EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
Vasohibin-1 (VASH1) is an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor.However, the clinical relevance of VASH1 in colon cancer and its regulations on cancer angiogenesis and cancer cell biological characteristics are still unknown. Here we showed that stromal VASH1 levels were negatively correlated with tumor size, advanced clinical stage and distant metastases in colon cancer patients. Overexpression of VASH1 in colon cancer cells induced apoptosis and senescence, inhibiting cancer cell growth and colony formation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. In addition, knockdown of VASH1 in cancer cells promoted cell growth, adhesion and migration in vitro, and enhanced tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer incidence is rapidly increasing due to increased detection and diagnosis of indolent thyroid cancer, i.e. cancer that is likely to be clinically insignificant. Clinical, radiologic, and pathologic features predicting indolent behavior of thyroid cancer are still largely unknown and unstudied. Existing clinicopathologic staging systems are useful for providing prognosis in the context of treated thyroid cancer but are not designed for and are inadequate for predicting indolent behavior. Ultrasound studies have primarily focused on discrimination between malignant and benign nodules; some studies show promising data on using sonographic features for predicting indolence but are still in their early stages. Similarly, molecular studies are being developed to better characterize thyroid cancer and improve the yield of fine needle aspiration biopsy, but definite markers of indolent thyroid cancer have yet to be identified. Nonetheless, active surveillance has been introduced as an alternative to surgery in the case of indolent thyroid microcarcinoma, and protocols for safe surveillance are in development. As increased detection of thyroid cancer is all but inevitable, increased research on predicting indolent behavior is needed to avoid an epidemic of overtreatment.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Suppression of a nuclear pore protein Nup358/RanBP2 is linked to mitotic cell death, but the clinical relevance of this link is unknown. In a recent issue of Cell, Vecchione et al. (2016) show that in approximately 10% of BRAF-like colorectal cancer (CC) patients, Nup358/RanBP2 is critical for survival. Treatment with vinorelbine, a microtubule-depolymerizing drug that inhibits mitosis, might be a potential treatment for these CCs.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Immunotherapy is a conceptually attractive approach, because it is highly specific and can deal with disseminated disease with minimal impact on normal tissues. Ability to induce antigen-specific immune responses in patients with lung cancer is now well established in early-phase clinical trials using a variety of immunotherapeutic approaches. Although no immunotherapy is likely to be a panacea, randomized phase IIB studies offer promise of therapeutic activity in both early- and late-stage lung cancer. This review will cover basic concepts of immunotherapy, provide perspective on vaccine development, and update the status of ongoing clinical trials in lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most prevalent endocrine neoplasia in the world. The use of mathematical models on the development of tumors has yielded numerous results in this field and modeling with differential equations is present in many papers on cancer. In order to know the use of mathematical models with differential equations or similar in the study of thyroid cancer, studies since 2006 to date was reviewed. Systems with ordinary or partial differential equations were the means most frequently adopted by the authors. The models deal with tumor growth, effective half-life of radioiodine applied after thyroidectomy, the treatment with iodine-131, thyroid volume before thyroidectomy, and others. The variables usually employed in the models includes tumor volume, thyroid volume, amount of iodine, thyroglobulin and thyroxine hormone, radioiodine activity, and physical characteristics such as pressure, density, and displacement of the thyroid molecules. In conclusion, the mathematical models used so far with differential equations approach several aspects of thyroid cancer, including participation in methods of execution or follow-up of treatments. With the development of new models, an increase in the current understanding of the detection, evolution, and treatment of diseases is a step that should be considered.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Radiotherapy is a key cancer treatment, which greatly modified its practice in recent years thanks to medical imaging and technical improvements. The systematic use of computed tomography (CT) for treatment planning, the imaging fusion/co-registration between CT/magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or CT/positron emission tomography (PET) improve target identification/selection and delineation. New irradiation techniques such as image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT), stereotactic radiotherapy or hadron therapy offer a more diverse therapeutic armamentarium to patients together with lower toxicity. Radiotherapy, as well as medical oncology, tends to offer a personalized treatment to patients thanks to the IGRT, which takes into account the inter- or intra-fraction anatomic variations. IGRT leads to adaptive radiotherapy (ART) with a new planification in the treatment course in order to decrease toxicity and improve tumor control. The use of systemic therapies with radiations needs to be studied in order to improve efficiency without increasing toxicities from these multimodal approaches. Finally, radiotherapy advances were impacted by radiotherapy accidents like Epinal. They led to an increased quality control with the intensification of identity control, the emergence of in vivo dosimetry or the experience feedback committee in radiotherapy. We will illustrate through the example of lung cancer.
