EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Generic
Deep learning (DL) is a relatively newer subdomain of machine learning (ML) with incredible potential for certain applications in the medical field. Given recent advances in its use in neuro-oncology, its role in diagnosing, prognosticating, and managing the care of cancer patients has been the subject of many research studies. The gamut of studies has shown that the landscape of algorithmic methods is constantly improving with each iteration from its inception. With the increase in the availability of high-quality data, more training sets will allow for higher fidelity models. However, logistical and ethical concerns over a prospective trial comparing prognostic abilities of DL and physicians severely limit the ability of this technology to be widely adopted. One of the medical tenets is judgment, a facet of medical decision making in DL that is often missing because of its inherent nature as a "black box." A natural distrust for newer technology, combined with a lack of autonomy that is normally expected in our current medical practices, is just one of several important limitations in implementation. In our review, we will first define and outline the different types of artificial intelligence (AI) as well as the role of AI in the current advances of clinical medicine. We briefly highlight several of the salient studies using different methods of DL in the realm of neuroradiology and summarize the key findings and challenges faced when using this nascent technology, particularly ethical challenges that could be faced by users of DL.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Radiotherapy is the most common nonsurgical treatment for patients with lung cancer. Its value in controlling specific cancer related symptoms is undisputed and can be achieved with unsophisticated and undemanding schedules. However, these treatment regimens cannot be expected to produce durable local control or significant impact on survival. Their use cannot be generally accepted for all inoperable patients. The use of high-dose radiotherapy with curative intent has been brought into disrepute by often inappropriate patient selection and subsequently poor results. In a number of small pilot studies, survival comparable to surgical series can be achieved in operable patients. Safe delivery of high-dose radiotherapy to intrathoracic tumours represents a formidable technical challenge. The sophisticated treatment planning which is necessary and consistent diagnostic evaluation is often lacking in practice when the value of local therapy is perceived as minimal. Recent developments in radiation technology, tumour biology and understanding of normal tissue responses bring an opportunity to design new and more effective treatment schedules. New developments in systemic therapy far from making thoracic irradiation obsolete, demand higher rates of durable local control. The interrelationships between toxicities to normal tissues and potential advantage in antitumour activity bring further challenges in design of optimal combined modality schedules. The challenge facing the Radiation Oncologist interested in thoracic malignancies is how to balance the multiple and often conflicting possibilities and formulate novel schedules that can be evaluated in practice. A further challenge is how to facilitate the introduction of these resource-intensive strategies into the real world of shrinking resources and increasing waiting lists. The potential gains may be individually small but with the numerical importance of lung cancer may have a global impact.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Since the past year, the fast spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has represented a global health threat, especially for cancer patients, that has required an urgent reorganization of clinical activities. Here, we will critically revise the profound impact that the pandemic has generated in lung cancer patients, as well the most significant challenges that oncologists have to face to maintain the highest possible standards in the management of lung cancer patients in the pandemic era.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Aging society is coming now, the ratio of elderly patients among all lung cancer patients has currently been increasing. It is necessary for elderly patients who are under-represented in clinical trials to study their suitable regimen. Thus, phase II and III clinical trials have been performed specifically for elderly non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients all over the world. As for single agent chemotherapy, there is a strong rationale for docetaxel and vinorelbine in elderly patients with advanced NSCLC. Recently, there are phase I and II clinical trial for CPT-11 monotherapy, and gefitinib and TS-1 are reasonable options for elderly patients. Alimta is tolerable for elderly, and subset analysis is performed for the elderly with recurrent NSCLC. As platinum-based chemotherapy, there are several elderly subset analyses and JCOG 0207, which is a phase III trial now in progress comparing weekly cisplatin+weekly docetaxel and weekly docetaxel. In SCLC, there is no evidence of single agent chemotherapy but combination chemotherapy such as carboplatin+etoposide is recommended. A phase III study of carboplatin+etoposide versus amrubicin under way. These studies should aim to optimize several agents for elderly patients and prolong survival, palliative care.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
To describe the progress in the field of circulating markers of thyroid cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. While cigarette smoking is of key importance, factors such as diet also play a role in the development of lung cancer. MedLine and Embase were searched with diet and lung cancer as the key words. Recently published reviews and large well-designed original articles were preferred to form the basis of the present article. A diet rich in fruit and vegetables reduces the incidence of lung cancer by approximately 25%. The reduction is of the same magnitude in current smokers, ex-smokers and in persons who have never smoked. Vitamin A, C and E supplements and beta-carotene offer no protection against the development of lung cancer. On the contrary, in two major randomised intervention trials beta-carotene supplement has resulted in increased mortality. Smoking remains by far the leading cause of lung cancer and the adverse effects can only be slightly alleviated by a healthy diet.
