EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
Controversy exists about the relationship between hypergastrinemia and colon cancer. Conflicting lines of evidence may be interpreted to support a variety of views regarding the link between the two. Although some experimental and clinical data suggest a strong correlation, other studies refute this. It is likely that the actual situation lies between these two viewpoints; the complex nature of the relationship between carcinogenesis and putative gut hormones makes a definitive answer unlikely. Nevertheless, a critical reading of the recent literature suggests that hypergastrinemia does not play a direct role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Certain subgroups of patients with elevated serum gastrin levels and tumors that possess gastrin receptors may have accelerated tumor growth. Further study of this issue is warranted to elucidate the role of the gastrointestinal hormonal milieu in colorectal neoplasia.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
External beam radiotherapy has a role in each histological type of thyroid cancer. For treatment confined to the thyroid bed, an antero--oblique wedged pair of beams is simple to apply. More frequently, however, the volume needs to include both sides of the neck and adequate dose must be given down to the level of the suprasternal notch, precluding use of lateral fields. Thus, anterior and posterior fields are usually necessary, extending from the tips of the mastoid processes or hyoid down to the carina and laterally to include both sides of the neck and supraclavicular fossae. The mandible and infraclavicular portions of both lungs are shielded, but there is no midline lead in the phase one volume. A mid-plane dose of 46 Gy given in 23 daily fractions results in an acceptable early radiation reaction and will avoid late damage to the spinal cord. Because of considerable variation of interplanar distance along the length of the volume, a lateral simulator film should be taken to determine the maximum cord dose. For most patients, a three-dimensional CT planned phase two volume will be required and should be determined prior to completing phase one. The optimum beam arrangement, usually incorporating conformal beam shaping assisted by use of a multileaf collimator, should avoid further dose to the cord. If there is additional dose to the spinal cord, this phase can be introduced before 46 Gy is reached.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
With over 2 000 articles published on thyroid cancer between January 1, 2006 and September 10, 2007 it is difficult to offer an updated and complete review on this malignancy. Thus, I elected to summarize papers published in 2007 on topics frequently overlooked in other reviews or books, and papers that are likely to be followed by interesting developments. Papers include: 1) the accuracy and currency of websites on thyroid cancer; 2) the detection of the V600E BRAF mutation in very small papillary thyroid cancers that are detected histologically; 3) the relationship between thyroid cancer and Hashimoto's thyroiditis or hepatitis C virus, an association that appears to be nonrandom; 4) the not negligible frequency of coexistence of thyroid cancer with primary hyperparathyroidism; 5) the value of ultrasound elastography of thyroid nodules in distinguishing malignant form benign lesions; 6) the value of percutaneous ethanol injection in the treatment of thyroid or nodal recurrences of thyroid cancer; 7) the relatively benign course of intrathyroid metastases from renal cell carcinoma; 8) the exceedingly rare thyroid paraganglioma, though the rate of reports has increased recently; and 9) the increase in serum calcitonin caused by chronic alcoholism, an increase that cannot be reversed by three weeks of alcohol weaning.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is one of the most common, lethal diseases worldwide. Tumor metastasis and chemotherapy resistance are the main reasons for its poor prognosis and high fatality rate. Tumor development is thought of as one of the most complex cellular events as it is a multi-step cascading process involving infinite proliferation, invasion and immigration. Recently, increasing studies have demonstrated that microRNA-126 (miR-126) has an important role in colon cancer. The expression of miR-126 decreased significantly in colon cancer, particularly in highly metastatic cell lines. miR-126 controls tumor cell growth, metastasis and survival via inactivation of the oncogene signaling pathway, indicating that miR-126 may serve as a therapeutic target for anticancer therapy. Potentially, miR-126 was also reported to be an ideal molecular target as a novel biomarker for liver metastasis from colorectal cancer due to its changeable expression level. In the present review, the current knowledge regarding regulatory function of miR-126 is summarized along with its underlying mechanisms in colon cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) is a lethal disease causing a global disproportionate number of thyroid cancer-related deaths. The American Thyroid Association (ATA) has recently produced clear and comprehensive guidelines to assist physicians treating ATC.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Its high mortality is due to the poor prognosis of the disease caused by a late disease presentation, tumor heterogeneities within histological subtypes, and the relatively limited understanding of tumor biology. Importantly, lung cancer histological subgroups respond differently to some chemotherapeutic substances and side effects of some therapies appear to vary between subgroups. Biomarkers able to stratify for the subtype of lung cancer, prognosticate the course of disease, or predict the response to treatment are in high demand. In the last decade, microRNAs (miRNAs), measured in resected tumor samples or in fine needle aspirate samples have emerged as biomarkers for tumor diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of response to treatment, due to the ease of their detection and in their extreme specificity. Moreover, miRNAs present in sputum, in plasma, in serum or in whole blood have increasingly been explored in the last five years as less invasive biomarkers for the early detection of cancers. In this review we cover the increasing amounts of data that have accumulated in the last ten years on the use of miRNAs as lung cancer biomarkers.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The thyroid glands are a vulnerable organ to ionizing radiation. Indeed the epidemiological studies have revealed an increase in the incidences of thyroid cancer among atomic bomb survivors in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and radiation casualties in Chernobyl. The carcinogenic risk for the thyroids is dependent on radiation dose, and higher in younger people. Recent advances in molecular biology contribute to clarify the mechanisms for thyroid carcinogenesis at genetic and molecular levels. Here radiation-induced thyroid carcinogenesis is reviewed from epidemiological data to basic research.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
