EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Patients with differentiated thyroid carcinoma usually have a good prognosis; however, up to 40% of them may develop local recurrence. PET scanning has added new information on disease evaluation. The most appropriate indication to fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET scan is in evaluating patients with high thyroglobulin level when I-131 radioiodine whole-body scans are negative and in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma when the serum calcitonin level is increased. PET scan is also useful in detecting intrathyroid lesions harboring malignancy when FDG uptake in the thyroid is noted incidentally in patients undergoing PET for another indication.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in the United States, and its incidence is growing throughout the world. The high morbidity and mortality of lung cancer largely results from the fact that most people are diagnosed with advanced disease, when surgical cures are no longer possible. Although many risk factors have been implicated, the most significant risk for developing lung cancer is clearly tobacco exposure. Tobacco use is currently increasing among specific population groups. It is probable that lung cancer will continue as a major medical and social problem for the foreseeable future.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is still the second most frequent malignancy in the Western world. Despite major efforts in diagnosis and treatment it is one of the leading causes of cancer related deaths. The metastatic dissemination of primary tumors is directly linked to patient's survival and accounts for about 90% of all colon cancer deaths. Current clinical predictions on whether colon cancer will metastasize are mainly defined by histopathological staging, describing the tumor spread within a surgical specimen. This review focuses on the need for molecule-based staging as essential prerequisite for individualized diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. Molecular determinants for progression and metastasis of colon cancer are discussed. Moreover, a newly identified molecule playing a decisive role in colon cancer metastasis is highlighted: MACC1. MACC1 acts as a key regulator of the metastasis-inducing HGF/Met pathway, predicts the risk for metastasis in early cancer stages, and represents a novel target to attack metastasis.
Category: Lung_Cancer
As a nursing student my knowledge of caring for patients with lung cancer had been rather limited. The article provided information on the risk factors for lung cancer, diagnostic investigations, treatment options and the nurse's role in improving quality of life and experience of care for patients.
Category: Generic
The Basics of Machine LearningWhen a person is pregnant, a key question is how to establish the "date" of the pregnancy. Classically, the date was based on the last menstrual period (LMP). For the past 3 decades or more, in high-resource countries, this has been done using "hospital-grade" ultrasound machines, with testing performed by trained sonographers. In many parts of the world, neither the machines nor the trained sonographers are accessible. In an article published in NEJM Evidence, Pokaprakarn et al.1 asked whether a low-cost handheld ultrasound device combined with artificial intelligence (AI) could substitute for the expensive machines and trained sonographers.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Sphingolipids were first described more than 100 years ago by the physician Thudicum who named the fatty substance he found in brain, sphingosin. Among multiple other functions, sphingolipids are lipid messengers in the signaling pathways of growth factors, cytokines, cellular stresses and others. As such, they are involved in the regulation of a wide spectrum of processes that modulate cell growth and cell death. These functions may be beneficial in cancer cells that escape growth regulation and exhibit unlimited proliferation. The effects of exogenous sphingolipids on cancer cells in vitro have been well documented; however, the effects of sphingolipids in vivo are less well understood. Since the mechanisms sphingolipids utilize in the prevention of cancer may be different from those in cancer treatment, modulation of cell growth versus induction of cell death, this review will focus on the known effects of orally administered sphingolipids in the prevention of colon cancer in different rodent models, and discuss the effect of sphingolipid metabolites on changes in cell proliferation and cell death that are important events in early carcinogenesis.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The primary curative therapy of colorectal cancer is surgical resection. However, within the last 15 years, prospectively randomized appropriately powered clinical trials have convincingly demonstrated that adjunctive postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy is of benefit to all patients with node-positive disease (stage III) and arguably to high-risk node-negative (stage II) cases. In the United States, the clinical trials encompassing greater than 5,000 cases have demonstrated that fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin used in a variety of doses and schedules improves disease-free and overall survival in resected node-positive (stage III) colorectal cancer. The postoperative use of 5-FU/leucovorin for approximately 6 months represents standard of care for such patients. Current clinical trials are evaluating the role of nonfluorinated pyrimidine chemotherapeutic agents in adjuvant chemotherapy for resected large bowel cancer. 5-FU/leucovorin combined with irinotecan (CPT-11) versus 5-FU/leucovorin are being tested in a national intergroup clinical trial. Another trial is evaluating 5-FU/leucovorin plus oxaliplatin versus 5-FU/leucovorin alone. These clinical trials will be important in defining the appropriate standard of care for patients with resected colorectal cancer, since recent studies in advanced colorectal cancer in the United States and in Western Europe have demonstrated that combinations of 5-FU/leucovorin and CPT-11 or 5-FU/ leucovorin and oxaliplatin are superior to 5-FU/leucovorin alone.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer during pregnancy is a relatively rare occurrence. To date there has been sparse clinical evidence about the safety of chemotherapy in this setting because the available data derive only from single-institution case reports.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