Category: Generic
We report the development of deep-learning coherent electron diffractive imaging at subangstrom resolution using convolutional neural networks (CNNs) trained with only simulated data. We experimentally demonstrate this method by applying the trained CNNs to recover the phase images from electron diffraction patterns of twisted hexagonal boron nitride, monolayer graphene, and a gold nanoparticle with comparable quality to those reconstructed by a conventional ptychographic algorithm. Fourier ring correlation between the CNN and ptychographic images indicates the achievement of a resolution in the range of 0.70 and 0.55 . We further develop CNNs to recover the probe function from the experimental data. The ability to replace iterative algorithms with CNNs and perform real-time atomic imaging from coherent diffraction patterns is expected to find applications in the physical and biological sciences.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Significant advances have been made in all aspects of care relating to colorectal cancer. Although surgery will likely remain the mainstay of definitive treatment for the majority of colorectal malignancies, a better understanding of tumor progression and biology will help guide the choice of surgical therapy to best achieve a curative resection. Additionally, advances in the use of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies should continue to increase disease-free and overall survival when combined with appropriate operative resection. Although TNM staging remains our strongest tool at this point for establishing prognosis and directing therapy, expansion of our knowledge of the molecular events underlying colorectal tumorigenesis undoubtedly will lead to the refinement of our current staging and prognostic systems.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The surgeon is one of the most important prognostic factors for patients with colon cancer. Depending on the site of the primary tumour, the potential lymphatic spread is uni-, bi- or tridirectional. Therefore, the extent of surgical resection depends on the site of the tumour and the patient's vascular anatomy. A minimum resection of 10 cm of grossly normal bowel on both sides of the tumour is required to keep the risk of unremoved paracolic lymph node metastasis below 5%. A central ligature of main colic artery (arteries) is strongly recommended, as central lymph nodes are involved in more than 10%. The no-touch isolation technique is easily and quickly performed and has been shown to provide a survival benefit of 6% compared to the conventional technique. Adherent or infiltrated adjacent organs should never be separated from the tumour because the tumour perforation and consecutive tumour cell spillage is afflicted with a reduction in 5-year survival expectancy of up to 40 %. Prophylactic oophorectomy seems to be of no survival benefit, only infiltrated or grossly abnormal ovaries have to be removed. Sentinel lymph node biopsy facilitates an accurate nodal staging and may result in an up-staging in 15-30% and in necessitating adjuvant chemotherapy. Recently published data indicate no oncosurgical disadvantage of laparoscopic colon cancer resection compared to open technique.
Category: Generic
Stabilization and reusability of enzyme transglutaminase (TGM) are important goals for the enzymatic process since immobilizing TGM plays an important role in different technologies and industries. TGM can be used in many applications. In the food industry, it plays a role as a protein-modifying enzyme, while, in biotechnology and pharmaceutical applications, it is used in mediated bioconjugation due to its extraordinary crosslinking ability. TGMs (EC 2.3.2.13) are enzymes that catalyze the formation of a covalent bond between a free amino group of protein-bound or peptide-bound lysine, which acts as an acyl acceptor, and the -carboxamide group of protein-bound or peptide-bound glutamine, which acts as an acyl donor. This results in the modification of proteins through either intramolecular or intermolecular crosslinking, which improves the use of the respective proteins significantly.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The management of differentiated thyroid cancer remains controversial. A consecutive series of 234 thyroidectomies done by one surgeon in various Nairobi Hospitals from July 1990 to June 1993 were studied. 18 patients were operated on for thyroid cancer. The procedures ranged from lobectomy to total thyroidectomy. Young adults from 20-40 years of age were mainly affected, with a male/female sex ratio of 8:1. The immediate and subsequent morbidity of the operation of total thyroidectomy, in our opinion, overweighs its advantages of improved disease control. This is particularly so when low socio-economic standards lead to lack of compliance with replacement therapy.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common neoplasia of the endocrine system and accounts for approximately 1% of all newly diagnosed cancer cases. Its incidence has rapidly grown over the past few decades. Although most thyroid carcinomas are of the well-differentiated papillary histology, and respond well to treatment with surgical resection followed by radioactive iodine ablation, tumors with more aggressive phenotype, such as follicular, poorly differentiated, anaplastic, and medullary cancers, lead to almost 1500 patient deaths annually. Therefore, understanding molecular mechanisms that regulate the biology of these carcinomas could be helpful to identify new molecules acting as novel targets for therapeutic intervention. NF-kappaB has been recently shown to play an important role in thyroid cancer for its ability to control the proliferative and the anti-apoptotic signaling pathways of thyroid neoplastic cells. Oncogenic proteins RET/PTC, RAS and BRAF, that are involved in many aspects of thyroid carcinogenesis, can induce NF-kappaB activation in papillary, follicular, and medullary thyroid carcinomas, while constitutive de-regulated NF-kappaB activity has been found in anaplastic thyroid carcinomas. A number of NF-kappaB inhibitors have been demonstrated to induce anti-proliferative effects and/or massive apoptosis, especially in combination with radio- or chemo-therapy. The results obtained suggest that targeting NF-kappaB could be a promising strategy for advanced thyroid cancer treatment.