To evaluate the importance of trace amounts of elements in thyroid cancer etiology and diagnostics, instrumental neutron activation analysis has been used to estimate Ag, Co, Cr, Fe, Hg, I,Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, and Zn concentrations in malignant and benign thyroid nodules as well as in apparently intact paranodular thyroid tissue. Resected material from 135 patients was obtained from operations. Forty-five cancer cases were diagnosed and the rest were of benign nodules. The thyroid glands of 65 people, 53 male and 12 female, who died and unexpected death or committed suicide, were used as a control group. Trace element contents of the International Atomic Energy Agency reference material H-4 (animal muscle) were analysed simultaneously with the thyroid tissue in order to evaluate the accuracy of the obtained data. No dependence of trace element contents on sex and age (14-80 years) was found for normal thyroids. In paranodular tissue, the Ag, Co, Hg, I and Rb contents were much higher for malignant and benign nodules than they were for the standard. There was also a slight deficiency of Se in the nodules compared with the standard. This result supports the hypothesis that the direct toxic heavy metal influence on thyrocytes plays a major role in thyroid cancer etiology, provided that an adequate level of the defence mechanisms is absent. Iodine concentrations are 15 times lower, on average, in malignant compared with benign nodules. It is also shown that the radio between the iodine concentration in nodular and paranodular tissue can be used for in vivo thyroid cancer diagnostics.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Sublobar resection for small lung cancers has been debated frequently and is still a controversial issue. The only randomised trial comparing lobectomy with sublobar resections found a significantly higher recurrence rate for the latter, but failed to show significant differences in survival, although survival was better for the lobectomy group. One meta-analysis and several nonrandomised comparisons have confirmed these results. In general, lobectomy and sublobar resections have similar 5-yr survival rates. Local recurrence after wedge resection is higher than after segmentectomy. However, for patients aged >71 yrs, lobectomy and wedge resection are associated with similar survival. For tumours of /=1 cm wide to avoid recurrence. For pure bronchioloalveolar carcinoma of </=2 cm, diagnosed intraoperatively with certainty, sublobar resection seems equivalent to lobectomy, and because there is no nodal involvement, systematic nodal dissection may not be necessary. In case of doubt, however, lobectomy with systematic nodal dissection will ensure complete resection and adequate staging. More randomised trials are needed to confirm all these issues.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The chest radiograph is one of the most commonly used imaging studies and is the modality of choice for initial evaluation of many common clinical scenarios. Over the last two decades, chest computed tomography has been increasingly used for a wide variety of indications, including respiratory illnesses, trauma, oncologic staging, and more recently lung cancer screening. Diagnostic radiologists should be familiar with the common causes of missed lung cancers on imaging studies in order to avoid detection and interpretation errors. Failure to detect these lesions can potentially have serious implications for both patients as well as the interpreting radiologist.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The morbidity of thyroid cancer is increasing gradually year by year, showing an increasing tendency in nationality, sex, age, tumor size, and tumor staging. The changes of thyroid cell genes, signaling pathways, and related molecular dysfunction promote the occurrence, development, invasion, and metastasis of thyroid cancer. Surgical operation, radioiodine, and endocrinotherapy models can achieve a better prognosis for most patients with thyroid cancer. Although targeted therapeutic drugs bring possible therapeutic opportunities for refractory thyroid cancer, there is a great gap between their predictive value and their actual efficacy. Currently, there is still no completely effective drug for the treatment. Based on the signaling pathways, the "reclaim therapy" for residual tumor and systemic intervention aims to increase anticancer ability and to encourage new directions and thoughts in the treatment of refractory thyroid cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
In this issue of Science Signaling, Zhang et al. find a new role for verteporfin in the control of colorectal cancer progression through the selective induction of proteotoxicity rather than through inhibition of the transcription cofactor YAP. The study further documents the potential strategy of targeting proteostasis to kill cancer cells.