It is possible to screen for medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) with biochemical tests, imaging and genetic testing in families with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2. The recommendation is based on a consensus statement made by the Members of the European Community concerted action for MTC. The prognostic characteristics are based on 117 patients with MTC diagnosed in Denmark between 1970-1991. Twenty percent of all MTC patients were members of families with two or more thyroid cancer patients. More than half of all MTC patients had neck lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis. The frequency of neck lymph node involvement was however only 20% amongst those with familiar MTC.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Sera from 71 patients with localized lung cancer, from 70 normal controls, and from 73 patients with benign lung diseases were analyzed for 10 substances to detect lung cancer: ferritin, lipid-bound sialic acid, total sialic acid, beta 2-microglobulin, lipotropin, the alpha and beta subunits of human chorionic gonadotropin, calcitonin (two assays), parathyroid hormone, and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Individual markers were studied, and optimal combinations of markers were sought for discriminating patients with localized lung cancer from normal controls and from patients with benign lung disease. Both logistic regression and recursive partitioning methods for discrimination were tried. The best rules involved only CEA and ferritin for discriminating patients with lung cancer from normal controls, and CEA and age for discriminating patients with lung cancer from those with benign lung diseases. The performance of these rules was validated on an independent serum panel containing sera from 56 patients with localized lung cancer, 75 normal controls, and 75 patients with benign lung diseases. Three rules designed to achieve 95% specificity against normal controls attained 14%-36% sensitivity for localized lung cancer in the validation panels, whereas three rules designed to achieve 95% specificity against benign lung diseases attained 30%-39% sensitivity. Some aspects of potential clinical applications are discussed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Personalized lung cancer therapy has progressed by targeting several oncogenic aberrations that drive lung carcinogenesis. Recent advances in gene analysis technologies, including next-generation sequencing that yields large amounts of genomic data, have greatly contributed to this progress. In addition, immune checkpoint blockade therapy has become available in Japan, and extensive searches for biomarkers predictive of therapeutic response have been carried out. "Clinical sequencing" which analyzes aberrations in a set of therapy-related genes in patient cancer specimens, has been actively conducted in Japan and other countries. This will help to establish more efficient and effective precision cancer medicine based on gene information. Herein, we summarize the recent progress in personalized lung cancer therapy research, including clinical sequencing.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine cancer in adults with rising incidence. Challenges in imaging thyroid cancer are twofold: distinguishing thyroid cancer from benign thyroid nodules, which occur in 50% of the population over 50 years; and correct staging of thyroid cancer to facilitate appropriate radical surgery in a single session. The clinical management of thyroid cancer patients has been covered in detail by the 2015 guidelines of the American Thyroid Association (ATA). The purpose of this review is to state the principles underlying optimal multimodal imaging of thyroid cancer and aid clinicians in avoiding important pitfalls.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Differentiated thyroid tumours of follicular cell derivation have traditionally been classified based on architecture, cytology, or both. The features that distinguish the various entities are controversial and diagnostic criteria are inconsistent and often irreproducible. The complexity of classification schemes has not been substantiated by molecular profiling. In this review, a simplistic approach to the diagnosis of well differentiated thyroid neoplasia is provided to challenge the dogma. The proposed classification matches the molecular profiles of these lesions and simplifies the criteria for diagnosis. This approach can be used to support rational treatment algorithms.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The most dramatic effect of exposure to fallout from the Chernobyl accident on physical health has been the increase in thyroid cancer. When this was first reported 1,2, there was scepticism in Europe and the US, as it was not thought plausible that exposure to radio-isotopes of iodine in fallout could lead to such an increase in thyroid cancer with such a short latency. This review will discuss the lessons to be learnt from a re-examination of the reasons for the original scepticism, together with what is currently known about the factors that have influenced the development of excess thyroid cancers in those exposed, the number and type of cancers that have occurred, and the interaction between tumor morphology, molecular pathology, clinical behavior, and latent period.
