EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
The authors used data on patients aged 30-79 years admitted to the Roswell Park Memorial Institute in Buffalo, New York, 1957-1965, to compare the amount of lifetime occupational physical activity for 210 white male patients with cancer of the colon and 276 white male patients with cancer of the rectum to the lifetime occupational physical exercise of 1,431 patients with nonneoplastic nondigestive diseases. The authors found that risk of cancer of the colon increased with increasing amount and proportion of time in jobs involving only sedentary or light work. This relationship was not found for rectal cancer. These findings corroborate those of Garabrant et al. (Am J Epidemiol 1984; 119:1005-14). The strength of the associations presented here and the dose-response relationship indicate that limited physical activity could be an important etiologic factor. More inquiries need to be undertaken to study exercise in relation to other factors, such as diet, in colon cancer risk.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer in childhood is a relatively rare condition. Often it shows biological characteristics different from those seen in adults. Based upon 10 cases in our clinic and 57 cases collected from the Japanese literatures, clinical features, pathology, treatment and prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood are discussed. Pathogenesis is most likely to be related to hormonal changes during adolescence and previous radiation of the neck region. Cervical lymph nodes swelling was the chief complaint in 84.6 per cent of the cases. On the other hand, pulmonary metastases were recognized in the early stages in 33.5 per cent of the cases. Radical excision of the tumor with modified radical neck dissection is the treatment most frequently employed even in the presence of lung metastases. However, hypoparathyroidism and recurrent nerve injuries should be avoided at all cost in view of long life expectancy and the difficulty in treating them satisfactorily. Prognosis could be as good for children as it is for adults except in cases with early lung metastases.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The lack of prospective randomized clinical trials for most management topics in differentiated thyroid cancer forces us to make management recommendations based on retrospective observational data, which are often incomplete, subject to selection bias, and conflicting. Therefore, it is not surprising that many aspects of thyroid cancer management remain controversial and not well defined. This review will examine the controversies surrounding 3 important topics in thyroid cancer management: the option of thyroid lobectomy as initial therapy, the use of preoperative neck imaging to optimize the completeness of the initial surgery, and the selective use of radioactive iodine for remnant ablation, adjuvant treatment, or treatment for known persistent or recurrent disease. As thyroid cancer management moves toward a much more risk-adapted approach to personalized recommendations, clinicians and patients must balance the risks and benefits of the potential options to arrive at a plan that is optimized regarding both patient preferences/values and the philosophy/experience of the local disease management team.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The analysis of soluble and cellular components of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids might help the diagnosis of a specific tumour. Up to now disease specific humoral constituents have not yet been found. Concerning cellular recovery, BAL can be useful particularly in patients with bronchiolo-alveolar carcinoma. The overall diagnostic yield in the case series presently available in the literature ranges from 35 to 69%. We evaluated the usefulness of BAL in the diagnosis of diffuse neoplastic lung lesions. The BAL provided a diagnostic yield in 75.9% of patients with biopsy or autopsy proven neoplasm, the sensitivity varying according to the type and growth pattern of the tumour (93% in bronchioloalveolar carcinoma). BAL can prove useful also in the diagnosis of pulmonary involvement in lymphoproliferative disorders, particularly when the immunologic evaluation of surface markers is performed. We conclude that in the appropriate setting BAL represents a useful tool for studying patients with lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing all around the world in the past decades. Early detection is one of the keys to reduce the mortality. Currently, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) guides the management of patients with a thyroid nodule. The use of FNA can reduce unnecessary thyroid surgery by twenty-five percent. However, the prevalence of non-diagnostic and indeterminate cytology from FNA is still high, approximately thirty percent. Many biomarkers were developed to differentiate between the benign and malignant thyroid nodule. This review summarizes each diagnostic biomarker of differentiated thyroid cancer. