EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
The past decade has seen steady advances in the field of radiation therapy, impacting definitive treatment options for early and advanced tumors, as well as identifying further roles for adjuvant and palliative therapy. The widespread availability of (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose positron emission tomographic (FDG PET) imaging has improved staging, and better defines a population that will benefit from aggressive local therapy. Technological advances in radiation treatment planning allow for less normal lung irradiation, allowing increasing dose and decreasing normal tissue toxicity. Ongoing clinical investigations in the role of radiosurgery for early lung tumors, postoperative radiation of locally advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and prophylactic cranial irradiation in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) help to identify patients who may benefit from treatment.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is one of the most lethal of all cancers. It is more common in women and occurs primarily in older patients. ATC has a median overall survival of 3-5 months and a nearly 100% disease-specific mortality. It is known to spread rapidly to locoregional structures as well as outside the neck to distant sites, hence ATC is always considered stage IV. With better understanding of the disease at a molecular level, the introduction of newer treatment strategies has been possible and is part of the multimodal (surgery, radiation, and systemic therapy) therapeutic approach. However, there is extensive work needed to achieve better survival outcomes.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The association of thyroid cancer and SA has been previously described in individual case reports. We are describing 4 patients with co-existence of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and SA who presented a diagnostic and management challenge.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Bronchial cancer is the ideal candidate for the application of screening strategies: it is a serious, frequent disease and its diagnosis is often delayed. Moreover, only the early stages of the disease offer high hopes of being cured. However, proof of the impact of screening has not been supplied either by X-ray or by cytological examination of expectorations, despite numerous open and subsequent randomised trials. Recently, the low dose scan has shown to be a technique far more sensitive than X-ray and capable of detecting early stage tumours. Nevertheless, it is also a barely specific examination revealing a great number of benign abnormalities and perhaps leading to futile examinations. Because of this, the eventual demonstration of the impact of the scan on the lung cancer mortality warrants the development of randomised trials.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer (CC) belongs to a widespread malignant progression from the digestive tract. Moreover, CC is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. It was suggested that there are several causative risk factors, among which are genetic factors that play an important role in the predisposition and development of CC. Unfortunately, despite continuous vigorous research going back more than two decades regarding molecular genetics and epigenetics on the issues of CC, there were no suitable prognostic and predictive molecular biomarkers identified until now. There are several susceptible genes for CC. Researchers are still unsure about the mechanisms regarding the genetic predisposition and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The SNPs are considered to be clinically important aspotential diagnostics and therapeutic biomarkers in the future. Thus, in this review, we revise some gene SNPs involved in inducing CC.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The objective of this chapter was to review the occupational risk factors for developing lung cancer. Initially, the significance of lung cancer in the Brazilian population is addressed. Subsequently, the relationships between the genesis of this type of neoplasia and various physical and chemical agents generated by industrial processes are discussed. In the conclusion, the roles that clinical diagnosis and early prevention play in controlling occupational lung cancer are addressed.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The primary treatment of left-sided colonic ileus due to cancer is after localisation of the tumor with water-soluble contrast enema placement of an intraluminal, self-expanding metal stent. If this treatment is unsuccessful, open resection with primary anastomosis is the treatment of choice. In the case of a perforated tumor, resection and primary anastomis may be performed if the patient s general condition is acceptable.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Intense postoperative monitoring has resulted in increasing detection of patients with recurrent papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Our goals included quantifying successful reoperation, and analyzing surgical complications and reasons for relapse.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Splenic metastasis of colon cancer is uncommon especially when isolated. In fact, they are usually associated to multi visceral location. Malignant melanoma, cancer of breast and lung and ovarian carcinoma are the most common cancer which metastases in spleen. Splenic metastasis of colon cancer is rare and exceptionally isolated. Ten cases of isolated splenic metastasis in colon cancer are reported in literature. We report a new case of intra splenic kystic metastasis revealing an asymptomatic sigmoid cancer in a 63 years old patient.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal carcinoma during pregnancy is a rare event. We report a 23-year-old primigravida with advanced stage adenocarcinoma of the sigmoid colon diagnosed at 34 weeks of gestation. A healthy female infant was delivered by cesarean section. The treatment of choice was chemotherapy. The patient died 3 months after delivery.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Large thyroid carcinomas extending into the anterior mediastinum were removed from six patients by a transsternal surgical approach (partial median sternotomy). Transcervical mediastinal dissection offers obscure exposure and therefore entails the risk of the operation not being radical. The transsternal procedure was used as an alternative to remove affected lymphatic and fatty tissue from an additional nine patients. Sternal metastases were extirpated from 10 patients. Irrespective of the stage of the tumor, the indications for a transsternal approach to onocologically radical extirpation of tumors and mediastinal lymphatic fatty tissue should be more liberal, particularly with differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinomas. The prognosis for differentiated carcinomas is improved by radioiodine treatment, and optimal conditions for this therapy are ensured by the most radical possible removal of the tumor with its affected lymph nodes and sternal metastases. In the case of mixed differentiated/anaplastic and medullary carcinomas, this operative procedure ensures favorable conditions for other adjuvant forms of therapy. Although it was not possible to extend the life expectancy of patients suffering from anaplastic carcinomas, their quality of life was at least improved by the prevention of mechanical dyspnea caused by the mediastinal tumor.