EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
The colon cancer survival rate is significantly affected by location, stage, and size of the cancer. Polypectomy was shown be as equally effective as surgery in early-stage colon cancer, but there have been no established clinical guidelines in the management of colon cancer based on the size of the polyp or the tumor location. The aim of our study was to assess the early-stage colon cancer-specific survival rate in patients who underwent endoscopic polypectomy versus surgery, based on size and location of tumor in early-stage colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Screening for lung cancer in high-risk individuals with annual low-dose computed tomography has been shown to reduce lung cancer mortality by 20% and is recommended by multiple health care organizations. Lung cancer screening is not a specific test; it is a process that involves appropriate selection of high-risk individuals, careful interpretation and follow-up of imaging, and annual testing. Screening should be performed in the context of a multidisciplinary program experienced in the diagnosis and management of lung nodules and early-stage lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer encompasses some forms that practically have no identifiable mortality to one of the most lethal soft tissue cancers known. Because of this variation, a knowledge of the role that age, histology, and extent of disease play in establishing a prognosis is necessary to provide a rational therapeutic program. Younger patients (under age 40) with differentiated cancer, even those with lymph node metastases, should not be overtreated with extensive surgery and 131I or external beam therapy because the prognosis in these patients is so extremely good. Thyroid hormone suppression is probably adequate therapy for patients in this group after obvious disease has been resected. Recurrences can usually be effectively treated with 131I. On the other hand, older patients should be treated more aggressively, especially with the routine use of 131I ablation and therapy after resection of disease. Radiation therapy as described for recurrent disease should be considered at an early point and should be used immediately once the diagnosis of anaplastic cancer has been established. Finally, patience and observation alone should be considered a good therapeutic alternative, for example, in hypercalcitoninemic patients with medullary cancer that has been apparently adequately resected. Repeat operations in these patients fail to eliminate elevated serum calcitonin levels in the majority of cases, and the patients may live for many years with a good quality of life.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Currently, metastatic colon cancer is treated with monotherapeutic regimens such as folinic acid, fluorouracil, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX), capecitabine and oxaliplatin (CapeOX), and leucovorin, fluorouracil, and irinotecan hydrochloride (FOLFIRI). Other treatments include biological therapies and immunotherapy with drugs such as bevacizumab, panitumumab, cetuximab, and pembrolizumab. After the research, it was found that some mutations make those treatments not as effective in all patients. In this bibliographic review, we investigated the pharmacogenetic explanations for how mutations in the genes coding for rat sarcoma virus (RAS) and rapidly accelerated fibrosarcoma (RAF) reduce the effectiveness of these treatments and allow the continued proliferation of tumors. Furthermore, we note that patients with mutations in the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPDY) gene usually require lower doses of therapies such as 5-fluorouracyl (5-FU) and capecitabine to avoid severe adverse effects. Some other mutations in the thymidylate synthase gene (TSYM), methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene (MTHFR), and ATP binding cassette transporter B (ABCB1 and ABCB2) affect efficacy and security of the treatments. It is important to address the clinical implication of the oncologist in the study of gene mutations than can influence in the antitumoral response and safety of colon cancer treatments.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is a major health problem in industrialized countries. It ranks at the first place among digestive cancers, with a sex ratio of 1. Colon cancer incidence increased between 1975 and 2005. France belongs to high risk countries for colorectal cancers. Since eighties, there was a progressive switch from left to right colon cancers. Owing to its frequency, and its epidemiological characteristics, colorectal cancer is, in France, justifiable of a national population-based mass screening. In France, national screening relies on biennial testing in subjects between 50 and 74 followed by total colonoscopy in case of positive test. In order to decrease significantly colorectal cancer mortality participation rate has to be over 50%. The colorectal cancer mortality decrease in this case varies between 15 and 28% in the general population, and between 33 and 39% among participants to screening. On the basis of available data, the European Commission recommended organizing colorectal cancer screening in the EU. Colonoscopy screening is recommended for subjects at high risk, or very high risk for colorectal cancer.
