EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
Mucinous adenocarcinoma (MA) of colorectal cancer seems associated with reduced responsiveness to chemotherapy. The overexpression of markers of resistance to fluorouracil and oxaliplatin has recently been demonstrated. We revised the outcomes of metastatic MA of the colon treated with FOLFOX. From January 2002 to December 2009, we treated 198 patients with metastatic colon cancer, of which 21 (10.6%) had diagnosis of MA and were compared with 42 control patients with non-mucinous adenocarcinoma (NMA). In MA group, three patients [14%; inhibitory concentration 95: 7.5%] reached partial response, and in NMA group, two patients obtained complete response and 16 obtained partial response with an overall response rate of 43% (inhibitory concentration 95: 7.6%) with a significant statistical difference (P = 0.027). Median progression-free survival for MA group was 4 months with respect to 8 months for NMA (P = 0.0001); regarding overall survival, we registered a median of 8 months with respect to 18 months for MA and NMA (P = 0.001). In multivariate analysis, MA histology, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status 2, more than two metastatic sites, and peritoneal metastatic involvement resulted in negative independent prognostic factors. Also in our study, MA is connected to poor prognosis and reduced activity of chemotherapy. In the absence of randomised studies, it may be convenient to analyse this subgroup of patients within the large trials carried out on colorectal cancer.
Category: Generic
RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has become an exemplary technology in modern biology and clinical science. Its immense popularity is due in large part to the continuous efforts of the bioinformatics community to develop accurate and scalable computational tools to analyze the enormous amounts of transcriptomic data that it produces. RNA-seq analysis enables genes and their corresponding transcripts to be probed for a variety of purposes, such as detecting novel exons or whole transcripts, assessing expression of genes and alternative transcripts, and studying alternative splicing structure. It can be a challenge, however, to obtain meaningful biological signals from raw RNA-seq data because of the enormous scale of the data as well as the inherent limitations of different sequencing technologies, such as amplification bias or biases of library preparation. The need to overcome these technical challenges has pushed the rapid development of novel computational tools, which have evolved and diversified in accordance with technological advancements, leading to the current myriad of RNA-seq tools. These tools, combined with the diverse computational skill sets of biomedical researchers, help to unlock the full potential of RNA-seq. The purpose of this review is to explain basic concepts in the computational analysis of RNA-seq data and define discipline-specific jargon.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The authors report a comparative analysis of the results of treatment in two groups of patients with lung cancer. In the first group (194 patients) surgical treatment was supplemented by postoperative irradiation with a total dosage of 4000--5500 rad. In the second control group (189 patients) only surgery was employed. Both groups are comparable according to main generally accepted clinical characteristics. It was found that the use of postoperative irradiation after the mentioned technic failed to improve remote results of surgical therapy. The indices of a 5-year survival proved to be higher than those with surgical treatment only--38.6% versus 24.8% in the combined treatment (P less than 0.05), that was due to the increased mortality rate as a result of complications, induced by postoperative irradiation.
Category: Lung_Cancer
A series of review articles on lung cancer beginning in this issue of Thorax aims to increase the awareness of up to date evidence based knowledge and to generate further interest and optimism in its diagnosis and management.
Category: Lung_Cancer
From histological and biological perspectives, lung cancer is a complex neoplasm. Although the sequential preneoplastic changes have been defined for centrally arising squamous carcinomas of the lung, they have been poorly documented for the other major forms of lung cancers, including small cell lung carcinoma and adenocarcinomas. There are three main morphologic forms of preneoplastic lesions recognized in the lung: squamous dysplasias, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, and diffuse idiopathic pulmonary neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia. However, these lesions account for the development of only a subset of lung cancers. Several studies have provided information regarding the molecular characterization of lung preneoplastic changes, especially for squamous cell carcinoma. These molecular changes have been detected in the histologically normal and abnormal respiratory epithelium of smokers. Two different molecular pathways have been detected in lung adenocarcinoma pathogenesis: smoking-associated activation of RAS signaling, and nonsmoking-associated activation of EGFR signaling; the latter is detected in histologically normal respiratory epithelium.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
We describe a case of aggressive undifferentiated thyroid cancer associated with rapidly evolving hypertrophic osteoarthropathy (HOA) that developed at the time of pulmonary dissemination of the thyroid neoplasm. The syndrome appeared to be paraneoplastic, possibly due to a substance normally cleared by the lungs.