Category: Generic
Antibiotic resistance (AR) is a naturally occurring phenomenon with the capacity to render useless all known antibiotics in the fight against bacterial infections. Although bacterial resistance appeared before any human life form, this process has accelerated in the past years. Important causes of AR in modern times could be the over-prescription of antibiotics, the presence of faulty infection-prevention strategies, pollution in overcrowded areas, or the use of antibiotics in agriculture and farming, together with a decreased interest from the pharmaceutical industry in researching and testing new antibiotics. The last cause is primarily due to the high costs of developing antibiotics. The aim of the present review is to highlight the techniques that are being developed for the identification of new antibiotics to assist this lengthy process, using artificial intelligence (AI). AI can shorten the preclinical phase by rapidly generating many substances based on algorithms created by machine learning (ML) through techniques such as neural networks (NN) or deep learning (DL). Recently, a text mining system that incorporates DL algorithms was used to help and speed up the data curation process. Moreover, new and old methods are being used to identify new antibiotics, such as the combination of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) methods with ML or Raman spectroscopy and MALDI-TOF MS combined with NN, offering faster and easier interpretation of results. Thus, AI techniques are important additional tools for researchers and clinicians in the race for new methods of overcoming bacterial resistance.
Category: Lung_Cancer
We assessed the usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography in the diagnosis of lung cancer. We performed a needle-puncture experiment on 45 normal tissue specimens to determine the luminar structure of the tracheobronchial wall. In addition, we compared the ultrasonographic determination of tumor invasion in 24 lung cancer patients with the histopathological findings. The cartilaginous portions of the extrapulmonary bronchi and the intrapulmonary bronchi exhibited a five-layered structure. Starting on the lumen side, the first layer (hyperechoic) was a marginal echo, the second (hypoechoic) was the submucosal tissue, the third (hyperechoic) was the marginal echo on the inner side of the bronchial cartilage, the fourth (hypoechoic) was bronchial cartilage, and the fifth (hyperechoic) was the marginal echo on the outer side of the cartilage. In the membranous portions, the first layer (hyperechoic) was a marginal echo, the second (hypoechoic) was smooth muscle, and the third (hyperechoic) corresponded to the adventitia. Comparisons between the ultrasonograms and the histopathological findings in 24 lung cancer patients revealed that depth diagnosis was the same in 23 lesions (95.8%) and different in 1 lesion (4.2%). We describe the usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography in the diagnosis of peribronchial lymph nodes and peripheral pulmonary lesions.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Rapid technologic advances are allowing for the development of algorithms to predict both patient prognosis, and possibly, responsiveness to specific therapeutic interventions. Such classifiers may potentially be based on hundreds or thousands of possible factors, including data from genomic, proteomic, pathologic, or other factors. As such, in the absence of careful experimental design, there is considerable potential for an over-optimistic assessment of a classifier's true performance in the clinical setting. Here, I describe a multi-step methodology for the development and assessment of genomic classifiers in the setting of colon cancer. Critical issues include the stability and reproducibility of the assay methodology, appropriate choice of patient population, proper segregation of data into learning and validation cohorts, inclusion of known prognostic and predictive factors (eg, staging), and a critical examination of the most relevant performance characteristics. The need for prospective vs. retrospective confirmation is also discussed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Overall survival has only improved slightly despite advances in surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Molecularly targeted agents are currently being studied in all treatment settings including that of chemoprevention, which is defined as the use of natural or synthetic agents to interrupt the process of carcinogenesis and to prevent or delay tumour occurrence. Lung cancer has become an increasingly difficult problem to treat with standard therapies and chemopreventive strategies have been developed. Progress in chemoprevention is reliant on the collaborative efforts of researchers in basic science and clinical settings who study the biology of lung cancer with the goal of uncovering new mechanisms of carcinogenesis. Small molecules which target specific receptors or mutations such as inhibitors of epidermal growth factor receptor or RAS will have an increasingly significant role as they are associated with more tolerable side-effects and may prove more effective. Development of a risk model with intermediate endpoints is essential for future chemoprevention studies.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Despite many advances and optimization in colon cancer treatment, tumor recurrence and metastases make the development of new therapies necessary. Colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered as the main triggering factor of cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis. CCSCs as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations and also complex interconnection with the tumor microenvironment (TME) can evolve and convert to full malignant cells. Mounting evidence suggests that in cancer therapy both CCSCs and non-CCSCs in TME have to be regarded to break through the limitation of current therapies. In this regard, stem cell capabilities of some non-CCSCs may arise inside the TME condition. Therefore, a deep knowledge of regulatory mechanisms, heterogeneity, specific markers, and signaling pathways of CCSCs and their interconnection with TME components is needed to improve the treatment of colorectal cancer and the patient's life quality. In this review, we address current different targeted therapeutic options that target cell surface markers and signaling pathways of CCSCs and other components of TME. Current challenges and future perspectives of colon cancer personalized therapy are also provided here. Taken together, based on the deep understanding of biology of CCSCs and using three-dimensional culture technologies, it can be possible to reach successful colon cancer eradication and improvise combination targeted therapies against CCSCs and TME.
