EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
A population-based case-control study was carried out to follow up observations of increased lung cancer risk in the steel pouring areas of two Ontario steel mills. Study subjects were all men, aged 45-75 years, who died of lung cancer in the cities of Hamilton or Sault Ste-Marie, Ontario from 1979-1988. Nine hundred sixty-seven lung cancer victims were matched with 2,827 control subjects who died of other causes. Work histories were provided by the employers of steelworkers. In comparison with other residents of their cities, the relative risk of death from lung cancer was 0.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.58-1.23) for steelworkers in Sault-Ste Marie and was 1.10 (95% CI: 0.89-1.37) for steelworkers in Hamilton. In internal comparisons within the steel companies, increased lung cancer risk was observed among foundry, coke oven, and pouring pit workers. Retrospective hygiene assessment suggested that the increased risk of lung cancer among steel pourers might be related to the use of tar-based mold coating agents or to exposure to mineral fibers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
There have been hundreds of publications about overdiagnosis during the past decade describing concern regarding its potential for harms in lung cancer screening. However, the definition and frequency with which it occurs in screening trials remains unclear. This lack of clarity stems from its current definition which is not based on a clinical grounds but instead on an epidemiologic definition that depends on the cause of death. Thus, with the current definition an overdiagnosed cancer can only be diagnosed if the person does not die from the cancer, regardless of whether or not the cancer is aggressive or the treatment successful. Using a definition based on epidemiology rather than the clinical presentation is highly unusual. Furthermore, the frequency of overdiagnosis has also been a cause of great confusion. Prior to the results from the National Lung Screening trial (NLST), concerns were expressed that virtually all CT screen detected cancers would be overdiagnosed, yet the extended follow-up study of the National Lung Screening Trial shows that in essence there were virtually no overdiagnosis. Even more confusing is that it was previously suspected that there was a high rate of overdiagnosis when using chest radiographic screening and therefore as CT is a more sensitive imaging test and finds cancers even earlier, it would be presumed that the overdiagnosis rate for CT would be even be higher. A proposed change in the definition would focus more on the clinical manifestation of the cancer as to its aggressiveness as this can be diagnosed while the patient is alive. Using a definition that is based on clinical features, a cancer that manifests as a nonsolid nodule would be considered overdiagnosed if instead of being recognized as relatively indolent was instead thought to be an aggressive cancer. The concept of overtreatment arises if this nonaggressive cancer were treated aggressively.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A 72-year-old male with an early stage "node-negative" sigmoid colon cancer developed 2 separate "node-negative" early stage colon cancers during a subsequent colonoscopy surveillance regimen, the first in the descending colon 7 years later, and the second in the cecum almost 14 years after the first cancer was resected. After the initial symptomatic cancer, all subsequent neoplastic disease, including malignant cancers were completely asymptomatic. This entity, multiple primary cancers, likely reflected the use of a colonoscopic surveillance regimen.
Category: Generic
This chapter focuses on rehabilitation robotics which can be used to augment the clinician's toolbox in order to deliver meaningful restorative therapy for an aging population, as well as on advances in orthotics to augment an individual's functional abilities beyond neurorestoration potential. The interest in rehabilitation robotics and orthotics is increasing steadily with marked growth in the last 10 years. This growth is understandable in view of the increased demand for caregivers and rehabilitation services escalating apace with the graying of the population. We provide an overview on improving function in people with a weak limb due to a neurological disorder who cannot properly control it to interact with the environment (orthotics); we then focus on tools to assist the clinician in promoting rehabilitation of an individual so that s/he can interact with the environment unassisted (rehabilitation robotics). We present a few clinical results occurring immediately poststroke as well as during the chronic phase that demonstrate superior gains for the upper extremity when employing rehabilitation robotics instead of usual care. These include the landmark VA-ROBOTICS multisite, randomized clinical study which demonstrates clinical gains for chronic stroke that go beyond usual care at no additional cost.
Category: Generic
The study of plant metabolism is one of the most complex tasks, mainly due to the huge amount and structural diversity of metabolites, as well as the fact that they react to changes in the environment and ultimately influence each other. Metabolic profiling is most often carried out using tools that include mass spectrometry (MS), which is one of the most powerful analytical methods. All this means that even when analyzing a single sample, we can obtain thousands of data. Data science has the potential to revolutionize our understanding of plant metabolism. This review demonstrates that machine learning, network analysis, and statistical modeling are some techniques being used to analyze large quantities of complex data that provide insights into plant development, growth, and how they interact with their environment. These findings could be key to improving crop yields, developing new forms of plant biotechnology, and understanding the relationship between plants and microbes. It is also necessary to consider the constraints that come with data science such as quality and availability of data, model complexity, and the need for deep knowledge of the subject in order to achieve reliable outcomes.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular genetic basis of colorectal cancer (CRC). That information is paving the way to understanding the genetic basis of other tumors, as well. Oncology nurses should anticipate the routine integration of this information and testing of CRC tumors to understand the molecular basis of the disease in clinical practice. Molecular testing can lead to the identification of families at risk for hereditary cancer syndromes, particularly Lynch syndrome, which sometimes is referred to as hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Knowledge of the genetic basis of CRC also contributes valuable information aimed at selecting appropriate and effective targeted therapy.
