EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Many studies have provided observational data on the association of obesity and thyroid cancers, but only few of them propose mechanisms that would permit a better understanding of the causal molecular mechanisms of this association. Considering that there is an increasing incidence of both obesity and thyroid cancers, we need to summarize and link recent studies in order to characterize and understand the contribution of obesity-related factors that might affect thyroid cancer development and progression. Adipose tissue is involved in many vital processes, including insulin sensitivity, angiogenesis, regulation of energy balance, activation of the complement system, and responses such as inflammation. Although these processes have their own molecular pathways, they involve the same molecules through which obesity and adipose tissue might exert their roles in carcinogenesis, not only affecting MAPK and PI3K or even insulin pathways, but also recruiting local inflammatory responses that could result in disease formation and progression. This review describes five important issues that might explain the link between excessive weight and thyroid cancer: thyroid hormones, insulin resistance, adipokines, inflammation, and sexual hormones.
Category: Generic
Recent literature suggests that agricultural value chains are changing rapidly and places an increasing focus on the importance of actors and activities taking place in the "midstream" of these value chains, after production and prior to final sale. This article discusses the financial needs of midstream actors in agricultural value chains, emphasizing differences across midstream activities and highlighting how value chain characteristics can influence both financial needs and potential remedies. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of the prospects of digital financial services and policy levers for government actors in this space.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Objectives. Invasion of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) into surrounding structures can lead to morbid procedures such as laryngectomy and tracheal resection. In these patients, there is a potential role for neoadjuvant therapy. Methods. We identified three studies involving the treatment of DTC with neoadjuvant chemotherapy: two from Slovenia and one from Japan. Results. These studies demonstrate that in selected situations, neoadjuvant chemotherapy can have a good response and allow for a more complete surgical resection, the treatment of DTC. Additionally, the SELECT trial shows that the targeted therapy lenvatinib is effective in the treatment of DTC and could be useful as neoadjuvant therapy for this disease due to its short time to response. Pazopanib has also demonstrated promise in phase II data. Conclusions. Thus, chemotherapy in the neoadjuvant setting could possibly be useful for managing advanced DTC. Additionally, some of the new tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) hold promise for use in the neoadjuvant setting in DTC.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
We report the case of a 45-year old woman with a 15-day history of anterior cervical swelling increasing very quickly in size associated with a 7-day history of local inflammation. Clinical examination showed voluminous tender and fixed swelling occupying all the anterior cervical region. The skin's surface was inflammed with permeation nodule (Figure 1, A). The patient was febrile at 38 with good overall physical condition Cervical ultrasound showed voluminous right laterocervical mass that, given the size, made surgical exploration difficult. CT scan showed voluminous thyroid mass, multi-cystic in the superficial tissues, compressing the trachea and the esophagus and pressing the vascular axis of the neck (Figure 1, B and C). Laboratory tests showed leukocytosis 13500 cells/ml, anemia to 8.3 g/dl, CRP 42mg/L and normal thyroid test. Fine needle aspiration biopsy showed purulent and very inflammed material without cytologic signs of malignancy. The patient underwent surgery. Surgical exploration showed several superficial cystic and haemorrhagic cubicles with, in depth, tumor tissue infiltrating the trachea. The tumor laterally invaded the right vascular axis and spread to the suprahyoid muscles, the right submandibular region and the twelfth cranial nerve. Total extended thyroidectomy was performed. Histological examination showed papillary thyroid carcinoma measuring 11cm along its longer axis. Based on our literature review, this is the first case of locally invasive papillary cystic carcinoma of the thyroid revealed by subacute infection.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Anaplastic carcinoma of the thyroid is rare, making up 5% to 14% of primary malignant thyroid neoplasms. Lymphoma of the thyroid is even rarer, accounting for only 1% to 2% of thyroid malignancies. Other even rarer tumors of the thyroid, such as liposarcoma and angiosarcoma, have also been described. Although these thyroid tumors are rare, it is very important to recognize them because they may present as medical emergencies and constitute a challenge for endocrinologists, surgeons, radiotherapists, and oncologists. Anaplastic carcinoma grows rapidly and has a dismal prognosis. A significant number of patients with anaplastic carcinoma have areas of well differentiated thyroid carcinoma, which supports the hypothesis that anaplastic thyroid carcinoma arises from a pre-existing well differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Younger patients do better than older patients, and those diagnosed at an earlier stage do better than those with metastases at presentation. Multimodality therapy with surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy appears to be of value. Lymphoma of the thyroid may be a primary disease or may involve the gland as part of a systemic disease. It is not usually suspected before surgery or fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Radiotherapy alone, if the disease is limited to the neck, produces good results; however, in patients with mediastinal extension, chemotherapy is indicated.