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of individual cytological laboratory need to be considered before implementation of each biomarker. Moreover, follow-up is still mandatory in negative biomarker tests because all genomic and proteomic alterations in thyroid cancer are still unknown.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Cytokines are molecules that influence activation, growth, and differentiation of several target cells. They are proinflammatory mediators, regulate the systemic inflammatory response, playing a crucial role in autoimmune thyroid diseases, and modulate development and growth of both normal and neoplastic thyroid cells. In addition cytokines, as well as chemokines, have been shown to generate antitumor response. In patients with thyroid cancer, cytokines are useful as serum biomarkers, and should be a part of multi-analyte assay in the clinical evaluation of patients with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology. Finally, several cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6), leukemia inhibiting factor (LIF), and thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) are expressed in thyroid cancer cell lines, and they can be used for evaluating the inhibitory effects of several drugs in redifferentiation therapies. This review reports the latest advances in defining the actions of cytokines, and resumes the relationship between cytokines, thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the second leading cause of death in Brazil, after exclusion of external causes. Registries in the country are not reliable because of under-registration and limited coverage. Incidence rates for Brazil are less then half those for selected areas with good registries. Crude and adjusted incidence and mortality rates for lung cancer are rising, particularly among women. The main reason is the acceleration in tobacco consumption and the spread of smoking among women. At present, approximately 40% of men and 25% of women, 15 years of age or older, are current smokers. In the state of Rio Grande do Sul, where registries are reliable, incidence and mortality for males are similar to US data and the figures for women are rapidly approaching those for men. Occupations associated with risks of exposure to respiratory carcinogens show a rise in the incidence of lung cancer in the industrialized area of S o Paulo. The main occupational risk in Brazil is exposure to mineral dusts, silica, or asbestos. Although about 15 million Brazilians are exposed to pesticides, agricultural workers were not a risk group for lung cancer in a case-control study. Pesticides containing arsenic and dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) are banned. In recent years, a trend towards a decrease in male smoking has been noted, but there is still a high tobacco exposure burden in both males and females, with a forecast of a further increase in rates of lung cancer incidence and deaths. Control of respiratory carcinogens at work continues to be a problem, particularly in the present scenario of economic and political pressures on Brazil and other developing nations. Semin Oncol 28:143-152.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Human cancers often related to signal pathway variation, the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway is one of it. AKT kinase family is the most common downstream of PI3K pathway. The serum and glucocorticoid kinase 2(SGK2) is similar to AKT as the downstream of PI3K pathway. Up to now, we have few understanding of SGK2 in colon cancer. We determined the 20 colon cancer samples mRNA level. Later, we silence SGK2 in colon cancer cells. We found that SGK2 is up-regulated in colon cancer tissue/cells and have positive correlation with cell migration and invasive potential in human colon cancer cell line CACO2 and HCT116. The expression level of SGK2 have positive correlation with expression of mesenchymal marker N-cadherin and Vimentin and negative correlation with the expression of epithelial marker E-cadherin in CACO2 and HCT116 cells. In short, our research indicate that SGK2 is overexpressed in colon cancer and promotes EMT in colon cancer cells.