EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Well-differentiated follicular carcinoma causing thyrotoxicosis is a rare entity. The age and sex distribution is no different from that of other patients with follicular carcinoma, with 87% older than the age of 40 and a female:male ratio of 3:1. The clinical presentation is similar to that of Graves' patients except that evidence of metastatic disease is often present (soft tissue masses, bone pain). The metastases are in the usual locations (bone, lung, mediastinum) and are often bulky. Despite the poor efficiency of iodine uptake and thyroid hormone production, the large tumor mass is capable of producing excessive hormone. Laboratory data confirm the hyperthyroid state, but the occurrence of T3 elevations with normal T4 levels is common, and T3 toxicosis may be missed if only T4 levels are measured. The role of thyroid stimulating immunoglobulins is still evolving, but such stimulators may support the growth of metastatic thyroid carcinoma and promote the development of hyperthyroidism. The treatment of these patients varied. Most had thyroidectomy followed by 131I therapy. Dosimetry allows for the administration of the largest dose of 131I with acceptable side effects. A good response to radioiodine predicted a more favorable outcome. The survival of patients with metastatic thyroid carcinoma causing hyperthyroidism does not differ from euthyroid patients with metastatic follicular disease (10-year survival, 59%).
Category: Colon_Cancer
There is convincing evidence that chemoprevention has the potential to be a major component of colorectal cancer control. Experimental, epidemiologic, and clinical studies provide evidence that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), particularly the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitors, including celecoxib and several phytochemicals, act as anticancer agents. However, several of these chemopreventive agents induce side effects at effective high dose levels. Low doses of atorvastatin and aspirin, or atorvastatin and celecoxib, or piroxicam and difluoromethylornithine administered in combination are more effective in inhibiting chemically induced colon adenocarcinomas in male F 344 rats than are high doses of these agents given individually.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Advanced thyroid cancer of follicular origin. Advanced thyroid cancer of follicular origin is infrequent. Treatment consists in levothyroxine, focal treatment modalities (surgery, external radiation beam therapy, thermal ablation) and radioactive iodine administration. Refractory thyroid cancers cannot be cured with current therapies (4 to 5 cases per million population per year). They are responsible for the majority of the 400 thyroid cancer related deaths that occur each year in France. They should be referred to a multidisciplinary team in a specialized center. Oral treatments with tyrosine kinase inhibitors have transformed their outcome.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the US. Imaging plays an important role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up evaluation of patients with lung cancer. With recent advances in technology, it is important to update and standardize the radiological practices in lung cancer evaluation. In this article, the authors review the main clinical applications of different imaging modalities and the most common radiological presentations of lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The genetic basis of sporadic colorectal cancer has illuminated our knowledge of human cancer genetics. This has been facilitated and catalyzed by an appreciation and deep understanding of the forms of colorectal cancer that harbor an inherited predisposition, including familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) or Lynch syndrome, the hamartomatous polyposis syndromes, and certain other rare syndromes. Identification of germline mutations in pivotal genes underlying the inherited forms of colorectal cancer has yielded many dividends, including functional dissection of critical molecular pathways that have been revealed to be important in development, cellular homeostasis, and cancer; new approaches in chemoprevention, molecular diagnostics and genetic testing, and therapy; and underscoring genotypic-phenotypic relationships.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The current letter describes the rational behind breath analysis of lung cancer and the progress made so far by means of mass spectrometry and smart sensor arrays. Additionally, it presents and discusses the potential of breath analysis in enabling inexpensive and non-invasive technology that would allow efficient early detection of cancer; stratifying the population based on their bio-specification for a tailored (personalized) therapy; and bed-side fast assessment of treatment efficacy in order to change the therapeutic approach. At the end, the letter pinpoints the main implementation strengths of the method as a routine diagnostic and monitoring in the digital era.
