EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
Robotic surgery is an emerging field in colorectal surgery and may overcome the limitations of conventional laparoscopic surgery, such as rigid instrumentation, poor ergonomics, and assistant-dependent camera movements and retraction. In addition, robotic-assisted colectomy appears to offer comparable outcomes to laparoscopic colectomy with limited long-term outcomes data. Prolonged operating time, increased costs and learning curve are the major drawbacks of robotic colectomy for colon cancer. Although new robotic platforms promise improved ingenuity through developing technology, the role of the robot in colon cancer surgery is still unclear.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Familial occurrence in excess of that expected by chance is common among cases of colon cancer. Only a small fraction of these familial cases arise from well-described syndromes. There are epidemiologic, colonoscopic, genealogic data base and large prospective studies that characterize the familial occurrence and risk for common colon cancer. Kindred studies suggest that common familial occurrence arises from inherited susceptibility of a mild to moderate magnitude. The responsible genes are yet to be identified, though a number of candidate genes have been suggested. Clinical features, especially age at diagnosis and number of first-degree relatives with colon cancer, already allow stratification of familial risk. Risk stratification is important for colon cancer screening, as some higher-risk persons should probably have more intensive screening. Research is needed to identify the genes or their polymorphisms that give rise to common inherited susceptibility for colon cancer, to examine how susceptibility genes interact with environmental factors and give rise to colonic neoplasms and to verify suggested screening approaches that incorporate familial risk.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Patients with colon cancer involving regional lymph nodes (stage C disease) have a 5-year survival rate of only 30% to 40%, and the majority die of recurrent disease. Recent trials have shown increased survival rates with postoperative use of fluorouracil plus levamisole. The authors discuss these findings and the implications on treatment recommendations for stage C colon cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
In thyroid cancer (TC) endostatin was identified as a powerful negative regulator of tumor angiogenesis in vitro. It is currently being evaluated in phase I trials for antiangiogenic therapy in various solid tumors. The aim of this study was to evaluate endostatin expression in archival TC specimens and its secretion following stimulation with thyrotropin (TSH) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in TC cell lines.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Postoperative adjuvant chemotherapy with tegafur-uracil has become the standard of care for patients with completely resected stage I adenocarcinoma according to the positive result from phase III trial conducted in Japan. The effectiveness of tegafur-gimeracil-oteracil potassium in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is now under investigation in a phase III trial in the first-line treatment in combination with platinum agent as well as in second-line treatment as monotherapy. The evidence of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) such as gefitinib and erlotinib was first confirmed as the second-line treatment for non-selective patients with advanced NSCLC. However, now it is essential to examine some active EGFR gene mutations such as exon 19 deletion or L858R in exon 21, the novel predictive factor for high efficacy of EGFR-TKI, in terms of the risk-benefit balance. For patients with EGFR-mutated advanced NSCLC, the first-line treatment with gefitinib had achieved a significant prolongation of progression-free survival compared with standard platinum doublet chemotherapy in a few phase III trials, and became a new standard of care. Gefitinib is highly effective for patients with advanced NSCLC with EGFR mutation even if their performance status is poor, although one should always pay careful attention to fatal interstitial lung disease.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer remains a significant global health concern. The impact of specific dietary components on colon tissue likely depends on a host of genomic processes that influence the growth, development, and differentiation of the epithelial cells at the colon crypt surface, where the balance between proliferation and differentiation is maintained possibly through the Wnt (beta-catenin/T-cell factor) signaling pathway. A loss of balance caused by either genetic mutations or environmental factors such as dietary habits can modulate the risk for the formation of aberrant crypt foci and ultimately the development of colon cancer. Evidence exists that butyrate reduces the number and the size of aberrant crypt foci in the colon. Butyrate is a natural histone deacetylase inhibitor as well as a molecule involved with enhanced TGF-beta-induced SMAD3 phosphorylation, increased IFN-gamma-mediated apoptosis, and altered expression of the intestinal muc2 gene that is responsible for mucin synthesis. Other dietary components, such as vitamin D and (n-3) fatty acids, may regulate proliferative properties of colon progenitor cells as well as the differentiation of subcellular lineages. Although these findings are intriguing, there are uncertainties that remain to be resolved including the optimal exposure needed to bring about an effect, the appropriate timing of administration, and if nutrient-nutrient and nutrient-gene interactions determine the overall response. The expanded use of high-throughput technologies, knowledge about the expression of genes and protein fingerprints, and metabolomic profiling will assist in addressing these issues and ultimately in determining the physiological significance of bioactive food components as cancer protectants.
