EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The place of external irradiation for thyroid cancers remains controversial. Between 1974 and 1989, 94 patients with a differentiated thyroid cancer were seen in our department for additional treatment (radioiodine with or without external radiation) after a surgical resection. 56 patients were treated with radioiodine alone and 38 patients had an additional course of external radiation. Survival was identical for the two groups but the local relapse rates were 21% and 3% respectively. So, in this retrospective study, the addition of external radiation appears to improve the local control especially in the case of an incomplete surgical resection or extracapsular tumor extension. This benefit was achieved without severe radiation-induced late effects.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The relatively poor cure rate in lung cancer patients has been associated with a resistance to chemotherapy and radiation that is at least in part related to defects in cellular apoptotic machinery. Exploitation of another form of cell death, autophagy, has the capacity to improve the therapeutic gain of current therapies. In an effort to develop novel treatment strategies to enhance the therapeutic ratio for lung cancer, we wish to better understand the role of autophagic cell death for the sensitization of lung cancer. This text reviews the most up to date protocols and techniques for the study of autophagic cell death in lung cancer models. Others may use these techniques as a framework for study within their experimental models.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a major public health problem worldwide with increasing morbidity and mortality. Numerous exogenous and endogenous factors are involved in colorectal carcinogenesis: age, sex, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, exposure to harmful environmental factors, intestinal microbiota, bacterial and viral infections, the ability of the host immune system to respond, genetic factors, etc. The present study analyzed histopathologically and immunohistochemically a number of 36 cases of colorectal adenocarcinomas. The existence of an accentuated cell pleomorphism was noted, which corresponds to different clones of tumor cells, in the same tumor coexisting aspects of tubular adenocarcinoma, mucinous areas and even signet-ring cell. The tumor stroma was mainly of the desmoplastic type, but also of the lax type, more or less infiltrated with inflammatory cells. Evaluation of immunomarkers for cancer stem cells (CSCs) showed that none of the markers used alone [cluster of differentiation (CD)133, CD44, aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 family member A1 (ALDH1A1), CD24, CD26] show CSCs.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations transforms normal colonic epithelial cells to adenocarcinoma cells. Genetic alterations include mutations in tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes, whereas epigenetic mechanisms are defined as heritable alterations in gene expression that is independent of changes in the primary DNA sequence. Role of epigenetic mechanisms in development and maintenance of organ- and tissue-specific gene expression is now realized. Disturbances in epigenetic landscape can lead to malignant cellular makeover, and these heritable changes are maintained through various cycles of cell division that renders cells to have discrete identity with similar genetic information. Epigenetic alterations in colorectal cancer (CRC) that transform colonic epithelial cells into adenocarcinoma cells include aberrant DNA methylation, chromatin modifications, and noncoding RNAs, especially microRNA expression. CpG island DNA methylation and aberrant methylation of genes drive the initiation and progression of CRC. Histone modifications impinge on chromatin structure and gene expression and thus play an important role in gene silencing in CRC. DNA hypermethylation also leads to downregulation and inappropriate expression of certain microRNAs that act like tumor suppressor genes. Determining the causes and roles of epigenetic instability in CRC pathogenesis will lead to effective prevention and therapeutic strategies for patients with CRC. Epigenetic drugs that underscore the reversible nature of epigenetic events have led the possibility of epigenetic therapy as a treatment option in CRC.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Management of thyroid cancer varies somewhat between communities and institutions depending on tumor type and individual treatment philosophy. The differentiated thyroid cancers have a significantly better outlook than the medullary and anaplastic. This article provides an overview of the literature that describes pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment currently recommended for these thyroid cancers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Despite major developments in lung cancer investigations and the progress of innovative oncology treatments in recent decades, lung cancer continues to be the predominant cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with over a million deaths each year. This highlights the urgent need to develop a deeper understanding of the current state of cancer care. At the environmental and cellular levels, circadian rhythms are closely associated with living organisms. In humans, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the principal circadian pacemaker. Circadian gene feedback loops regulate the clock, connecting peripheral tissue metabolism, cell proliferation, DNA repair, and cell death to energy homeostasis, physical activity, and neurohormonal regulation at the organismal level. Endogenous circadian homeostasis has been frequently disturbed in modern civilizations, resulting in a higher risk of many disorders, including lung cancer. Despite major developments in lung cancer investigations and the progress of innovative oncology treatments in recent decades, lung cancer continues to be the predominant cause of cancer-related mortality globally, with over a million deaths each year. This highlights