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The development of distant metastasis is the most important predictor of death from thyroid cancer. KiSS-1 is a recently cloned human metastasis suppressor gene whose product, metastin, was recently identified as the endogenous agonist for a novel Gq/11 coupled receptor (metastin receptor). The expression and functional consequences of metastin and the metastin receptor have not been evaluated in thyroid cancer. We measured metastin and metastin receptor mRNA levels in 10 FCs and 13 papillary carcinomas (PCs), 2 benign non-functioning follicular adenomas (FAs), and 11 normal thyroid samples, and evaluated the signaling pathways activated by metastin in ARO thyroid cancer cells that express the metastin receptor endogenously. Paired normal and tumor samples were available for 4 PC and 3 PFC samples. Metastin mRNA was detected in 6/11 normal samples, and 0/2 FA, 2/10 FC, and 9/13 PC samples (p < 0.05 for PC vs. FC). Metastin receptor was not expressed in any normal thyroid or benign FA samples, and was expressed in only a minority (2/10) of FC samples. However, the receptor was expressed in the majority (10/13) of PCs (p = 0.002 for PC vs. normal tissue). Increased levels of metastin receptor were detected in all four PCs compared to adjacent normal tissue. Incubation levels of metastin receptor were detected in all four PCs compared to adjacent normal tissue. Incubation of metastin receptor expressing ARO thyroid cancer cells with metastin resulted in activation of ERK, but not Akt. Taken together, these data suggest a potential role for metastin and/or metastin receptors in modulating the biological behavior of thyroid cancers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The alpha-radioactive polonium 210 (Po-210) is one of the most powerful carcinogenic agents of tobacco smoke and is responsible for the histotype shift of lung cancer from squamous cell type to adenocarcinoma. According to several studies, the principal source of Po-210 is the fertilizers used in tobacco plants, which are rich in polyphosphates containing radio (Ra-226) and its decay products, lead 210 (Pb-210) and Po-210. Tobacco leaves accumulate Pb-210 and Po-210 through their trichomes, and Pb-210 decays into Po-210 over time. With the combustion of the cigarette smoke becomes radioactive and Pb-210 and Po-210 reach the bronchopulmonary apparatus, especially in bifurcations of segmental bronchi. In this place, combined with other agents, it will manifest its carcinogenic activity, especially in patients with compromised mucous-ciliary clearance. Various studies have confirmed that the radiological risk from Po-210 in a smoker of 20 cigarettes per day for a year is equivalent to the one deriving from 300 chest X-rays, with an autonomous oncogenic capability of 4 lung cancers per 10000 smokers. Po-210 can also be found in passive smoke, since part of Po-210 spreads in the surrounding environment during tobacco combustion. Tobacco manufacturers have been aware of the alpha-radioactivity presence in tobacco smoke since the sixties.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid carcinomas represent the most common endocrine malignancy, and several biological markers are proposed according to the different types of this cancer: for papillary cancer, thyroglobulin constitutes an excellent prognostic factor and rearrangements of ret oncogene can be useful in diagnosis. In sporadic medullary carcinoma, calcitonin is a diagnosis marker of choice, and coupled with ACE, can prevent relapse. Regarding familial medullary carcinoma, mutation screening in ret oncogene leads to early detection of new cases.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Recently, a number of novel chemotherapeutic agents under development show consider able promise in the treatment of lung cancer. Optimally, these new agents should exhibit a unique mechanism of action, a favorable toxicity profile in comparison to standard cisplatin-based chemotherapy, significant single agent activity (> 20% response rate, or > 40% 1-year survival rate) and synergistic antitumor effects with cisplatin and/or radiation. This review will describe the current development status of these new agents, including paclitaxel, docetaxel, vinorelbine, CPT-11, topotecan and gemcitabine.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The biological functions of the p53-related protein kinase (PRPK) remain unclear. We have previously demonstrated that PRPK is phosphorylated by the T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (TOPK) and that phosphorylated PRPK (p-PRPK) promotes colon cancer metastasis. Here, we analyzed colon adenocarcinomas from 87 patients and found that higher expression levels of p-PRPK were associated with later stages of metastatic dissemination (stage III and IV) as compared with earlier stages (stages I and II). Indeed, levels of p-PRPK were higher in metastatic versus malignant human colon adenocarcinomas. Knocking down PRPK expression attenuated colorectal