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The molecular characterization of lung cancer has changed the classification and treatment of these tumors, becoming an essential component of pathologic diagnosis and oncologic therapy decisions. Through the recognition of novel biomarkers, such as epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and anaplastic lymphoma kinase translocations, it is possible to identify subsets of patients who benefit from targeted molecular therapies. The success of targeted anticancer therapies and new immunotherapy approaches has created a new paradigm of personalized therapy and has led to accelerated development of new drugs for lung cancer treatment. This article focuses on clinically relevant cancer biomarkers as targets for therapy and potential new targets for drug development.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The world is witnessing a global epidemic of lung cancer in women. Cigarette smoking remains the dominant risk factor in both sexes, but multiple observations suggest that important sex-related distinctions in lung cancer exist. These include differences in histologic distribution, prevalence in never-smokers, frequency of activating EGFR mutations, likelihood of DNA adduct accumulation, and survival outcomes. Important questions such as whether women are more susceptible to carcinogenic effects of smoking or derive more benefit from lung cancer screening merit more study. A deeper understanding of sex-related differences in lung cancer may lead to improved outcomes for both women and men.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
In recent years, our understanding of the genetic alterations underlying thyroid oncogenesis has greatly expanded. The use of molecular markers, including RAS, in the management of thyroid carcinoma is also increasing. This review summarizes the current literature surrounding RAS and discusses its potential as a diagnostic and prognostic indicator in the management of thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Although resection is the mainstay of treatment of thyroid cancer, and radioactive iodine (131-1) is curative in a small number of patients with differentiated cancers, external irradiation is much more effective than is generally believed. This has been clearly shown in a review of 138 patients with thyroid cancer referred to a cancer centre, in most cases after an initial operation. External irradiation should be considered in all patients except those with pure papillary tumours that have been completely excised. It should be used (a) in conjunction with surgery if there is even a remote doubt as to the completeness of excision; (b) in conjunction with 131-1 in treating inoperable primary tumours or metastatic lesions; () alone for differentiated tumours (primary or metastatic) that do not take up 131-1; and, (d) perhaps combined with chemotherapy, for medullary and anaplastic tumours.
Category: Colon_Cancer
From May 29 to June 5, 2003, the American Society of Clinical Oncology held its 39th Annual Meeting in Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A. The meeting was devoted to the presentation of advances in clinical sciences, diagnosis, prevention and management of malignant disorders, and brings together investigators, clinicians, policy makers and other professionals interested in the science and impact of cancer worldwide. This report will be presented in two parts, the first focusing of colon cancer, and the second on breast cancer will be published in the next issue of Drug News & Perspectives.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Decisions concerning the extent of surgical treatment for thyroid cancer remain controversial. Limited surgical procedures, designed to remove only the cancer that is clinically evident, can be successful since the primary determinants in survival are age, sex, and histologic type rather than number of positive nodes or other factors. A retrospective review of 339 patients who had surgical procedures for cancer of the thyroid at MDA hospital from 1975 to mid-1989 did not show a conclusive advantage for any type of neck dissection. The operations were tailor-made to include all evident clinical cancer. Secondary procedures, such as surgery, radioactive iodine, radiation therapy were successful in treating recurrences, which occurred in all surgical groups, whether limited or radical.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Over the past three decades, the molecular biology of lung cancer has been progressively delineated. Concurrently, gene therapy techniques have been developed that allow targeting or replacement of dysfunctional genes in cancer cells, such as activated tumor-promoting oncogenes, inactivated tumor-suppressing, or apoptosis-promoting genes. This article will review the therapeutic implications of molecular changes associated with non-small cell lung cancer and the status of gene therapy.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Sixty-six lung carcinomas have been examined by light and electron microscopy, as well as by immunocytochemical techniques using a panel of monoclonal antibodies. There was considerable heterogeneity with regard to cell type and in only 18 cases was it possible to classify the tumour as a solely small cell, squamous or adenocarcinoma. In the remaining cases there was evidence of two or three cell types. These findings support the thesis that all lung cancers are derived from a pluripotential basal or reserve cell in the bronchial mucosa which may proliferate along one or more lines of differentiation. This view of the histogenesis of lung cancer would account for the heterogeneous appearance of many tumours and the difficulty experienced in placing them in one of the standard classifications.