Category: Generic
The revolution of artificial intelligence and its impacts on our daily life has led to tremendous interest in the field and its related subtypes: machine learning and deep learning. Scientists and developers have designed machine learning- and deep learning-based algorithms to perform various tasks related to tumor pathologies, such as tumor detection, classification, grading with variant stages, diagnostic forecasting, recognition of pathological attributes, pathogenesis, and genomic mutations. Pathologists are interested in artificial intelligence to improve the diagnosis precision impartiality and to minimize the workload combined with the time consumed, which affects the accuracy of the decision taken. Regrettably, there are already certain obstacles to overcome connected to artificial intelligence deployments, such as the applicability and validation of algorithms and computational technologies, in addition to the ability to train pathologists and doctors to use these machines and their willingness to accept the results. This review paper provides a survey of how machine learning and deep learning methods could be implemented into health care providers' routine tasks and the obstacles and opportunities for artificial intelligence application in tumor morphology.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Folate is essential for proliferating cells and folate transport pathways and folate-dependent metabolic processes show promise as targets for anti-neoplastic therapy. Folate receptor (FOLR1), a folate transporter, is an attractive target for anti-neoplastic therapy due to its high affinity for folate, restricted range of expression in normal tissue and differential over-expression in malignant tissue. FOLR1 is expressed in non-small cell lung cancer, with a higher expression in adenocarcinoma compared with squamous cell carcinoma. Farletuzumab is a monoclonal antibody targeting FOLR1 which in pre-clinical studies led to cytotoxicity of FOLR1-expressing cells, inhibited tumor growth in animal models and showed limited reactivity with normal tissue. In phase I/II trials, farletuzumab was well tolerated as a single-agent and in combination, without additive toxicity with chemotherapy. An ongoing phase II, double blind, placebo-controlled study is evaluating farletuzumab in patients with FOLR1 expressing metastatic adenocarcinoma of lung.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In an attempt to define the type and temporal sequences of somatic genetic changes that precede the onset of invasive lung cancer, and to search for biological markers useful in screening multiple primary tumors of the upper aerodigestive tract, we have performed a cytogenetic and genetic study using normal bronchial epithelium and primary tumor specimens of 68 patients undergoing pulmonary resection for early stage lung cancer, and normal bronchial epithelium of 5 controls with metastatic sarcomas. Of the 68 lung cancer cases, 31 had a single tumor and 37 displayed multiple synchronous or metachronous tumors. Cytogenetic alterations were observed in 59% (23/39) of the evaluable tumor specimens with complex rearranged karyotypes, particularly involving chromosomes 3 (70%), 17 (39%), 11 (26%), 8, 9, 12 (22%), and 7 (17%). Gene alterations were also detected including overexpression of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in 63% (36/57), HER2/NEU in 21% (12/56), and p53 mutations in 50% (12/24). The overall frequency of genetic changes (any type) in the tumors was 76% (52/68). In the normal bronchial mucosa, we identified a rearranged karyotype in 20% of the evaluable cases (13/63); particularly simple rearrangements involving chromosomes 3p (6 cases), 7 (6 cases), 17 (3 cases), 9, 11 (2 cases), 8 (1 case); as well as overexpression of EGFR in 39% (20/51) and of HER2/NEU in 14% (7/51). The overall frequency of genetic changes (any type) in the normal epithelium was 46% (30/65). The presence of a rearranged karyotype in the bronchial mucosa was associated with a rearranged karyotype in the tumor sample. Other statistically significant correlations were found between histopathologic and clinical features and the occurrence of the different cytogenetic and genetic changes both in tumors and in the normal bronchial mucosa. No genetic abnormalities were found in the bronchial epithelium of the 5 controls.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A retrospective study involving 706 sample cases of large bowel cancer grouped by subsite (ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, ana rectum), sex, and age identified during the Third National Cancer Survey (Pittsburgh SMSA, 1969--1971) was recently completed. The basic strategy of this comparative study was to determine whether the frequency distribution patterns of both demorgraphic characteristics and environmental factors differed among persons with subsite-specific cancer of the large bowel. Based on the information provided in the hospital records there was a gradient of previous cholecystectomy history from ascending colon cancer (10.5%) to rectal cancer (2.1%) in those patient records whose only gastrointestinal surgery indicated was cholecystectomy. For patient records in which the only surgical operation was cholecystectomy, or cholecystectomy plus other gastrointestinal surgery, the gradient persisted as one moved from the right to the left subsites of the large bowel. No relationship with respect to other types of gastrointestinal surgery was observed. It is clear, however, that a bias associated with the review of hospital records can account for this relationship and, therefore, the finding may be spurious. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence of a relationship between bile acid metabolism and carcinoma of the colon. It might be considered that the right side of the colon would be most likely affected by the potential carcinogenic effect of certain bile acid metabolites.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Epidemiology of thyroid cancer. There is an important increase in the frequency of thyroid cancer in France, even after taking into account population increase and aging. This increase is essentially due to overdiagnosis. Overdiagnosis is the detection of a cancer which would never have become symptomatic during the lifetime of the person; it transforms a healthy individual into a patient. Autopsy studies show that more than 10% of the population carries cancer cells in their thyroid gland, and that this proportion is the same among men and among women. The greater frequency of thyroid cancer among women is therefore the consequence of their more frequent interactions with clinicians at a younger age, for themself or for their children.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The results of colonoscopy in 567 patients with malignant tumors of the colon have shown that in 10,0% of cases there were errors in primary endoscopic diagnosis due to inferior examination of the colon, missing of malignant tumors, misinterpretation of the alterations revealed. The authors believe that a single endoscopic examination can not be considered decisive, especially when tumor had been clinically or roentgenologically suspected. Only repeated dynamic observations during 12-14 months with 1-3 month intervals can give final conclusions. The authors believe the thorough early analysis, knowledge of endoscopic symptoms, correct estimation of the data of colonoscopy and biopsy to allow avoiding serious diagnostic errors in future.
