EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Generic
Robotic surgery is no longer a fiction and its clinical applications are rapidly developing. Robotic surgery is increasingly used because of its minimal invasiveness. This article provides an overview of robotic surgery and its current applications in oral and maxillofacial surgery and implant dentistry. Robotic surgery is constantly evolving, and its applications are continuously expanding. Recently, robot-assisted surgery has been used for dental implant placement. In the United States, the first robotic dental surgery system was cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for dental implant procedures in 2017. At the end of 2017, the world's first autonomous dental implant placement system was developed by Zhao and colleagues in China. This so-called intelligent robot has a high degree of autonomy, can automatically adjust during intraoperative procedures, and can execute surgical tasks directly on patients without any apparent control by a surgeon.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The PEAK family pseudokinases are essential components of tyrosine kinase (TK) pathways that regulate cell growth and adhesion; however, their role in human cancer remains unclear. Here, we report an oncogenic activity of the pseudokinase PEAK2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Notably, high PRAG1 expression, which encodes PEAK2, was associated with a bad prognosis in CRC patients. Functionally, PEAK2 depletion reduced CRC cell growth and invasion in vitro, while its overexpression increased these transforming effects. PEAK2 depletion also reduced CRC development in nude mice. Mechanistically, PEAK2 expression induced cellular protein tyrosine phosphorylation, despite its catalytic inactivity. Phosphoproteomic analysis identified regulators of cell adhesion and F-actin dynamics as PEAK2 targets. Additionally, PEAK2 was identified as a novel ABL TK activator. In line with this, PEAK2 expression localized at focal adhesions of CRC cells and induced ABL-dependent formation of actin-rich plasma membrane protrusions filopodia that function to drive cell invasion. Interestingly, all these PEAK2 transforming activities were regulated by its main phosphorylation site, Tyr413, which implicates the SRC oncogene. Thus, our results uncover a protumoural function of PEAK2 in CRC and suggest that its deregulation affects adhesive properties of CRC cells to enable cancer progression.
Category: Lung_Cancer
An estimated 180,000 new cases of lung cancer will be diagnosed in the U.S. this year, and lung cancer accounts for approximately 25% of all cancer deaths. Most lung cancers are initially detected on chest radiographs, but many benign lesions have radiologic characteristics similar to malignant lesions. Thus, additional studies are required for further evaluation. CT is most frequently used to provide additional anatomic and morphologic information about lesions, but it is limited in distinguishing between benign and malignant abnormalities. Because of the indeterminate results obtained from anatomic images, biopsy procedures, including thoracoscopy and thoracotomy, may be used even though one half of the lesions removed are benign and do not need to be removed. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging provides physiologic and metabolic information that characterizes lesions that are indeterminate by CT, accurately stages the distribution of lung cancer and provides prognostic information. FDG PET imaging takes advantage of the increased accumulation of FDG in transformed cells and is sensitive (approximately 95%) to the detection of cancer in patients who have indeterminate lesions on CT. The specificity (approximately 85%) of PET imaging is slightly less than its sensitivity because some inflammatory processes, such as active granulomatous infections, avidly accumulate FDG. The high negative predictive value of PET suggests that lesions considered negative on the study are benign, biopsy is not needed and radiographic follow-up is recommended. Several studies have documented the increased accuracy of PET compared with CT in the evaluation of the hilar and mediastinal lymph-node status in patients with lung cancer. Whole-body PET studies detect metastatic disease that is unsuspected by conventional imaging and demonstrate some of the anatomic abnormalities detected by CT to be benign lesions. Management changes have been reported in up to 41% of patients on the basis of the results of whole-body studies.
Category: Lung_Cancer
A 47-year-old man with a history of lung adenocarcinoma presented a red and painful right eye with loss of visual acuity after the 5th course of chemotherapy. The ophthalmologic exam showed visual acuity at 3/10 and diffuse iris nodular lesions in the same eye. The fundus was not visible. The controlateral eye was normal. The ocular scan showed iris tumors without choroidal metastasis. Systemic medical evaluation demonstrated no other metastases. The patient died 1 year later.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The study was concerned with postdiagnostic survival time in 933 cases of unresected lung cancer. The course of the disease was found to be in correlation with patient's age as well as stage, clinico-anatomical type and morphological pattern of tumor.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of global cancer incidence and mortality, accounting for an estimated 2 million diagnoses and 1.8 million deaths. Neoplasms of the lungs are the second most common cancer diagnosis in men and women (after prostate and breast cancer, respectively). With increasing access to tobacco and industrialization in developing nations, lung cancer incidence is rising globally. The average age of diagnosis is 70 years old. Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer, which largely reflects differences in tobacco consumption, although women may be more susceptible due to higher proportions of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and the effects of oestrogen. African American men in the US are at the highest risk of lung cancer. Family history increases risk by 1.7-fold, with a greater risk among first-degree relatives. Tobacco smoking is the greatest preventable cause of death worldwide, accounting for up to 90% of lung cancer cases, and continued consumption is projected to increase global cancer incidence, particularly in developing nations such as China, Russia, and India. Second-hand smoke among children and spouses has likewise been implicated. Radon from natural underground uranium decay is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the developed world. Occupational hazards such as asbestos and environmental exposures such as air pollution, arsenic, and HIV and Tb infection have all been implicated in lung carcinogenesis, while cannabis smoking, electronic cigarettes, heated tobacco products, and COVID-19 have been hypothesized to increase risk.