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Gene fusions are known in many cancers as driver or passenger mutations. They play an important role in both the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer and are considered as potential diagnostic and prognostic markers and possible therapeutic targets. The spectrum and prevalence of gene fusions in thyroid cancer ranges from single cases up to 80%, depending on the specific type of cancer. During last three years, massive parallel sequencing technologies have revealed new fusions and allowed detailed characteristics of fusions in different types of thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is uncommon with an estimated lifetime risk of 0.8% for women and 0.3% for men. The incidence appears to be increasing by 4% per year and is currently the eighth commonest cancer in women. Managing thyroid cancer is challenging, as no prospective randomised trials exist. Most of the information is derived from large patient cohorts in which therapy has not been randomly assigned. This is the first of the three review papers we have written on the management of thyroid cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The Chernobyl accident was followed by a large increase in the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in the areas exposed to high levels of fallout. The Chernobyl Tumor Bank was set up in 1998 to make tumours available for study internationally, and a pathology panel reviewed all the tumours and established an agreed diagnosis. The thyroid tumours that were discovered after the Chernobyl nuclear accident were virtually all (95%) of the papillary carcinoma type. Rare examples of other tumour types were identified. Within the papillary group, several subtypes were noted, including classical or usual type, follicular variant, solid variant and mixed patterns Diffuse sclerosis variant, cribriform/morular type and Warthin-like variant were rare. No tall cell or columnar cell variants were identified. The tumours examined by the Pathology Panel of the Chernobyl Tumor Bank constitute a large representative sample (estimated at about 50%) of the tumours that developed in this population. This overview describes the method adopted by the panel and the different diagnostic categories adopted; illustrates the pathology of these neoplasms; compares the pathological characteristics of the early lesions with those identified after long latency periods and the institution of screening programmes and outlines the possible associated causes for the various morphological patterns seen.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Brachytherapy, the direct application of a radioactive isotope into the tumor bed, delivers a high dose to the tumor as compared to the surrounding normal tissue. Interstitial brachytherapy, the placement of the isotope into a tumor bed where no lumen exists, has been described but is utilized infrequently in clinical practice. Endobronchial brachytherapy, the placement of the source within the airway lumen, as a boost to conventional external beam radiation has not yet demonstrated improved local tumor control or overall survival as compared to external beam alone in the definitive treatment of inoperable lung cancer. In the palliative setting, brachytherapy can provide prompt relief of obstructive symptoms and hemoptysis in the majority of patients.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
HLA typing was performed in 51 patients to analyse the pathogenetic background of differentiated and medullary thyroid carcinomas. A higher incidence of Bw62 and DR5 was observed in patients with papillary carcinoma (n = 24), DRw6 antigen in follicular carcinoma (n = 13), and DR3 antigen in patients with medullary carcinoma (n = 11). The DR3 antigen was present in one of two patients with a familial history of medullary thyroid carcinoma. Therefore, HLA typing is not suitable as a screening method for the detection of early thyroid carcinoma.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
From these data and data from the literature, our recommended treatment for well-differentiated cancer is as follows: For papillary cancer, resection should be adequate to encompass the entire tumor, which in most cases would be complete lobectomy and possibly isthmusectomy. Prophylactic neck dissection is of no value; therapeutic modified neck dissection should be done for stage II disease. Follicular cancer can be treated by lobectomy (for small lesions) or subtotal thyroidectomy. Although total or near-total thyroidectomy may be required in selected patients with large primary cancers or in those with extensive capsular invasion or extrathyroid extension, the number of cases indicating this is small. There were only a few such patients with large primaries requiring total thyroidectomy in this study. Total thyroidectomy is best avoided in most cases. considering the price of hypoparathyroidism and the lack of a significant improvement in survival compared with lesser ablative techniques. Postoperative ablation with iodine-131 did not improve survival in staged patients with papillary cancer (the number of patients with follicular cancer was too small for analysis). Postoperative thyroid suppression by exogenous thyroid hormone postoperatively appeared to improve survival. Although the data were not adequate for evaluation in follicular cancer, there seems to be no reason not to use this postoperatively in high risk patients with either papillary or follicular cancer.
Category: Generic
Primordial germ cells (PGCs) generate new individuals through differentiation, maturation and fertilization. This means that the manipulation of PGCs is directly linked to the manipulation of individuals, making PGCs attractive target cells in the animal biotechnology field. A unique biological property of avian PGCs is that they circulate temporarily in the vasculature during early development, and this allows us to access and manipulate avian germ lines. Following the development of a technique for transplantation, PGCs have become central to avian biotechnology, in contrast to the use of embryo manipulation and subsequent transfer to foster mothers, as in mammalian biotechnology. Today, avian PGC transplantation combined with recent advanced manipulation techniques, including cell purification, cryopreservation, depletion, and long-term culture in vitro, have enabled the establishment of genetically modified poultry lines and ex-situ conservation of poultry genetic resources. This chapter introduces the principles, history, and procedures of producing avian germline chimeras by transplantation of PGCs, and the current status of avian germline modification as well as germplasm cryopreservation. Other fundamental avian reproductive technologies are described, including artificial insemination and embryo culture, and perspectives of industrial applications in agriculture and pharmacy are considered, including poultry productivity improvement, egg modification, disease resistance impairment and poultry gene "pharming" as well as gene banking.
