EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
Recent evidence suggests that intensive follow-up after curative resection of colorectal cancer is associated with a small but significant improvement in survival. Regimens that employ cross-sectional imaging and carcinoembryonic antigen determination appear to have the greatest benefit. A risk-adapted approach to follow-up, intensively following patients at highest risk of recurrence, increases efficacy and cost-effectiveness. Ongoing improvements in risk stratification, disease detection, and treatment will increase the benefits of postoperative surveillance. Large randomized controlled trials are needed to determine the optimal surveillance regimen and must include an analysis of survival, quality of life, and cost-effectiveness to assess efficacy properly.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the most common endocrine malignancy and its global incidence rates are rapidly increasing. Although the mortality of thyroid cancer is relatively low, its rate of recurrence or persistence is relatively high, contributing to incurability and morbidity of the disease. Thyroid cancer is mainly treated by surgery and radioiodine remnant ablation, which is effective only for non-metastasized primary tumors. Therefore, better understanding of the molecular targets available in this tumor is necessary. Similarly to many other tumor types, oncogenic molecular alterations in thyroid epithelium include aberrant signal transduction of the mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT (also known as protein kinase B), NF- B, and WNT/ -catenin pathways. However, the role of the Janus kinase (JAK)/signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) pathway, a well-known mediator of tumorigenesis in different tumor types, is relatively less understood in thyroid cancer. Intriguingly, recent studies have demonstrated that, in thyroid cancer, the JAK/STAT3 pathway may function in the context of tumor suppression rather than promoting tumorigenesis. In this review, we provide an update of STAT3 function in thyroid cancer and discuss some of the evidences that support this hypothesis.
Category: Generic
The number of cardiovascular imaging studies is growing exponentially, and so is the demand to improve the efficacy of the imaging workflow. Over the past decade, studies have demonstrated that machine learning (ML) holds promise to revolutionize cardiovascular research and clinical care. ML may improve several aspects of cardiovascular imaging, such as image acquisition, segmentation, image interpretation, diagnostics, therapy planning, and prognostication. In this review, we discuss the most promising applications of ML in cardiovascular imaging and also highlight the several challenges to its widespread implementation in clinical practice.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women in the United States. It is also the leading cause of cancer death among men and the second leading cause of cancer death among women worldwide. Lung cancer rates and trends vary substantially by sex, age, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and geography because of differences in historical smoking patterns. Lung cancer mortality rates in the United States are highest among males, blacks, people of lower socioeconomic status, and in the mid-South (e.g., Kentucky, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Tennessee). Globally, rates are highest in countries where smoking uptake began earliest, such as those in North America and Europe. Although rates are now decreasing in most of these countries (e.g., United States, United Kingdom, Australia), especially in men, they are increasing in countries where smoking uptake occurred later. Low- and middle-income countries now account for more than 50% of lung cancer deaths each year. This chapter reviews lung cancer incidence and mortality patterns in the United States and globally.
Category: Generic
Riboflavin (vitamin B2) production has shifted from chemical synthesis to exclusive biotechnological synthesis in less than 15 years. The underlying extraordinary achievement in metabolic engineering and bioprocess engineering is reviewed in this article with regard to the two most important industrial producers Bacillus subtilis and Ashbya gossypii. The respective biosynthetic routes and modifications are discussed, and also the regulation of riboflavin synthesis. As the terminal biosynthesis of riboflavin starts from the two precursors, ribulose 5-phosphate and guanosine triphosphate (GTP), both strains have been optimized for an improved flux through the pentose phosphate pathway as well as the purine biosynthetic pathway. Specific targets for improvement of A. gossypii were the increase of the glycine pool and the increase of carbon flow through the glyoxylic shunt. In B. subtilis, research interest, amongst others, has focused on gluconeogenesis and overexpression of the rib operon. In addition, insight into large-scale production of vitamin B2 is given, as well as future prospects and possible developments.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the major causes of death in the western world. Despite increasing knowledge of the molecular signaling pathways implicated in colon cancer, therapeutic outcomes are still only moderately successful. Sphingolipids, a family of N-acyl linked lipids, have not only structural functions but are also implicated in important biological functions. Ceramide, sphingosine and sphingosine-1-phosphate are the most important bioactive lipids, and they regulate several key cellular functions. Accumulating evidence suggests that many cancers present alterations in sphingolipids and their metabolizing enzymes. The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging roles of sphingolipids, both endogenous and dietary, in colon cancer and the interaction of sphingolipids with WNT/ -catenin pathway, one of the most important signaling cascades that regulate development and homeostasis in intestine. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled New Frontiers in Sphingolipid Biology.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is one of the so-called westernized diseases and the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. On the basis of global epidemiological and scientific studies, evidence suggests that the risk of colorectal cancer is increased by processed and unprocessed meat consumption but suppressed by fibre, and that food composition affects colonic health and cancer risk via its effects on colonic microbial metabolism. The gut microbiota can ferment complex dietary residues that are resistant to digestion by enteric enzymes. This process provides energy for the microbiota but culminates in the release of short-chain fatty acids including butyrate, which are utilized for the metabolic needs of the colon and the body. Butyrate has a remarkable array of colonic health-promoting and antineoplastic properties: it is the preferred energy source for colonocytes, it maintains mucosal integrity and it suppresses inflammation and carcinogenesis through effects on immunity, gene expression and epigenetic modulation. Protein residues and fat-stimulated bile acids are also metabolized by the microbiota to inflammatory and/or carcinogenic metabolites, which increase the risk of neoplastic progression. This Review will discuss the mechanisms behind these microbial metabolite effects, which could be modified by diet to achieve the objective of preventing colorectal cancer in Western societies.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Staging classification in patients with non-small cell lung cancer does not always correlate perfectly with surgical resectability. Therefore, it is important to evaluate individual features of a patient's tumor in order to determine if surgical resection is the optimal method of treatment, regardless of tumor stage. Such features include characteristics of the primary tumor, regional lymph nodes and distant sites.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is a heterogeneous group of malignancies, including differentiated thyroid carcinomas, medullary and anaplastic carcinomas, and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The incidence, presentation, natural history, prognosis, and treatment vary greatly among this diverse group of malignancies. The primary role of imaging in thyroid cancer is to evaluate for extension of tumor beyond the thyroid capsule and to assess for nodal metastases. Ultrasound is the standard imaging option for uncomplicated thyroid cancer, but patients with symptoms suggesting extrathyroidal extension or palpable lateral lymphadenopathy should be considered for cross-sectional imaging with computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging.
Category: Generic
It seems natural to think that the same prudential and ethical reasons for mutual respect and tolerance that one has vis- -vis other human persons would hold toward newly encountered paradigmatic but nonhuman biological persons. One also tends to think that they would have similar reasons for treating we humans as creatures that count morally in our own right. This line of thought transcends biological boundaries-namely, with regard to artificially (super)intelligent persons-but is this a safe assumption? The issue concerns ultimate moral significance: the significance possessed by human persons, persons from other planets, and hypothetical nonorganic persons in the form of artificial intelligence (AI). This article investigates why our possible relations to AI persons could be more complicated than they first might appear, given that they might possess a radically different nature to us, to the point that civilized or peaceful coexistence in a determinate geographical space could be impossible to achieve.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Immunotherapy has emerged in recent years as a promising therapeutic approach in lung cancer. Two approaches are of particular interest: immune checkpoint inhibition, which aims to counteract the physiologic mechanisms of immune tolerance co-opted by some tumors, and vaccine therapy, which enables enhanced exposure to tumor antigen. Immune checkpoint therapies include the monoclonal antibody blockade of the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with ipilimumab, as well as antibody blockade of the programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) receptor and the PD-1 ligand. These immune checkpoint therapies have been evaluated in both non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and small cell lung cancer (SCLC) with early evidence of activity. Vaccines include antigen specific therapies which induce specific antitumor immunity against relevant tumor-associated antigens. In lung cancer, these include the melanoma-associated antigen-A3 (MAGE-A3), membrane-associated glycoprotein (MUC-1), and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Whole tumor vaccines have also been evaluated in lung cancer and influence the patient's immune system to allow recognition of the tumor as foreign creating de novo immunity. This review summarizes the evidence to date for the efficacy and safety of immunotherapies in lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
