EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
Comparisons were made for unstaged lung cancer cases both to "staged" lung cancer cases and to unstaged cases from all other sites, in Kentucky for 1996-2000. Principal findings were that the likelihood of the lung cancer cases to be unstaged was greater when the cancer incidence report came from sources other than a hospital. This may implicate data system forces [for availability of necessary data for completing stage at diagnosis] rather than differences between cases per se. The risk of being unstaged by smoking status was reversed between lung cancer (lower risk) than for all other cancer sites (higher risk), an unexpected pattern. No difference for survival was found for unstaged versus staged lung cancer cases, as well as no differences for race and gender. The finding of no differences suggests that other forces (eg, age, source of payment) may contribute more greatly to one's likelihood of being unstaged with a diagnosis of lung cancer than for "all other cancer sites." These patterns pose provocative implications for how smoking status may influence clinical perspectives and those of persons faced with a diagnosis of cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Surgery and radioiodine therapy are usually effective for most patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. However, poorly differentiated and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas represent a challenge to physicians on the basis of the current cancer treatment modalities. These cancer subtypes are often lethal and refractory to radioiodine therapy as well as most of the common chemotherapy drugs. Several kinase inhibitors are promising targeted therapies for these malignancies; however, clinical trials involving these drugs have provided controversial results and their clinical use is still under debate. Advanced medullary thyroid carcinomas may also be refractory to conventional therapies and novel kinase inhibitors may also be useful to control tumor progression in certain patients. Novel evidence is emerging that thyroid cancer is a stem cell disease, thereby implying that the driving force of thyroid cancers is a subset of undifferentiated cells (thyroid cancer stem cells) with unlimited growth potential and resistance to conventional therapeutic regimens. Thyroid cancer stem cells have been proposed as responsible for tumor invasiveness, metastasis, relapse and differentiation. Therefore, drugs that selectively target these cells could serve as a cornerstone in the treatment of poorly differentiated thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), the most common thyroid malignancy, is associated with an excellent prognosis. Overall survival is more than 90%. The first-line treatment is surgical excision, and although the debate continues as to whether a total thyroidectomy or thyroid lobectomy should be recommended, most patients at the University of California, San Francisco are treated with a total thyroidectomy. Not only has this been shown to be superior for overall survival in select patient populations, but local recurrence is also significantly lower with this approach. Total thyroidectomy also optimizes the adjuvant treatment options that are unique to "differentiated" thyroid cancer because these malignant cells retain many of the features of the native thyroid follicular cell. These cellular features are used for specialized investigations and treatment options in patients with PTC. For example, PTC cells retain the ability to produce thyroglobulin, to be stimulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and to take up iodine. These features are vital and separate differentiated thyroid cancer from other epithelial malignancies because such features can be used in clinical follow-up (monitoring serum thyroglobulin levels, whole body radioactive iodine scans) and in the treatment of patients with PTC (TSH suppression, radioactive iodine ablation of thyroid remnant, local recurrences, and regional or distant metastases). In summary, the wide array of treatment options for patients with PTC includes surgery, radioactive iodine, thyroid hormone suppression of TSH, external beam radiation (less commonly), and rarely, chemotherapy. This continues to be an area of exciting research for emerging therapy, much of which concentrates on enhancing or re-establishing the differentiated features of the thyroid cancer cell, in an effort to optimize the adjuvant treatment options. The treatment options that are chosen depend on patient factors, disease factors, and the decisions of the patient and treatment team.
Category: Generic
In order for a trauma surgeon to have an intelligent discussion with hospital administrators, healthcare plans, policymakers, or any other physicians, a basic understanding of the fundamentals of healthcare is paramount. It is truly shocking how many surgeons are unable to describe the difference between Medicare and Medicaid or describe how hospitals and physicians get paid. These topics may seem burdensome but they are vital to all business decision making in the healthcare field. The following chapter provides further insight about what we call "the basics" of providing medical care today. Most of the topics presented can be applied to all specialties of medicine. It is broken down into 5 sections. The first section is a brief overview of government programs, their influence on care delivery and reimbursement, and past and future legislation. Section 2 focuses on the compliance, care provision, and privacy statutes that regulate physicians who care for Medicare/Medicaid patient populations. With a better understanding of these obligations, section 3 discusses avenues by which physicians can stay informed of current and pending health policy and provides ways that they can become involved in shaping future legislation. The fourth section changes gears slightly by explaining how the concepts of trade restraint, libel, antitrust legislation, and indemnity relate to physician practice. The fifth, and final, section ties all of components together by describing how physician-hospital alignment can be mutually beneficial in providing patient care under current healthcare policy legislation.