Category: Colon_Cancer
We report a case of isolated dural metastasis from colon cancer. Neuroradiologic and intraoperative findings indicated that the tumor was extra-axial, and histopathologic examination resulted in the correct diagnosis. Notable neuroradiologic findings of the present dural-based tumor were: diploic fat MRI signal disappeared in the tumor associated calvaria where bony change was absent on bone-window CT; abnormal subgaleal and epidural tissues were seen on MRI, both of which contained clusters of adenocarcinoma cells histopathologically. These findings suggest an infiltrative, malignant character, and help to differentiate between benign and malignant dural-based tumors.
Category: Lung_Cancer
-catenin is a major component of the Wnt/ -catenin signaling pathway, and is known to play a role in lung tumorigenesis. -catenin-interacting protein 1 (CTNNBIP1) is a known repressor of -catenin transactivation. However, little is known about the role of
Category: Colon_Cancer
Fluorouracil is the major chemotherapy agent currently available for colon cancer. It is utilized alone or in combination in a variety of schedules, though the optimal schedule has not yet been identified. In addition to the use for metastatic disease, fluorouracil also is useful for adjuvant treatment or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of locoregional disease.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths in Western countries. Although 5-fluorouracil is still the basis of adjuvant therapy, advances in drug development have led to increased efficacy with the addition of oxaliplatin and options for oral therapy with capecitabine. The benefit of adjuvant therapy for stage II disease is consistently small and not statistically significant. Future studies will evaluate the role of the biologic agents that have proved to be effective in metastatic disease and better delineate the population at risk by identifying prognostic and predictive markers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Imaging plays an essential role in diagnosing, staging, and following patients with lung cancer. Most tumors are found on chest radiographs, although further evaluation with thoracic computed tomography is performed to stage local disease. Additional radiologic studies, including radionuclide bone scan, brain computed tomography, or magnetic resonance imaging are typically used in select patients in the search for extrathoracic metastases. More recently, whole body positron emission tomography imaging has become an extremely useful tool in evaluating the primary tumor, regional lymph nodes, and distant sites of disease in lung cancer patients. With continued improvements in diagnostic imaging modalities, definition of risk groups, discovery of molecular markers, and development of new therapeutic strategies, improved survival rates should result in the future. This review focuses on the current imaging techniques used to evaluate patients with lung cancer.