Category: Lung_Cancer
A 64-year-old female patient was admitted to our outpatient clinic with pleuritic chest pain, non-productive cough, and dyspnea. She expectorated three stones (lithoptysis) before bronchoscopy. She underwent positron emission tomography-computed tomography, which revealed a hyper metabolic mass in the right upper lobe of her lung. Three months later, the mass formation appeared as a patchy consolidation in the first control thoracic computed tomography examination. In conclusion, postobstructive consolidation due to broncholithiasis, which is very rare, should be kept in mind in the differential diagnosis of hyper metabolic mass. The simplest incidental diagnostic finding of broncholithiasis is the rare lithoptysis.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Tumor angiogenesis is a complicated process that is regulated by numerous factors simultaneously and in a coordinated fashion. Angiogenic factors drive the process of neovascularization, but the initiation of angiogenesis involves priming of endothelial cells so that they will respond to mitogenic stimuli. The angiopoietins (Ang) -1 and -2 mediate endothelial cell stability through binding to their endothelial cell-specific receptor, Tie-2. Ang-1 leads to endothelial cell stability, and, in vivo, to an actual decrease in angiogenesis. This is likely due to its ability to enhance adhesion to the perivascular tissues. In contrast, Ang-2 leads to endothelial cell instability and may be an initiating factor in angiogenesis, priming endothelial cells for mitogenic signals. Thus, a novel antiangiogenic strategy may be one that leads to enhanced endothelial cell stability, thereby protecting endothelial cells from standard angiogenic stimuli. This may ultimately lead to tumor dormancy by transforming a rapidly growing tumor into an indolent tumor.
Category: Generic
We explore unique considerations involved in fitting machine learning (ML) models to data with very high precision, as is often required for science applications. We empirically compare various function approximation methods and study how they scale with increasing parameters and data. We find that neural networks (NNs) can often outperform classical approximation methods on high-dimensional examples, by (we hypothesize) auto-discovering and exploiting modular structures therein. However, neural networks trained with common optimizers are less powerful for low-dimensional cases, which motivates us to study the unique properties of neural network loss landscapes and the corresponding optimization challenges that arise in the high precision regime. To address the optimization issue in low dimensions, we develop training tricks which enable us to train neural networks to extremely low loss, close to the limits allowed by numerical precision.
Category: Generic
Cybersecurity has seen an increasing frequency and impact of cyberattacks and exposure of Protected Health Information (PHI). The uptake of an Electronic Medical Record (EMR), the exponential adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic has increased the threat surface presented for cyberattack by the healthcare sector. Within healthcare generally and, more specifically, within anaesthesia and Intensive Care, there has been an explosion in wired and wireless devices used daily in the care of almost every patient-the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT); ventilators, anaesthetic machines, infusion pumps, pacing devices, organ support and a plethora of monitoring modalities. All of these devices, once connected to a hospital network, present another opportunity for a malevolent party to access the hospital systems, either to gain PHI for financial, political or other gain or to attack the systems directly to cause erroneous monitoring, altered settings of any device and even to access the EMR via this IoMT window. This exponential increase in the IoMT and the increasing wireless connectivity of anaesthesia and ICU devices as well as implantable devices presents a real and present danger to patient safety. There has, at the same time, been a chronic underfunding of cybersecurity in healthcare. This lack of cybersecurity investment has left the sector exposed, and with the monetisation of PHI, the introduction of technically unsecure IoT devices for monitoring and direct patient care, the healthcare sector is presenting itself for further devastating cyberattacks or breaches of PHI. Coupled with the immense strain that the COVID-19 pandemic has placed on healthcare and the changes in working patterns of many caregivers, this has further amplified the exposure of the sector to cyberattacks.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a very severe disease, being its incidence increasingly reported and, nowadays, successfully treatable only when surgery is deemed to be feasible. Furthermore, the disease and the clinical effects related to the complementary therapies (radio and/or chemotherapy) may strongly affect, frequently with dramatic clinical side effects, the patient's ability to endure physical exercise. In such context, the PR(PR), which has already been proved to be useful and effective in other diseases such as COPD, could play a pivotal role. The aim of this review article is, therefore, to analyze the pertinent data recently reported in English literature in order to highlight the role of rehabilitation as complementary therapy in the management of patients with NSCLC. The evidence currently available suggests that, when surgery is indicated, PR is a safe and feasible option, both during pre-operative and post-operative timing.The safety and feasibility of rehabilitation are proven even in inoperable patients, although to date, little evidence has been reported on its role in the overall management of such complex diseases.