Category: Generic
This paper reviews recent cardiology literature and reports how artificial intelligence tools (specifically, machine learning techniques) are being used by physicians in the field. Each technique is introduced with enough details to allow the understanding of how it works and its intent, but without delving into details that do not add immediate benefits and require expertise in the field. We specifically focus on the principal Machine learning based risk scores used in cardiovascular research. After introducing them and summarizing their assumptions and biases, we discuss their merits and shortcomings. We report on how frequently they are adopted in the field and suggest why this is the case based on our expertise in machine learning. We complete the analysis by reviewing how corresponding statistical approaches compare with them. Finally, we discuss the main open issues in applying machine learning tools to cardiology tasks, also drafting possible future directions. Despite the growing interest in these tools, we argue that there are many still underutilized techniques: while neural networks are slowly being incorporated in cardiovascular research, other important techniques such as semi-supervised learning and federated learning are still underutilized. The former would allow practitioners to harness the information contained in large datasets that are only partially labeled, while the latter would foster collaboration between institutions allowing building larger and better models.
Category: Generic
Conventional machine learning studies generally assume close-environment scenarios where important factors of the learning process hold invariant. With the great success of machine learning, nowadays, more and more practical tasks, particularly those involving open-environment scenarios where important factors are subject to change, called open-environment machine learning in this article, are present to the community. Evidently, it is a grand challenge for machine learning turning from close environment to open environment. It becomes even more challenging since, in various big data tasks, data are usually accumulated with time, like streams, while it is hard to train the machine learning model after collecting all data as in conventional studies. This article briefly introduces some advances in this line of research, focusing on techniques concerning emerging new classes, decremental/incremental features, changing data distributions and varied learning objectives, and discusses some theoretical issues.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The first classic theranostic agent, radioactive iodine was used in the treatment of differentitated thyroid cancer (DTC) and it has an important role in the good prognosis of DTC even nowadays. I-131 provides a specific, molecular targeted therapy through the active uptake of iodide by sodium iodide symporter. The development of other theranostics also aimed the personalized therapy with minimal side effects and optimal therapeutic efficacy. The incidence of DTC which basically has good prognosis is increasing rapidly worldwide. This required the modification of guidelines to avoid the overtreatment of the disease, in the direction of less radical therapy. Currently, new pathological classification and staging systems were reported. The present work summarizes the new recommendations in the management of DTC, focusing on the indications of radioiodine therapy and reviewing the proposal of the Hungarian consensus conference.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While cigarette smoking is of key importance, factors such as diet also play a role in the development of lung cancer. MedLine and Embase were searched with diet and lung cancer as the key words. Recently published reviews and large well designed original articles were preferred to form the basis for the present article. A diet rich in fruit and vegetables reduces the incidence of lung cancer by approximately 25%. The reduction is of the same magnitude in current smokers, ex-smokers and never smokers. Supplementation with vitamins A, C and E and beta-carotene offers no protection against the development of lung cancer. On the contrary, beta-carotene supplementation has, in two major randomised intervention trials, resulted in an increased mortality. Smoking remains the leading cause of lung cancer. The adverse effects are only ameliorated to a minor degree by a healthy diet.
