EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Generic
Technological advancements in Connected and Automated Vehicles (CAVs), particularly the integration of diverse stakeholder groups (communication service providers, road operators, automakers, repairers, CAV consumers, and the general public) and the pursuit of new economic opportunities, have resulted in the emergence of new technical, legal, and social challenges. The most pressing challenge is deterring criminal behaviour in both the physical and cyber realms through the adoption of CAV cybersecurity protocols and regulations. However, the literature lacks a systematic decision tool to analyze the impact of the potential cybersecurity regulations for dynamically interacting stakeholders, and to identify the leverage points to minimise the cyber-risks. To address this knowledge gap, this study uses systems theory to develop a dynamic modelling tool to analyze the indirect consequences of potential CAVs cybersecurity regulations in the medium to long term. It is hypothesized that CAVs Cybersecurity Regulatory Framework (CRF) is the property of the entire ITS stakeholders. The CRF is modelled using the System Dynamic based Stock-and-Flow-Model (SFM) technique. The SFM is founded on five critical pillars: the Cybersecurity Policy Stack, the Hacker's Capability, Logfiles, CAV Adopters, and intelligence-assisted traffic police. It is found that decision-makers should focus on three major leverage points: establishing a CRF grounded on automakers' innovation; sharing risks in eliminating negative externalities associated with underinvestment and knowledge asymmetries in cybersecurity; and capitalising on massive CAV-generated data in CAV operations. The formal integration of intelligence analysts and computer crime investigators to strengthen traffic police capabilities is pivotal. Recommendations for automakers include data-profiteering in CAV design, production, sales, marketing, safety enhancements and enabling consumer data transparency.Furthermore, CAVs-CRF necessitate a balanced approach to the trade-off between: i) data accessibility constraints on CAV automakers and ITS service providers; ii) regulator command and control thresholds; iii) automakers' business investment protection; and iv) consumers' data privacy guard.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Because lung cancer frequently presents in an advanced stage when it is incurable, there has been a sustained search for an early diagnosis approach that could detect lung cancer when curable, while having few secondary consequences. Decades of research have evaluated various approaches to lung screening, including routine chest radiograph, sputum cytology, and, most recently, computed tomography (CT) scanning. No study has suggested that any of these approaches will identify life-threatening lung cancers at an earlier disease stage and allow alteration of their natural history. Therefore, no recommending body or professional society recommends using any of these approaches to screen for lung cancer. This general recommendation could change if randomized trials examining CT screening suggest that its benefits outweigh its harms.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Over 100,000 Americans are diagnosed each year with colon cancer and approximately 90% are treated surgically. Most undergo a curative intent resection, but 30 to 50 percent will have a recurrence of their disease. While much of the variability in outcomes depends on the stage of the disease and other tumor variables, it is now clear that surgeon variables such as caseload and training affect both local recurrence and patient survival. Operative techniques including laparoscopic and other minimally invasive procedures and surgical decisions including choice of operative procedure, management of cancer arising in polyps and treatment of metastatic disease affect outcomes. The role of postoperative surveillance for recurrence remains controversial.
Category: Generic
Glycosylation is an important protein modification in all eukaryotes. Whereas the early asparagine-linked glycosylation (N-glycosylation) and N-glycan processing steps in the endoplasmic reticulum are conserved between mammals and plants, the maturation of complex N-glycans in the Golgi apparatus differs considerably. Due to a restricted number of Golgi-resident N-glycan processing enzymes and the absence of nucleotide sugars such as CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid, plants produce only a limited repertoire of different N-glycan structures. Moreover, mammalian mucin-type O-glycosylation of serine or threonine residues has not been described in plants and the required machinery is not encoded in their genome which enables de novo build-up of the pathway. As a consequence, plants are very well-suited for the production of homogenous N- and O-glycans and are increasingly used for the production of recombinant glycoproteins with custom-made glycans that may result in the generation of biopharmaceuticals with improved therapeutic potential.