Category: Generic
Finance ignores ecosystems, which has resulted in a growing list of environmental and social problems. In this article, the importance of ecology for finance is assessed. We suggest The piece also suggests that the financial intermediation perspective can align finance and ecology for the benefit of society. This requires that financial institutions account for information about the impact of finance on the environment and vice versa, and that they are held accountable by their supervisors in this domain.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Practice profiles are reflective pieces written by nurses in practice and based on continuing professional development articles. This week Ruth Garner discusses the role of the lung cancer nurse.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Dietary fats are thought to be important in the etiology of colon cancer. However, the evidence linking them is inconclusive. Studies on dietary protein, cholesterol and carbohydrate and the risk of colon cancer are also inconsistent. This study examined the association between dietary intake of protein, fats, cholesterol and carbohydrates, and the risk of colon cancer. Mailed questionnaires were completed by 1731 individuals with histologically confirmed cases of colon cancer and 3097 population controls between 1994 and 1997 in seven Canadian provinces. Measurements included socio-economic status, lifestyle habits and diet. A 69-item food frequency questionnaire was used to provide data on eating habits from two years before the study. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were computed using unconditional logistic regression. The nutrients were categorized by quartiles based on the distributions among the controls. Intake of polyunsaturated fat, trans-fat and cholesterol were significantly associated with the risk of colon cancer; the ORs for the highest quartiles were 1.36 (95% CI, 1.02-1.80), 1.37 (95% CI, 1.10-1.71) and 1.42 (95% CI, 1.10-1.84), respectively. The association was stronger with proximal colon cancer (PCC). An increased risk was also observed with increasing intake of sucrose for both proximal and distal colon cancers; the ORs for the highest quartiles were 1.67 (95% CI, 1.22-2.29) for PCC and 1.58 (95% CI, 1.18-2.10) for distal colon cancer (DCC). An elevated risk of PCC was also found with increased lactose intake. Our findings provide evidence that a diet low in fat and sucrose could reduce the risk of various colon cancers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The challenges of lung cancer radiotherapy are intra/inter-fraction tumor/organ anatomy/motion changes and the need to spare surrounding critical structures. Evolving radiotherapy technologies, such as four-dimensional (4D) image-based motion management, daily on-board imaging and adaptive radiotherapy based on volumetric images over the course of radiotherapy, have enabled us to deliver higher dose to target while minimizing normal tissue toxicities. The image-guided radiotherapy adapted to changes of motion and anatomy has made the radiotherapy more precise and allowed ablative dose delivered to the target using novel treatment approaches such as intensity-modulated radiation therapy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and proton therapy in lung cancer, techniques used to be considered very sensitive to motion change. Future clinical trials using real time tracking and biological adaptive radiotherapy based on functional images are proposed.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
There has been a long debate about the optimal surgical management of differentiated thyroid cancer. It has focused on the extent of thyroidectomy, with recommendations ranging from thyroid lobectomy to total thyroidectomy. There is no randomized prospective trial addressing this issue; such a trial would be prohibitive, since differentiated thyroid cancer has a good prognosis and a long natural history. Instead, there is heavy reliance on retrospective analyses, as well as consensus expert opinion and experience. We review this evidence, along with recent recommendations from several professional associations. We believe that total or near-total thyroidectomy followed by (131)I ablation and thyroid hormone suppression are most appropriate for the majority of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, as retrospective analyses have shown that they reduce the risk of cancer recurrence, address the chance of multifocal intrathyroidal cancer, and facilitate use of surveillance scans and thyroglobulin monitoring for post-operative recurrence. This recommendation comes with the caveat that total thyroidectomy must be performed safely, since there is evidence that surgeon volume is associated with patient outcomes.