Category: Generic
New attending surgeons should consider hiring a Certified Financial Planner with experience in the surgical profession while also utilizing accessible resources to improve their financial literacy. They should acquire adequate life and disability insurance, devise debt-repayment strategies, and plan for retirement by contributing to tax-advantaged accounts and diversifying investments. New attending surgeons should also be cognizant of the financial implications of important personal life events, such as marriage and childbirth. Having a financial team is important, and this may consist of a financial advisor and surgeon mentors.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
In 1990--2010 yrs there were operated 159 patients for differentiated thyroid gland cancer (THGC) and 89 - for medullary thyroid gland cancer (MTHGC). The recurrence rate in application of radical tactics of surgical treatment in the first operation for differentiated THGC, comparing with such after reoperation, is lesser - (2.7 +/- 1.5) and (7.3 +/- 4.0)%, accordingly (P < 0.05). The results of diagnostic lymphadenectomy constitute a secure criterion for indication to perform a dissection of a lateral basin of the lymph nodes. The indices of survival in patients, suffering MTHGC, in whom a radical tactics was used in the first operation, are by 29.4% (P = 0.024) better, than in patients, to whom it was applied while subsequent operations, the disease-free survival - by 45.6% (P= .0001). Reoperation is indicated in occurrence of any local and regional recurrences of the THGC. In anaplastic THGC reoperations are performed rarely.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid carcinomas are suitable targets for gene therapy because they can be highly lethal on one hand, while being susceptible to specific tumour targeting on the other hand. Several gene therapy modalities have been evaluated so far in experimental models of thyroid cancer, including tumour suppressor gene replacement, oncogene inhibition, suicide gene therapy, immunotherapy, antiangiogenesis, and viral oncolysis. All of these strategies have shown promising results, but clinical studies are lacking. Based on the clinical experience achieved in a pilot study in patients with advanced thyroid cancer and on clinical results in other types of solid cancer, it is suggested that combined gene therapy approaches, as well as multimodality therapeutic regimens, including gene therapy and conventional treatments, should be pursued to achieve clinically significant results.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Well-differentiated thyroid cancer most frequently occurs in premenopausal women. Greater exposure to estrogens may be a risk factor for thyroid cancer. To investigate the role of estrogens in thyroid cancer, a spot urine sample was obtained from 40 women with thyroid cancer and 40 age-matched controls. Thirty-eight estrogen metabolites, conjugates and DNA adducts were analyzed by using ultraperformance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry and the ratio of adducts to metabolites and conjugates was calculated for each sample. The ratio of depurinating estrogen-DNA adducts to estrogen metabolites and conjugates significantly differed between cases and controls (p < 0.0001), demonstrating high specificity and sensitivity. These findings indicate that estrogen metabolism is unbalanced in thyroid cancer and suggest that formation of estrogen-DNA adducts might play a role in the initiation of thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Proliferative thyroid diseases are more prevalent in females than in males. Upon the onset of puberty, the incidence of thyroid cancer increases in females only and declines again after menopause. Estrogen is a potent growth factor both for benign and malignant thyroid cells that may explain the sex difference in the prevalence of thyroid nodules and thyroid cancer. It exerts its growth-promoting effect through a classical genomic and a non-genomic pathway, mediated via a membrane-bound estrogen receptor. This receptor is linked to the tyrosine kinase signaling pathways MAPK and PI3K. In papillary thyroid carcinomas, these pathways may be activated either by a chromosomal rearrangement of the tyrosine receptor kinase TRKA, by RET/PTC genes, or by a BRAF mutation and, in addition, in females they may be stimulated by high levels of estrogen. Furthermore, estrogen is involved in the regulation of angiogenesis and metastasis that are critical for the outcome of thyroid cancer. In contrast to other carcinomas, however, detailed knowledge on this regulation is still missing for thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Reoperation for thyroid cancer needs to consider patient-, tumor- and therapy-related aspects as well as present diagnostic results. Reoperation because of thyroid remnants, persistence of the primary tumor and lymph node metastasis (completion surgery) has to be distinguished from reoperation due to locoregional recurrence (primary tumor, lymph nodes). The primary surgical strategy should avoid the need for reoperation. The extent of reoperation is related to the extent of primary surgery, stage, and distant metastasis. The timing and indication of reoperation for differentiated thyroid carcinoma in an interdisciplinary multimodal treatment setting depends on diagnostic radioiodine scans and radioiodine therapy. Long-term, recurrence-free survival is achieved by sufficiently radical surgery with acceptable morbidity, including all additive or adjuvant treatment options.