the urgent need to develop a deeper understanding of the current state of cancer care. At the environmental and cellular levels, circadian rhythms are closely associated with living organisms. In humans, the suprachiasmatic nucleus is the principal circadian pacemaker. Circadian gene feedback loops regulate the clock, connecting peripheral tissue metabolism, cell proliferation, DNA repair, and cell death to energy homeostasis, physical activity, and neurohormonal regulation at the organismal level. Endogenous circadian homeostasis has been frequently disturbed in modern civilizations, resulting in a higher risk of many disorders, including lung cancer. The mammalian circadian clock controls metabolism and cell division, and disruption of these processes may lead to cancer pathogenesis. Furthermore, circadian disturbance has recently been identified as a self-regulating cancer risk factor and is listed as a carcinogen. The theory that both somatic and systemic disturbances of circadian rhythms are related to a higher risk of lung cancer development and poor prognosis is addressed in this study. The chronotherapy principles hold much more promise for enhancing the lung cancer care options currently available. Developing a better understanding of the molecular interactions that control the physiological equilibrium between both the circadian rhythm and the cycle of cell division could significantly influence the development of novel treatments for lung cancer and other diseases.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Every patient undergoing curative treatment for primary lung cancer is a candidate for metachronous lung cancer, with a reported risk of 5% per year. The majority of cases are stage I patients. Patients who undergo resection for lung cancer should be followed regularly. A metachronous lung cancer that develops as bilateral synchronous lung cancer is very rare.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A 55-year-old man with no medical history presents to his primary care physician with fatigue and dark stools and is found to have anemia. He is referred for diagnostic colonoscopy and found to have an ulcerated mass in the ascending colon. Metastatic workup is negative. He is referred to a colorectal surgeon and undergoes an uneventful laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Final pathology reveals a 4-cm ulcerated mass involving the muscularis propria with 3 positive lymph nodes out of 12 (T2N1bM0, stage IIIA). The patient arrives at his postoperative appointment with questions about chemotherapy.
Category: Generic
Data currently generated in the field of nutrition are becoming increasingly complex and high-dimensional, bringing with them new methods of data analysis. The characteristics of machine learning (ML) make it suitable for such analysis and thus lend itself as an alternative tool to deal with data of this nature. ML has already been applied in important problem areas in nutrition, such as obesity, metabolic health, and malnutrition. Despite this, experts in nutrition are often without an understanding of ML, which limits its application and therefore potential to solve currently open questions. The current article aims to bridge this knowledge gap by supplying nutrition researchers with a resource to facilitate the use of ML in their research. ML is first explained and distinguished from existing solutions, with key examples of applications in the nutrition literature provided. Two case studies of domains in which ML is particularly applicable, precision nutrition and metabolomics, are then presented. Finally, a framework is outlined to guide interested researchers in integrating ML into their work. By acting as a resource to which researchers can refer, we hope to support the integration of ML in the field of nutrition to facilitate modern research.
Category: Colon_Cancer
In a case-control study of cancer of the colon it was found that 96 out of 332 (29%) cases had a positive family history of cancer of the colon (2 cases and more) as compared with 19 out of 473 (4%) controls. 3 colon cancer cases reported that 6 of their respective relatives were also affected with the same cancer. We were able to do a complete follow-up study of one family where 7 out of 12 sibling (P < 0.05) had confirmed pathological diagnoses of cancer of the colon. The mean age at diagnosis among these familial colon cancer cases was 64 years (60 years for females and 73 years for males) and all tumours were located in the caecum or right colon (a common characteristic of colon cancer in this family). There was no history of familial adenomatous polyposis in this family. It is unlikely that the significantly high proportion of familial colon cancer found could be due to chance. This suggests that both environmental and genetic factors play an important role in the aetiology of colon cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Three factors dictate the long-term clinical outcome of colon and rectal cancer surgery: (1) the biological characteristics of the malignancy; (2) the stage of the tumor; and (3) a combination of meticulous pre- and postoperative care with a skillfully performed surgical procedure which accomplished the complete removal of the primary malignancy and its regional lymphatic, as well as transmitted and vascular spread when feasible. The postoperative follow-up should include a comparison of the preoperation CEA value with monthly CEA determinations done every month for the first two years and every three months for the next three years. Two of three recurrences occur in the first two years and nine of ten recurrences occur before five years. After five years, and annual colonoscopy or barium enema plus CEA and careful physical examination will help detect the second primary which will occur more often in these patients than in a normal population.