EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer is a tumor of the thyroid C cells that occurs in sporadic and hereditary clinical settings. Genetic testing of at-risk individuals is available and has been applied to patient management. Plasma calcitonin levels are a very sensitive marker for the presence of disease. Surgery offers the best hope for cure and also is an effective modality for managing metastatic and recurrent disease.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is considered the most common malignancy that affects the endocrine system. Generally, thyroid cancer derives from follicular epithelial cells, and thyroid cancer is divided into well-differentiated papillary (80% of cases) and follicular (15% of cases) carcinoma. Follicular thyroid cancer is further divided into the conventional and oncocytic (H rthle cell) type, poorly differentiated carcinoma and anaplastic carcinoma. Both poorly differentiated and anaplastic carcinoma can arise either de novo, or secondarily from papillary and follicular thyroid cancer. The incidence of thyroid cancer has significantly increased for both males and females of all ages, particularly for females between 55-64 years of age, from 1999 through 2008. The increased rates refer to tumors of all stages, though they were mostly noted in localized disease. Recently, viruses have been implicated in the direct regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the development of metastases. More specifically, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) proteins may potentially lead to the development of metastasis through the regulation of the metastasis suppressor, Nm23, and the control of Twist expression. The significant enhancement of the metastatic potential, through the induction of angiogenesis and changes to the tumor microenvironment, subsequent to viral infection, has been documented, while EMT also contributes to cancer cell permissiveness to viruses. A number of viruses have been identified to be associated with carcinogenesis, and these include lymphotropic herpesviruses, namely EBV and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus [KSHV, also known as human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV8)]; two hepatitis viruses, hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV); human papillomaviruses (HPVs); human T cell lymphoma virus (HTLV); and a new polyomavirus, Merkel cell polyomavirus identified in 2008. In this review, we examined the association between thyroid cancer and two oncogenic virus families, the herpes and polyoma family viruses, and we discuss their potential role as causative agents in thyroid carcinogenesis.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Overdiagnosis is the detection of a disease that does not do any harm to the patient throughout the lifetime. Thyroid cancer in children is a rare disease; however, since 2011, many children in Fukushima, Japan, have been diagnosed with it, and the number has shown a steady increase to over 200 cases at present. Some experts have stated that this phenomenon is due to overdiagnosis caused by thyroid ultrasound (US)-based thyroid screening detecting self-limiting thyroid cancer, which will not lead to clinical symptoms in the future. Harm caused by overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer is more serious in the young, since it is difficult to perform active surveillance and children diagnosed with cancer are likely to suffer from stigma. Thus, overdiagnosis of thyroid cancer in the young is not only a health problem but also a problem of human rights. Conflicts of interest among people related to screening programs and some experts with incomplete knowledge on overdiagnosis help to spread misleading opinions together with fear of radiation exposure among residents, which has led to their erroneous understanding of the nature of US-based thyroid screening. Scientific and honest discussions among experts to enhance education of residents and consideration of medical ethics are crucial to prevent the expansion of overdiagnosis.
Category: Generic
Cell imaging has entered the 'Big Data' era. New technologies in light microscopy and molecular biology have led to an explosion in high-content, dynamic and multidimensional imaging data. Similar to the 'omics' fields two decades ago, our current ability to process, visualize, integrate and mine this new generation of cell imaging data is becoming a critical bottleneck in advancing cell biology. Computation, traditionally used to quantitatively test specific hypotheses, must now also enable iterative hypothesis generation and testing by deciphering hidden biologically meaningful patterns in complex, dynamic or high-dimensional cell image data. Data science is uniquely positioned to aid in this process. In this Perspective, we survey the rapidly expanding new field of data science in cell imaging. Specifically, we highlight how data science tools are used within current image analysis pipelines, propose a computation-first approach to derive new hypotheses from cell image data, identify challenges and describe the next frontiers where we believe data science will make an impact. We also outline steps to ensure broad access to these powerful tools - democratizing infrastructure availability, developing sensitive, robust and usable tools, and promoting interdisciplinary training to both familiarize biologists with data science and expose data scientists to cell imaging.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Clinical systemic amyloidosis has been rarely described in patients with lung cancer. A new case of such an association is described with a review of the literature and a discussion about the possible biological mechanisms responsible for the development of systemic amyloidosis in patients with lung cancer. Circulating precursors of amyloid fibrils in patients with lung cancer might be implicated more than expected in the biology of tumoral disease.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
There are controversial views and discussions on surgical treatment of thyroid cancer. A retrospective study covering the period from 1979 through 1988 has been conducted by the authors to analyse resective approaches to thyroid cancer. Operations were performed on papillary carcinoma in 37.6% and on follicular carcinoma in 31.8% of the cases. An overall five-year survival rate for differentiated thyroid cancer was recorded from 81.5%, with 100% in stage T1N0M0 (microcarcinoma) according to publications. Hence, much less radical procedures like hemithyroidectomy is fully supported by the authors for microcarcinoma. The total thyroidectomy only should be applied to differentiated thyroid cancer in the advanced stages, to medullary and anaplastic carcinoma.
