EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
Figure 10 on page 351 of the Research Article "Constitutive and conditional suppression of exogenous and endogenous genes by anti-sense RNA" by J. G. Izant and H. Weintraub (26 July, p. 345) was reproduced erroneously, so that the green stain (NBD-phallacidin) of the actin filaments was not chromatically resolved. The micrographs are intended to document the specific disruption of the actin microfilament distribution, while the RNA and DNA staining pattern (orange-red) was unaffected. The correct figure and legend appear below.
Category: Colon_Cancer
In the version of this article initially published, the first affiliation (affiliation number 1) was incorrectly stated as "Division of Gastroentorology, Department of Internal Medicine." The correct affiliation is "Department of Internal Medicine."
Category: Colon_Cancer
Surgery alone may fail to cure a considerable number of locally advanced colon cancers. Clinical trials have shown a statistically significant if modest benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in node-positive patients. In node-negative cancers, however, the data available to date do not fully support routine use of adjuvant treatment. Combinations of 5-fluorouracil are most commonly used, but current trials are exploring several new drugs with proven efficacy in metastatic colon cancer for use in the adjuvant setting. Given the considerable advances in our knowledge of the molecular biology of colon cancer, it can be expected that molecular markers will soon establish themselves as diagnostic tools to improve the selection of candidates for this treatment modality. Colon cancer has clearly moved from an exclusive surgeons' stronghold to a disease where a multimodal approach will provide better and more promising results.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The scope of current prevention research support by the National Cancer Institute includes the clinical assessment of dietary modifications and cancer screening trials, epidemiologic studies, development of new chemopreventive therapies, and the use of advanced molecular biologic technologies to probe the genetic determinants of colorectal adenomas. Colorectal cancer frequently has been associated with high-fat low-fiber diets in epidemiologic and experimental studies. A recently initiated Phase III Dietary Intervention Study of Recurrence of Large Bowel Adenomatous Polyps will investigate the potential benefits of a low-fat high-fiber fruit-and-vegetable-enriched eating pattern to decrease the polyp recurrence rate. The Chemoprevention Program currently is supporting four Phase III controlled clinical intervention trials investigating the cancer-inhibiting effects on colorectal cancer of beta-carotene, piroxicam, calcium, and calcium plus fiber in persons with previous adenomas. A proposed early detection trial will screen for colorectal, prostate, lung, and ovarian cancers. A comparison of incidence and mortality trends indicates progress in colorectal cancer detection and therapy.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is a leading cancer site in men and women with a high incidence and mortality rate. Most patients are diagnosed when the disease has already spread. An early, detection and immediate and accurate histological or cytological diagnosis are essential for a hopeful outcome. In most patients, bronchoscopy is the method of choice in establishing a suspected lung neoplasm. With the rigid and flexible method, two complementary techniques are available. The methods bear a very low mortality rate if sufficient monitoring and resuscitative instrumentation is available. Rigid bronchoscopy offers the possibility of obtaining large biopsy specimens from the tumorous tissue and provides an effective tool in the control of major haemorrhage. However, it cannot be used for the inspection of further peripherally located parts of the bronchial system and needs general anaesthesia. In contrast, the flexible method can be quickly and readily performed at practically any location using portable equipment. Bronchi can be inspected up to the 8th order and with bronchial washing, forceps biopsy, brush biopsy and fluorescence bronchoscopy techniques with a high diagnostic yield are available. This holds true, especially if these sampling techniques are used as complementary methods.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Recent advances in the arena of theranostics have necessitated a re-examining of previously established fields. The existing paradigm of therapeutic thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) targeting in the post-surgical management of differentiated thyroid cancer using levothyroxine and recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) is well understood. However, in an era of personalized medicine, and with an increasing awareness of the risk profile of longstanding pharmacological hyperthyroidism, it is imperative clinicians understand the molecular basis and magnitude of benefit for individual patients. Furthermore, TSHR has been recently re-conceived as a selective target for residual metastatic thyroid cancer, with pilot data demonstrating effective targeting of nanoparticles to thyroid cancers using this receptor as a target. This review examines the evidence for TSHR signaling as an oncogenic pathway and assesses the evidence for ongoing TSHR expression in thyroid cancer metastases. Priorities for further research are highlighted.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
