EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related mortality throughout the world representing around 18% of the total. There is still a male predominance but this is becoming less pronounced and in the US, lung cancer is now the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in women. In France, it had risen to second place in women in 2005 after having been in 6th place in 1975. Median age at diagnosis differs according to countries and health system and is around 70 years in the US and around 65 years in France. The distribution of histological subtypes has changed considerably during recent decades with an increasing frequency of adenocarcinoma at the expense of squamous cell carcinoma. The main risk factor for lung cancer remains active tobacco smoking but the attributable risk of smoking varies from one country to another and according to gender. In Japan, the great majority of lung cancer in women is not attributable to active tobacco smoking. Environmental tobacco smoke exposure has a less important role than active tobacco smoking although it is not negligible. The specific impact of smoking cannabis is difficult to assess precisely as, in most cases, it is mixed with tobacco. However, despite important differences with tobacco smoke, cannabis exposure doubles the risk of developing lung cancer. Occupational risk factors have for a long time been neglected and thus occupational lung cancers have been under-reported. Finally, lung cancer in never-smokers is driving considerable interest as it represents by itself the 7th largest cause of mortality due to cancer. Risk factors involved might be air pollution (indoors and outdoors) but also hormone replacement therapy in women.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Authors describe a rare case of metachronic lung cancer treated surgically. The time from the diagnosis of the first adenocarcinoma to the appearance of the second carcinoma planoepitheliale was 6 years. The successful of surgical treatment was due to systematic, long postoperatively control.
Category: Generic
The emerging technique of microfluidics offers new approaches for precisely controlling fluidic conditions on a small scale, while simultaneously facilitating data collection in both high-throughput and quantitative manners. As such, the so-called lab-on-a-chip (LOC) systems have the potential to revolutionize the field of biotechnology. But what needs to happen in order to truly integrate them into routine biotechnological applications? In this chapter, some of the most promising applications of microfluidic technology within the field of biotechnology are surveyed, and a few strategies for overcoming current challenges posed by microfluidic LOC systems are examined. In addition, we also discuss the intensifying trend (across all biotechnology fields) of using point-of-use applications which is being facilitated by new technological achievements.
Category: Generic
The "Internet-of-Medical-Vehicles (IOMV)" is one of the special applications of the Internet of Things resulting from combining connected healthcare and connected vehicles. As the IOMV communicates with a variety of networks along its travel path, it incurs various security risks due to sophisticated cyber-attacks. This can endanger the onboard patient's life. So, it is critical to understand subjects related to "cybersecurity" in the IOMV to develop robust cybersecurity measures. In this paper, the goal is to evaluate recent trends and state-of-the-art publications, gaps, and future outlooks related to this research area. With this aim, a variety of publications between 2016 and 2023 from "Web-of-Science" and "Scopus" databases were analysed. Our analysis revealed that the IOMV is a niche and unexplored research area with few defined standards and frameworks, and there is a great need to implement robust cybersecurity measures. This paper will help researchers to gain a comprehensive idea of this niche research topic, as it presents an analysis of top journals and highly cited papers, their challenges and limitations, the system model and architecture of the IOMV, related applicable standards, potential cyber-attacks, factors causing cybersecurity risks, various artificial intelligence techniques for developing potential countermeasures, the assessment and parameterisation of cybersecurity risks, constraints and challenges, and future outlooks for implementing cybersecurity measures in the IOMV.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer (CC) therapies have improved patient outcomes significantly over the last decades in both the adjuvant and metastatic settings. With the introduction of a number of novel agents, both traditional chemotherapies and biologically targeted agents, the need to identify subgroups that are likely and not likely to respond to a particular treatment regimen is paramount. This will allow patients who are likely to benefit to receive optimal care, while sparing those unlikely to benefit from unnecessary toxicity and cost. With the identification of several novel biomarkers and a variety of technologies to interrogate the genome, we already are able to rapidly study patient tumor or blood samples and normal tissues to generate a large dataset of aberrations within the cancer. How to digest this complex information to obtain accurate, reliable, and meaningful results that will allow us to provide truly personalized care for CC patients is just starting to be addressed. In this article, we briefly review the history of CC treatment, with an emphasis on current clinical standards that incorporate a "personalized medicine" approach. We then review strategies that will potentially improve our ability to individualize therapy in the future.