Category: Colon_Cancer
This unit describes protocols for working with colon cancer stem cells. To work with these cells one must start by generating single-cell suspensions from human colon cancer tissue. These cell suspensions are sorted using flow cytometry-assisted cell sorting to fractionate the cells into tumor-initiating and nontumor-initiating subsets. Once the cells have been fractionated, they must be functionally tested to determine tumor-forming capacity, the gold standard being the in vivo xenograft assay. Methods have also been developed to grow these cells in vitro in a sphere-forming assay. This unit will describe how to isolate and functionally test colon cancer stem cells, as well as provide advice on the potential challenges of the research.
Category: Generic
Cyanobacteria are blue-green Gram-negative and photosynthetic bacteria which are seen as one of the most morphologically numerous groups of prokaryotes. Because of their ability to fix gaseous nitrogen and carbon dioxide to organic materials, they are known to play important roles in the universal nutrient cycle. Cyanobacteria has emerged as one of the promising resources to combat the issues of global warming, disease outbreaks, nutrition insecurity, energy crises as well as persistent daily human population increases. Cyanobacteria possess significant levels of macro and micronutrient substances which facilitate the versatile popularity to be utilized as human food and protein supplements in many countries such as Asia. Cyanobacteria has been employed as a complementary dietary constituent of feed for poultry and as vitamin and protein supplement in aquatic lives. They are effectively used to deal with numerous tasks in various fields of biotechnology, such as agricultural (including aquaculture), industrial (food and dairy products), environmental (pollution control), biofuel (bioenergy) and pharmaceutical biotechnology (such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressant, anticoagulant and antitumor); recently, the growing interest of applying them as biocatalysts has been observed as well. Cyanobacteria are known to generate a numerous variety of bioactive compounds. However, the versatile potential applications of cyanobacteria in biotechnology could be their significant growth rate and survival in severe environmental conditions due to their distinct and unique metabolic pathways as well as active defensive mechanisms. In this review, we elaborated on the versatile cyanobacteria applications in different areas of biotechnology. We also emphasized the factors that could impede the implementation to cyanobacteria applications in biotechnology and the execution of strategies to enhance their effective applications.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Tumour-dependent genes identified in CRISPR-Cas9 screens have been widely reported in Cancer Dependency Maps (CDMs). CDM-derived tumour-dependent genes play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression; however, they have not been investigated in colon cancer (CC).
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Patients with thyroid cancer can be safely treated by an experienced endocrine surgeon. More extensive initial surgery such as total or near-total thyroidectomy seems to decrease tumor recurrence and prolong life. When such operations can be done with minimal complications, we believe it is the treatment of choice because even low-risk patients have a 4% or 5% risk of eventually dying of thyroid cancer. If this risk of death from thyroid cancer can be decreased to 1% or 2% and the rate of serious complications is 1% or 2%, the authors believe total thyroidectomy is indicated. Most patients can be discharged within 1 day of total thyroidectomy.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer remains the third leading cause of death due to cancer in the US, where it affected more than 145,000 individuals in 2005. Up to 30% of these cases exhibit familial clustering, which means that tens of thousands of individuals have a disease with a potentially definable genetic component. Approximately 3-5% of colon cancers are associated with high-risk, inherited colon cancer syndromes. Identification of the genes that cause these colon cancer syndromes, coupled with additional insights into their clinical course, has led to the development of specific management guidelines--and genetic tests--that can diagnose these familial disorders. These guidelines can be life-saving, not only for the affected patient, but also for their family members.