To compare stage at diagnosis, treatment and survival among pregnant women with thyroid cancer to non-pregnant women with thyroid cancer, and to assess the impact of treatment on maternal and perinatal outcomes.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The majority of thyroid carcinomas are removed surgically. The appropriate surgical technique is still debated. After surgery the amount of residual thyroid or tumour and the presence of local or distant metastases is often in doubt, particularly if it is not detectable clinically. Therefore, methods for determining the presence of disease or the later recurrence of disease are needed. They commonly include serum thyroglobulin and imaging after diagnostic or therapeutic doses of 131I. Other techniques are used such as 131I whole body retention (using a whole body counter), 201Tl and 99Tcm-sestamibi imaging. The place of these diagnostic methods in the management of thyroid cancer is reviewed in this article. Radioiodine would seem an ideal treatment for recurrence of functioning thyroid carcinoma as 131I targets the lesion and has minimal side effects. However, the indolent nature of well-differentiated thyroid carcinomas makes it difficult to assess the benefits of radioiodine therapy both in its ability to ablate the normal thyroid and to treat recurrent and metastatic disease. However, the addition of radioiodine therapy to local surgical removal reduces both the occurrence of metastases and the morbidity with prolonged follow-up. Unresolved issues that remain concern the activities of radioiodine needed to achieve adequate ablation of residual thyroid tissue and to treat residual and recurrent cancer. There is also debate as to exactly which patients require radioiodine therapy. This review also considers radiation protection and the side effects of 131I therapy.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer is the most common neoplasm of the thyroid gland. Surgical resection is the cornerstone of therapy. There is controversy regarding the extent of resection, ranging from thyroid lobectomy plus isthmusectomy to total thyroidectomy, but in experienced hands total thyroidectomy has many significant advantages over a lesser operation. Nonoperative therapy has no role as primary therapy for papillary thyroid cancer, but can be used in conjunction with surgery to improve outcome. Radioiodine in patients who have received total thyroidectomy can be used to identify residual occult tumor, recurrence, and metastasis, and can also be used to ablate the neoplasm, resulting in a substantial cure rate. Thyroid hormone is needed as replacement after total thyroidectomy, but can also be given as thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, which may have an adjunctive benefit after resection.
Category: Generic
Cyber security attacks evidence has shown that many sectors and industries are still at an insufficient level of readiness to counter these threats, including healthcare organizations and the entire healthcare industry. The COVID-19 pandemic has additionally launched the issue of cyber protection of healthcare systems and connected medical and other devices as well as modern IT components, which are often the entry point for attackers against healthcare organizations. With the aim of a systematic approach to cyber security in healthcare organizations, this article comprehensively presents cyber risks and possible consequences of attacks in the context of healthcare organization services, as well as identifies the five most important cyber security challenges and provides recommendations for establishing protection mechanisms in line with best practices.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The number of patients with early lung cancer, which is detected by screening high risk group for lung cancer using sputum cytology, or by screening using CT is increasing. Recent studies have shown that some histologic types of early peripheral adenocarcinoma have no lymph node involvement. In addition, the incidence of multicentricity of peripheral type of early adenocarcinoma, detected by meticulous evaluation of CT images, is not so low. Video-assisted limited resection may be feasible in such cases. In spite of the excellent results of surgical resection for the hilar type of early lung cancer, surgery is at risk in some patients because of underlying pulmonary dysfunction and of a high incidence of second primary lung cancers. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy or brachytherapy may be an alternative to surgery as standard treatment in selected cases.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
No ideal imaging method is available for the diagnosis of MTC. Once the diagnosis is suspected, serum calcitonin or CEA may help to confirm it. Often, multiple studies are done, especially a combination of MR imaging or ultrasound and an isotopic method. Tc(V)DMSA is an excellent agent but not readily available in the United States. Indium-labeled pentreotide is probably the imaging agent of choice in the United States.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Computed tomographic colonography (CTC) is reported to be feasible for screening of colorectal polyps; however, its efficacy in preoperative workup remains unknown. This study was done to define our CTC methodology and assess CTC's potential for preoperative examination in patients with colon cancer.