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Parvoviruses are some of the smallest DNA viruses known to infect a wide range of animal species and humans. Though not all parvoviruses are pathogenic, some can cause disease ranging from asymptomatic to benign to life-threatening. Recently, there has been an interest in the possible role of parvoviruses in thyroid disease in general. The objectives of this review are to cite and appraise the available evidence on the role of parvoviruses in thyroid cancer in particular. Little to no evidence is available directly linking animal parvoviruses and thyroid cancer, but there is a growing literature on the human erythrovirus B19 (EVB19) and its association with thyroid cancer. Of particular interest is the persistence and expression of EVB19 DNA, RNA, and protein in a wide variety of thyroid tissues. While a causative role of EVB19 in the pathogenesis of thyroid cancer cannot be supported at this time, an indirect role is hypothesized and discussed but with the recognition that the data are limited. Further studies are clearly warranted to determine the exact, if any, role of this human pathogen in thyroid cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Radical resection is the main treatment for adenocarcinoma of the colon. Adjuvant chemotherapy may reduce the recurrence rate of the disease. It is therefore important that those who may benefit from such therapy are offered the optimal regimens in due time. The background for adjuvant chemotherapy of colon cancer is presented.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The surgical standards in the treatment of primary cancer of the colon include the radical resection of the tumor-bearing colon with truncal ligation of its vessels. Eradication of the tumor with complete dissection of the lymphatic drainage area increases the chance for cure (R0). The lymphatic dissection determines the extent of colonic resection: right hemicolectomy (ileo-transversostomy) with truncal ligation of the iliocolic and right colonic arteries for carcinomas of the cecum and ascending colon; transverse colectomy (ascendo-descendostomy) with ligation of the middle colic artery for carcinomas in the middle of the transverse colon; left hemicolectomy (transverso-rectostomy) with ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery at the aorta for cancer of the descending and sigmoid colon; extended sigmoid resection (descendo-rectostomy) with central lymphadenectomy and ligation of the inferior mesenteric artery distal to the left colic artery for cancer of the distal sigmoid colon. Carcinomas located in between two drainage areas (lateral transverse colon, hepatic or splenic flexure) are treated by extended hemicolectomies or subtotal colectomies with dissection of two lymphatic drainage areas. The monobloc no-touch isolation technique requires the ligation of vessels prior to the mobilisation of the colon. Exceptions from these standard operations (limited resections) are necessary for metastatic disease or in the acute emergency situation of perforation or obstruction. Application of these surgical principles will ensure the best possible treatment results in primary colonic cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The prevalence of nodular lesions of the thyroid gland (thyroid gland), according to various researchers, ranges from 3 to 7%]. The widespread introduction of ultrasound (ultrasound) in clinical practice, as well as the results of autopsy studies, showed that the prevalence of nodular lesions of the thyroid gland is much higher and is about 50%, especially at the age of over 50. In women, thyroid nodes are detected 2-4 times more often than in men. Children suffer from nodular lesions extremely rarely. The incidence of nodular goiter is directly proportional to age. The increase in the incidence of nodular goiter is approximately 0.1% per year at a young age and gradually reaches 2%. The prevalence of thyroid cancer (thyroid cancer) among nodular goiter, according to various authors, is from 1 to 6%. It should be noted that the prevalence in the population of nodular goiter is so high both in the regions of iodine deficiency and with normal iodine supply, but in the first case it is slightly higher. The incidence of thyroid cancer in absolute terms does not depend on the level of iodine supply. Thus, in a situation of a slightly higher incidence of banal nodular colloid goiter in the regions of iodine deficiency, the proportion of cancer among all cases of nodular goiter will be less. It is important to note that these data make it possible to equally use the results of studies on thyroid cancer obtained in regions with different iodine supply.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The role of dietary calcium as a protective factor in the etiology of colon cancer is reviewed by examining data from ecological and analytical epidemiological studies. Biological evidence that explains the mechanisms whereby calcium intake could alter risk of developing colon cancer is also presented. The data reviewed here in general support the hypothesis that dietary calcium is linked to colon cancer in a protective manner, and that it may be one component in the etiology of colon cancer which alters an individual's risk of developing the disease.