Category: Lung_Cancer
A 70-year-old man having severe ischemic heart diseases developed bilateral, duplicate lung cancer of large cell and squamous cell types. Chemoimmunotherapy consisting of carmofur, picibanil inhalation, i.m. sizofilan, and peroral bestatin was started, and 3 months later, peroral medroxyprogesterone acetate was added. The tumor regressed, and the patient survived more than 34 months. This type of nonaggressive regimen may thus be useful for tumors other than adenocarcinomas, too.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid carcinoma was detected in 1132 of 32500 patients undergoing surgery because of goiter. Small thyroid carcinoma (STC) was found in 245 patients (21.6%) and is divided into the following subgroups: 1) local (focal) microcarcinoma-a focus of a pronounced proliferation, dysplasia and fibrosis up to 1 mm in diameter; 2) invasive dwarf carcinoma of 5 to 15 mm in diameter which is not detected by clinical and instrumental methods; 3) intermediate STC, 1 to 5 mm in diameter. STC had a papillary-follicular structure in 88%, the rest were of a oncocytic and parafollicular structure.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
A number of genetic abnormalities in oncogenes or anti-oncogenes have been identified in association with thyroid carcinogenesis. Especially, oncogenes such as ras mutation, ret/PTC and Braf mutation that constitutively activate MAP kinase pathway a refrequently found in papillary thyroid cancer. The p53 mutation aggravates differentiated thyroid cancers to anaplastic thyroid cancer. These gene alterations are studied not only to understand basically the mechanisms of oncogenesis but also to develop clinically genetic diagnosis or molecular target therapy. In this article, we review the genetic diagnostic methods and phenotype-genotype relationship of human thyroid cancers.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Cancer Research UK has joined with two major pharmaceutical companies to launch a large multiarm clinical trial, dubbed the National Lung Matrix trial, to test the effectiveness of promising experimental therapies in treating rare forms of advanced lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved vandetanib in April 2011 for the treatment of unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic medullary thyroid cancer (MTC). In Europe it was approved in March 2012, but only for the treatment of aggressive and symptomatic MTC. This small molecule is a tyrosine kinase inhibitor of several growth factors involved in cellular proliferation and angiogenesis, including the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the vascular endothelial growth factor receptors 2 and 3 (VEGFR-2, VEGFR-3). In addition, vandetanib is an inhibitor of the RET (rearranged during transfection) gene, a proto-oncogene often mutated in familial MTC. Since MTC is a rare disease, for which no previous medical therapies are approved, vandetanib is the first drug shown to be effective in a large phase III trial treating patients with metastatic or locally advanced MTC. Common adverse events are diarrhea, nausea, hypertension, headache and QT prolongation that are manageable and are commonly outweighed by the benefits of vandetanib in terms of delaying disease progression and inducing tumor response.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Erythopoietin (EPO) treatment of anemia during cancer has dramatically improved the tolerance of chemotherapy and quality of life of patients at all stages of the disease. Several surveys have demonstrated a high prevalence and a high incidence of anemia in lung cancer patients. The guidelines updates concerning EPO treatment for these patients are described. They take into account the debate concerning the potential harm of these molecules on the neoplastic disease and the possible role of EPO receptors expressed by several tumors, including non small cell lung cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The gene expression program induced by NRF2 transcription factor plays a critical role in cell defense responses against a broad variety of cellular stresses, most importantly oxidative stress. NRF2 stability is fine-tuned regulated by KEAP1, which drives its degradation in the absence of oxidative stress. In the context of cancer, NRF2 cytoprotective functions were initially linked to anti-oncogenic properties. However, in the last few decades, growing evidence indicates that NRF2 acts as a tumor driver, inducing metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. Constitutive activation of NRF2 has been found to be frequent in several tumors, including some lung cancer sub-types and it has been associated to the maintenance of a malignant cell phenotype. This apparently contradictory effect of the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling pathway in cancer (cell protection against cancer versus pro-tumoral properties) has generated a great controversy about its functions in this disease. In this review, we will describe the molecular mechanism regulating this signaling pathway in physiological conditions and summarize the most important findings related to the role of NRF2/KEAP1 in lung cancer. The focus will be placed on NRF2 activation mechanisms, the implication of those in lung cancer progression and current therapeutic strategies directed at blocking NRF2 action.