An analysis of thyroid cancer by The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network identifies previously unknown molecular subtypes of thyroid cancer, potentially leading to more accurate diagnosis and targeted treatments.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Urologic endoscopic resectoscopes greatly simplify electrofulguration and resection of rectal tumors. The most important advantage is the enhanced visibility that allows determination of the depth of resection and good hemostasis. The indications for this procedure are otherwise-poor surgical candidates, palliation, excision of locally aggressive tumors such as villous adenomas, and bowel diversion prior to definitive therapy. Bleeding, peritoneal perforation requiring colostomy, and postoperative infection have all been reported, but the complication rate appears to be acceptable. Further clinical studies are necessary to determine if, indeed, this can be considered a curative procedure. Finally, because the practicing urologist is intimately aware of the technical aspects of the urologic resectoscope, he will probably be called on to perform, and should be aware of, this procedure.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Genetic alteration is the driving force for thyroid tumorigenesis and progression, based upon which novel approaches to the management of thyroid cancer can be developed. A recent important genetic finding in thyroid cancer is the oncogenic T1799A transversion mutation of BRAF (the gene for the B-type Raf kinase, BRAF). Since the initial report of this mutation in thyroid cancer 2 years ago, rapid advancements have been made. BRAF mutation is the most common genetic alteration in thyroid cancer, occurring in about 45% of sporadic papillary thyroid cancers (PTCs), particularly in the relatively aggressive subtypes, such as the tall-cell PTC. This mutation is mutually exclusive with other common genetic alterations, supporting its independent oncogenic role, as demonstrated by transgenic mouse studies that showed BRAF mutation-initiated development of PTC and its transition to anaplastic thyroid cancer. BRAF mutation is mutually exclusive with RET/PTC rearrangement, and also displays a reciprocal age association with this common genetic alteration in thyroid cancer. The T1799A BRAF mutation occurs exclusively in PTC and PTC-derived anaplastic thyroid cancer and is a specific diagnostic marker for this cancer when identified in cytological and histological specimens. This mutation is associated with a poorer clinicopathological outcome and is a novel independent molecular prognostic marker in the risk evaluation of thyroid cancer. Moreover, preclinical and clinical evaluations of the therapeutic value of novel specific mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitors in thyroid cancer are anticipated. This newly discovered BRAF mutation may prove to have an important impact on thyroid cancer in the clinic.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Multikinase inhibitors are effective treatments for thyroid cancers, acting primarily as antiangiogenic agents. This year, advances have been made in selective targeting of RET and BRAF in patients with medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancers, respectively. However, H rthle cell carcinomas have a unique genomic landscape with no dominant truncal drivers, precluding simplistic approaches to therapeutic targeting.
Category: Colon_Cancer
To visualize the anatomy as revealed by dendrograms of the tumor, lymph node, and metastasis (TNM) staging system for colon cancer and compare it with the Dukes' system.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Low-dose CT screening for lung cancer is a complex and controversial topic. This article reviews the history of lung cancer screening trials and addresses the principles and confounding biases associated with screening. Chest radiography was initially used for lung cancer screening in the 1970s. In the mid-1990s helical single-detector CT came into use, followed by helical multidetector CT, the current method of screening. Results from prevalence studies and a few single-arm incidence studies have raised concerns about overdiagnosis and the high rate of nodule detection. Follow-up studies and further investigation are needed. To this end, a randomized, controlled trial sponsored by the National Cancer Institute is underway to evaluate disease-specific mortality.
Category: Colon_Cancer
To measure patient preferences for four different screening strategies: annual fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) alone; flexible sigmoidoscopy (FSIG) every 5 years alone; both annual FOBT and FSIG every 5 years; or no screening.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Metastatic tumors of the spleen are rare and usually occur in the presence of disseminated visceral metastases. The liver is the most common site of metastatic spread from colon cancer. We report a case of isolated intrasplenic metastasis from sigmoid colon cancer and review the possible reasons for the rarity of splenic metastasis. This represents the fifth reported case of isolated splenic metastasis from colon cancer. Splenectomy may be justified in presence of isolated metastatic disease, since it is an operation with a low complication rate and may provide potential long-term survival in colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The lethality of lung cancer is related to the advanced stage at diagnosis. Initial studies have demonstrated that screening computed tomography (CT) is effective in diagnosing lung cancer at an earlier stage when compared with current clinical practice, however the best clinical approach for screening detected nodules has to be defined. The population to be identified as high risk should be over 50 years of age and should have smoked at least one pack/day for 20 years. CT protocols should use multidetector CT, low dose and a 2.5 reconstruction interval. Diagnostic workup on detected nodules should be designed according to size and consider CT at 3 or 12 months to evaluate doubling time, CT enhancement, PET/CT and/or FNAB or VATS. The prevalence of lung cancer in the screened population is 1.1%-2.7%, and the incidence is 0.2%-1.1%. Eighty-one percent of cancers are diagnosed in stage I. The percentage of surgery performed for benign lesions ranges from 21% to 55%. In our series, the overall mortality rate was 3.2% in 5 years. The results of randomized clinical studies, when available, will assess the real efficacy of CT in reducing lung cancer related mortality.