Category: Generic
The rise and fall of artificial neural networks is well documented in the scientific literature of both computer science and computational chemistry. Yet almost two decades later, we are now seeing a resurgence of interest in deep learning, a machine learning algorithm based on multilayer neural networks. Within the last few years, we have seen the transformative impact of deep learning in many domains, particularly in speech recognition and computer vision, to the extent that the majority of expert practitioners in those field are now regularly eschewing prior established models in favor of deep learning models. In this review, we provide an introductory overview into the theory of deep neural networks and their unique properties that distinguish them from traditional machine learning algorithms used in cheminformatics. By providing an overview of the variety of emerging applications of deep neural networks, we highlight its ubiquity and broad applicability to a wide range of challenges in the field, including quantitative structure activity relationship, virtual screening, protein structure prediction, quantum chemistry, materials design, and property prediction. In reviewing the performance of deep neural networks, we observed a consistent outperformance against non-neural networks state-of-the-art models across disparate research topics, and deep neural network-based models often exceeded the "glass ceiling" expectations of their respective tasks. Coupled with the maturity of GPU-accelerated computing for training deep neural networks and the exponential growth of chemical data on which to train these networks on, we anticipate that deep learning algorithms will be a valuable tool for computational chemistry. 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid neoplasms encompass a variety of lesions that range from benign adenomas to malignancies. These latter can be well-differentiated, poorly differentiated or undifferentiated (anaplastic) carcinomas. More than 95% of thyroid cancers are derived from thyroid follicular cells, while 2-3% (medullary thyroid cancers, MTC) originate from calcitonin producing C-cells. Over the last decade, investigators have developed a clearer understanding of genetic alterations underlying thyroid carcinogenesis. A number of point mutations and translocations are involved, not only in its tumorigenesis, but also as have potential use as diagnostic and prognostic indicators and therapeutic targets. Many occur in genes for several important signaling pathways, in particular the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Sporadic (isolated) lesions account for 75% of MTC cases, while inherited MTC, often in association with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type 2A and 2B syndromes, constitute the remainder. However, non-MEN familial MTC may also occur. Advances in genetic testing have revolutionized the management of MTC, with prospects of genetic screening, testing and early prophylactic thyroidectomy. Ethical concerns of these advances are addressed.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Introduction: Although lymph node metastases are common with papillary thyroid cancer, parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal lymph node metastases are relatively rare. Although small metastatic parapharyngeal lymph nodes (e.g., Materials and Methods: A 47-year-old female presented with a 2 cm conventional papillary thyroid cancer in the right thyroid lobe with central right lateral neck metastases, as well as a 2.5 cm right parapharyngeal lymph node metastasis extending to the skull base. Surgical technique for transcervical resection of the 2.5 cm parapharyngeal lymph node is illustrated, identifying important anatomical structures. Results: After opening the right neck and removing the right level 2 lymph nodes (not illustrated), the parapharyngeal space is exposed. First, the posterior belly of the digastric and stylohyoid muscles is divided. Next, the hypoglossal nerve is identified and mobilized. Branches of the external carotid artery are then divided and retracted. The sympathetic chain is visualized posterior to the internal carotid artery. The external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve is visualized as it courses posterior to the carotid artery. After gentle retraction of the hypoglossal nerve, superior laryngeal nerve, carotid artery, and sympathetic chain, the parapharyngeal space is exposed with the aforementioned metastatic lymph node. The metastatic lymph node is then freed from the alar fascial and skull base attachments and removed en bloc. Conclusion: To our knowledge, this is the first video demonstration of a transcervical parapharyngeal lymph node resection in the peer-reviewed literature. Transcervical excision of parapharyngeal and retropharyngeal lymph nodes requires a thorough understanding of the anatomy of the neck and parapharyngeal space, along with a stepwise surgical technique to safely expose the parapharyngeal space. No competing financial interests exist. Runtime of video: 8 mins 44 secs.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Cancer is a major public health problem in the modern world. Every year, new cases of cancer are diagnosed around the world. Cancer cells are altered cells that have escaped the mechanisms that regulate natural growth. Bacteriocins are cationic peptides synthesized by ribosomes that are secreted by almost all groups of bacteria. Some bacteriocins have shown selective toxicity to cancer cells compared to normal cells. This makes them other candidates for research and clinical trials.