Category: Generic
Machine learning enables computers to address problems by learning from data. Deep learning is a type of machine learning that uses a hierarchical recombination of features to extract pertinent information and then learn the patterns represented in the data. Over the last eight years, its abilities have increasingly been applied to a wide variety of chemical challenges, from improving computational chemistry to drug and materials design and even synthesis planning. This review aims to explain the concepts of deep learning to chemists from any background and follows this with an overview of the diverse applications demonstrated in the literature. We hope that this will empower the broader chemical community to engage with this burgeoning field and foster the growing movement of deep learning accelerated chemistry.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
This article provides an overview of thyroid cancer, an increasingly common but highly treatable disease. Types of thyroid cancer, staging systems, diagnostic techniques and treatment options are discussed.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Mass screening for detecting both thyroid and breast cancer in adult women was carried out in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, between 1980 and 1986. The total number of subjects during the seven years was 152,651. The first screening was by inspection and palpation using experienced surgeons. Thyroid abnormalities were found in 5,902 subjects (3.9%) and 3,804 (2.5%) were required to attend a second examination. Thyroid carcinoma was detected in a total of 216 subjects, a detection rate of 0.14%. The detection rate for thyroid cancer was twice as high at the initial screening (0.19%) than that at subsequent periodic screenings (0.09%). Histological classifications of the detected thyroid cancers were: papillary carcinoma, 189 cases (87.5%); follicular carcinoma, 26 (12%); medullary carcinoma, 1 (0.5%). Eighty-seven percent of the thyroid cancers were asymptomatic at the time of screening. The tumor size were 2 cm or less in 126 patients (58.3%). Thyroid cancer detected by mass screening was revealed at an earlier stage and showed a significantly better survival rate compared to that of our usual outpatients. As differentiated carcinoma has been found at a higher incidence by mass screening, the program is useful for the early detection and treatment of thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is rare in children but its incidence is increasing. Recent data have clarified important similarities and differences between thyroid cancers originating in childhood and in adulthood. The genetic drivers of pediatric thyroid cancers are similar to those in adult tumors but comprise more gene fusions and fewer point mutations. Clinically, despite frequent metastatic spread, pediatric thyroid cancer has an excellent prognosis and mortality is rare. Therefore, treatment approaches must weigh carefully the morbidity of thyroid cancer treatments against their benefits. Current key questions include which children require total thyroidectomy rather than more limited-and safer-lobectomy, and in which children does the benefit of radioactive iodine therapy outweigh its risk of inducing a secondary malignancy. Finally, molecular therapies targeting genetic drivers of thyroid cancer now provide effective treatment for children with progressive, radioiodine-refractory disease, as well as opportunities to explore novel neoadjuvant uses that facilitate therapeutic surgery or radioactive iodine.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer metastasizes to regional lymph nodes early and often. The impact of these metastases on outcome depends on the histological subtype and the size, number and location of those metastases, as well as patient's age. Whilst clinically apparent lateral nodal metastases have a significant impact on both survival and recurrence, microscopic metastases to the central as well as lateral neck in well differentiated thyroid cancer (WDTC) do not affect outcome. In this review article we discuss the lymphatic drainage of the thyroid gland, and assessment of regional lymph nodes. We go onto describe the impact that nodal metastases have on outcome, before discussing the role of therapeutic and prophylactic neck dissection. Whilst all authors support the use of therapeutic neck dissection, there is considerable controversy over prophylactic central neck dissection. Despite a significant rate of occult disease in the central compartment of clinically negative necks, removal of this tissue results in morbidity without improving outcome. The role of the neck node metastases in decision making in relation to adjuvant radioactive iodine is discussed as is the process of post operative surveillance, and the role of observation in small volume persistent nodal disease. The focus of this article is WDTC, however the principles of management of the neck in medullary and anaplastic carcinoma are also discussed.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Perforation of the colon is a rare complication for patients with colon cancer and usually requires emergent surgery. The characteristics of perforation differ based on the site of perforation, presenting as either perforation at the cancer site or perforation proximal to the cancer site. Peritonitis due to perforation tends to be more severe in cases of perforation proximal to the cancer site; however, the difference in the outcome between the two types remains unclear. Surgical treatment of colon cancer with perforation has changed over time. Recently, many reports have shown the safety and effectiveness of single-stage operation consisting of resection and primary anastomosis with intraoperative colonic lavage. Under certain conditions, laparoscopic surgery can be feasible and help minimize the invasion. However, emergent surgery for colon cancer with perforation is associated with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. The long-term prognosis seems to have no association with the existence of perforation. Oncologically curative resection may be warranted for perforated colon cancer. In this report, we perform a literature review and investigate the characteristics and surgical strategy for colon cancer with perforation.