Category: Generic
Best practices from open data science are spreading across research fields, providing new opportunities for research and education. Open data science emphasizes the view that digitalization is enabling new forms of resource sharing, collaboration and outreach. This has the potential to improve the overall transparency and efficiency of research. Microbiome bioinformatics is a rapidly developing area that can greatly benefit from this progress. The concept of microbiome data science refers to the application of best practices from open data science to microbiome bioinformatics. The increasing availability of open data and new opportunities to collaborate online are greatly facilitating the development of this field. A microbiome data science ecosystem combines experimental research data with open data processing and analysis and reproducible tutorials that can also serve as an educational resource. Here, we provide an overview of the current status of microbiome data science from a community developer perspective and propose directions for future development of the field.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Laparoscopic resection of the colon is certainly feasible. There are conflicting reports regarding decreased postoperative pain, resumption of gastrointestinal function, and earlier return to work. There is no change in either mortality or morbidity when compared with open resection. For benign disease laparoscopic colonic resection is ideal if performed by a surgeon who performs the operation frequently. For malignant disease, [table: see text] at this stage, laparoscopic colonic resection should only be performed in the setting of a randomized controlled trial. The future of laparoscopic surgery for colon cancer will be decided by oncologic parameters. There is good evidence that a laparoscopic resection can be technically equivalent to its open counterpart. The data on recurrence, both local and distant, and long-term survival will become clearer when results of randomized controlled trials currently underway become available. The issue of port-site recurrence is a major concern in laparoscopic colorectal cancer surgery. The reported incidence is low; however, its cause remains unexplained and its presence in patients with early stage tumors cannot be ignored.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The improvement of low-dose CT (LDCT) lung cancer screening selection criteria could help to include more individuals who have lung cancer, or in whom lung cancer will develop, while avoiding significant cost increase. We evaluated baseline results of LDCT lung cancer screening in a population with a heterogeneous risk profile for lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
During the last two decades, the understanding of molecular biology of thyroid cancers has greatly improved, and this has permitted the development of novel therapeutic tools in patients with refractory disease. Kinase inhibitors inhibit kinases of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, and by doing this inhibit angiogenesis, and some of these agents also inhibit other kinases of the MAPkinase pathway. These inhibitors are effective in differentiated and medullary thyroid cancers, and induce a partial response or a long term stabilisation in more than half of patients.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer closely follows the paradigm of a single "gatekeeper gene." Mutations inactivating the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) gene are found in approximately 80% of all human colon tumors and heterozygosity for such mutations produces an autosomal dominant colon cancer predisposition in humans and in murine models. However, this tight association between a single genotype and phenotype belies a complex association of genetic and epigenetic factors that together generate the broad phenotypic spectrum ofboth familial and sporadic colon cancers. In this Chapter, we give a general overview of the structure, function and outstanding issues concerning the role of Apc in human and experimental colon cancer. The availability of increasingly close models for human colon cancer in genetically tractable animal species enables the discovery and eventual molecular identification of genetic modifiers of the Apc-mutant phenotypes, connecting the central role of Apc in colon carcinogenesis to the myriad factors that ultimately determine the course of the disease.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Globally, thyroid cancer accounts for 2 % of all cancer diagnoses, and can be classified as well-differentiated or undifferentiated. Currently, differentiated thyroid carcinomas have good prognoses, and can be treated with a combination of therapies, including surgical thyroidectomy, radioactive iodine therapy and hormone-based therapy. On the other hand, anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, a subtype of undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma characterized by the loss of thyroid-like phenotype and function, does not respond to either radioactive iodine or hormone therapies. In most cases, anaplastic thyroid carcinomas are diagnosed in later stages of the disease, deeming them inoperable, and showing poor response rates to systemic chemotherapy. Recently, treatment courses using multiple-target agents are being explored and clinical trials have shown very promising results, such as overall survival rates, progression-free survival and tumor shrinkage. This review is focused on thyroid carcinomas, with particular focus on anaplastic thyroid carcinoma, exploring its undifferentiated nature. Special interest will be given to the treatment approaches currently available and respective obstacles or drawbacks. Our purpose is to contribute to understand why this malignancy presents low responsiveness to current treatments, while overviewing novel therapies and clinical trials.