Category: Colon_Cancer
There is considerable interest in the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in colon carcinogenesis and its progression, because nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) reduce mortality from colon cancer and COX-2 is one of the known targets of NSAIDs. COX-2 mRNA and protein levels are increased in colon cancer tissues from patients and in some colon cancer cell lines. The relationship between COX-2 and colon cancer is further confirmed by studies using the murine models of adenomatous polyposis coli, in which NSAIDs and gene knockouts reduce the number of spontaneously developing intestinal polyps. COX-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells increases resistance to apoptosis, promotes tumor angiogenesis, and enhances invasion and metastasis. COX-2 expression in stromal cells appears to have a role in tumor angiogenesis because tumor growth is attenuated when colon cancer cells are implanted in COX-2 knockout mice due to a decreased vascular supply to the tumors. Although NSAIDs act via COX-2 to inhibit colon cancer growth, there also appear to be COX-2 independent actions for NSAIDs. COX-2 selective inhibitors can be the core drugs for the prevention and the treatment of colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The purpose of our review is to discuss the current state of lung cancer screening using CT in the context of defined criteria for effective screening.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Over the last four decades, methodological innovations have continuously changed transcriptome profiling. It is now feasible to sequence and quantify the transcriptional outputs of individual cells or thousands of samples using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). These transcriptomes serve as a connection between cellular behaviors and their underlying molecular mechanisms, such as mutations. This relationship, in the context of cancer, provides a chance to unravel tumor complexity and heterogeneity and uncover novel biomarkers or treatment options. Since colon cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies, its prognosis and diagnosis seem to be critical. The transcriptome technology is developing for an earlier and more accurate diagnosis of cancer which can provide better protectivity and prognostic utility to medical teams and patients. A transcriptome is a whole set of expressed coding and non-coding RNAs in an individual or cell population. The cancer transcriptome includes RNA-based changes. The combined genome and transcriptome of a patient may provide a comprehensive picture of their cancer, and this information is beginning to affect treatment decision-making in real-time. A full assessment of the transcriptome of colon (colorectal) cancer has been assessed in this review paper based on risk factors such as age, obesity, gender, alcohol use, race, and also different stages of cancer, as well as non-coding RNAs like circRNAs, miRNAs, lncRNAs, and siRNAs. Similarly, they have been examined independently in the transcriptome study of colon cancer.
Category: Generic
Biotechnology could provide many innovative alternatives for changing the way metals are obtained. Microbes have been used to dissolve metallic minerals and release metal ions into solution, from which pure metal can be obtained by electrolysis. Plants that accumulate metals in their roots and leaves have been used to concentrate metals, and mineral-binding peptides might be used to separate minerals. However, for billions of years microbes have been interacting with metals. Microbial communities in and near mineral sources are therefore a rich source of genetic information which could be used to create synthetic or modified microbiomes that concentrate metals. This would be a complete paradigm-change with enormous scope for transforming the way metals are obtained.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Studies in humans and animals have suggested that the distribution of histologic types of radio-induced thyroid cancers is different from that of naturally occurring tumors. In an attempt to verify that finding, histologic results of 31 patients with thyroid cancer, who had received irradiation to the head, neck or upper chest for other causes, were compared with those of 389 non irradiated patients. The two groups were homogeneous for age and sex. There was a significantly higher prevalence of the papillary type in the irradiated group, with an higher incidence of metastatic lymph nodes. Other histopathologic findings, coexisting with the papillary carcinoma (i.e., ground glass subtype, size less than 1.5 cm, multicentricity) did not differ significantly in the two groups. Some theoretical considerations concerning radio-induced thyroid carcinoma are proposed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Among 14 patients with carcinoma of the lung and scleroderma, 9 had no history of smoking. The 14 cases of primary lung carcinoma occurred in a population of 3550 patients with a diagnosis of scleroderma. Scleroderma preceded the diagnosis of lung cancer by at least 6 years in 8 cases. Scleroderma and lung carcinoma were diagnosed within 3 years of each other in 4 cases. The most frequent type of carcinoma in our series was small cell carcinoma, which accounted for 5 of the 14 cases. Our data indicate an increased risk of carcinoma of the lung in patients with scleroderma, even among nonsmokers. Small cell carcinoma of the lung is probably much more common in patients with scleroderma in whom lung carcinoma develops than is indicated by previous reports.
Category: Colon_Cancer
This review examines some of the evidence regarding probiotic bacteria as agents to reduce the risk of colon cancer in humans. While some of the evidence using rodent models of colon cancer is convincing for a reduction in cancer incidence and burden with the introduction orally of such bacteria as Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and gg, convincing evidence in humans is more difficult to find. It consists of epidemiological studies or marker intervention studies using faecal enzymes, faecal bile acids or urinary/ faecal mutagens from microbial activity as measures of cancer risk, following probiotic introduction. Taken together these sources of data provide limited support for the hypothesis that probiotic bacteria are effective in cancer prevention.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
One hundred and seventeen patients with thyroid cancer were seen at the Radiotherapy and Isotope Centre, Al-Sabah Hospital, Kuwait, between 1963 and 1974. Thyroid cancer constituted 4.7 per cent of all cancer cases among females and 2.4 per cent among males. Of these carcinomas, 58 per cent were papillary, 25 per cent follicular, 11 per cent anaplastic and 1.7 per cent medullary. Four cases (3.4 per cent) were of malignant lymphoma. The 10-year survival was 74, 96 and 21 per cent for papillary, follicular and anaplastic tumours respectively. The present series confirms the prognostic value of age, sex and histology and shows that node metastasis does not prejudice survival. The study does not show any correlation between the type of operation and survival.