Category: Generic
Millions of breast imaging exams are performed each year in an effort to reduce the morbidity and mortality of breast cancer. Breast imaging exams are performed for cancer screening, diagnostic work-up of suspicious findings, evaluating extent of disease in recently diagnosed breast cancer patients, and determining treatment response. Yet, the interpretation of breast imaging can be subjective, tedious, time-consuming, and prone to human error. Retrospective and small reader studies suggest that deep learning (DL) has great potential to perform medical imaging tasks at or above human-level performance, and may be used to automate aspects of the breast cancer screening process, improve cancer detection rates, decrease unnecessary callbacks and biopsies, optimize patient risk assessment, and open up new possibilities for disease prognostication. Prospective trials are urgently needed to validate these proposed tools, paving the way for real-world clinical use. New regulatory frameworks must also be developed to address the unique ethical, medicolegal, and quality control issues that DL algorithms present. In this article, we review the basics of DL, describe recent DL breast imaging applications including cancer detection and risk prediction, and discuss the challenges and future directions of artificial intelligence-based systems in the field of breast cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Successful treatment of colon cancer is founded on surgical resection of the primary lesion and the regional lymph nodes. The significant number of patients so resected who experience no recurrence, even with positive lymph nodes, indicates that the disease still was confined regionally and that the therapy was effective. Cancer in about 50 per cent of patients does recur, however, and, outside of a small proportion who can be resected again, all patients with recurrence die. There is virtually no curative nonsurgical therapy for colorectal carcinoma.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC), especially among small tumors, is increasing worldwide, despite the fact that the mortality rate from thyroid cancer remains stable. Total thyroidectomy with or without radioiodine therapy is actually the standard treatment. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that lobectomy could be an alternative to total thyroidectomy in low-risk DTC without compromising overall survival. The aim of this article was to assess the role of conservative surgery (hemithyroidectomy) in DTC reviewing the literature data.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Recent research into an early detection of colorectal cancers shows a surprisingly great progress. In 1991, Mr. Hisamichi reports that a mass screening method for colorectal cancers through immunological fecal occult blood tests may result in fewer fatalities due to colorectal cancers. This paper describes the current situations and future prospects of UICC workshops in principle, as undermentioned in 1 through 6. 1. The target population should be clearly defined and selected in such a way that, given the likely sensitivity and specificity of the test, an acceptable predictive value will be achieved. 2. As far as possible, the target population should be limited to those at particular risk of the disease in order to give a reasonable prevalence of detection when such individuals at risk can be identified. 3. There should be a reasonable expectation of reaching the target population and of achieving reasonable compliance in response to invitations to attend. The expected level of compliance should be stated. 4. There should be a reasonable expectation that recommendations for further diagnostic evaluation will be complied with by individuals who have a positive test. 5. There should be an agreed-upon policy on the classification of borderline abnormalities and also on their management, as well as on recommendations for their follow-up. 6. There should be a reasonable expectation that recommendations for appropriate management of lesions discovered by a screening program will be complied with both by the individual with the lesion and by the physicians responsible for his health care.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. The persisting grim lung cancer incidence and mortality figures argue powerfully for new approaches such as chemoprevention for controlling this disease. Retinoids are among the most intensively studied cancer chemoprevention agents, including in the lung. Several randomized clinical or translational chemoprevention trials (e.g., of retinoids, beta-carotene, or combined folic acid and vitamin B(12)) have been conducted in lung pre-malignancy. Retinoid studies have produced important data on molecular/cellular markers of lung carcinogenesis, e.g., loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at 3p and 9p and retinoic acid receptor-beta (RAR-beta). Two large randomized trials with a lung cancer endpoint, the Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene (ATBC) Prevention Study and the Beta-Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET), found that beta-carotene (+/- retinol) was harmful (in smokers). Recently completed lung-second-primary-tumor-prevention trials include the retinoids retinyl palmitate and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13cRA) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Vitamin E and selenium show promise for lung cancer prevention, based on positive secondary/subset analyses of three large-scale, randomized National Cancer Institute (NCI) cancer prevention trials. Future directions of lung cancer chemoprevention include the study of molecular markers of risk and drug activity, molecular targeting study, improved imaging techniques (e.g., molecular imaging) and new drug delivery systems.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Lenvatinib has been approved by regulatory agencies in Japan, the United States, and the European Union for treatment of radioiodine-refractory differentiated thyroid cancer (RR-DTC). Thyroid cancer, however, is a clinically diverse disease that includes anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC), the subtype associated with the highest lethality. Effective therapy for ATC is an unmet need.