Category: Generic
Clinical professionals may not have the necessary evidence-based knowledge regarding specific leadership styles to succeed in a leadership role. This article examines the various leadership styles that can be adopted by a clinical professional who transitions into a leadership role. The Path-Goal theory developed by Robert House in 1971 was used as the theoretical lens for this study. Twenty scholarly, peer-reviewed articles written in English and published between 2015 and 2020 were analyzed and synthesized to develop the findings. The findings showed that employee retention was positively associated with transformational and authentic leadership styles; organizational commitment was positively associated with transformational, transactional, and authentic leadership styles; and job satisfaction was positively associated with transformational and authentic leadership styles. In particular, a transformational leadership style demonstrated higher rates of employee retention and job satisfaction than did transactional and laissez-faire leadership styles. The authentic and transformational leadership styles each saw increased job satisfaction and commitment, but a correlation between the authentic leadership style and those benefits was less evident. Clinical professionals should apply the transformational leadership style to become effective leaders.
Category: Generic
The digitalization of the health-care system has resulted in a deluge of clinical big data and has prompted the rapid growth of data science in medicine. Data science, which is the field of study dedicated to the principled extraction of knowledge from complex data, is particularly relevant in the critical care setting. The availability of large amounts of data in the ICU, the need for better evidence-based care, and the complexity of critical illness makes the use of data science techniques and data-driven research particularly appealing to intensivists. Despite the increasing number of studies and publications in the field, thus far there have been few examples of data science projects that have resulted in successful implementations of data-driven systems in the ICU. However, given the expected growth in the field, intensivists should be familiar with the opportunities and challenges of big data and data science. The present article reviews the definitions, types of algorithms, applications, challenges, and future of big data and data science in critical care.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
General factors affecting the prognosis of thyroid cancer are age and sex of the patient. The size of the primary tumour seems to be unimportant whilst the thyroid capsule is intact. Distant metastases shorten the survival time, whereas in cases of differentiated carcinoma cervical lymph node have no prognostic influence. A combined therapy of near-total thyroidectomy, 131-J-treatment, and TSH-suppression therapy using thyroid hormones is most successful. Additional external radiation seems to exert some positive effects in special cases. The cell-type has a great prognostic influence irrespective of the above mentioned variables. Papillary carcinoma has the best prognosis with a 5-yrs and 10-yrs survival rate of 86% or 78% respectively. The rates for follicular carcinoma are 72% respectively or 60%, for oncocytotic carcinoma (H rthle's cell cancer) 83% and 50%, and for medullary carcinoma (C-cell cancer) 70% or 55% respectively. The natural history of undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinoma is nearly always fatal with survival rates of 9% and 3% for 5 years or 10 years respectively.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally. Imaging is essential in the screening, diagnosis, staging, response assessment, and surveillance of patients with lung cancer. Subtypes of lung cancer can have distinguishing imaging appearances. The most frequently used imaging modalities include chest radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography. Artificial intelligence algorithms and radiomics are emerging technologies with potential applications in lung cancer imaging.