liver and lung metastasis of colon cancer cells in vivo An in vitro kinase assay indicated that active PRPK does not phosphorylate p53 directly. We found that PRPK phosphorylates survivin, a regulator of colon cancer metastasis. PRPK phosphorylates survivin at Thr34, which is important for survivin stability. Taken together, our data strongly suggest that the PRPK signaling pathway promotes colon cancer metastasis by modulating survivin stability, and that PRPK could be a new prognostic marker for the survival of colon cancer patients. In addition, we identified an FDA-approved bacteriostatic antibiotic, fusidic acid sodium salt (fusidic acid or FA) as an inhibitor of PRPK, and show that FA combined with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) inhibited PRPK activity and colon cancer metastasis to the lung in mice. We contend that the combination of FA with 5-FU could be an alternative therapeutic strategy to traditional chemotherapy for colon cancer patients with poor prognosis. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(5); 1101-13. 2018 AACR.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The incidence of thyroid cancer is rapidly increasing, mostly due to the overdiagnosis and overtreatment of differentiated thyroid cancer (TC). The increasing use of potent preclinical models, high throughput molecular technologies, and gene expression microarrays have provided a deeper understanding of molecular characteristics in cancer. Hence, molecular markers have become a potent tool also in TC management to distinguish benign from malignant lesions, predict aggressive biology, prognosis, recurrence, as well as for identification of novel therapeutic targets. In differentiated TC, molecular markers are mainly used as an adjunct to guide management of indeterminate nodules on fine needle aspiration biopsies. In contrast, in advanced thyroid cancer, molecular markers enable targeted treatments of affected signalling pathways. Identification of the driver mutation of targetable kinases in advanced TC can select treatment with mutation targeted tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) to slow growth and reverse adverse effects of the mutations, when traditional treatments fail. This review will outline the molecular landscape and discuss the impact of molecular markers on diagnosis, surveillance and treatment of differentiated, poorly differentiated and anaplastic follicular TC.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Surgical resection is the primary treatment modality for colorectal cancer, and the most powerful tool for assessing prognosis following surgery is pathologic analysis of the resection specimen. Although the parameters that determine the pathologic stage are the strongest predictors of postoperative outcome, a number of additional pathologic features have prognostic significance that is independent of stage. These include: histologic grade; small vessel (lymphatic or venular) invasion; extramural venous invasion; perineural invasion; tumor border configuration; host lymphoid response to tumor, and the status of surgical margins. For specimens in which the radial (circumferential) margin is applicable, surgical clearance around the tumor is also of import. It is self-evident that, compared to data derived from additional assays, prognostic information that can be derived directly from standard histologic sections of a tumor is of the greatest cost-benefit to the patient. In the current era of cost containment, it is essential that surgical pathologists evaluate and report the pathologic features that are of prognostic and/or predictive significance in every case of colorectal cancer and, in turn, that the import of these be understood by the treating physicians.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Pulmonary nodules of unknown nature may be cancerous and are best treated by early resection. During the past 20 years we have seen 65 patients in whom asymptomatic pulmonary nodules from 5 to 20 mm in diameter were discovered on routine roentgenograms between 1 and 4 years prior to their referral to surgery. These patients have not been investigated for cancer. Instead, they had been 'observed' or treated with antibiotics while their nodules increased in size. At the time of referral, 29 patients had widespread metastases, 28 had locally invasive State III lung cancer, eight had Stage I or Stage II lesions. Only 16 patients had their tumors resected. Sixteen patients (24.6%) survived 1 year or longer; six patients (9.3%) survived more than 2 years. Early resection of all undiagnosed pulmonary nodules is essential. 'Expectant' or antibiotic treatment of these lesions should be condemned. Educational programs for family physicians are urged.