Category: Generic
Technology has become a mission-critical part of healthcare business operations. The electronic health record, medical equipment, revenue cycle, enterprise resource planning, marketing, legal, planning and building new facilities every component today is dependent on automated tools. When computer systems go offline, everyone feels the stress of conducting business and delivering care without access to all the information they need. Downtimes are especially dangerous for patients.While there are many reasons that these systems go offline, cybersecurity breaches are primary culprits. Logically then, digital innovation becomes unsustainable in healthcare without cybersecurity transformation. What was good enough at one time is not acceptable anymore. As healthcare has accelerated toward digital dependence, particularly through the COVID-19 pandemic, cybersecurity threats have also increased. The time to transform cybersecurity is now.The first thing for healthcare leaders to understand is this: You do not have a malware problem or a ransomware problem-you have a cybersecurity adversary problem. It is important to learn everything about the organizations attacking you, including their structure, motivation, and goals. Armed with those insights, you are more likely to be able to defend your health system. By transforming your cybersecurity program, you will build a foundation on which you can thrive as a modern healthcare operation.
Category: Colon_Cancer
With one million new cases of colorectal cancer (CRC) diagnosed annually in the world, CRC is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the Western world. Patients with stage I-III CRC can be cured with surgery but are at risk for recurrence. Colorectal cancer is characterized by the presence of chromosomal deletions and gains. Large genomic profiling studies have however not been conducted in this disease. The number of a specific genetic aberration in a tumour sample could correlate with recurrence-free survival or overall survival, possibly leading to its use as biomarker for therapeutic decisions. At this point there are not sufficient markers for prediction of disease recurrence in colorectal cancer, which can be used in the clinic to discriminate between stage II patients who will benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy. For instance, the benefit of adjuvant chemotherapy has been most clearly demonstrated in stage III disease with an approximately 30 percent relative reduction in the risk of disease recurrence. The benefits of adjuvant chemotherapy in stage II disease are less certain, the risk for relapse is much smaller in the overall group and the specific patients at risk are hard to identify.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The staging and the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer are in constant evolution. Positron emission tomography has modified the diagnostic work-up and the initial evaluation of the tumoural extension, mainly for locoregional disease when a treatment with curative intent is available. An important modification of the international staging system in lung cancer has been proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) on the basis of a retrospective study including 67.725 patients originating from 19 different countries. This new international classification will be implemented in 2010. The therapeutic approach of non metastatic non-small cell lung cancer has also considerably evolved. In resectable stage II and III diseases, cisplatin-based chemotherapy adjuvant to surgery allows a significant survival improvement while concomitant administration of chemo-radiotherapy demonstrated its superiority on a sequential treatment of chemotherapy followed by radiotherapy in locoregional unresectable but irradiable neoplasms. Above conventional chemotherapy, some "targeted" therapies have shown their efficacy in selected populations. Current researches in lung cancer are now dedicated to the search of factors able to predict the sensitivity to chemotherapy, allowing a better selection of the patients susceptible to benefit from this treatment and avoiding the administration of ineffective, expensive and toxic therapies.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Tumor-derived cell lines are widely used to study the mechanisms involved in thyroid carcinogenesis but recent studies have reported redundancy among thyroid cancer cell lines and identification of some "thyroid cell lines" that are likely not of thyroid origin.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Radiotherapy has a key role in curative and palliative treatments of patients with lung cancer. Important advances are described in the technique of treatment delivery and its integration with chemotherapy.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Substantial uncertainty persists about the indications for radioactive iodine for thyroid cancer. Use of radioactive iodine over time and the correlates of its use remain unknown.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Primary lung cancer is now the most frequent cancer in the world. Tobacco smoking still represents its predominant cause: a recent estimate attributes 80-85% of lung cancers to smoking and the epidemic of lung cancer mortality is still ongoing, with a major contribution from East European and developing countries. The study of smoking in association with lung cancer has contributed to the understanding of the carcinogenic process in humans, especially since molecular epidemiology techniques have been developed. However, the most probable carcinogenic model, still needs to be more clearly established. Presently, it can be summarised that smoking cessation is beneficial at any age, and more so when early. The contribution of passive smoking to lung cancer risk has been widely documented; its effect in terms of attributable number of cases, however, is not easily estimated at a population level. Some authors suggest that non-smoking-related lung cancer frequency is increasing over time. Exposure to environmental carcinogens with a major emphasis on those deriving from industrial processes, among which asbestos, and on air pollution due to traffic in urban areas has been advocated. Finally, a special interest has grown in the last years on possible protective factors for lung cancer, mainly diet-related (high intake of fresh fruits and vegetables), but results from the first large randomised chemoprevention trial based on alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene treatment, dealt with "paradoxical" results.