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lobectomy has long been considered the standard procedure for early-stage lung cancer, and minimally invasive techniques have been demonstrated to be associated with superior outcomes compared with lobectomy by thoracotomy. The use of segmentectomy is under investigation for selected patients with small tumors, and the use of minimally invasive strategies is applicable as well. In this review, we analyzed studies that have compared (1) thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus the open approach, (2) thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus thoracoscopic lobectomy, and (3) thoracoscopic segmentectomy versus thoracoscopic lobectomy versus thoracoscopic wedge resection. When compared with open segmentectomy, preliminarily, thoracoscopic segmentectomy was found to have equivalent oncologic results, with shorter hospital length of stay, reduced rates of morbidity, and lower cost. When compared with thoracoscopic lobectomy, thoracoscopic segmentectomy had equivalent rates of morbidity, recurrence, and survival. Preliminarily, thoracoscopic segmentectomy was found to result in greater preservation of lung function and exercise capacity than the thoracoscopic lobectomy.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Mice exposed to tobacco carcinogens developed fewer tumors when exposed to agents that block the effect of estrogen.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the world's leading cause of cancer death. Screening for lung cancer by low-dose computed tomography improves mortality. Various modalities exist for diagnosis and staging. Treatment is determined by subtype and stage of cancer; there are several personalized therapies that did not exist just a few years ago. Caring for the patient with lung cancer is a complex task. This review provides a broad outline of this disease, helping clinicians identify such patients and familiarizing them with lung cancer care options, so they are better equipped to guide their patients along this challenging journey.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Huge advances have been made in the treatment of colon cancer over the last decade. Success has been most noticeable in stage IV disease - where careful selection of patients with small-volume disease for treatment with surgical resection perioperative chemotherapy has resulted in an improvement in survival of approximately 5-50%; and stage III - disease where the advent of 5-fluorouracil/oxaliplatin, as adjuvant treatment has also resulted in a significant prolongation in survival. Progression-free survival is now an established surrogate for overall survival, and has resulted in more timely reporting of adjuvant studies and therefore faster integration of promising agents into the clinic. Targeted agents, which have shown promise in the metastatic setting, are currently being examined in the adjuvant setting, although results so far are disappointing. Patients with high-risk stage II cancer remain a challenging group. They have a poorer prognosis than those with stage IIIA disease, and national and international guidance recommend offering chemotherapy after careful discussion of the pros and cons. Despite the fact that we have identified many of the biological features that make stage II disease higher risk, we still struggle to achieve the same improvement in survival for this subgroup compared with others. It may be that these patients required treatment with alternative regimens and predictive biomarkers would be particularly helpful.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In the Wroclaw province in the years 1976-1980 basing on the analysis of 1,351 medical records pulmonary tuberculosis and lung cancer was coexistent in 224 cases (17%). Erroneous diagnosis of tuberculosis instead of lung cancer was made in 35 patients (1% of all tuberculosis cases). Out of 224 cases with coexistent tuberculosis and lung cancer, 38 were registered in the active tbc groups, while 82 in the non-active group. In 44% of the patients with the coexistent tbc and lung cancer and 34% of the patients with the erroneous diagnosis of tbc the first contact doctor (general practitioner) made the correct diagnosis. Patients from ambulatory care groups IIB, IA and non-active tbc are at high risk of developing lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Familial non-medullary thyroid cancer (FNMTC) is a distinct entity, increasingly diagnosed. By lacking an accurate genetic diagnostic test, its diagnosis is currently clinically based, with an ongoing debate over whether it has a more aggressive clinical behavior than sporadic non-medullary thyroid cancer (SNMTC). We seek to compare in this study, the clinicopathological variables, and the outcome of FNMTC versus SNMTC patients.
Category: Generic
This article provides an overview of artificial intelligence (AI), including how AI algorithms and robots are altering the nurse's role and the challenges facing the nursing profession as AI is integrated into healthcare delivery.
Category: Generic
As machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) expand to many segments of our society, they are increasingly being used for drug discovery. Recent deep learning models offer an efficient way to explore high-dimensional data and design compounds with desired properties, including those with antibacterial activity.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The treatment of colon cancer has undergone a rapid development with improved surgical and medical regimes and the introduction of targeted treatments. This review offers insight into the current available tailored treatment of colon cancer, and some of the new tailored treatment possibilities with focus on preoperative-, surgical- and post-operative treatment are presented.
Category: Generic
Application of deep learning to genomic datasets is an exciting area that is rapidly developing and is primed to revolutionize genome analysis. We embrace the potential that deep learning holds for understanding genome biology, and we encourage further advances in this area, extending to all aspects of genomics research.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in men and women globally. Investigating genetic ground differences between normal and CRC tissues would be significant for identifying some key oncogenic pathways and developing anti-cancer agents.