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The human lung has a resident population of neuroendocrine (NE) cells. These are characterised by the presence of neurosecretory granules and by a number of histochemical and immunocytochemical reactions. NE differentiation is a defining feature of classical and atypical carcinoid tumours and is seen in most small cell lung cancers (SCLC). Such differentiation has also been described in up to one third of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). As demonstrated in an accompanying paper in this issue of the Journal, the reporting of NE differentiation varies with the technical approach used and with the nature of the tissue specimen. This phenomenon is a reflection of the histological and biological heterogeneity of lung cancer and has not been shown to be of clinical utility.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Many approaches have been developed to targeting therapy for lung cancer. The representatives types have included photodynamic therapy (PDT), bronchial arterial infusion of anticancer agent and/or embolization, intensification of the effect of drugs on tumor tissue and drug delivery systems (DDS) using liposomes. In our hospital, 195 lung cancer patients, including those with 56 early stage lesions, have been treated with PDT, and a CR rate of 65.2% was obtained. Bronchial arterial infusion (BAI) for clinical N2, in-operable non-small cell lung cancer patients has prolonged median survival time compared to the patients treated without BAI. Combined modalities of chemotherapy and low power laser (He-Ne Laser) irradiation in the experimental animal model have been shown. This combined therapy may permit enhancement of the antitumor effects of routine chemotherapy by reducing the side effects of the drug. DDS using liposomes may well be a major targeting therapy for lung cancer. In our data, trans-bronchial injection of chemotherapeutic drugs encapsulated with liposomes will be most effective for mediastinal lymph node metastasis of lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
There is a lack of appropriate information in regard to the optimal treatment for colon cancer infiltrating neighboring organs.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Cells in a developing embryo communicate with each other through a limited number of intercellular signalling pathways, of which the Wnt signalling pathway is one. Little is known about the function of Wnt signalling beyond that in embryogenesis. However, recent insights into the molecular etiology of colon cancer have implied a central role for the Wnt signalling pathway. The malignant transformation of colorectal epithelium is well defined, leading to adenoma and sequentially carcinoma formation. Several genes that regulate the Wnt pathway are mutated in cancer of the human colon and other organs. All of these mutations lead to the inappropriate activation of the pathway, which instructs the cell to divide unrestrictedly. These insights now allow the Wnt pathway to be exploited as a new target for drug development in colon cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second most common cause of cancer mortality in Western countries. Gene therapy represents a novel approach to the treatment of colorectal cancer, and this review addresses the current strategies and ongoing clinical trials, including gene correction, immunomodulatory approaches and virus-directed enzyme-prodrug systems. Although the pre-clinical results for these strategies have been encouraging, clinical trials have not yet reflected these data. However, gene therapy for colorectal cancer is still in the early stages of development, and its potential, particularly in combination with conventional cancer therapies, warrants further investigation.
Category: Generic
The potential value of AI to healthcare, and nursing in particular, ranges from improving quality and efficiency of care to delivering on the promise of personalized and precision medicine. AI systems may become virtually indispensable as ever more data is amassed about every aspect of health. AI can help reduce variability in care, while improving precision, accelerating discovery and reducing disparities. AI can empower patients and potentially allow healthcare professionals to relate to their patients as healers supported by the combined wisdom of the best medical research and analytic technology. There are, however, many challenges to understanding the optimal uses of AI; addressing the technological, systemic, regulatory and attitudinal roadblocks to successful implementation; and integrating AI into the fabric of health care. This paper provides a grounding in the origins and fundamental building blocks of AI, applications in healthcare and for nursing, and the critical challenges facing implementation in healthcare.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer risk among exsmokers according to years since cessation of smoking was assessed by means of a case-control study. The case series consisted of 1,052 lung cancer patients who were newly diagnosed and admitted to eight hospitals in Osaka in 1986-88. Smoking histories were compared with those of 1,111 controls admitted to the same hospitals during the same period without any diagnosis of smoking-related disease. The odds ratio of lung cancer for exsmokers compared to current smokers was estimated to be 0.90, 0.50, 0.51, 0.59, 0.48 and 0.29, for 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, 15-19, 20-24 and greater than or equal to 25 years after cessation of smoking, respectively. Risk reduction appeared to be greater for those who smoked less than the 1200 cigarette index, compared to those who smoked more. In classification according to histologic type, small cell and large cell carcinoma showed a rapid decrease compared to adenocarcinoma, while squamous cell carcinoma showed an intermediate pattern. Quantitative estimates for reduction of lung cancer risk among exsmokers can be used for projecting lung cancer incidence in the future, by assuming future trends of smoking prevalence, as well as for health education among individual smokers.