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is treated adjuvantly with 5-flourouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin, most commonly as part of the FOLFOX regimen, which has less toxicity than the older regimen FLOX (bolus 5-FU and oxaliplatin) that has fallen out of favor. For patients who cannot tolerate oxaliplatin, 5-FU can be given as a single agent. Patients with metastatic disease may be treated with a number of regimens, including FOLFOX and FOLFIRI; however, the environment is a not a monotonous vanilla and chocolate FOLFOX and FOLFIRI. Cytotoxic agents, sequentially or in combination, are frequently combined with biologic agents to improve response in metastatic disease. Clinical investigators have focused considerable attention on how best to apply all the agents active in metastatic colon cancer, a practice in evolution. In this article, we highlight important, informative research regarding cytotoxic chemotherapy for colon cancer. We also recognize the contribution made by skilled surgeons, interventional radiologists, and radiation oncologists who will push the envelope and as well, the pharmacogenomic and molecular markers that help us to understand mechanisms of disease, predict toxicity, and refine our therapy.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Since 1975, the American Cancer Society, Illinois Division, has published end results of major cancer sites drawn from patient data contributed voluntarily by hospital cancer registries throughout the state. The current study was undertaken, in part, to apprehend information regarding contested areas in the management of patients having differentiated (papillary/follicular) thyroid cancer. A total of 2,282 patients with either papillary or follicular carcinoma of the thyroid from 76 different Illinois hospitals and providing 10 years of follow-up information (life-table analysis) were retrospectively analyzed for demographic, disease, and treatment-related predictors of survival. Multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazards method was made for stage, age, race, sex, morphology, history of radiation exposure, presence of positive lymph nodes, initial surgical treatment, postoperative iodine 131 therapy, and replacement/suppressive thyroid hormone treatment. Statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05) predictors of favorable survival after thyroid cancer were low stage (I and II), young age (less than 50 years), white race, female sex, and the administration, postoperatively, of either thyroid hormone or radioactive iodine. Factors that had no influence on survival were lymph node status, choice of initial surgical treatment, and a history of prior irradiation. We suggest that where a prospective clinical trial is impracticable, a retrospective analysis of a large and detailed database, such as that available from cooperating hospital-based tumor registries, may yet provide useful insights to solutions of cancer management problems.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is one of the most common malignancies causing the majority of cancer-related deaths. Gelsolin (GSN) has been found to be dysregulated in various cancers. However, the secreted GSN in colon cancer remains largely unknown. In the present study, we explored the expression profile of GSN in colon cancer tissues and the diagnostic value of serum GSN in colon cancer. In addition, the effects of secreted GSN in colon cancer cells were studied. We thus found that immunoreactive GSN levels were significantly lower in colon cancer tissues than those in non-tumor colon tissues. Functional studies demonstrated that secreted GSN could restrain cell invasion and migration in vitro. Mechanistically, dose dependent recombinant GSN down-regulated the expression of MMP2 and MMP9, which might restrain the process of cell invasion and migration. Furthermore, serum levels of GSN were significantly lower in colon cancer patients than those in healthy volunteers, and ROC curves showed serum level of GSN had a better diagnostic value for colon cancer (AUC=0.932) than the traditional tumor biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) or Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 (CA199). In conclusion, our results suggest that the secreted GSN restrains the invasion and migration of colon cancer cells. Meanwhile, the serum GSN may be a new biomarker for the diagnosis of colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
There are many known chemical and physical causes of industrial lung cancer. Their common feature is a long latent period-usually ten to 40 years-between initial exposure to the carcinogen and clinical recognition of the lesion. Occupationally induced lung cancer is indistinguishable from lung cancer of unknown etiology or that caused by cigaret smoking. Smoking alone is responsible for a very large proportion of all lung cancer and it potentiates the effect of most other carcinogens. Most cases of lung cancer in the next 20-30 years will be the result of exposures which have already occurred. In these cases, early diagnosis of pre-invasive resectable lesions offers the only hope for prolonging life.