Category: Generic
Recent advances in artificial intelligence are transforming healthcare and there are increasing efforts to apply these breakthroughs to the diagnosis of acute vertigo. Because the diagnosis of vertigo relies on the analysis of eye movements, there are several unique considerations that must be made when implementing deep learning approaches to vertigo. This review discusses the need for diagnostic aids for acute vertigo, the techniques used to preprocess eye movement data and adapt deep learning models to vertigo, and summarizes and analyzes all published models to date.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Surgical resection is the primary treatment for colon cancer. The introduction and acceptance of laparoscopic colectomy for cancer has been gradual for a number of reasons including the fact that it is technically challenging, has less than dramatic patient benefits, and perhaps most significantly it could theoretically represent a compromise as an oncologic procedure. Preliminary evidence suggests that laparoscopic colectomy for colon cancer is safe, feasible, and can be performed with acceptable operative times and conversion rates. Furthermore, it may offer important patient-related advantages and the same extent of resection as in open surgery can be achieved. It may result in improved outcomes when performed by experienced surgeons. The early experience with high rates of wound recurrences has not been realized in current reports. Ongoing prospective, randomized trials should establish whether laparoscopic colectomy is as effective as open colectomy in preventing recurrence and death from colon cancer; until then this procedure is not considered standard for patients with curable colon cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Administering adjuvant chemotherapy to stage II colon cancer patients is controversial due to limited benefit observed for this subpopulation. Recently, Dalerba et al. (2016) identified a subgroup of stage II patients that might benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy based on lack of CDX2 expression in their cancer stem cells.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cause of death from cancer for both males and females in the United States. Left untreated, most patients die within one year of diagnosis with a median survival of less than six months. Surgery remains the most effective method for controlling the primary tumor in most cases. This article reviews the role of surgical treatment for the various stages of lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
A retrospective review of patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) who were seen between 1984 and 1996 at the Royal Marsden Hospital identified 40 patients with serum thyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb). These antibodies can interfere with the immunoradiometric assay for serum thyroglobulin (Tg) used at this hospital, with resulting underestimation of the Tg level. A review of the case notes was carried out to ascertain the clinical significance of TgAb. The median follow-up from diagnosis of DTC was 26 months (range 3-401). The median age at diagnosis of DTC was 50 years (range 13-83). Patients were grouped according to the TgAb titre (high titre: TgAb >1/100, n = 28; low titre TgAb <1/100, n = 12). Thirteen patients relapsed, 11 in the high titre group and two in the low titre group. Sites of recurrence were: neck (n = 9), lung (n = 5), bone (n = 4) and brain (n = 2). No patient in the high titre group showed an elevated Tg with recurrence. One patient in the low titre group showed a Tg response to recurrence. Overall, the Tg assay failed to detect 92% of recurrences. Eight patients in the high titre group developed TgAb, apparently in response to tumour progression. In a third patient in the low titre group, the TgAb also acted as a 'tumour marker'. Thus, overall TgAb acted as a tumour marker in nine of the 40 (22.5%) patients in whom it was detected, and in nine of the 470 (1.9%) patients on follow-up during this time period. The overall survival of the whole group was 69% at 10 years. For patients with papillary carcinoma (n = 34) overall survival was 78% at 10 years. Laboratories should report routinely the presence of TgAb, with a caution indicating the direction of possible error (which depends on the assay used). Clinicians should appreciate that Tg measurements are unreliable in the presence of TgAb and that the development of TgAb can indicate active tumour.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
TERT promoter mutations (TERT-p mutations) have been found in many types of cancer and have emerged to play critical roles in tumor progression. The mutations upregulate TERT transcription, and TERT not only elongates telomeres and confers unlimited proliferative capacity on tumor cells, but is also involved in tumor progression and aggressiveness. In differentiated thyroid carcinoma, TERT-p mutations are associated with a number of high-risk clinicopathological aggressiveness and worse prognosis, making it the best molecular marker to predict tumor aggressiveness so far. This review summarizes recent relevant findings regarding TERT-p mutations and their functional/mechanistic aspects.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading forms of cancer. In 2017, over 72,000 of Russian citizens have been diagnosed with CRC. Cancer stage IV was diagnosed in 18 149 of them. Peritoneal carcinomatosis (PC) is one of the forms of metastatic dissemination throughout the peritoneum. There no any unified and standardized approaches to the treatment or prevention of PC associated with CRC. Therefore, it is advisable to identify PC predictors in patients with colon cancer and prevention measures.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab given prior to surgical removal of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer is safe and produces a high rate of pathologic response, especially among those with high tumor mutation burden.