Category: Generic
Modern vehicles are more complex and interconnected than ever before, which also means that attack surfaces for vehicles have increased significantly. Malicious cyberattacks will not only exploit personal privacy and property, but also affect the functional safety of electrical/electronic (E/E) safety-critical systems by controlling the driving functionality, which is life-threatening. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct cybersecurity testing on vehicles to reveal and address relevant security threats and vulnerabilities. Cybersecurity standards and regulations issued in recent years, such as ISO/SAE 21434 and UNECE WP.29 regulations (R155 and R156), also emphasize the indispensability of cybersecurity verification and validation in the development lifecycle but lack specific technical details. Thus, this paper conducts a systematic and comprehensive review of the research and practice in the field of automotive cybersecurity testing, which can provide reference and advice for automotive security researchers and testers. We classify and discuss the security testing methods and testbeds in automotive engineering. Furthermore, we identify gaps and limitations in existing research and point out future challenges.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Financial burden and distress are high in patients with thyroid cancer. However, little has been done to evaluate potential interventions to mitigate financial toxicity in survivors. This review will cover current data on the impact of financial toxicity on quality of life and clinical outcomes in patients with thyroid cancer and highlight areas for future study.
Category: Generic
Recent advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) technology have brought on substantial strides in predicting and identifying health emergencies, disease populations, and disease state and immune response, amongst a few. Although, skepticism remains regarding the practical application and interpretation of results from ML-based approaches in healthcare settings, the inclusion of these approaches is increasing at a rapid pace. Here we provide a brief overview of machine learning-based approaches and learning algorithms including supervised, unsupervised, and reinforcement learning along with examples. Second, we discuss the application of ML in several healthcare fields, including radiology, genetics, electronic health records, and neuroimaging. We also briefly discuss the risks and challenges of ML application to healthcare such as system privacy and ethical concerns and provide suggestions for future applications.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The NCCN Guidelines for Colon Cancer address diagnosis, pathologic staging, surgical management, perioperative treatment, posttreatment surveillance, management of recurrent and metastatic disease,and survivorship. This portion of the guidelines focuses on the use of systemic therapy in metastatic disease. The management of metastatic colorectal cancer involves a continuum of care in which patients are exposed sequentially to a variety of active agents, either in combinations or as single agents. Choice of therapy is based on the goals of treatment, the type and timing of prior therapy, the different efficacy and toxicity profiles of the drugs, the mutational status of the tumor, and patient preference.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is becoming increasingly common in Asian countries and still remains the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Efforts to prevent colon cancer have targeted early detection through screening and chemoprevention. For the last ten years our laboratory has utilized an in vivo screening assay for the testing of potential cancer preventives for colon cancer. We have conducted investigations on over 150 compounds including many with botanical or herbal origins. As part of our program on natural products we have examined a number of herbal and botanical products in the aberrant crypt foci (ACF) assay including Korean red ginseng powder, green tea catechins, curcumin from the Indian culinary spice, tumeric, compounds from garlic and onion, resveratrol from red grapes, among others. In the ginseng experiments groups of 10 F344 rats were fed ginseng powder at a dose of 0.5 g/kg or 2 mg/kg for 5 weeks. During weeks 2 and 3 rats were injected with 10 mg/kg azoxymethane to induce ACF. Controls (n=10) did not receive azoxymethane (AOM). Rats were killed by CO2 overdose and ACF counted in the rat colon. In 8 week post-initiation experiments ginseng powder inhibited the progression of established ACF, indicating a cytostatic effect. This may be due to an anti-inflammatory effect. There is a body of literature that suggests that compounds in wine, tumeric, and tea inhibit cyclooxygenases, thus reducing prostaglandin-mediated effects on the colon. As colon tumors have been shown to highly express COX-2 protein, and given, that many NSAID drugs also suppress COX-1, it is tempting to speculate that herbal products that inhibit one or both forms of the COX enzyme will be effective agents for the prevention of cancer in man.