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Heart disease and cancer, the major causes of mortality and morbidity in Western countries, have common risk factors. Exercise appears to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, but its role with respect to primary prevention of cancer has not been emphasized. Here we evaluate the epidemiological studies dealing with exercise and colon cancer. Despite the fact that different methods of assessing the amount of typical exercise of individuals and the different types of physical activity measured (occupational and recreational), there is remarkably consistent evidence that people who are highly physically active could be at a reduced risk of cancer of the colon. An analysis of case-control and cohort studies suggests that exercise might reduce the risk, at least in men, by up to one-third. We conclude that exercise has been overlooked as a potentially useful, effective, and acceptable method for reducing the risk of colon cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Cancer gender disparity in incidence, disease aggressiveness and prognosis has been observed in a variety of cancers. Thyroid cancer is one of the fastest growing cancer diagnoses worldwide. It is 2.9-times more common in women than men. The less aggressive histologic subtypes of thyroid cancer are more common in women, whereas the more aggressive histologic subtypes have similar gender distribution. The gender disparity in incidence, aggressiveness and prognosis is well established for thyroid cancer but the cause of the disparity is poorly understood. The aim of this article is to evaluate the current evidence on the cause of thyroid cancer gender disparity. Dietary and environmental factors do not appear to have a significant role in thyroid cancer gender disparity. Common somatic mutations in BRAF, rearranged in transformation/papillary thyroid carcinomas (RET/PTC) and neurotrophin receptor-tyrosine kinase (NTRK) also do not account for the gender disparity in thyroid cancer. While reproductive factors would seem a logical hypothesis to account for the gender disparity, there appears to be no conclusive effect on the risk of developing thyroid cancer. Recent studies on estrogen receptor status in thyroid cancer show a difference in the receptor subtypes expressed based on the histology of thyroid cancer. Moreover, the response to estrogen is dependent on the specific estrogen receptor expressed in thyroid cancer cells. However, what determines the tumor-specific sex hormone receptor expression is unclear. No established molecular factors appear to explain gender differences in thyroid cancer. Therefore, the application of high-throughput genomic and proteomic approaches to the study of thyroid cancer gender disparity could be helpful for better understanding the molecular basis for gender differences in thyroid and other cancers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Chemoprevention is defined as the use of specific natural or pharmacologic agents to reverse, suppress, or prevent the carcinogenic process to the development of invasive cancer. The basic idea behind lung cancer chemoprevention is the concept that diffuse injury of the respiratory epithelium results from chronic carcinogen exposure. The rationale for chemoprevention arose from epidemiologic data demonstrating the existence of dietary inhibitors of carcinogenesis, basic studies of epithelial carcinogenesis, and laboratory evidence from animal models. Many of the studies evaluating specific agents focused on vitamin A and its synthetic analogs, the retinoids. Chemoprevention trials have investigated the effect of retinoids and other agents on bronchial metaplasia and dysplasia and sputum atypia; many of these trials have reported conflicting results. Several ongoing multi-institutional trials are evaluating chemoprevention regimens for prevention of second primary aerodigestive tract cancers, the results of which are eagerly awaited. Primary prevention trials to prevent lung cancer have reported sobering results, which negate the protective effects of beta-carotene against lung cancer development and provide no justification for consuming supplemental beta-carotene for cancer chemoprevention. In the future, the use of biomolecular markers as intermediate end points in chemoprevention trials may reduce the cost and time commitment required for these trials and aid in selecting a patient population that would benefit most from chemopreventive intervention or approaches such as gene therapy.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A new study uses evolutionary analysis to show that some colorectal tumor cells colonize the lymph nodes before metastasizing to the organs. However, the study finds that most metastases descend from subclones in the tumor itself.
Category: Generic
It is clear that the obesity epidemic is here. It is complex and pervasive in most developed countries. The stark contrast between the millions of people who are morbidly overweight and the undernourished is frightening; but as you will read in this issue, there is no simple way to rectify the equation.