Category: Colon_Cancer
This article presents an extremely rare case of solitary metastasis in the choroid plexus of the inferior horn of the right lateral ventricle three years after a colectomy for colon cancer. We discuss the current literature on this tumor together with the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT) findings.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Four types of thyroid cancer comprise more than 98% of all thyroid malignancies. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) may have a very benign course while undifferentiated thyroid carcinoma (UTC) belongs to the most aggressive human malignancies. A variety of genes have been identified to be involved in the pathogenesis of thyroid carcinoma. Somatic Ras mutations seem to be an early event and are frequently found in follicular thyroid carcinomas. Somatic rearrangements of RET and TRK are almost exclusively found in PTC and may be found in early stages. Germline RET missense mutations lead to hereditary medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC). In contrast, the significance of somatic RET mutations in sporadic MTC is unknown. p53 seems to play a crucial role in the dedifferentiation process of thyroid carcinoma. The precise role of PTEN remains to be elucidated. The only clearly identified exogenous factor that may lead to thyroid carcinoma (mainly PTC) is radiation. Of interest, radiation is capable to induce RET rearrangements. In general, early diagnosis is mandatory to enable the chance of cure. Surgery is the treatment of choice. Depending on the tumour type, surgery in combination with either radioiodine, external radiation or chemotherapy often enables the control of local tumour burden. In MTC and UTC, once thyroid cancer is spread to distant organs, efficacious therapeutic agents are almost non-existing. However, our growing knowledge of genes involved in thyroidal oncogenesis may contribute to the development of more effective treatment modalities. Some preliminary data on gene therapy are quite promising.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Out of 618 cases of colon cancer treated between 1976 and 1986, 25 had an unusual local invasion. They underwent radical surgery with total resection of one or more adjacent organs. This group is made of 17 female and 8 male patients, with an average age of 58 years. All the patients underwent resection of the colon with radical excision of the locally invaded organs. Only one case of postoperative death is recorded. Postoperative surgical complications were rare. This experience confirms that colic resection extended to adjacent organs invaded by the tumor gives a low risk of relapse and satisfying long term results in relatively young patients with good general conditions and without remote metastases.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer staging is a foundation of patient care, informing management decisions and prognosis. This comprehensive overview of the current 8th edition American Joint Committee on Cancer Cancer Staging Manual addresses common difficulties in staging, such as measuring the invasive component of adenocarcinomas and staging multiple lung nodules.
Category: Generic
The brain is one of the most complex living tissue types and is composed of an exceptional diversity of cell types displaying unique functional connectivity. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) can be used to efficiently map the molecular identities of the various cell types in the brain by providing the transcriptomic profiles of individual cells isolated from the tissue. However, the lack of spatial context in scRNA-seq prevents a comprehensive understanding of how different configurations of cell types give rise to specific functions in individual brain regions and how each distinct cell is connected to form a functional unit. To understand how the various cell types contribute to specific brain functions, it is crucial to correlate the identities of individual cells obtained through scRNA-seq with their spatial information in intact tissue. Spatial transcriptomics (ST) can resolve the complex spatial organization of cell types in the brain and their connectivity. Various ST tools developed during the past decade based on imaging and sequencing technology have permitted the creation of functional atlases of the brain and have pulled the properties of neural circuits into ever-sharper focus. In this review, we present a summary of several ST tools and their applications in neuroscience and discuss the unprecedented insights these tools have made possible.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Leptin has physiological roles in multiple systems, and has possible effects on several carcinogenesis steps. The aim of this study was to investigate the leptin levels in thyroid papillary carcinoma (TPC) patients.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The transcription factor Yin Yang 1 (YY1) has an important regulatory role in tumorigenesis, but its implication in thyroid cancer has not been yet investigated. In the present study, we have analyzed the expression of YY1 in differentiated thyroid cancer and assessed the association of YY1 expression with clinical features. Expression of YY1 was evaluated in human thyroid cancer cell lines, a series of matched normal/tumor thyroid tissues and in a thyroid cancer tissue microarray, using real-time PCR, Western blot, and/or immunohistochemistry. YY1 was overexpressed in thyroid cancer cells, at transcription and protein levels. A significant increase of YY1 mRNA was also observed in tumor thyroid tissues. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis of the thyroid cancer tissue microarray revealed that both papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) present increased YY1 protein levels (48 and 19%, respectively). After stratification by the level of YY1 protein, positive YY1 expression identifies 88% of patients with PTC. The association of YY1 expression with clinicopathological features in PTC and FTC showed that YY1 expression was related with age at diagnosis. Our data indicates for the first time overexpression of YY1 in differentiated thyroid cancer, with YY1 being more frequently overexpressed in the PTC subtype.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