Category: Colon_Cancer
True vaginal metastases from colonic cancer are exceedingly rare. This often signals an ominous prognosis. More frequently the vagina is synchronously involved by direct contiguous spread from the colonic lesion. We present a case of sigmoid carcinoma with true metastasis to the vagina that was discovered after an interval of 3 weeks when vaginal discharge became evident. To our knowledge, there are only two other papers in the English language previously documenting this phenomenon.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Various roles have been attributed to Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in cancer. Evidence exists for a pro-apoptotic function, consistent with a protective role of AChE. Because other reports suggested that upregulated AChE in some tumors may control cell adhesion, we tested the effects of AChE on anchorage independence (an essential component of metastasis) of colon tumor cells. Several AChE inhibitors dose-dependently suppressed colony formation of HTB-38 cells in soft agar. This effect of AChE was confirmed with HTB-38 cells stably overexpressing AChE. In contrast, cell proliferation was not altered by the effective doses of these chemical inhibitors or by transfected AChE. Protection from cell cycle arrest consecutive to cancer cell detachment may be conveyed by changes in cell-matrix interactions. Reflective of such changes, the AChE overexpressing cells adhered more strongly to Fibronectin than did the vector controls. The AChE-dependent adhesion was RGD-dependent and accompanied by increased c-Myb DNA-binding, suggesting that AChE upregulates an Integrin receptor via c-Myb. In support of these observations, we find AChE message and protein to be expressed in a large fraction of colon cancers and in all colon tumor cell lines analyzed, but only rarely in normal colon specimens. Our results imply a dual role for AChE in colon cancer. While the anti-apoptotic effects of AChE may be protective against early stages of tumorigenesis, this gene product may support the later stages of transformation by enhancing anchorage independent growth. The induction of Integrins could render the cells independent of microenvironmental cues and override cell cycle arrest after deadhesion.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Metabolic reprogramming is a vital factor in the development of many types of cancer, including colon cancer. Serine metabolic reprogramming is a major feature of tumor metabolism. Yes-associated protein (YAP) participates in organ size control and tumorigenesis. However, the relationship between YAP and serine metabolism in colon cancer is unclear. In this study, RNA sequencing and metabolomics analyses indicated significant enrichment of the glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism pathways in serine starvation-resistant cells. Short-term serine deficiency inhibited YAP activation, whereas a prolonged response dephosphorylated YAP and promoted its activity. Mechanistically, USP7 increases YAP stability under increased serine conditions by regulating deubiquitination. Verteporfin (VP) effectively inhibited the proliferation of colon cancer cells and organoids and could even modulate serine metabolism by inhibiting USP7 expression. Clinically, YAP was significantly activated in colon tumor tissues and positively correlated with the expression of phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) and USP7. Generally, our study uncovered the mechanism by which serine metabolism regulates YAP via USP7 and identified the crucial role of YAP in the regulation of cell proliferation and tumor growth; thus, VP may be a new treatment for colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The presence of the neural cell adhesion molecule, NCAM, is indicative for a poor prognosis in lung-cancer patients. Using MAb 735, we have investigated the expression of polysialic acid, PSA, on NCAM in a spectrum of neuro-endocrine lung tumors, ranging from the slowly growing typical carcinoids via the atypical carcinoids with clinically unpredictable behavior to the highly aggressive small-cell lung carcinomas. Our immunohistochemical findings indicate a significant association between the presence of PSA on the tumor cells and an aggressive and immature sub-type of the tumor. This might be related to impairment of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions by the presence of PSA, as we demonstrated in vitro, since detachment is one of the first steps in the metastatic process. The NCAM-MAb 123C3 used in these studies appeared extremely useful in immunoscintigraphy and immunotherapy of SCLC xenografts in nude mice, and for immunoscintigraphy of a SCLC patient. This may be explained by internalization of the 123C3 antibody, which we demonstrated in vitro. 123C3 is the only Cluster-I SCLC MAb studied thus far that becomes internalized.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
New therapeutic options for both differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) and medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) have opened up during the past few years, as the key role of tyrosine kinases in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma has been proved. Recently, two tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting VEGFR vandetanib (Caprelsa) and cabozantinib (Cometriq) have been approved for advanced MTC, whereas, sorafenib (Nexavar) has been accepted to treat late-stage of DTC. Their efficacy was demonstrated in Phase III studies, compared to placebo; each of them significantly prolonged the progression-free survival.