Category: Colon_Cancer
As expected from a meeting the size of Digestive Disease Week (DDW), a large number of high quality papers covering all aspects of gastroenterological research was presented. Many themes emerged running through the symposia and poster sessions and this report is an attempt to bring together the thinking behind some of the more widely discussed themes.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
We have developed a blood test to detect the presence of thyroactive tissues in patients being evaluated for ablative therapy of differentiated thyroid carcinomas. This test is based on the assumptions that if any thyroactive tissue is present, some radioactive T4 will be manufactured after administration of radioiodide, and that some of it will be released into the circulation. Twenty serum samples obtained from 19 patients at the time of total body 131I scanning to evaluate for the need of further 131I therapy were analyzed chromatographically, together with an internal 125I T4 marker, for the presence of 131I-labeled T4. Three patients also were studied 7 days after a treatment dose of 131I, when they returned for posttreatment scan. The chromatographic method used (Sep-Pak followed by HPLC) removes all radioiodide from the T4 fraction, so the results were interpreted as negative or positive based upon the absence or presence of detectable counts in the T4 fraction. Twelve patients (16 studies) with positive total body 131I scans all demonstrated circulating 131I T4. Seven patients with negative whole body scans were all negative for 131I T4. On the other hand, 2 patients with positive thyroglobulin assays had negative total body scans and 131I T4 tests. Both of them had independent evidence of the presence of thyroid cancer that did not concentrate radioiodine. Three patients had positive scans and 131I T4 tests but negative thyroglobulin assays. We conclude that measurement of circulating radioactive T4 is a sensitive test for the presence of normal or malignant thyroactive tissues which are likely to respond to 131I ablation.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common malignancy of the endocrine system and its incidence has dramatically increased over the past three decades. Well-differentiated thyroid cancers (DTCs) are the main focus of this article, as they represent >90% of thyroid malignancies. This Review provides an overview of the controversies surrounding the optimal choice of surgery and extent of resection for patients with low-risk DTC or with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma, and the role of prophylactic central lymph node dissection. This Review also outlines the current surgical management of DTC and presents updated results for these techniques, along with important advances and current dilemmas in surgical approaches to treatment of these cancers. For example, endoscopic and robotic thyroidectomy are the two most recent innovations to present technical and other challenges to the endocrine surgeon; in addition, the risks as well as the advantages of same-day thyroid surgery, which has gained some acceptance, are detailed. Arguments for and against each approach are presented, along with supporting evidence. The authors' personal opinions are also provided for each topic.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In Japan, Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is recommended as a treatment option for centrally located early-stage lung cancers (CLELCs). It is a minimally invasive treatment with excellent anti-tumor effects. The 2nd generation photosensitizer, talaporfin sodium has strong anti-tumor effects with much less photosensitivity than porfimer sodium. Moreover, the laser equipment is compact and portable, and talaporfin sodium is now the current mainstay of PDT for lung cancer. For successful PDT, accurate evaluation of tumor extent and bronchial invasion is crucial. Detailed examination of the tumor using autofluorescence bronchoscopy and endobronchial ultrasonography or optical coherence tomography is extremely useful before PDT. At present, PDT has become the 1st choice of treatment for CLELC in institutions with the necessary equipment. It can also be effective for advanced lung cancer causing tracheobronchial obstruction. With such advances in PDT for CLELC, we are expanding the indications of PDT for not only CLELC, but also peripheral type lung cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
As lung cancer has the highest cancer-specific mortality rates worldwide, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic and diagnostic approaches to detect early-stage tumors and to monitor their response to the therapy. In addition to the well-established tissue biopsy analysis, liquid-biopsy-based assays may evolve as an important diagnostic tool. The analysis of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is the most established method, followed by other methods such as the analysis of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Both PCR- and NGS-based assays are used for the mutational assessment of lung cancer, including the most frequent driver mutations. However, ctDNA analysis might also play a role in monitoring the efficacy of immunotherapy and its recent accomplishments in the landscape of state-of-the-art lung cancer therapy. Despite the promising aspects of liquid-biopsy-based assays, there are some limitations regarding their sensitivity (risk of false-negative results) and specificity (interpretation of false-positive results). Hence, further studies are needed to evaluate the usefulness of liquid biopsies for lung cancer. Liquid-biopsy-based assays might be integrated into the diagnostic guidelines for lung cancer as a tool to complement conventional tissue sampling.