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Only about half of eligible individuals undergo colon cancer screening. We have limited knowledge about the patient beliefs that adversely affect screening decisions and about which beliefs might be amenable to change through education. As part of a clinical trial, 641 rural Iowans, aged 52 to 79 years, reported their beliefs about colon cancer screening in response to a mailed questionnaire. Consenting subjects were randomized into four groups, which were distinguished by four levels of increasingly intensive efforts to promote screening. Two of the groups received mailed educational materials and completed a follow-up questionnaire, which allowed us to determine whether their beliefs about screening changed following the education. We also completed a factor analysis to identify underlying (latent) factors that might explain the responses to 33 questions about readiness, attitudes, and perceived barriers related to colon cancer screening. The strongest predictors of a patient's stated readiness to be screened were a physician's recommendation to be screened (1 point difference on 10-point Likert scale, 95 % confidence interval [CI], 0.5 to 1.6 point difference), a family history of colon cancer (0.85-point Likert scale difference, 95 % CI, 0.1 to 1.6), and a belief that health-care decisions should be mostly left to physicians rather than patients (Spearman correlation coefficient 0.21, P < .001). Of the 33 questionnaire items about screening beliefs, 11 (33 %) changed favorably following the educational intervention. In the factor analysis, the 33 items were reduced to 8 underlying factors, such as being too busy to undergo screening and worries about screening procedures. We found a limited number of underlying factors that may help explain patient resistance to colon cancer screening.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is associated with a number of cytogenetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal deletions on 3p, 12q, and 17p, which suggest the involvement of multiple tumor suppressor genes. These findings led to the discovery of the inactivation of the Rb and p53 genes in lung cancer. Recent remarkable progress in molecular biology should add a number of genes to the list of tumor suppressor gene involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer. In addition, dominant oncogenes as well growth factors and their receptors have been shown to be involved in this process. Our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of this fatal disease will now allow us to design new strategies to better diagnose and treat lung cancer. In this symposium, we discuss how the molecular oncological approach can be used to reduce the rapidly increasing rates of death due to lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Dietary fat is digested and absorbed in the small intestine and can then be utilized as an energy source and/or as a reservoir for other bioactive lipid species. Excessive dietary fat has been implicated in the induction and/or aggravation of several diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Diets with high fat content have been shown to exacerbate CRC through regulation of intestinal inflammation and proliferation, as well as alteration of bile acid pools, microbiota, and bioactive lipid species. This chapter will investigate the effects of dietary fat on CRC development and pathobiology, and possible mechanisms for specific lipid species in those processes.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Is any one combination therapy for metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) superior to other regimens for metastatic NSCLC? The answer is "probably no." More than 4,000 patients with advanced NSCLC participated in randomized trials presented at the 37th Annual Meeting of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. TAX326 was the only study in which the investigational arm (cisplatin/docetaxel) showed a statistically significant difference in survival compared with the reference standard (cisplatin/vinorelbine). We did learn, however, that what we administer may make some difference: cisplatin might be superior to carboplatin, and patients treated with nonplatinum chemotherapy regimens have a trend toward poorer survival than those who receive platinum doublets. Although there is still no clear best regimen for advanced NSCLC, we may now know how much chemotherapy to give: a randomized study presented found that four cycles produces as much survival benefit as treating until progression. The most significant abstracts presented at this year's lung cancer session involved the use of novel agents with unique mechanisms of action. The median survival in the large, randomized trials of chemotherapy in advanced NSCLC remains a bleak 9 months. ISIS 3521, an antisense oligonucleotide that targets protein kinase C, was found to produce a near doubling of survival when combined with carboplatin and paclitaxel. OSI-774, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was shown to have impressive single agent activity in the second-line treatment of lung cancer. The future of lung cancer therapy will involve combining these novel agents with active chemotherapy regimens in an effort to improve outcome. While we appear to have reached a plateau in what we can accomplish with various combinations of cytotoxic chemotherapy in metastatic NSCLC, in locally-advanced disease new chemotherapy combinations can achieve remarkable results when combined with radiation therapy. The Southwest Oncology Group presented unprecedented phase II data on the use of cisplatin and etoposide with concurrent radiation therapy followed by consolidation docetaxel in patients with stage IIIB NSCLC.