Category: Colon_Cancer
To detect the expression of PSF1 (partner of Sld five 1) in colon cancer specimens, and to explore the effect of RNA interference targeting PSF1 on the proliferation of colon cancer cells and its mechanism.
Category: Lung_Cancer
To date, in lung cancer, early attempts to modulate the immune system via vaccine-based therapeutics have been unsuccessful. An improved understanding of tumor immunology has facilitated the production of more sophisticated lung cancer vaccines. It is anticipated that it will likely require multiple epitopes of a diverse set of genes restricted to multiple haplotypes to generate a truly effective vaccine that is able to overcome the various immunologic escape mechanisms that tumors employ. Other issues to overcome include optimal patient selection, which adjuvant agent to use, and how to adequately monitor for an immunologic response. This review discusses the most promising vaccination strategies for non-small cell lung cancer including the allogeneic tumor cell vaccine belagenpumatucel-L, which is a mixture of 4 allogeneic non-small cell lung cancer cell lines genetically modified to secrete an antisense oligonucleotide to transforming growth factor 2 and 3 other target protein-specific vaccines designed to induce responses against melanoma-associated antigen A3, mucin 1, and epidermal growth factor.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Systemic chemotherapies for advanced or metastatic thyroid carcinomas have been of only limited effectiveness. For patients with differentiated or medullary carcinomas unresponsive to conventional treatments, novel therapies are needed to improve disease outcomes. Multiple novel therapies primarily targeting angiogenesis have entered clinical trials for metastatic thyroid carcinoma. Partial response rates up to 30% have been reported in single agent studies, but prolonged disease stabilization is more commonly seen. The most successful agents target the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, with potential targets including the mutant kinases associated with papillary and medullary oncogenesis. Two drugs approved for other malignancies, sorafenib and sunitinib, have had promising preliminary results reported, and are being used selectively for patients who do not qualify for clinical trials. Additional agents targeting tumor vasculature, nuclear receptors, epigenetic abnormalities, and the immune response to neoplasia have also been investigated. Randomized trials for several agents are underway that may lead to eventual drug approval for thyroid cancer. Treatment for patients with metastatic or advanced thyroid carcinoma now emphasizes clinical trial opportunities for novel agents with considerable promise. Alternative options now exist for use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors that are well tolerated and may prove worthy of regulatory approval for this disease.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is one of the leading tumours in the world and is considered among the big killers, together with lung, prostate and breast cancer. In the recent years very important advances occurred in the field of treatment of this frequent disease: adjuvant chemotherapy was demonstrated to be effective, chiefly in stage III patients, and surgery was optimized in order to achieve the best results with a low morbidity. Several new target-oriented drugs are under evaluation and some of them (cetuximab and bevacizumab) have already exhibited a good activity/efficacy, mainly in combination with chemotherapy. The development of updated recommendations for the best management of these patients is crucial in order to obtain the best results, not only in clinical research but also in everyday practice. This report summarizes the most important achievements in this field and provides the readers useful suggestions for their professional practice.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Calcium has been hypothesized as being a regulator of cell proliferation in the colon. Epidemiologic studies suggest that ingestion of higher levels of dietary calcium are related to a decreased risk for colon cancer. Short term studies in vitro and in vivo of the proliferative behavior of human and animal colon mucosa verify that calcium does modulate proliferative response. Preliminary clinical studies suggest that the hyperproliferative mucosa of patients at high risk for colon cancer, based on proliferation analysis of biopsied mucosa, became decidedly less proliferative when the subjects were given oral calcium. Our studies address the molecular mechanisms by which calcium controls mucosal proliferation and the ways in which tumor cells circumvent this regulation.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) combined with congenital hypothyroidism (CH) is a rare situation, and there is no well-established causal relationship. CH is a common congenital endocrine, while DTC occurring in childhood represents 0.4-3% of all malignancies at this stage of life. The association of CH with DTC could be related to dyshormonogenetic goiter (DHG) or developmental abnormalities. This review will explore the clinical features and the molecular mechanisms potentially associated with the appearance of DTC in CH: sporadic somatic driver mutations, chronic increase of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, higher concentrations of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), cell division cycle associated 8 (Borelain/CDC8) gene mutations, and in others genes associated with CH - either alone or associated with the mechanisms involved in dyshormonogenesis. There are some pitfalls in the diagnosis of thyroid cancer in patients with CH with nodular goiter, as the proper cytological diagnosis of nodules of patients with dyshormonogenesis might be demanding due to the specific architectural and cytological appearance, which may lead to an erroneous interpretation of malignancy. The purpose of this article is to suggest an analytical framework that embraces the fundamental relationships between the various aspects of CH and CDT. In face of this scenario, the entire genetic and epigenetic context, the complex functioning, and cross talk of cell signaling may determine cellular mechanisms promoting both the maintenance of the differentiated state of the thyroid follicular cell and the disruption of its homeostasis leading to cancer. Whereas, the exact mechanisms for thyroid cancer development in CH remain to be elucidated.