Category: Lung_Cancer
It is of vital importance not only to prevent lung cancer but also to detect and treat it as early as possible. Plain chest X-ray examination often provides preliminary data useful for the early detection of lung cancer, and multiple diagnostic modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are used to obtain more accurate information. The authors describe the clinical utility of imaging diagnosis by computed radiography (CR), advanced multiple beam equalization radiography (AMBER), CT, and MRI in term of the imaging-pathologic correlation. We would like to emphasize that these modalities are not competitive but supplementary. It should be anticipated that, as technological improvements continue to be made, each modality will assume an increasingly important role in the imaging of lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Worldwide, neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract have a very high incidence and mortality. Among these, colorectal cancer, which includes colon and rectum malignancies, representing both highest incidence and mortality. While gallbladder cancer, another neoplasm associated to gastrointestinal tract occurs less frequently. Genetic factors, inflammation and nutrition are important risk factors associated with colorectal cancer development. Likewise, pathogenic microorganisms inducing intestinal dysbiosis have become an important scope to determine the role of bacterial infection on tumorigenesis. Interestingly, in human biopsies of different types of gastrointestinal tract cancer, the presence of different bacterial strains, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis and Salmonella enterica have been detected, and it has been considered as a high-risk factor to cancer development. Therefore, pathogens infection could contribute to neoplastic development through different mechanisms; including intestinal dysbiosis, inflammation, evasion of tumoral immune response and activation of pro-tumoral signaling pathways, such as catenin. Here, we have reviewed the suggested bacterial molecular mechanisms and their possible role on development and progression of gastrointestinal neoplasms, focusing mainly on colon neoplasms, where the bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli, Bacteroides fragilis and Salmonella enterica infect.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
This brief presentation attempts to summarize the pathologic characteristics and the results of recent studies of the major thyroid malignancies. The clinical information now available, as well as advanced histologic and cytologic techniques, should provide a sound basis for diagnosis, management and further study of these neoplasms.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer that occurs during an interval between screening colonoscopies is called "interval carcinoma". These cancers are more frequent than would be expected, diagnosed in about tow per thousand patient years. There are three main causes for interval carcinomas: 50 % result from failed detection of polyps during colonoscopy, 25 % are tumors that develop during the screening interval and 25 % result from incomplete polypectomy. Knowing these etiologies screening makes it possible to optimize treatment. Colonoscopy of the highest quality is essential for providing reliable screening. Risk stratification during the first colonoscopy allows for optimal timing of follow-up-examinations. Difficult polypectomies require frequent follow-ups. Serrated adenomas should be treated like adenomas. Interval carcinomas are often detected during screening at an early stage: colonoscopy screening can save life of these patients.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Study was made of 11 patients under 20 years of age with thyroid cancer. Nine were girls and two boys. Eight of the patients had first sought medical advice because of cervical adenopathy. Nine of the patients had had x-ray therapy to the head and neck previous to the diagnosis of the thyroid cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Here we review the role of tissutal and circulating biomarkers in the management of lung cancer. In the past they were considerate quite ineffective tools as regards prognosis and prediction of treatment activity, nowadays instead, they are becoming a crucial key point as potential predictive issues in driving therapy, with possibly prognostic values as well.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Nine patients with thyroid cancer who had received irradiation on the thyroid region (four for breast cancer with deep x-ray or Co60, one for a skin lesion with deep x-ray and four for hyperthyroidism with I131) have been discussed. These cases might be within the range of statistical coicidence, but the potential carcinogenic effect of irradiation could not be ruled out completely. The need for detailed examination of the thyroid gland before and for many years after irradiation and early removal of thyroid gland nodules which develop after I131 treatment are emphasized.
Category: Lung_Cancer
One hundred and ninety one women were diagnosed with lung cancer at our hospital. This comprised 23.7% of all lung cancer cases. Smoking habits were significantly lower in female lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma is the most common histological type of female lung cancer (64.2%). The prognoses of asymptomatic cases detected by regular examination were significantly better than those of symptomatic cases. Among resectable cases of either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma, there were no significant differences between the prognosis for women and that for men. However, the prognosis for nonresectable cases of adenocarcinoma in women was significantly better in the 2-year survival rate (30.8%) than the prognosis for such cases in men. Since the periphery type is the most common site of adenocarcinoma in women, educating women, especially those in the high-risk group, and persuading them to undergo regular examinations are important step to increasing early-stage detection and cure.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The paper is concerned with the results of examination of 41 of 407 thyroid cancer patients in whom cancer was combined with thyrotoxicosis. The succession of occurrence and possible ways of the development of this combination were considered. A study was made of the nature of endocrine changes in patients with thyroid cancer combined with thyrotoxicosis using clinical and laboratory methods. It was shown that the frequency of the combination of thyroid cancer with thyrotoxicosis made 10.1%; it was most common in women (92.68%).
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is a common form of cancer.There are things you can do to lower your risk of lung cancer. Stop smoking tobacco. Ask your health care provider for help in quitting, including use of medicines to help with nicotine dependence. discuss with your healthcare provider,what you are taking or doing to decrease your risk for lung cancer