Category: Generic
As PLOS Biology celebrates its 20th anniversary, our April issue focuses on biotechnology with articles covering different aspects of the field, from genome editing to synthetic biology. With them, we emphasize our interest in expanding our presence in biotechnology research.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The thyroid cancer is a rare oncological entity, representing no more than 1% of all human malignant neoplasms. Recently, it has been demonstrated a sharp increase in incidence of differentiated thyroid carcinoma, equally occurring in both sexes. So far, multiple genetic alterations have been identified in differentiated thyroid carcinoma, leading to investigate the clinical utility of genetic studies. In particular, molecular genetic approaches searching for gene mutations in the material collected by fine needle ago-biopsy may have a particular utility in small nodules and in those specimens with an indeterminate cytology. The expansion of knowledge about genetic mutations occurring in different thyroid tumors has characterized recent years, allowing the identification of a correlation between specific mutations and phenotypic characteristics of thyroid cancers, essential for their prognosis. This review will briefly report on the histological features and the new entity represented by thyroid microcarcinoma and will focus on both environmental and genetic aspects associated with the occurrence of thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Radiation-induced damage is a complex network of interlinked signaling pathways, which may result in apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, and cancer. The development of thyroid cancer in response to radiation, from nuclear catastrophes to chemotherapy, has long been an object of study. A basic overview of the ionizing and non-ionizing radiation effects of the sensitivity of the thyroid gland on radiation and cancer development has been provided. In this review, we focus our attention on experiments in cell cultures exposed to ionizing radiation, ultraviolet light, and proton beams. Studies on the involvement of specific genes, proteins, and lipids are also reported. This review also describes how lipids are regulated in response to the radiation-induced damage and how they are involved in thyroid cancer etiology, invasion, and migration and how they can be used as both diagnostic markers and drug targets.
Category: Colon_Cancer
ARID3A is upregulated in colorectal cancer and can promote the proliferation and metastasis of cancer cells. However, patients with higher level of ARID3A have a better prognosis. This study aimed to uncover the mechanism by which ARID3A benefits the prognosis of colon cancer. Our results indicated that ARID3A upregulation enhanced the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), whereas ARID3A downregulation inhibited the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Through database analysis, we found that AKR1C3, a drug resistance-related gene, was the target of ARID3A. Moreover, AKR1C3 was downregulated in colon cancer tissues compared to normal tissues. Next, we assessed the interaction between AKR1C3 and ARID3A, and found that ARID3A inhibited the transcription of AKR1C3, leading to the downregulation of AKR1C3 in colon cancer cells. We also verified that AKR1C3 inhibited the chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells to 5-FU. Moreover, patients with higher ratio of ARID3A to AKR1C3 had a better prognosis. This study suggested that ARID3A promoted chemosensitivity of colon cancer cells by inhibiting AKR1C3 in colon cancer. The ratio of ARID3A to AKR1C3 is a good marker to predict the prognosis of colon cancer patients.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Autophagy is a cellular mechanism involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis and warranting cellular survival under stress, and may be therapeutically exploited. Autophagy assessment in vitro is well established, but analysis in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue is still poorly standardized. Expression analysis of autophagy-associated markers in diagnostic FFPE tissue aids in translating in vitro findings to the clinic and may contribute to a future quest for predictive markers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Comorbidity is the occurrence of concomitant disease in addition to an index disease of interest or the simultaneous occurrence of multiple diseases in an individual. Lung cancer is associated with age and smoking, and both age and smoking are strongly associated with comorbidity. Lung cancer is the most common malignancy in the world. Comorbidity, such as diseases of cardiovascular, pulmonary and other systems may influence prognosis in lung cancer as well as complicate its treatment. In this paper we tried to conclude the significance of the individual comorbidities in lung cancer and their impact on particular treatment method.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Genetically engineered mice are essential tools in both mechanistic studies and drug development in colon cancer research. Mice with mutations in the Apc gene, as well as in genes that modify or interact with Apc, are important models of familial adenomatous polyposis. Mice with mutations in the beta-catenin signaling pathway have also revealed important information about colon cancer pathogenesis, along with models for hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and inflammatory bowel diseases associated with colon cancer. Finally, transplantation models (xenografts)have been useful in the study of metastasis and for testing potential therapeutics. This review discusses what models have been developed most recently and what they have taught us about colon cancer formation, progression, and possible treatment strategies.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The management of regional lymph nodes in thyroid carcinoma is guided by preoperative evaluation, histologic subtype, and often a consideration of data for potential benefit and morbidity of a neck dissection. The goal of lymphadenectomy is complete surgical resection of grossly evident metastatic disease and the removal of regional lymph node groups at highest risk for microscopic disease. Surgery should achieve disease eradication but preserve voice, airway, swallowing, and parathyroid function. This article discusses recommendations for addressing cervical lymph nodes in thyroid carcinoma, discusses current literature regarding the common histologic subtype (papillary carcinoma), and details our operative approach.