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Familial thyroid cancer is rare, accounting for <10% of thyroid cancer cases. Activating germline point mutations in the RET proto-oncogene are associated with multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A, 2B, and familial medullary thyroid cancer (FMTC)-around 3% of thyroid cancer cases. Familial papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and follicular thyroid cancer (FTC) have been identified as a distinct group of familial thyroid cancers. Sporadic nonmedullary thyroid cancer (NMTC) accounts for approximately 90% of all thyroid cancers-about 6% of NMTCs are familial (FNMTC). Although multiple endocrine neoplasia types 2A and 2B and FMTC are well characterized, very little is known about the genetic predisposition to PTC and FTC. In this paper, the genetic types of FMTC and FNMTC are reviewed and the clinical features and screening are outlined.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lymphoma typically manifests as lymphadenopathy, with or without solid organ involvement. Lymphomatous masses tend to respect anatomical structures, encasing rather than invading them. Tumor thrombus formation is a rare presentation in lymphoma that has been previously described in the liver and kidneys. We report an unusual presentation of B-cell lymphoma with imaging findings suggestive of metastatic lung cancer with tumor thrombus in the pulmonary vein and left atrium.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer death in Switzerland. The nihilism that dominated the treatment of these patients for decades has been replaced by a measure of enthusiasm, given recent therapeutic advances. New anticancer drugs such as irinotecan and oxaliplatin have changed the standard chemotherapy treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. However, the real hype has come from molecular targeted therapy. Identification of cellular processes characteristic of colon cancer has permitted therapeutic targeting with favorable therapeutic index. Inhibition of the epidermal growth factor receptor in the clinic has provided proof of principle that interruption of signal transduction cascades in patients has therapeutic potential. Angiogenesis, especially the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway, has been proven to be another highly successful molecular target. In this article, we will review molecular targets, which are under active clinical investigation in colon cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Laparoscopic surgery is widespread in the treatment of colorectal cancer. In Japan, a nationwide survey has shown that the rate of advanced colorectal cancer has increased gradually to 65% of total laparoscopic surgeries in 2007. Many randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that in the short term, laparoscopic surgery is feasible, safe, and has many benefits, including reduction of peri-operative mortality. In terms of long-term outcomes, four randomized controlled trials suggest that there are no differences in laparosupic and open surgery for colon cancer. However, important issues, including long-term oncological outcome, cost effectiveness, and the impact on the quality of life of patients, should be addressed in well-designed large-scale trials. In Japan, a retrospective multicenter study has demonstrated that the short-term outcomes of laparoscopic surgery are beneficial, and the long-term outcomes are the same as for open surgery. In 2004, a prospective large-scale randomized controlled trial (JCOG0404) to compare laparoscopic surgery with open surgery was started to evaluate oncological outcomes for advanced colon cancer. This trial is supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Cancer Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare. In the present study, laparoscopic surgery is found to be acceptable for stage I disease of colon cancer, whereas it is controversial for stage II/III disease because of inadequate clinical evidence. Whether laparoscopic surgery is acceptable for advanced colon cancer or not should be confirmed by the Japanese large-scale prospective randomized controlled trial (JCOG0404) in the near future.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Introduction: Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumor of the digestive system, the incidence of this cruel disease has been increasing at a constant rate. Materials and methods: 236 patients diagnosed with right colon cancer were retrospectively reviewed. For all patients included in this study, right hemicolectomy or extended right hemicolectomy with ileo-colonic anastomosis was performed. Patients were divided in two groups, as follows: study group including patients which developed anastomotic leakage, and control group including patients without anastomotic leak. There were compared clinical, surgical, postoperative and anastomotic leakage (AL) related data within the two groups.The study investigates possible risk and protective factors for developing anastomotic leakage, furthermore the relationship between anastomotic leakage and mortality was analyzed. Results: risk factors for AL as advanced age, tumors of the right 1/3 of transvers colon, emergencysurgery, mechanical suture, S-E anastomosis, late start of bowel motility were identified during the current research. S-S anastomotic technique were identified as protective factor in the development of fistula. Conclusion: According to the results of the present research, in right colon tumors S-S anastomotic technique should be used, being linked with the lowest chances of anastomotic leakage.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Breast metastases from extramammary neoplasms are extremely rare, and even more so is metastasis of colon cancer to the breast. Despite its rarity, metastatic disease to the breast is an important diagnostic issue because its treatment differs greatly from that of primary cancer. Proper diagnosis of this rare event requires an accurate clinical history, proper immunohistochemical workup, and a high level of suspicion.