Category: Lung_Cancer
This article is about the latest developments in lung cancer treatment, whether it is intended to cure, extend survival or enhance quality of life. The assessment of symptoms is considered, and focuses on breathlessness, which is one of the most common and distressing disorders associated with the disease. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches are outlines to assist nurses in meeting patients' needs and helping them to take control of their illness.
Category: Colon_Cancer
p68 is an interferon-inducible protein kinase which is a key factor in the regulation of both viral and cellular protein synthesis. Since p68 plays a central role in cellular protein synthesis, we hypothesized that it would parallel translational activity, and thereby correlate with cellular differentiation in both normal and neoplastic cell types. Using the anti-p68 monoclonal antibody, TJ4C4, we have previously noted a correlation of p68 expression with the degree of cellular differentiation in the human upper aerodigestive tract and lung. During normal human fetal development, p68 is abundantly expressed in the upper aerodigestive tract and lungs, but considerably less so in the colon. In order to determine if this fetal expression pattern correlated with the pattern seen in adult colon and colonic adenocarcinomas, we analyzed the expression pattern of p68 in 80 patients with adenocarcinoma of the colon. Using light microscopic evaluation of immunoperoxidase-stained tissue sections, a spectrum of p68 expression was noted among the tissue samples. Increased p68 levels were noted in the majority of tumors with increased cellular differentiation, and those tissues with decreased p68 were, in general, less differentiated. These data are consistent with the concept that the expression of p68 parallels the degree of cellular differentiation, and are consistent with previously reported studies using this antibody. The limited fetal expression pattern of p68 in the colon and the variable correlation of p68 with differentiation suggests that p68, as well as other translational regulators, can be important in assessing the biological potential of tumors arising in the colon.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The treatment of colon cancer is a significant source of malpractice liability. Physicians are justifiably concerned about malpractice exposure as personal injury attorneys investigate standard and novel malpractice theories and claims. With the general acceptance of the importance of screening for colon cancer, screening for colon cancer is now defined as the standard of care. This has opened up a previously neglected area of malpractice liability. Physicians need to understand the sources of malpractice risk and risk-management strategies related to these sources to reduce their exposure to liability suits in this area. This article outlines these sources evolving from the tort of negligence, including the duty to provide care, practicing below the standards of care, the cause of the harm, and the actual establishment of harm. The concept of vicarious liability and its relationship to the tort of negligence also are discussed. This presentation is developed within the context of a risk-management approach to assist physicians in developing a preventive approach to malpractice liability.
Category: Generic
Cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) integrate numerous automatic and monitor functions. Nowadays, most CIEDs are connected to the Internet (via Wi-Fi, Bluetooth or smartphone) to ensure remote monitoring of technical and clinical data: despite the importance of such a monitoring, especially from a clinical point of view, concerns have been raised about information (IT) security in terms of both privacy and security for CIEDs' carriers.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
This article reviews the immunologic aspects of thyroid cancer, including thyroid-specific effector elements on thyroid cancer, and discusses the potential antigens, unique molecular markers, and transcription factors that could serve as targets for immunotherapy. The potential role of this type of treatment for thyroid cancer is examined also.
Category: Colon_Cancer
We report a case of a 43-year-old male who initially presented with intermittent testicular pain as the first sign of metastatic stage IV colon cancer. Physical examination revealed a normal penis, scrotum and testes. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of pelvis showed an irregular 3 cm mass of the spermatic cord and right radical inguinal orchiectomy was performed. The pathological diagnosis was metastatic adenocarcinoma. In conclusion, even though metastases to the testes are rare, they should be considered in clinical practice especially in older men who present with a testicular mass or discomfort.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer screening reduces mortality in individuals 50 years and older. Each of the screening tests currently available has advantages and limitations, and there is no consensus as to which test or combination of tests is best. What is clear, however, is that the rates of colorectal cancer screening remain low. This review summarizes the clinical evidence supporting colorectal cancer screening in the average risk population and in high risk groups, discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the available screening tests, outlines the currently recommended guidelines for screening based on risk category, and discusses new and emerging technologies for colorectal cancer screening.