Category: Generic
Cybersecurity in Russia is not a standalone concept but an integral part of national information security, which influences its legal status and applicable regulation, and determines its development trends. The purpose of this article is to outline the Russian approach to cybersecurity, describe the related legal framework, representative business cases and trends in legal development.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Guidance molecules were first described in the nervous system to control axon outgrowth direction. They are also widely expressed outside the nervous system where they control cell migration, tissue development and establishment of the vascular network. In addition, they are involved in cancer development, tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. This review is primarily focused on their functions in lung cancer and their involvement in lung development is also presented. Five guidance molecule families and their corresponding receptors are described, including the semaphorins/neuropilins/plexins, ephrins and Eph receptors, netrin/DCC/UNC5, Slit/Robo and Notch/Delta. In addition, the possibility to target these molecules as a therapeutic approach in cancer is discussed.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
There is no effective treatment for patients with poorly differentiated papillary thyroid cancer or anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC). Anlotinib, a multi-kinase inhibitor, has already shown antitumor effects in various types of carcinoma in a phase I clinical trial. In this study, we aimed to better understand the effect and efficacy of anlotinib against thyroid carcinoma cells in vitro and in vivo. We found that anlotinib inhibits the cell viability of papillary thyroid cancer and ATC cell lines, likely due to abnormal spindle assembly, G2/M arrest, and activation of TP53 upon anlotinib treatment. Moreover, anlotinib suppresses the migration of thyroid cancer cells in vitro and the growth of xenograft thyroid tumors in mice. Our data demonstrate that anlotinib has significant anticancer activity in thyroid cancer, and potentially offers an effective therapeutic strategy for patients of advanced thyroid cancer type.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Sorafenib (Nexavar) is a multikinase inhibitor, which has demonstrated both anti-proliferative and anti-angiogenic properties in vitro and in vivo, inhibiting the activity of targets present in the tumor cell [c-RAF (proto-oncogene serine/threonine-protein kinase), BRAF, (V600E)BRAF, c-KIT, and FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3] and in tumor vessels (c-RAF, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor ). For several years, sorafenib has been approved for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced renal cell carcinoma. After previous studies showing that sorafenib was able to inhibit oncogenic RET mutants, (V600E)BRAF, and angiogenesis and growth of orthotopic anaplastic thyroid cancer xenografts in nude mice, some clinical trials demonstrated the effectiveness of sorafenib in advanced thyroid cancer. Currently, the evaluation of the clinical safety and efficacy of sorafenib for the treatment of advanced thyroid cancer is ongoing. This article reviews the anti-neoplastic effect of sorafenib in thyroid cancer. Several completed (or ongoing) studies have evaluated the long-term efficacy and tolerability of sorafenib in patients with papillary and medullary aggressive thyroid cancer. The results suggest that sorafenib is a promising therapeutic option in patients with advanced thyroid cancer that is not responsive to traditional therapeutic strategies.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
There have been important recent advances in our understanding of the biologic nature of thyroid cancer and in the early diagnosis of the disease. Despite these advances, there is still considerable controversy over the management of thyroid cancer, including the extent of surgery, the indications for the use of iodine-131, the effectiveness of thyroid-stimulating hormone suppression, and the prediction of outcome. In this review, the current status of the diagnosis and management of the various types of thyroid cancer are carefully reviewed and extensively documented.