Category: Generic
Major advances in diagnostic technologies are offering unprecedented insight into the condition of the retina and beyond ocular disease. Digital images providing millions of morphological datasets can fast and non-invasively be analyzed in a comprehensive manner using artificial intelligence (AI). Methods based on machine learning (ML) and particularly deep learning (DL) are able to identify, localize and quantify pathological features in almost every macular and retinal disease. Convolutional neural networks thereby mimic the path of the human brain for object recognition through learning of pathological features from training sets, supervised ML, or even extrapolation from patterns recognized independently, unsupervised ML. The methods of AI-based retinal analyses are diverse and differ widely in their applicability, interpretability and reliability in different datasets and diseases. Fully automated AI-based systems have recently been approved for screening of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The overall potential of ML/DL includes screening, diagnostic grading as well as guidance of therapy with automated detection of disease activity, recurrences, quantification of therapeutic effects and identification of relevant targets for novel therapeutic approaches. Prediction and prognostic conclusions further expand the potential benefit of AI in retina which will enable personalized health care as well as large scale management and will empower the ophthalmologist to provide high quality diagnosis/therapy and successfully deal with the complexity of 21st century ophthalmology.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths. Besides smoking, epidemiological studies have linked female sex hormones to lung cancer in women; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here we report that the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kB (RANK), the key regulator of osteoclastogenesis, is frequently expressed in primary lung tumors, an active RANK pathway correlates with decreased survival, and pharmacologic RANK inhibition reduces tumor growth in patient-derived lung cancer xenografts. Clonal genetic inactivation of KRasG12D in mouse lung epithelial cells markedly impairs the progression of KRasG12D -driven lung cancer, resulting in a significant survival advantage. Mechanistically, RANK rewires energy homeostasis in human and murine lung cancer cells and promotes expansion of lung cancer stem-like cells, which is blocked by inhibiting mitochondrial respiration. Our data also indicate survival differences in KRasG12D -driven lung cancer between male and female mice, and we show that female sex hormones can promote lung cancer progression via the RANK pathway. These data uncover a direct role for RANK in lung cancer and may explain why female sex hormones accelerate lung cancer development. Inhibition of RANK using the approved drug denosumab may be a therapeutic drug candidate for primary lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The drug MM-1151 may overcome resistance to cetuximab and panitumumab caused by some mutations in the extracellular domain of EGFR. The drug slowed disease progression in a colorectal cancer cell line that carried some of the mutations and curbed growth of cells derived from a cetuximab-resistant patient tumor. In a phase I trial, tumors shrank or stabilized in patients who carried the mutations and received the drug.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Background Thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers in women of reproductive age. Our purpose was to evaluate the association between thyroid cancer and maternal and neonatal outcomes of pregnancy. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project, Nationwide Inpatient Sample (HCUP-NIS) database from the US. A cohort consisting of women who delivered between 1999 and 2014 was created. Multivariate logistic regression, controlling for baseline maternal characteristics, was used to compare pregnancy complications and neonatal outcomes of pregnant women with thyroid cancer [International Classification of Diseases, ninth edition (ICD-9) code 193] diagnosed before or during pregnancy with those of the obstetric population without thyroid cancer. Results The study included 14,513,587 pregnant women, of which 581 women had a diagnosis of thyroid cancer (4/100,000). During the observation period, there was an upward trend in the prevalence of thyroid cancer among pregnant women, though not statistically significant (P = 0.147). Women with thyroid cancer were more likely to be Caucasian, belong to a higher income quartile, have private insurance, to be discharged from an urban teaching hospital and to have pre-gestational hypertension. Women with thyroid cancer had a greater chance of delivering vaginally, requiring transfusion of blood and developing venous thromboembolism (VTE). Neonates of mothers with thyroid cancer were not found to be at increased risk for the adverse neonatal outcomes examined, specifically, congenital malformations, intrauterine growth restriction, fetal death and preterm labor. Conclusion Pregnancies complicated by thyroid cancer have higher incidences of VTE and need for transfusions, with comparable overall newborn outcomes.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The prevalence of thyroid cancer has shown an upward trend in China in recent years. Advances in thyroid ultrasound and fine needle puncture cytology have improved the accuracy of the preoperative diagnosis of thyroid cancer. Also,the application of endoscopy-assisted techniques and intraoperative nerve monitoring technology and the further understanding of thyroid lymph node metastasis have made the thyroid surgeries safer and less invasive. This article summarizes the recent advances in the surgical therapy of thyroid cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Each year more than 6000 patients in Poland die from cancer of the colon. Morbidity due to colonic cancer increases rapidly in our country. From 1973 to 1982 there was a three-fold increase in the morbidity due to colonic cancer as compared to the years 1952-1955. Five-year relative survival in the same periods did not improve, either being 28% in men and 27% in women. To compare, in