Category: Generic
Brain-inspired hardware emulates the structure and working principles of a biological brain and may address the hardware bottleneck for fast-growing artificial intelligence (AI). Current brain-inspired silicon chips are promising but still limit their power to fully mimic brain function for AI computing. Here, we develop Brainoware , living AI hardware that harnesses the computation power of 3D biological neural networks in a brain organoid. Brain-like 3D in vitro cultures compute by receiving and sending information via a multielectrode array. Applying spatiotemporal electrical stimulation, this approach not only exhibits nonlinear dynamics and fading memory properties but also learns from training data. Further experiments demonstrate real-world applications in solving non-linear equations. This approach may provide new insights into AI hardware.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer represents an increasingly frequent cancer diagnosis worldwide. An increasing awareness on smoking cessation as an important mean to reduce lung cancer incidence and mortality, an increasing number of therapy options and a steady focus on early diagnosis and adequate staging have resulted in a modestly improved survival. For early diagnosis and precise staging, imaging, especially positron emission tomography combined with CT (PET/CT), plays an important role. Other functional imaging modalities such as dynamic contrast-enhanced CT (DCE-CT) and diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DW-MRI) have demonstrated promising results within this field. The purpose of this review is to provide the reader with a brief and balanced introduction to these three functional imaging modalities and their current or potential application in the care of patients with lung cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
A survey was carried out of peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) in lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid carcinomas represent a challenging problem from the prognostic standpoint. Despite an overall good prognosis of the most frequent endocrine malignancy, 10-15 % of papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs) turn refractory to radioactive iodine therapy. The increased incidence of thyroid cancer has led to the search for solid prognostic biomarkers that predict the behaviour of these tumours. Clinical and histopathological prognostic factors remain the only safe elements to be used for diagnosis and prognosis of patients with thyroid tumours. Despite the huge amount of genetic information of thyroid tumours, very few new markers revealed diagnostic or prognostic value per se. BRAF mutation can have some value if associated to other clinico-pathological parameters, or in the particular setting of iodine refractory tumours. Others can prove interesting in the future as predictive biomarkers of therapeutic response, but more studies are needed to confirm these potential biomarkers.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The immune system plays critical roles in tumor prevention, but also in its initiation and progression. Tumors are subjected to immunosurveillance, but cancer cells generate an immunosuppressive microenvironment that favors their escape from immune-mediated elimination. During chronic inflammation, immune cells can contribute to the formation and progression of tumors by producing mitogenic, prosurvival, proangiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors. Thyroid cancer is the most frequent type of endocrine neoplasia and is the most rapidly increasing cancer in the US. In this review, we discuss recent findings on how different immune cells and mediators can contribute to thyroid cancer development and progression.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is one of the major leading causes of cancer-related deaths in the Western countries. In Korea, the incidence of colon cancer is increasing due to changes in environment and lifestyle such as diet. Chemoprevention strategy using non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been under intensive clinical and epidemiological research as these drugs suppress colorectal cancer. The best known targets of NSAIDs are cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which convert arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGs) and thromboxane. Among these PGs, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) can promote tumor growth by binding its receptors and activating signal pathways which control cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and angiogenesis. Therefore, COX inhibition is promising approach for chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. However, the prolonged use of COX-2 inhibitors is associated with unacceptable cardiovascular side effects. Thus, new targets involved in PGs metabolism are under investigation. 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH), a key metabolic enzyme of PGE2, was up-regulated in normal colonic epithelium, but decreased in colon cancer. Recent findings suggest that 15-PGDH is involved in the neoplastic progression of initiated colonic epithelial cells. Also, new players related with PGs metabolism including prostaglandin transporter (PGT) and microsomal prostaglandin E synthase (mPGES) were reported to play a role in colorectal cancer development. This review presents current knowledge about the role of prostaglandins and associated proteins in colorectal cancer development and progression.
Category: Generic
Biomaterials is an exciting and dynamic field, which uses a collection of diverse materials to achieve desired biological responses. While there is constant evolution and innovation in materials with time, biomaterials research has been hampered by the relatively long development period required. In recent years, driven by the need to accelerate materials development, the applications of machine learning in materials science has progressed in leaps and bounds. The combination of machine learning with high-throughput theoretical predictions and high-throughput experiments (HTE) has shifted the traditional Edisonian (trial and error) paradigm to a data-driven paradigm. In this review, each type of biomaterial and their key properties and use cases are systematically discussed, followed by how machine learning can be applied in the development and design process. The discussions are classified according to various types of materials used including polymers, metals, ceramics, and nanomaterials, and implants using additive manufacturing. Last, the current gaps and potential of machine learning to further aid biomaterials discovery and application are also discussed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Cancer of the lung causes more deaths from cancer worldwide than at any other site. The environmental, genetic, and dietary risk factors are discussed and progress in chemoprevention is reviewed. A better understanding of the molecular events that occur during carcinogenesis has opened up new areas of research in cancer prevention and a number of biochemical markers of high risk individuals have been identified. It is predicted that greater success in chemoprevention will be achieved in the next decade than in the last.