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Notch signalling has been reported to be involved in initiation, progression, and suppression in various types of cancer. The pathological significance of Notch1 has been well studied in lung cancer, but that of Notch2 remains unclear. An immunohistochemical study was performed to clarify the expression of NOTCH2 in non-neoplastic lung tissues and lung cancers in comparison with Clara (Club) cell 10 kDa protein (CC10), and western blotting analysis was performed to detect NOTCH2 in human cancer cell lines. A Notch2 gene knockdown experiment was carried out to reveal the function of Notch2. Transient transfection of the intracellular domain of the Notch2 (N2ICD) gene was used. In addition, the relationship of the expressions of Notch1, 2, and 3 was studied. Immunohistochemical study of lung tissues revealed that NOTCH2 was detected in bronchiolar epithelial cells and was often colocalised with CC10, and that adenocarcinoma tissues were more positively stained than those of squamous cell carcinoma and small cell carcinoma. In human lung cancer cell lines, expression of NOTCH2 was similar to that of NOTCH1, and preferentially detected in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines. Knockdown of the Notch2 gene in NSCLC cell lines showed no remarkable changes in expression of molecules associated with cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and motility, and the seemingly unvalued effects of Notch2 gene knockdown could be masked by concomitant Notch1 activation, as indicated by an increase in the intracellular domain of NOTCH1. Additionally, transient transfection of the N2ICD gene induced CC10 expression in an adenocarcinoma cell line. The present study revealed that Notch2 is important in Club cell differentiation in normal lungs and adenocarcinoma. Notch2 is regulated mutually with Notch1, and the balance of the expression of Notch receptors could determine the biological behaviours of lung cancer cells.
Category: Lung_Cancer
It has been demonstrated that 85% of all lung cancers are associated with previous or current smoking. A group of patients has been identified that is at a higher risk for lung cancer, stroke, and heart disease. This article reviews previous reports, current consensus statements, problems that are associated with current screening programs, and hopes for the future.
Category: Colon_Cancer
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Morral et al. (2020) shed new light on the hierarchical organization of cells within colorectal cancer. They show that tumor cells at the apex of this hierarchy reside in particular tumor zones and possess high protein synthesis activity. Interference with their biosynthetic activity results in an irreversible growth arrest of CRC.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancers are the most common of the endocrine system malignancies and progress must be made in the areas of differential diagnosis and treatment to improve patient management. Advances in the understanding of carcinogenic mechanisms have occurred in various fronts, including studies of the chaperone system (CS). Components of the CS are found to be quantitatively increased or decreased, and some correlations have been established between the quantitative changes and tumor type, prognosis, and response to treatment. These correlations provide the basis for identifying distinctive patterns useful in differential diagnosis and for planning experiments aiming at elucidating the role of the CS in tumorigenesis. Here, we discuss studies of the CS components in various thyroid cancers (TC). The chaperones belonging to the families of the small heat-shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp90 and the chaperonin of Group I, Hsp60, have been quantified mostly by immunohistochemistry and Western blot in tumor and normal control tissues and in extracellular vesicles. Distinctive differences were revealed between the various thyroid tumor types. The most frequent finding was an increase in the chaperones, which can be attributed to the augmented need for chaperones the tumor cells have because of their accelerated metabolism, growth, and division rate. Thus, chaperones help the tumor cell rather than protect the patient, exemplifying chaperonopathies by mistake or collaborationism. This highlights the need for research on chaperonotherapy, namely the development of means to eliminate/inhibit pathogenic chaperones.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid carcinomas are rare. Papillary carcinomas are the most frequent and preferentially spread via lymphatics. Cervical lymph node metastases are common and may be the presenting sign of the disease, when thyroid carcinoma is occult.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies in the United States. Although both genetic and environmental factors play a role in colorectal tumorigenesis, recent advances in genetics have more clearly defined the impact of inheritance in the multistep process of the disease. Researchers have identified single genes that confer a susceptibility to familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC). Because these genes are inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion, offspring of carriers have a 50% chance of inheriting the gene mutation and its associated risk. The FAP gene, when mutated, initiates the neoplastic process. HNPCC gene mutations disrupt mismatch repair, thus inducing progression of tumor formation. Discovery of these genes has helped our understanding of sporadic colon cancer as well. Genetic testing for the FAP and HNPCC genes is now available, and results of this testing have implications for surveillance and management. In addition, testing raises complex psychosocial and ethical issues. At present, genetic testing is primarily conducted in the research setting, but it will soon be available in the clinical arena. To prepare for the challenges that these new advances will present, nurses must begin now to enhance their knowledge of genetics and its application to oncology.