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy with four major types distinguished on the basis of histopathological features: papillary, follicular, medullary, and anaplastic. Classification of thyroid cancer is the primary step in the assessment of prognosis and selection of the treatment. However, in some cases, cytological and histological patterns are inconclusive; hence, classification based on histopathology could be supported by molecular biomarkers, including markers identified with the use of high-throughput "omics" techniques. Beside genomics, transcriptomics, and proteomics, metabolomic approach emerges as the most downstream attitude reflecting phenotypic changes and alterations in pathophysiological states of biological systems. Metabolomics using mass spectrometry and magnetic resonance spectroscopy techniques allows qualitative and quantitative profiling of small molecules present in biological systems. This approach can be applied to reveal metabolic differences between different types of thyroid cancer and to identify new potential candidates for molecular biomarkers. In this review, we consider current results concerning application of metabolomics in the field of thyroid cancer research. Recent studies show that metabolomics can provide significant information about the discrimination between different types of thyroid lesions. In the near future, one could expect a further progress in thyroid cancer metabolomics leading to development of molecular markers and improvement of the tumor types classification and diagnosis.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Cutaneous metastasis from lung cancer is rare, but physicians should understand its significance. We treated eight such patients during a 30-month period at Wilkes-Barre (Pa) General Hospital. The seven men and one woman ranged in age from 46 to 72 years (mean, 59 years). In three, the skin lesion was the first manifestation of the underlying cancer and in another three, it was found coincident with the lung mass. Pathologic findings included small-cell undifferentiated carcinoma in four patients, squamous cell carcinoma in three patients, and large-cell undifferentiated carcinoma in one patient. Seven of the eight primary lung lesions were in the upper lobes. Six patients had clinically occult visceral metastases at the time of skin biopsy. Only one patient survived more than six months following skin metastasis. Biopsy specimens must be taken from all new skin lesions, particularly in patients who smoke or who already have a history of lung cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Since a high concentration of beta-carotene in blood reduces the risk of lung cancer, a large-scale intervention examination containing beta-carotene was conducted, mainly by the National Cancer Institute. The results showed that the risk of lung cancer increased with administration of beta-carotene. This result demonstrates that continuation of smoking is an important factor in the increased risk, and not smoking is confirmed to be the most important prevention method. The authors examined the treatment effect of raising the concentration of folic acid and vitamin B12 in blood on bronchial dysplasia as a pre-cancerous lesion. A significant medical treatment effect was see in the folic acid and vitamin B12 medication groups, which seems promising for the chemoprevention of lung cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In the United States, lung cancer is the third most common cancer and the overall leading cause of cancer death. Due to advances in immunotherapy and targeted therapy, 5-year survival is increasing. The growing population of patients with lung cancer and cancer survivors highlights the importance of comprehensive cancer care, including recognizing and addressing financial toxicity. Financial toxicity is a term used to contextualize the negative effects of the costs of cancer treatment in terms of patient quality of life. The American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) Value Framework places emphasis on high-value care as it evaluates cancer treatments "based on clinical benefit, side effects, and improvements in patient symptoms or quality of life in the context of cost". Prior studies have shown that risk factors for financial toxicity in patients with lung cancer include lower household income or savings, inability to afford basic necessities, higher than anticipated out of pocket expenses, and taking sick leave. Among lung cancer survivors, patients experience increased unemployment and lower wages compared to the general population underscoring the lasting effects of financial toxicity. Financial toxicity is associated with increased psychosocial distress and decreased quality of life, and bankruptcy is an independent predictor of mortality in patients with cancer. Despite the negative implications of financial toxicity on patients, standardized screening practices and evidence-based interventions are lacking. The "COmphrensive Score for financial Toxicity (COST)" tool has been validated for assessing financial toxicity with correlation with health-related quality of life. Further research is needed to understand the utility of incorporating routine screening for financial toxicity into clinical practice and the efficacy of interventions. Understanding the relationship between financial toxicity and quality of life and survival is critical to providing high-value cancer care and survivorship care.