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Acromegaloidism is a condition characterized by features of acromegaly without biochemical evidence of excessive growth hormone (GH) production. Insulin resistance is one of the possible etiologies. We report the case of a patient with acromegalic features, a left lung neoplastic process, generalized acanthosis nigricans and severe insulin resistance. Normal IGF 1 and GH inhibition below 1 ng/ml by the oral glucose tolerance test ruled out the diagnosis of acromegaly. Acanthosis nigricans (AN) may be present as a paraneoplastic syndrome or may be associated to benign pathology in which insulin resistance is involved. Acromegaloidism has been reported in patients with severe insulin resistance as we are describing here. It is possible that very high insulin levels can stimulate excessive acral growth acting through insulin receptors that retain the ability to mediate anabolic effects, or alternatively through the IGF1 receptor. We found no data of acromegaloidism as a paraneoplastic syndrome. To summarize, we report a case of severe insulin resistance, pseudoacromegaly and AN, coexisting with a lung carcinoma. Acromegaloidism and AN appear to be due to insulin resistance, even though in this patient we cannot exclude that AN could be a paraneoplastic syndrome.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The authors observed 149 patients with nodal goiter and 39 patients with thyroid cancer for thyroid cancer risk factors. Frequency of thyroid cancer, malignancies and thyroid gland diseases was studied in the families of the observed patients. BRAF T1796A gene mutation was identified in 50 tissue samples of thyroid cancer of the patients. It has been shown, presence in relatives thyroid cancer and malignant new growths is thyroid cancer risk factor. BRAF T1796A mutation was identified in 27% of papillary thyroid cancer samples and its identification may be used to determine this risk factor of the development of papillary thyroid cancer clinical form.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The relationship between dietary factors and mortality from colon cancer was explored by an analysis of the correlation between age-adjusted colon cancer death rates for men in 38 countries and estimates of the availability of a number of dietary components. Cereals were the only source of fiber found to be negatively associated with colon cancer mortality after adjustment for the availability of total or animal fats, or total or red meats, foods that were themselves positively associated with mortality. The estimate of dietary fiber from cereals was more closely associated with mortality than that of crude fiber. The previously postulated protective effects of vitamins C and A and of cruciferous vegetables were not supported by the international data; we found no evidence of a negative association between colon cancer mortality and availability of these dietary factors. The positive association previously reported between colon cancer and beer consumption disappeared following adjustment for animal fat.
Category: Lung_Cancer
In small cell lung cancer, combination chemotherapy including platinum compounds (cisplatin and carboplatin) and the podophyllotoxins (teniposide and etoposide) continues to be the backbone of therapy. Complete plus partial responses to combination chemotherapy occur in 80-90% of all patients. Median survival is at present 11-17 months depending on the initial tumour stage. Overall 5-year survival is approximately 5%. The duration of treatment has been shortened to 5-6 months. The results of the use of hematopoietic growth factors have hitherto been disappointing with respect to survival, while a definite effect on the degree and number of infections has been documented, when aggressive chemotherapy is administered. For epidermoid-, adenoid- and large cell carcinoma, results are emerging indicating that preoperative and preirradiatory chemotherapy in stage IIIa non-small cell lung cancer might have a substantial role in the overall management based on results from phase III trials. The studies are, however, rather modest in number and longer follow-up is necessary before recommendations for general use can be made. For patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (stage IIIb and IV), meta-analyses have yielded a small survival benefit (6 weeks) in favour of patients receiving chemotherapy vs. best supportive care. The treatment of this type of NSCLC should, however, still be considered to be experimental in order to define new innovative treatments. No improvement of the therapy of mesotheliomas has been reported.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Distant metastases from thyroid cancer of follicular origin are uncommon. Treatment includes levothyroxine administration, focal treatment modalities with surgery, external radiation therapy and thermal ablation, and radioiodine in patients with uptake of 131I in their metastases. Two-thirds of distant metastases become refractory to radioiodine at some point, and when there is a significant tumor burden and documented progression on imaging, a treatment with a kinase inhibitor may provide benefits.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
A technique of thyroidectomy that facilitates resection of the thyroid, preserves the parathyroid glands with their blood supply, and preserves the recurrent and the superior laryngeal nerves is described. This technique provides a simple and versatile means of complete extracapsular thyroidectomy for lesions of the thyroid gland and minimizes postoperative complications.