Category: Lung_Cancer
This is a general factsheet about COVID-19. It has some specific information for people with lung conditions, but most of the information will apply to everybody.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Exposure to certain industrial agents has been thought to have carcinogenic potential, both for employees who work closely with such agents and for the general population that comes in contact with them. Although case reports, laboratory studies, and epidemiologic analyses help to determine the carcinogenicity of implicated agents, each of these types of investigation has limitations and deficiencies in distinguishing causal from noncausal associations. Asbestos has been linked with bronchogenic carcinoma, but several controversial factors--the degree of risk relative to exposure dose, the synergistic effect of cocarcinogens, and the question of existence of a threshold dose--complicate the understanding of the magnitude of the risk for exposed persons. Several other physical and chemical agents (such as chromium, nickel, and radon) have also been associated with an increased incidence of lung cancer in epidemiologic and animal studies. As with asbestos, the specific type of the agent and exposure conditions are important in determining the degree of carcinogenicity. In studies of exposure to man-made mineral fibers, formaldehyde, and silica, the findings have been inconsistent. Because the degree of health hazard attributable to asbestos and other known and suspected lung carcinogens is controversial, a wide range of opinions exists about the importance of occupational exposures to the overall incidence of lung cancers. Nevertheless, attempting to prevent lung cancers by minimizing or eliminating exposure to carcinogens is preferable to treating existent cases.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Doxorubicin chemotherapy was performed in 52 patients with thyroid malignancies. Data from 47 patients could be evaluated. 16 remissions and partial remissions were seen, 15 cases had a progressive course, and in 16 patients there was no change of tumour size during the period of treatment. Results of treatment were worse in locally invasive tumour growth and reduced general state of health as well as in anaplastic carcinomas. Results were best in follicular and C-cell carcinomas. The mean survival time of patients responding to treatment was longer than in non-responders. The main indication for treatment is alleviation of tumour symptoms (bone pain, threatening fractures, pressure due to tumour); further indications are anaplastic carcinomas because of their bad prognosis and C-cell carcinomas because of their comparatively satisfactory response.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
During the past few decades, the incidence of thyroid cancer has increased substantially in many countries, including the USA. The rise in incidence seems to be attributable both to the growing use of diagnostic imaging and fine-needle aspiration biopsy, which has led to enhanced detection and diagnosis of subclinical thyroid cancers, and environmental factors. The latest American Thyroid Association (ATA) practice guidelines for the management of adult patients with thyroid nodules and differentiated thyroid cancer differ substantially from the previous ATA guidelines published in 2009. Specifically, the problems of overdiagnosis and overtreatment of a disease that is typically indolent, where treatment-related morbidity might not be justified by a survival benefit, now seem to be acknowledged. As few modifiable risk factors for thyroid cancer have been established, the specific environmental factors that have contributed to the rising incidence of thyroid cancer remain speculative. However, the findings of several large, well-designed epidemiological studies have provided new information about exposures (such as obesity) that might influence the development of thyroid cancer. In this Review, we describe the changing incidence of thyroid cancer, suggest potential explanations for these trends, emphasize the implications for patients and highlight ongoing and potential strategies to combat this growing clinical and public health issue.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas (PDTCs) comprise a small subset of heterogeneous thyroid tumors, occupying an intermediate area between well differentiated follicular or papillary carcinoma and anaplastic carcinomas, from both a histopathogenetic and a clinical point of view. PDTCs are more aggressive than the well differentiated, but less aggressive than the anaplastic thyroid cancers. They have a distinct biological behavior, and the classification of these tumors into a separate group appears justified.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy. Most patients with thyroid cancer have a great chance for successful treating. There is, however, a group of patients with poor prognosis. The present researches of thyroid tumor markers have related to permanent diagnostic progress of circulating markers analysis (thyroglobulin, thyroid peroxidase, calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen), cellular markers determination and interpretation of results, also. A number of molecular markers have been studied. Diagnostic value of some of them, e.g. TSHR, RET Ras, is well known. Others have investigated continually. Overexpression of BRAF, Met, and p53 has been correlated with aggressiveness of the cancer. Markers said to be of prognostic value in thyroid cancer are CD82, c- myc and Plk-1. The combination of markers: galectin-3, fibronectin and HBME-1 have proven to be sensitive for differentiated thyroid cancer. Further studies on new cellular thyroid markers are essential. The current review presents data concerning the well known cellular markers in thyroid cancer.