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Ten of 502 patients presenting with thyroid cancer were hyperthyroid due to Graves' disease (4 patients), multinodular goitre (3), an autonomous functioning nodule (1) and a large functioning tumour (2). In addition eight patients had a past history of Graves' disease and four of hyperthyroidism associated with multinodular goitre. Mortality in patients with Graves' disease and with multinodular goitre appeared similar to that of other patients of comparable age. Both patients with large functioning tumours died from progressive disease. Concentration 131I by tumour metastases was present in one patient with active Graves' disease who had a high serum concentration of TSH-receptor binding antibodies, indicating that these antibodies may chronically stimulate tumour function. The potential for 131I concentration by tumour when TSH secretion is suppressed should therefore be determined in patients with Graves' disease and if demonstrable tumour function is present, reflecting stimulation by Graves' immunoglobulins, then elimination of tumour remnants is particularly important.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Of the 740 patients with primary lung cancer operated on at our department between January, 1982 and December, 1991, 108 (14.6%) underwent extended operation involving combined resection of adjacent organs. The 5-year survival rates in patients who underwent resection of the parietal pleura (n = 62), thoracic wall (n = 25), diaphragm (n = 11), left atrium (n = 7), superior vena cava (n = 6), and aorta (n = 5) were 13.8%, 20.5%, 14.9%, 0%, 51.4%, 0%, and 20.0%, respectively. Surgical treatment for stage III advanced lung cancer is controversial, but the 5-year survival rates in those who underwent combined resection of the parietal pleura, thoracic wall including the ribs, left atrium, and aorta were not lower than that in all patients with stage III lung cancer. Especially, long-term survivals of 5 years and 11 months and 10 years and 6 months were obtained in patients who underwent resection of the left atrium, and 6-year survival was observed in a patient who underwent resection of the aorta, suggesting that extended resection is effective in some cases. The outcome of combined resection of the diaphragm and the superior vena cava was poor, with no patients surviving for 5 years.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In countries where prolonged smoking of manufactured cigarettes is a widely established habit, it is responsible for about 90% of lung cancer. As lung cancer is usually incurable, even with expensive technology, the key to its control lies in prevention. World experience has shown the crucial need for government commitment, funding and action in controlling the epidemic of tobacco-related disease. It is recommended that each country establish a national council of 'tobacco or health' to coordinate a comprehensive tobacco control programme. This programme should incorporate data collection, including evaluation of specific anti-tobacco measures; legislative measures, including strong, rotating health warnings, limits on harmful substances, establishment of smoke-free areas, bans on any new forms of tobacco use, and a total ban on all direct or indirect promotion of tobacco products; health education campaigns; and taxation and price policies. The support and involvement of the medical profession is vital. Obstacles to success include the effect of advertising revenue in silencing the media, the inertia of governments and the medical profession, but most importantly the tobacco industry--the largest, wealthiest, most determined and strongest opposition to tobacco control worldwide.
Category: Generic
Machine learning applications in neurosurgery are increasingly reported for diverse tasks such as faster and more accurate preoperative diagnosis, enhanced lesion characterization, as well as surgical outcome, complications and healthcare cost prediction. Even though the pertinent literature in pituitary surgery is less extensive with respect to other neurosurgical diseases, past research attempted to answer clinically relevant questions to better assist surgeons and clinicians. In the present chapter we review reported ML applications in pituitary surgery including differential diagnosis, preoperative lesion characterization (immunohistochemistry, cavernous sinus invasion, tumor consistency), surgical outcome and complication predictions (gross total resection, tumor recurrence, and endocrinological remission, cerebrospinal fluid leak, postoperative hyponatremia). Moreover, we briefly discuss from a practical standpoint the current barriers to clinical translation of machine learning research. On the topic of pituitary surgery, published reports can be considered mostly preliminary, requiring larger training populations and strong external validation. Thoughtful selection of clinically relevant outcomes of interest and transversal application of model development pipeline-together with accurate methodological planning and multicenter collaborations-have the potential to overcome current limitations and ultimately provide additional tools for more informed patient management.
Category: Generic
Environmental neuroscience is an emerging field devoted to the scientific study of brain-mediated, bidirectional relationships between organisms and their social and physical environments. A key feature of environmental neuroscience is the rigorous quantification of environmental features that affect the brain and subsequent behavior. In addition, environmental neuroscience considers factors that vary across multiple temporal and spatial scales that interact to produce behavior (e.g., synapses, neural circuits, cognition, local social interactions, citywide social interactions, citywide physical structures). Environmental neuroscientists then measure the spatial and temporal dynamics of the interactions between different levels of analysis. For example, we demonstrate through hierarchical systems theory and mathematical modeling how interacting with urban greenspace may reduce psychopathology via improvements in neurocognitive functioning, which, in turn, may increase social interactions. This example illustrates how different levels of analysis (e.g., neurocognitive factors, the physical environment, and the social environment) may be combined to understand behavior in novel ways. In addition, we advocate for the collection of data across these scales and measuring their interactions, which will generate rich data sets that will continue to yield insights as new ways to model these complex multilevel systems are developed. We believe that examining all of these levels of analysis at different temporal and spatial scales in addition to modeling their relationships will lead to advances in understanding behavior. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).