From 1956 to 1975 21 patients (13 females and 8 males) with thyroid cancer developed by age 14 have been observed at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan. Follicular adenocarcinoma was diagnosed in 4 cases and papillary adenocarcinoma in 17. Five patients (24%) had been given previous cervical irradiation for benign conditions. At admission lung metastases were evident in 2 patients (one affected by follicular and the other by papillary adenocarcinoma). All patients were submitted to surgical treatment, which in most cases consisted in total thyroidectomy plus elective lymph node dissection; serious postoperative complications were not observed. External irradiation was given to 4 patients, since surgery had not been radical. Radioiodine treatment was performed in the 2 patients with lung metastases: in the patient with follicular adenocarcinoma metastases disappeared after 131I treatment, whereas in the other one they still persist unmodified 10 years later. A local recurrence occurred in 3 cases and pulmonary metastases in one: all of them made an apparent recovery after surgical and/or radioiodine treatment. All patients are alive and, except one, without evidence of disease after a follow-up period from 14 months to 21 years. Although differences in evolution have been noted according to the histotype, the prognosis of thyroid cancer in childhood is good, even if distant metastases are present.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thirty-eight patients with incidental thyroid carcinoma were reviewed. Thyroid lobectomy was adequate therapy in 15 to 17 patients. Both patients in whom lobectomy alone was inadequate had received prior irradiation. Five patients had antecedent head and neck irradiation, and in three of them, multicentric foci of tumor developed. Lobectomy alone was inadequate in three of these patients; they required thyroidectomy. A clinical recurrence developed in only two of 38 patients, and both of them had received previous irradiation. Reoperation in previously dissected areas was associated with an increased rate of complications. Lobectomy in nonirradiated and total thyroidectomy in irradiated patients cured the majority of patients suffering from incidental carcinoma of the thyroid.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is genetically determined in 30% to 35% of cases, notably through multiple mutations in the RET protooncogene located on chromosome 10, for which a genotype-phenotype relationship determines age of onset. There are three phenotypes: MEN 2 A and B, and isolated familial MTC. The type of mutation determines 3 levels of aggressiveness. Current guidelines recommend thyroidectomy during the first months of life for patients with very-high-risk (level 3) mutations and before 5 years of age for high-risk (level 2) mutations. There are no precise recommendations for lower-risk mutations, for which the surgical decision also depends on the calcitonin level and family history. We describe 18 patients who underwent prophylactic surgery. Regardless of the mutation, all patients with a normal preoperative calcitonin level were cured. However, surgery was performed later than recommended, for various reasons, including late genetic diagnosis and parents' opposition.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The international tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) staging system is the "international language" in cancer diagnosis and treatment. Six revisions of the TNM staging system for lung cancer have been repeated over the past 35 years after the beginning of UICC-TNM classification in 1968. The 1997 revision for lung cancer has undergone an extensive correction for many deficiencies of the old staging system. As a result, the new staging system appears to be a great improvement over previous editions. There are, however, still some controversies and proposals for revising, even when the new staging system is applied in daily diagnoses and treatment for lung cancer. In the present paper, these problems are presented and discussed. Main subjects for discussions are as follows: (1). Since the 2nd revision, T1 and T2 lesions were divided at the border of a 3 cm tumor size. Is 3 cm diameter an appropriate cut-off point for dividing T1 and T2 lesions? (2). Is it valid to subdivide T1 and T2 lesions into each A and B? (3). Is it appropriate to down-stage all of T3N0M0 to stage IIB, because there exists heterogeneity of T3? (4). Definitions of T4 lesion. (5). Controversies in three kinds of lymph node maps. Especially, where there is a boundary between N1 and N2 station in each map? (6) How to classify separate tumor nodules (STN) in the same lobe, and in the non-primary lobe. (7) Controversy exists concerning the validity of present stage grouping, because there are no significant difference of survivals between IB and IIA, IIA and IIB in most reports and also between T3N0M0 and T3N1M0 in some reports.