitises cells to apoptosis and inhibits the proliferation of cultured human colon carcinoma cells. Consistently, 1,25(OH)(2)D(3) and several of its analogues decrease intestinal tumourigenesis in animal models. Molecular, genetic and clinical data in humans are scarce but they suggest that vitamin D is protective against colon cancer. Clearly, the available evidence warrants new, well-designed, large-scale trials to clarify the role of vitamin D in the prevention and/or therapy of this important neoplasia.