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Cancers of follicular cell origin are the most common of the endocrine malignancies. Thyroid cancers are seen with increased frequency after radiation exposure and in some familial syndromes. Interestingly, the prognosis of thyroid carcinoma is highly dependent on the age of the patient at the time of examination: several clinical staging systems facilitate appropriate treatment planning. The ability of the follicular cell to take up iodine permits the use of radioactive iodine for follow-up and therapy. After thyroidectomy and radioiodine ablation, thyroglobulin becomes a sensitive marker for the presence of recurrent or metastatic disease. Patients who are thyroglobulin-positive but radioiodine-negative or who have antithyroglobulin antibodies are a clinical challenge. Improvement in imaging studies can help in the treatment of these patients. New treatments, such as the use of agents to improve iodine uptake in follicular cell tumors, are in early clinical investigation; others are in experimental development but hold promise for the treatment of aggressive thyroid malignancies.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Iron is an essential trace element in the human body, and its deficiency or excess induces diverse biological processes. Iron dysregulation is closely associated with the initiation and development of several malignant tumors, including lung cancer. Emerging evidence suggests a particularly important role for iron in lung cancer. Moreover, iron plays a prominent part in multiple forms of cell death, making it important for the development of potential strategies for lung cancer therapy. Here we review the function and characteristics of iron and new therapeutic opportunities in lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a deadly disease with a dismal prognosis. Molecular analyses of ATC tumors have yielded interesting results, which could help in understanding the underlying mechanisms of this aggressive disease process. Managing ATC can be challenging and includes rapid diagnosis, adequate staging, and interdisciplinary, multimodal treatments to optimize patient outcome. Treatments include surgical resection to gross negative margins when possible, as well as neo- or adjuvant treatment with chemotherapy or external beam radiation (XRT) for locoregional disease. New treatment strategies include evaluating the benefits of vascular disrupting agents and tyrosine kinase inhibitors for advanced ATC with driver mutations, which can be targeted. This review summarizes key concepts in managing ATC.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The aim of the study is to improve the overall survival rates of patients with colon cancer, analyzing the results of chemotherapy in municipal institution Precarpathian Clinical Oncology Center and determining the appropriate scheme of chemotherapy in correlation with the stage of the disease.
Category: Generic
In equity crowdfunding, firms raise capital online from a large pool of heterogeneous investors, thereby providing primary market opportunities similar to traditional public markets, such as initial public offerings. The development of secondary markets is instead still limited, making the post-offering perspectives of both crowdfunding investors and firms closer to private equity deals. We believe that equity crowdfunding markets provide an interesting setting where to test existing corporate finance and financial economics theories, as well as to develop new theoretical insights. Relatedly, our understanding of crowdfunding mechanisms can largely benefit from increased attention from finance scholars. This paper and special issue are an attempt in this direction.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The treatment of pediatric thyroid cancer evokes considerable controversy. The extent of surgery and role of postoperative radioactive iodine are not clearly defined. We analyzed the behavior of pediatric thyroid cancers and its management.
Category: Colon_Cancer
It has been postulated that dietary fiber's protective effect against the development of colon cancer, diverticular disease, and atherosclerosis may be due to the adsorption and/or dilution of intestinal sterols such as bile acids and neural sterols and their bacterial metabolites by component(s) of fiber. Dietary fiber is made up of four major components-cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. There is evidence that hemicellulose and pectin may induce an increase in fecal bile acid excretion in man which may be accompanied by a decrease in serum cholesterol. Natural fibers, such as rolled oats, alfalfa, guar gum, and Bengal gram have been shown to have hypocholesterolemic properties of alfalfa, wheat straw, and some other fibers found considerable amounts of bile acids in vitro. On the other hand, wheat bran, oat hulls, and all the synthetic fibers tested bound only negligible amounts of bile acids under the same conditions. Vegetarians in the United States have lower plasma lipids and different plasma lipoprotein patterns than those of comparable control populations on regular mixed diet. They also have smaller daily fractional turnover rates of cholic acid and deoxycholic acid pool size. In addition, populations on a mixed Western diet, where the rate of large bowel cancer is high (North American, English, Scottish, etc.) degraded and excreted cholesterol and bile acid metabolites to a greater degree than populations where the rate of colon cancer is comparatively low (Ugandan, Japanese, etc). It cannot be denied that the fiber theory linking fiber deficiency with the development of colon cancer and other diseases, is simple, attractive and appears to be firmly based in common sense. When subjected to research studies, however, the situation appears much more complex than expected. Although some progress is being made, the data are often contradictory and confusing, probably due to lack of adequate documentation of fiber intake (e.g., use of dietary fiber instead of crude fiber) and/or the absence of detailed information on the chemistry of the fiber itself.