Category: Generic
The new humanoid robots not only perform tasks, but also can activate interactions and social relationships with other robots and with humans. In this view, the diffusion of humanoid robots with a physical structure reminiscent of the human body, endowed with decision-making abilities, and capable of externalizing and generating emotions, is opening a new line of research with a main objective of understanding the dynamics of social interactions generated by the encounters between robots and humans. However, this process is not easy. To be accepted by society, robots have to "understand" people and to adapt themselves to complex real-life social environments. This goal underlines the importance for research of aspects such as communication, acceptance, and ethics that require the collaboration between multiple disciplines, including psychology, neuroscience, design, mechatronics, computer science, philosophy, sociology, anthropology, biomechanics, and roboethics. This special issue seeks to gather knowledge from these disciplines with respect to human-robot confluence (HRC) in the application of robots in everyday life, including robot training partners and industrial collaborative robots (Cobots). It covers a wide range of topics related to HRC, involving theories, methodologies, technologies, and empirical and experimental studies. The final goal is to support researchers and developers in creating robots that not only have a humanoid body but that are really "humane": accessible, sympathetic, generous, compassionate, and forbearing.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Between 1967 and 1976, 388 cases of lung cancer were seen at the University Hospital, Kuala Lumpur, with histological confirmation in 72%. Most were aged from 50--80, with a male to female ratio of 2.8 : 1. The patients were predominantly of Chinese origin (82%) and from the lower socioeconomic strata. A history of smoking was elicited in 78%. The chief clinical and radiological features and the diagnostic methods are presented. The incidence of the histological types was squamous carcinoma 34%, adenocarcinoma 25%, large cell carcinoma 12%, small (oat) cell carcinoma 12%, "unidifferentiated/anaplastic" 15%, and others 2%. Malays appeared to have a higher percentage of adenocarcinoma. A comparison between the histologically confirmed group and the rest showed no significant difference in features. Problems pertaining to the management of Malaysian patients are discussed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) in 2011 was able to prove for the first time that screening with a low-dose CT can reduce lung carcinoma mortality by 20%. Despite the positive outcome of the NLST, there is-unlike in the USA-currently no systematic lung cancer screening in Europe. This is partly because several significantly smaller screening studies in Europe failed to show any improvement in lung cancer mortality.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer, which is one of the most common causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide, has a slow natural history that provides a great opportunity for prevention strategies. Plant-derived natural products have received considerable attention because of their inherent colorectal cancer chemopreventive effects. The plant lectin jacalin specifically recognizes the tumor-associated Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen and has antiproliferative effects on human colon cancer cells, highlighting its potential antitumor activity. To evaluate jacalin's potential application in colorectal cancer chemoprevention, we studied its effects on the early stages of carcinogenesis. Balb/c mice were given 4 intrarectal deposits of 0.1 ml solution of Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitroso-Guanidine (5 mg/ml) twice a week (with a 3-day interval) for 2 weeks. Starting 2 weeks before carcinogen administration, animals were treated orally with jacalin (0.5 and 25 g) three times a week (on alternate weekdays) for 10 weeks. We show that jacalin treatment reduced the number of preneoplastic lesions in carcinogen-exposed mice. This anticarcinogenic activity was associated with decreased colonic epithelial cell proliferation and stromal COX-2 expression and with increased intestinal production of TNF- . Our results demonstrate that jacalin is able to modulate the early stages of colon carcinogenesis and emphasize its promising chemopreventive activity in colorectal cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Alterations in mitochondrial DNA have been identified in a number of solid tumor types, including gastric, head and neck, breast, colorectal, lung, and bladder carcinomas. Recently, a homopolymeric C stretch (D310) located within the noncoding D-loop of the mitochondrial genome was identified and described as a mutational hotspot. The objective of the present study was to examine a series of thyroid cancers for genetic alterations in this region.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Neoplastic cardiac tamponade is extraordinary and dramatic as an initial presentation of cancer and not so unusual as a late complication. Five clinically and microscopically confirmed cases of cardiac tamponade as the first manifestation of pulmonary adenocarcinoma are reported along with a review of pertinent literature.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
There is considerable variability in the surgical approach to differentiated thyroid cancer regarding the decision to explore and remove central or central and lateral compartment lymph nodes. Much as sentinel lymph node sampling has improved the decision to remove axillary nodes for breast cancer, vital dye and lymphoscintigraphy with lymph node sampling may direct the surgical approach to differentiated thyroid cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Recent evidence based on cancer stem cell (CSC) models, is boosting the progress of translational research and providing relevant clinical implications in many tumour types, including colorectal cancer. The current failure of standard therapies is attributed to a small fraction of the primary cell population with stem-like characteristics, such as self-renewal and differentiation. Identification of CSCs is based on two different criteria of selection: stemness-selective conditions and direct isolation based on putative stem cell markers expression. CD133, a transmembrane glycoprotein, was associated with tumor-initiating cells derived from several histological variants of tumors, including colon.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Several phytochemicals and micronutrients that are present in fruits and vegetables are known to exert cancer chemopreventive effects in several organs, including the colon. Among them, the soybean isoflavonoid genistein received much attention due to its potential anticarcinogenic, antiproliferative effects and its potential role in several signal transduction pathways. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of genistein on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced colon carcinogenesis and to study its modulatory role on the levels of activity of 8-isoprostane, cyclooxygenase (COX), and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin F2alpha dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) in the colonic mucosa and colon tumors of male F344 rats. At 5 weeks of age, groups of male F344 rats were fed control (AIN-76A) diet or a diet containing 250 ppm genistein. Beginning 2 weeks later, all animals except those in the vehicle-treated groups were given weekly s.c. injections of AOM (15 mg/kg body weight) for 2 successive weeks. All rats were continued on their respective dietary regimen for 52 weeks after AOM treatment and were then sacrificed. Colon tumors were evaluated histopathologically. Colonic mucosae and tumors were analyzed for COX, 15-PGDH, and 8-isoprostane levels. Administration of genistein significantly increased noninvasive and total adenocarcinoma multiplicity (P 0.05). Also, genistein significantly inhibited the 15-PGDH activity (>35%) and levels of 8-iosoprostane (50%) in colonic mucosa and in tumors. In contrast, genistein had no significant effect on the COX synthetic activity, as measured by the rate of formation of prostaglandins and thromboxane B2 from [14C]arachidonic acid. The results of this investigation emphasize that the biological effects of genistein may be organ specific, inhibiting cancer development in some sites yet showing no effect or an enhancing effect on the tumorigenesis at other sites, such as the colon. The inhibition of 8-isoprostane levels by genistein indicates its possible antioxidant potential, which is independent of the observed colon tumor enhancement, yet this agent may also possess several biological effects that overshadow its antioxidant potential. The exact mechanism(s) of colon tumor enhancement by genistein remain to be elucidated; it is likely that its colon tumor-enhancing effects may, at least in part, be related to inhibition of prostaglandin catabolic enzyme activities.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Altered cyclin-dependent kinase activity is observed in many human malignancies. Cyclin-dependent kinases that promote cell cycle progression may be promising targets in the treatment of cancer. The therapeutic effects of roniciclib, a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor for medullary thyroid cancer were investigated in the present study. Roniciclib inhibited medullary thyroid cancer cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Roniciclib induced caspase-3 activity and contributed to apoptosis. Cell cycle progression was arrested in the G2 phase. In vivo, roniciclib treatment retarded the growth of tumors of medullary thyroid cancer xenografts. In addition, roniciclib in combination with sorafenib was more effective than either single treatment in a xenograft model. No morbidity was observed in animals treated with single roniciclib therapy and combination treatment of roniciclib and sorafenib. These data provide a rationale for clinical assessment of using roniciclib in the treatment of patients with medullary thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
In thyroid nodule management, ultrasound (US) features, such as hypoechogenicity of the lesion, irregular margins, microcalcifications, and intralesional vascular signal, alone or combined, have to be considered as suggestive for malignancy. Because of the low prevalence of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), a few papers analyzed US characteristics associated with this cancer in small series, with controversial results. Aim of this study was to evaluate in MTC the US risk factors of thyroid nodule. In this order, a series of nodules histologically proven as MTC and a group of nodules with histology of papillary cancer (PTC) were retrospectively compared with a control group of benign nodule. Fifty percent MTC were solid hypoechoic and 16% showed microcalcifications with significant difference with respect to the benign group (p<0.05 for both parameters), while no significant difference was recorded regarding margins nor nodular vascularization. The presence of at least one US risk feature was almost equal in MTC (58.3%) and controls (55.5%). On the contrary, at least one US risk factor was significantly (p<0.001) more frequent in PTC than in benign group or MTC series. This study showed low frequency of ultrasound features associated to PTC when analyzed in medullary cancer. Because of the poor literature focusing on this topic, and the herein used design, these data contribute to the knowledge about presentation of MTC at US. We advice for further prospective studies on larger series to define the US presentation of this cancer type.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common type of endocrine cancer, and its prevalence continue to rise. Non-metastatic thyroid cancer patients are successfully treated. However, looking for new therapeutic strategies is of great importance for metastatic thyroid cancers that still lead to death. With respect to this, the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a key role in tumor progression, should be considered as a new promising therapeutic target to hamper thyroid cancer progression. Indeed, thyroid tumors consist of cancer cells and a heterogeneous and ever-changing niche, represented by the TME, which contributes to establishing most of the features of cancer cells. The TME consists of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, soluble factors, metabolites, blood and lymphatic tumor vessels and several stromal cell types that, by interacting with each other and with tumor cells, affect TME remodeling, cancer growth and progression. Among the thyroid TME components, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) have gained more attention in the last years. Indeed, recent important evidence showed that thyroid CAFs strongly sustain thyroid cancer growth and progression by producing soluble factors and ECM proteins, which, in turn, deeply affect thyroid cancer cell behavior and aggressiveness. Hence, in this article, we describe the thyroid TME, focusing on the desmoplastic stromal reaction, which is a powerful indicator of thyroid cancer progression and an invasive growth pattern. In addition, we discuss the origins and features of the thyroid CAFs, their influence on thyroid cancer growth and progression, their role in remodeling the ECM and their immune-modulating functions. We finally debate therapeutic perspectives targeting CAFs.