Category: Generic
Seismic waves from earthquakes and other sources are used to infer the structure and properties of Earth's interior. The availability of large-scale seismic datasets and the suitability of deep-learning techniques for seismic data processing have pushed deep learning to the forefront of fundamental, long-standing research investigations in seismology. However, some aspects of applying deep learning to seismology are likely to prove instructive for the geosciences, and perhaps other research areas more broadly. Deep learning is a powerful approach, but there are subtleties and nuances in its application. We present a systematic overview of trends, challenges, and opportunities in applications of deep-learning methods in seismology.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Significant progress is being made in understanding molecular events leading to lung cancer. Both susceptibility factors (molecular markers of risk) and the genetic alterations involved have been discovered. New techniques for early detection of lung cancer based on molecular changes (i.e. mutations in p53, K-ras and rb, amplification of myc and Her-2/neu, deletion of 3p, and microsatellite instability) in sputum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid may be used as tools in diagnosis and prognosis, as well as in screening programs. These new findings should be transferred to the clinical environment. Multiple markers should be used, thereby increasing the chance of detecting the tumor or premalignant lesions. In the future, such research should be carried out in large prospective studies.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The incidence of nodal metastasis in differentiated thyroid cancer ranges between 40% to 75%. Elective neck dissection is generally not advised in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer; however, if clinically apparent nodal disease is noted in the tracheoesophageal groove during surgery, central compartment clearance is advised. If clinically apparent nodal disease is present in the lateral compartment of the neck, modified neck dissection preserving the sternomastoid, accessory nerve, and jugular vein is advised. The "berry picking procedure" is generally not recommended because of the higher incidence of regional recurrence. Due consideration should be given for parathyroidal transplantation if the blood supply to the parathyroids is damaged during central compartment clearance. The incidence of lymph node metastasis is highest in young patients, however, lymph node metastasis has no bearing on long-term survival. There seems to be a higher incidence of regional recurrence in elderly individuals. If patients present with bulky nodal disease, consideration may be given for postoperative radioactive iodine dosimetry and ablation if necessary. Differentiated thyroid cancer represents a unique disease in the human body, where lymph node metastasis has no prognostic implication. Aggressive surgical clearance is advised in patients with medullary thyroid cancer in the central compartment and the jugular chain lymph nodes.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer has been associated with several nutrients and foods. The authors used data from a population-based study conducted in Northern California, Utah, and Minnesota to examine associations between dietary eating patterns and risk of developing colon cancer. Through factor analysis, detailed dietary intake data obtained from 1,993 cases (diagnosed in 1991-1994) and 2,410 controls were grouped into factors that were evaluated for relations with lifestyle characteristics and colon cancer risk. Several dietary patterns emerged. The dietary patterns with the most variation were labeled "Western," "prudent," "high fat/sugar dairy," "substituters," and "drinkers." The "Western" dietary pattern was associated with a higher body mass index and a greater intake of total energy and dietary cholesterol. The "prudent" pattern was associated with higher levels of vigorous leisure time physical activity, smaller body size, and higher intakes of dietary fiber and folate. Persons who had high scores on the "drinker" pattern were also more likely to smoke cigarettes. The "Western" dietary pattern was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer in both men and women. The association was strongest among people diagnosed prior to age 67 years (for men, odds ratio (OR)=1.96, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-3.15; for women, OR=2.02, 95% CI 1.21-3.36) and among men with distal tumors (OR=2.25, 95% CI 1.47-3.46). The "prudent" diet was protective, with the strongest associations being observed among people diagnosed prior to age 67 years (men: OR=0.63, 95% CI 0.43-0.92; women: OR=0.58, 95% CI 0.38-0.87); associations with this dietary pattern were also strong among persons with proximal tumors (men: OR=0.55, 95% CI 0.38-0.80; women: OR=0.64, 95% CI 0.45-0.92). Although "substituters" (people who substituted low fat dairy products for high fat dairy products, margarine for butter, poultry for red meat, and whole grains for refined grains) were at reduced risk of colon cancer, the reduction in risk was not statistically significant. These data support the hypothesis that overall dietary intake pattern is associated with colon cancer, and that the dietary pattern associated with the greatest increase in risk is the one which typifies a Western-style diet.