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Lymph node metastases are important determinants in the prognosis of primary colorectal cancer. Although it has been established that enlarged, palpable lymph nodes contain metastases in less than half of the cases, no definitive data concerning the incidence of metastases in lymph nodes measuring 5 mm or less are available. We treated the surgical specimens of 52 consecutive patients who had colon cancer with a lymph node clearance technique at the Roswell Park Memorial Institute, Buffalo. We found 2699 lymph nodes in the 52 specimens, with a mean of 52 lymph nodes per specimen (range, five to 151). Sixty-four lymph nodes were found with metastases in 21 (40%) of the 52 patients. Fifty-nine of 64 of the lymph nodes were reexamined and remeasured. Thirty-nine lymph node metastases measured less than 5 mm, 13 were between 5 and 10 mm, and eight were larger than 10 mm. We concluded that lymph node metastases in colon cancer occur most frequently in lymph nodes measuring less than 5 mm (small lymph nodes). The use of lymph node clearing techniques in surgical specimens improves detection of small lymph node metastases and thereby diminishes understaging.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancers arise from benign neoplasms and evolve into adenocarcinomas through a stepwise histological progression sequence, proceeding from either adenomas or hyperplastic polyps/serrated adenomas. Genetic alterations have been associated with specific steps in this polyp-adenocarcinoma sequence and are believed to drive the histological progression of colon cancer. Recently, epigenetic alterations, which include CGI (CpG island) DNA methylation, have been shown to occur in colon polyps and colon cancer. The aberrant methylation of genes appears to co-operate with the genetic alterations to drive the initiation and progression of colon polyps to colon cancer. CGI DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that represses gene transcription in normal cellular processes, but it becomes excessive and aberrant in many neoplasms. The aberrant DNA methylation affects CpG-rich regions, called CGIs, in the 5' region of genes and results in transcriptional silencing through effects on transcription factor binding and associated changes in chromatin structure. These hypermethylated genes are not only probable pathogenic events affecting colon-cancer formation, but also neoplasm-specific molecular events that may be useful as molecular markers for colon tumours. Furthermore, aberrant DNA methylation of tumour-suppressor genes may occur secondary to a genetic predisposition or to a field-cancerization effect in the colon and may be useful as molecular markers for the risk of developing colon cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is a public health problem worldwide. Although potentially curable at early stages, a substantial number of patients will inevitably present with or eventually develop metastatic disease, which is often incurable. Despite the progress achieved with the introduction of new cytotoxic agents, recurrence rates for patients with resected stage II/III disease remain > 20%. Therefore, a great deal of effort and resources have been put into improving early diagnosis and prevention tools as well as the efficacy of adjuvant treatment. Oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy is now considered the standard of care in node-positive colon cancer, but there remains controversy with regard to the indication and type of adjuvant treatment in patients with nodenegative disease. Oral fluoropyrimidines play a growing role in the management of colorectal cancer and can be currently considered an alternative to 5-fluorouracil. Numerous reports have suggested that elderly patients benefit equally from chemotherapy, but the growing numbers of octogenarian and nonagenarian patients in our clinics, many of whom occasionally struggle through treatment, are a reminder of the challenges ahead. Finally, as we might have reached a plateau in terms of cytotoxic chemotherapy, numerous clinical trials are now focusing on the role of biologic agents in the adjuvant setting.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Ubiquitin-like with PHD and ring-finger domain 1 (UHRF1) has been defined as an oncogene in tumor cells. However, the role of UHRF1 in mediating metastasis in thyroid cancer remains unexplored. In this study, we aimed to investigate the metastatic function and the potential mechanisms of UHRF1 in thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
A variety of promising gene therapy approaches have been examined for treatment of follicular cell-derived and medullary thyroid cancer, including corrective gene therapy, cytoreductive gene therapy as well as immunomodulatory gene therapy. In addition, cloning of the NIS gene has provided us with a powerful cytoreductive gene therapy strategy based on targeted NIS gene transfer followed by radionculide ((131)I, (188)Re, (211)At) therapy. The data summarized in this article clearly demonstrate the high potential of currently available gene therapy approaches for future therapy of advanced dedifferentiated and medullary thyroid cancer, in particular as part of a multimodality approach. One of the major hurdles on the way to clinical application of gene therapy approaches in metastasized thyroid cancer is optimal tumor-specific targeting in the presence of low toxicity. Replication-selective viral vectors and novel biodegradable polymers as highly efficient nonviral vectors seem to be most promising candidates for the development of efficient and safe systemic gene therapy strategies. The bystander effect that is associated with some of the above listed gene therapy strategies provides a powerful means to compensate for the limited tumor spread of viral and nonviral vectors. Based on its dual function as therapy and reporter gene allowing noninvasive imaging by (123)I-scintigraphy and (124)I-PET imaging, NIS gene therapy offers the advantage of detailed characterization of in vivo vector biodistribution as well as localization, level, and duration of transgene expression - an essential prerequisite for exact planning and monitoring of clinical gene therapy trials with the aim of individualized therapy.