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Adjuvant therapy for colon cancer is now a mature and widely accepted standard of care for patients with resected large bowel tumors: adjuvant therapy for stage III colon cancer has also been shown to be highly cost-effective. The cost of 5-FU/levamisole therapy for stage III colon cancer per year of life saved is less than $ 5,000, which represents a favorable cost-benefit relationship for a medical intervention. The clinician managing a patient with colon cancer at the present time has several options for therapy. In patients with stage III colon cancer, therapy with 5-FU-based regimens clearly increases overall and disease-free survival. It is also clear that the results that have been obtained are not perfect; therefore, the first option of therapy should always be an ongoing clinical trial. Many such trials are available, and Table 7 lists currently active studies in the United States. The clinician managing a patient with stage III colon cancer who is not in a clinical trial may choose a variety of regimens administered for durations of 6 to 12 months (Table 8). The preponderance of evidence suggests that 5-FU plus levamisole for 12 months is equal in efficacy to 5-FU plus leucovorin-based regimens given for a shorter period of time. A clinician may still choose the 5-FU plus levamisole regimen because of the decreased oral, myelosuppressive, and diarrheal toxicities associated with that regimen as opposed to the 5-FU/leucovorin regimens. Portal vein infusion of fluorinated pyrimidines still must be considered investigational. Finally, although we cannot be absolutely sure about the benefit of adjuvant therapy in patients with resected node-negative colon cancer, the NSABP data suggest that some benefit may be seen in these patients. It is known that patients with stage II cancers demonstrating high-grade bowel obstruction or bowel perforation have poor prognoses with surgery alone. Such patients may be good candidates for adjuvant therapy. Also, a major effort to define high risk and low risk for recurrence in patients with stage II colon cancer by analyzing molecular genetic factors (tumor ploidy and alternations in tumor suppressor genes) may lead to a selection of Dukes B patients definitely requiring adjuvant therapy.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The authors report the case of a colon adenocarcinoma developed on the neck at the anastomosis of the skin tube and colon 44 years following a corrosive oesophageal injury. This patient suffered a moderately severe oesophageal, stomach and laryngeal injuries due to drinking hydrochloric acid 44 years ago. He underwent serial laryngoplasties, then needed a tracheostomy, oesophagectomy, pyloroplasty and ileocolon transposition. An antethoracal oesophagus formation was performed with ileocolon and skin tube amendment. 44 years later an ulcerated adenocarcinoma developed in the transposed colon, which was resected and the ability to swallow was reinstated by the transplantation of an isolated jejunal segment using microvascular anastomosis.
Category: Generic
Deep learning is beginning to impact biological research and biomedical applications as a result of its ability to integrate vast datasets, learn arbitrarily complex relationships and incorporate existing knowledge. Already, deep learning models can predict, with varying degrees of success, how genetic variation alters cellular processes involved in pathogenesis, which small molecules will modulate the activity of therapeutically relevant proteins, and whether radiographic images are indicative of disease. However, the flexibility of deep learning creates new challenges in guaranteeing the performance of deployed systems and in establishing trust with stakeholders, clinicians and regulators, who require a rationale for decision making. We argue that these challenges will be overcome using the same flexibility that created them; for example, by training deep models so that they can output a rationale for their predictions. Significant research in this direction will be needed to realize the full potential of deep learning in biomedicine.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The large clinical studies of lung cancer screening carried out more than 20 years ago were interpreted as evidence against screening. Those studies have been recently reassessed in the light of methodologic flaws in the randomization of subjects at risk for lung cancer. There is no evidence to support the former conclusion that screening is ineffective and the consequent official recommendation not to screen for lung cancer. The hypothesis of overdiagnosis of lung cancers diagnosed by screening is false. Clinical evidence supports the concept that the current dogma against screening for lung cancer is untrue. Indeed, the 5-year survival rate of patients with NSCLC detected in stage I and radically resected ranges from 60% to 80%. This rate is in sharp contrast to the 10% survival rate of stage I NSCLC not resected. About 90% of lung cancer cases are detected among smokers and former smokers; these well-known at-risk subjects should be offered a screening test with the goal of detecting the disease when it is in stage I. It is expected that the techniques for early detection of lung cancer will be refined and become more sensitive in the near future, so that it will be possible to detect an increasingly large proportion of lung cancers when they are truly in stage I (i.e., nonmetastatic) and curable by radical surgical resection. Low-dose helical CT scan is currently believed to represent a very useful technique for screening for lung cancer, with a higher sensitivity than chest radiograph screening. Chest radiography for lung cancer screening, however, is cheaper and ubiquitously available, and it should still be recommended if CT scan is locally unavailable. As underscored in a recent commentary in The Lancet, the existing public health policy discouraging the screening for lung cancer is in urgent need of reconsideration.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Historically, all non-small cell lung cancers were essentially grouped together and considered to be a single disease. However, it is now recognized that non-small cell lung cancer actually comprises a genetically diverse group of tumours. This, in turn, affords a new opportunity for the development of effective treatments tailored to individual tumours and patients. Advances in molecular biology have made possible the development of drugs against specific molecular targets on cancer cells, most notably the tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The relevant literature and current practice guidelines are discussed. In addition, other related areas of active investigation, including tumour vaccines and pharmacogenetics, are briefly reviewed.