Category: Generic
Data science is an interdisciplinary field that extracts knowledge and insights from many structural and unstructured data, using scientific methods, data mining techniques, machine-learning algorithms, and big data. The healthcare industry generates large datasets of useful information on patient demography, treatment plans, results of medical examinations, insurance, etc. The data collected from the Internet of Things (IoT) devices attract the attention of data scientists. Data science provides aid to process, manage, analyze, and assimilate the large quantities of fragmented, structured, and unstructured data created by healthcare systems. This data requires effective management and analysis to acquire factual results. The process of data cleansing, data mining, data preparation, and data analysis used in healthcare applications is reviewed and discussed in the article. The article provides an insight into the status and prospects of big data analytics in healthcare, highlights the advantages, describes the frameworks and techniques used, briefs about the challenges faced currently, and discusses viable solutions. Data science and big data analytics can provide practical insights and aid in the decision-making of strategic decisions concerning the health system. It helps build a comprehensive view of patients, consumers, and clinicians. Data-driven decision-making opens up new possibilities to boost healthcare quality.
Category: Lung_Cancer
To explore whether the progression of asbestosis correlates with the risk of lung cancer among patients with asbestosis.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Laboratory testing has the potential to favorably affect the outcome of patients with neoplasia by applications in screening, risk identification, surveillance, diagnosis, prognosis, prediction of tumor response or resistance to therapies, and prediction of toxic effects from therapies. Molecular testing directed at colorectal neoplasia is currently in use for diagnosis and characterization of rare, highly penetrant inherited syndromes due to germline mutation of the APC suppressor gene or DNA nucleotide mismatch repair genes. Routine application of molecular assays of colorectal tumors as prognostic and predictive markers is likely to occur in the near future, but major advances in technology are needed to begin to move molecular testing into screening of the general population and surveillance of subjects at increased risk. It seems certain that molecular methods will become increasingly important in improving the outcome of patients with colorectal neoplasia and in contributing to continued decline of the death rate from this common cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Allostery is a regulation at a distance by conveying information from one site to another and an intrinsic property of dynamic proteins. Allostery plays an essential role in receptor trafficking, signal transmission, controlled catalysis, gene turn on/off, or cell apoptosis. Allosteric mutations are considered as one of causes responsible for cancer development, leading to "allosteric diseases" by stabilizing an active or inactive conformation or changing the dynamic distribution of preexisting propagation pathways. The present article mainly focuses on the potential of allosteric therapies for lung cancer. Allosteric drugs may have several advantages over traditional drugs. The epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and signaling pathways downstream (such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways) were suggested to play a key role in lung cancer and considered as targets of allosteric therapy. Some allosteric inhibitors for lung cancer-specific targets and a series of preclinical trials of allosteric inhibitors for lung cancer have been developed and reported. We expect that allosteric therapies will gain more attentions to develop combinatorial strategies for lung cancer and metastasis.
Category: Generic
Robotics is progressing rapidly. The aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive overview of the basic and applied research status of robotics in dentistry and discusses its development and application prospects in several major professional fields of dentistry.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death in the Western world. In spite of major advances in understanding the staging and prognostic factors of lung cancer, advances in survival have been minimal over the past 20 years. For patients with non-small cell carcinoma, surgical resection offers the only chance of meaningful survival. In contrast, for patients with small cell carcinoma, the sensitivity of this tumor type to cytotoxic therapy, including chemotherapy and radiation therapy, offers the only chance of long-term survival. However, it is clear that many factors in addition to stage of disease and performance status of the patient are important in predicting the prognosis for lung cancer. These factors include the biologic properties inherent in the tumor cells themselves. In this review, I evaluate recent findings in studies of the biology of lung cancer cells and consider the potential application of these findings in the treatment of patients with this disease.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The management of thyroid nodules is multi-disciplinary and involves head and neck surgeons, pathologists and radiologists. Ultrasound is easy to perform, widely available, does not involve ionizing radiation and is readily combined with fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC). It is therefore an ideal investigation of choice for evaluating thyroid nodules. It evaluates specific features that help in identifying the nature of the nodule and FNAC helps in diagnostic accuracy. In addition, following treatment for thyroid cancer ultrasound provides a safe tool for disease surveillance. This paper discusses the role of ultrasound in the management of patients with thyroid cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
COX-2 promotes colon cancer. While both nonselective NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors reduce disease burden, their adverse gastrointestinal and cardiovascular side effects limit their therapeutic use. In this issue of the JCI, Zhang et al. used gene silencing and a derivative of licorice root to show that inhibition of the enzyme 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II(11betaHSD2) reduces tumor COX-2 activity, tumor growth, and metastasis by increasing the tonic glucocorticoid-mediated suppression of the COX-2 signaling pathway without the adverse effects associated with NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors (see the related article beginning on page 876). Their findings suggest that 11betaHSD2 inhibition may be a potential therapeutic option in colon cancer, warranting further investigation.