the USA with high morbidity rates due to colonic cancer where each year there are 145,000 new cases of cancer, 5-year relative survival is 42% for men and 54% for women. This raises a question whether our strategy of treatment of colonic cancer is correct. This question is even more justified now when secondary prevention of colonic cancer is of practical value. Total mortality due to colonic cancer is 60%. However, diagnosis and treatment of early forms of colonic cancer reduces mortality to 20% and below. Therefore, effective management colonic cancer should include not only the so-called primary prevention (interfering with etiological factors for instance through high fibers diet) but also secondary prevention through monitoring of precancerous changes in the colon, removal of potentially malignant lesions and early forms of colonic cancer [19]. Secondary prevention interfering with the pathogenesis of colonic cancer is the subject of the present paper. We would like to emphasize the need for a better management program for colonic cancer, especially that the data concerning colonic cancer in Poland may be underestimated due to diagnostic neglect and faulty cancer register.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Category: Colon_Cancer
Simple Summary Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is commonly used in several solid tumor malignancies, but remains understudied in the setting of locally advanced colon cancer. Advantages of this strategy extrapolated from other disease sites include early treatment of micro-metastatic disease, the ability to decrease local disease burden potentially leading to more effective resections and improved treatment tolerability. Approaches for accurate staging and safe administration of systemic treatment are being investigated in large, randomized clinical trials, but available data are either not mature enough or have not demonstrated a convincing argument for adoption into standard practice warranting further investigation. Abstract Early stage colon cancer is typically managed with surgical resection, although not all patients experience a durable remission. Adjuvant chemotherapy with a fluoropyrimidine, with or without oxaliplatin, is commonly utilized to increase the chance of cure, but its efficacy in the neoadjuvant setting is not well established. Preoperative chemotherapy has demonstrated safety and efficacy in other gastrointestinal malignancies, but there is a paucity of data from large, prospective randomized trials, although multiple are ongoing. In this review, we will discuss the theoretical risks and benefits, logistical difficulties, and available safety and efficacy data pertaining to the use of chemotherapy in locally advanced colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Immunotherapy is based on the knowledge that the immune system can distinguish cancerous cells from normal cells. Conceptually, this is an attractive adjuvant approach because it is highly specific and can deal with disseminated disease with minimal impact on normal tissues. In this review, we focus on strategies that use host immune machinery to generate anti-tumor effects, known as active immunotherapy. Proof of principle in lung cancer is now well established in clinical trials, although no superior approach has been defined and therapeutic efficacy remains unknown. In this review, we discuss rationale, biological theory, application, and clinical implementation to date.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the third most frequent new cancer diagnosis in Germany. An elaborate clinical diagnosis is essential for successful therapy planning. The necessary examinations are defined in the current S3 guideline on lung cancer diagnosis and therapy. A compilation of diagnostic reports has led to the current 7th edition of the TNM system. According to this update staging is carried out in terms of tumor extent, lymph node status and distant metastases. The resultant tumor stage forms the basis for individual therapy planning. Current guidelines as well as the current TNM system are presented. The usefulness of modern cross-sectional imaging and the possible modalities in this system is reported.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and in Taiwan. Cigarette smoking is considered to be the most important risk factor, since about 90% of lung cancer can be related to cigarette smoking. Despite the recent decrease of cigarette smoking, lung cancer is still the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. In Taiwan, only around 50% of lung cancer incidence could be associated with cigarette smoking, particularly less than 10% of Taiwanese women are smokers. Thus, the aetiology of lung cancer for nonsmokers remains unknown. DNA damages including bulky and oxidative damage may be related with mutation of tumor suppressor genes, such as p53 gene. The high DNA adduct levels in female may be associated with frequent exposure to indoor cooking oil fumes (COF) and outdoor heavy air pollution. Oxidative stress induced by COF was also discussed. Different p53 mutation spectra and mutation frequency between genders reflected that different environmental factors may be involved in nonsmoking male and female lung cancer development. Most importantly, our recent report has demonstrated that human papillomavirus (HPV) infection was associated with nonsmoking female lung cancer. Based on our studies with Taiwanese nonsmoking lung cancer as the model, the possible aetiological factors of lung cancer incidence in Taiwanese nonsmokers were elucidated.
Category: Colon_Cancer
To the best of our knowledge, only two studies analyzed the relationship between HRV and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in colon cancer patients. The aim of this study was to analyze changes in the autonomic activity of colon cancer patients using heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV) measures, and to verify if HRV and BPV parameters correlate with hemodynamic indices in this group and the plasma levels of CEA. Presence of colon cancer is associated with changes in autonomic activity, namely parasympathetic-sympathetic imbalance in form of sympathetic overdrive. Cancer-related autonomic dysfunction may contribute to impairment of gastrointestinal motility.