Category: Lung_Cancer
From 1958 to 1979 1,951 pulmonary resections for lung cancer were performed in our hospital. Segment or wedge resections were carried out in 91 patients, in 34 as palliative operations while in 57, with stage I peripheral carcinoma, the resection was curative. The operative mortality rate for this procedure showed no difference to that for lobectomy at the same stage. The 5-year survival rate for these segment resection patients was 23%, while it was 45% for lobectomy patients. Consequently, segment resection cannot be regarded as a routine method, but rather as an emergency procedure in functionally otherwise inoperable cases.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The use of external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) for the treatment of the different histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer is a matter of debate. This article provides an up-to-date review on the current evidence concerning the benefits of EBRT in thyroid cancer in specific indications.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Female lung cancer death rates increased by more than 550 percent between 1950 and 1991. In 1986 lung cancer surpassed breast cancer to become the leading cause of cancer death in women in the United States. The lung cancer epidemic is primarily attributable to cigarette smoking, which is responsible for at least 80% of the disease in women. There are gender differences in the distribution of lung cancer by histologic type, even controlling for smoking, and some data suggest greater female than male susceptibility to lung cancer at a given level of smoking. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke increases risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking women. Family history of lung cancer, personal history of lung disease (e.g. asthma, chronic bronchitis, pneumonia, or tuberculosis), and a history of radiotherapy also appear to be associated with increased risk. Data specific to women on the role of household radon exposures or of specific occupational or environmental exposures are relatively sparse and inconsistent. Finally, many studies have reported a decreased risk of lung cancer in individuals who consume high levels of fruits and vegetables; however, clinical trials fail to support a beneficial effect of beta-carotene supplementation. Since cigarette smoking accounts for the vast majority of lung cancer cases in women, efforts to prevent adolescent girls from starting to smoke and to encourage cessation among established smokers have the greatest potential for reducing the female lung cancer burden.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Background An artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm has been developed for fully automated body composition assessment of lung cancer screening noncontrast low-dose CT of the chest (LDCT) scans, but the utility of these measurements in disease risk prediction models has not been assessed. Purpose To evaluate the added value of CT-based AI-derived body composition measurements in risk prediction of lung cancer incidence, lung cancer death, cardiovascular disease (CVD) death, and all-cause mortality in the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST). Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of the NLST, body composition measurements, including area and attenuation attributes of skeletal muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue, were derived from baseline LDCT examinations by using a previously developed AI algorithm. The added value of these measurements was assessed with sex- and cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models with and without the AI-derived body composition measurements for predicting lung cancer incidence, lung cancer death, CVD death, and all-cause mortality. Models were adjusted for confounding variables including age; body mass index; quantitative emphysema; coronary artery calcification; history of diabetes, heart disease, hypertension, and stroke; and other PLCOM2012 lung cancer risk factors. Goodness-of-fit improvements were assessed with the likelihood ratio test. Results Among 20 768 included participants (median age, 61 years [IQR, 57-65 years]; 12 317 men), 865 were diagnosed with lung cancer and 4180 died during follow-up. Including the AI-derived body composition measurements improved risk prediction for lung cancer death (male participants: 2 = 23.09, P 2 = 15.04, P = .002), CVD death (males: 2 = 69.94, P 2 = 16.60, P 2 = 248.13, P 2 = 94.54, P 2 = 2.53, P = .11; female participants: 2 = 1.73, P = .19). Conclusion The body composition measurements automatically derived from baseline low-dose CT examinations added predictive value for lung cancer death, CVD death, and all-cause death, but not for lung cancer incidence in the NLST. Clinical trial registration no. NCT00047385 RSNA, 2023 Supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Fintelmann in this issue.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The primary prevention of lung cancer is to avoid and decrease the use of tobacco. Further research could include studying the effects of culture, ethnicity, and geographic location on smoking. Education needs to start early in the educational systems. At present there are programs for primary grades on drug and alcohol abuse and how to say "no." Education also needs to include the family when the parents are smokers, as their children are exposed to second-hand smoke and are led by example. Certain religious groups believe it is their duty to keep healthy and, therefore, do not smoke. These groups may be able to provide some answers as to how to prevent people from smoking. Prevention--it is our real hope.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in the United States, and its incidence has been rising for at least 50 years. Shifts in histologic type and differences in sex and race distribution have accompanied the increased incidence of lung malignancies.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Chemotherapy is effective in the treatment of colon cancer when used both as adjuvant therapy and for metastatic disease. It has also been shown to improve survival. Novel therapies are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. To continue our progress, it is important that clinical trials be offered to patients undergoing treatment for colon cancer.