EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Lung_Cancer
Bronchoplasty for patients with lung cancer is basically designed to achieve radical cure with the preservation of lung function. Functional lung parenchyma can be preserved, and the reimplanted lobes contribute to postoperative quality of life. Pneumonectomy is associated with a higher occurrence of postoperative complications, poor quality of life, and cardiopulmonary dysfunction as compared with lobectomy. In addition, long-term complications (i.e., late pulmonary hypertension, respiratory failure, or so-called postpneumonectomy syndrome) are sometimes seen after pneumonectomy but seldom after lobectomy. Thus pneumonectomy itself is considered a disease. Sleeve lobectomy, or lobectomy with bronchoplasty, which allows the preservation of functional lung parenchyma with the possible advantages of lower mortality and morbidity rates, is a valid alternative to pneumonectomy and has recently been accepted as a standard treatment in noncompromised patients with lung cancer. Atypical bronchoplasties such as double-sleeve and extended-sleeve lobectomy, and sleeve segmentectomy are also performed at present. This article describes the surgical techniques for bronchoplastic procedures and compares the surgical outcomes of sleeve lobectomy with those of pneumonectomy reported in the literature.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Radioactive 131I therapy for differentiated thyroid cancer has been used since the 1940s and is an established and effective treatment. In contrast, external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) was considered to be effective for achieving local control but not for prolonging survival. Although clinicians were hesitant to administer EBRT owing to the potential radiation-induced adverse effects of 2 dimensional (2D)-radiotherapy until 2000, it is expected that adverse effects will be reduced and treatment efficacy improved through the introduction of more advanced techniques for delivering radiation (eg, 3D-radiotherapy and intensity modulated radiotherapy [IMRT]). The prognosis of undifferentiated thyroid cancer is known to be extremely bad, although in very rare cases, multimodality therapy (total or subtotal resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy) has allowed long-term survival. Here, we report the preliminary results of using hypofractionated radiotherapy for undifferentiated thyroid cancer in our institution.
Category: Lung_Cancer
The results of ACOSOG Z4031 may provide landmark information for the use of proteomic profiling to diagnose lung cancer noninvasively and to provide more accurate predictions of survival. Although the technological developments allowing generalized use of proteomic and genomic analyses are relatively recent, major progress in understanding the molecular basis of lung cancer has been made. Predicting survival is only the first step in the use of proteomics. If a reliable protein profile can be identified that is associated with poor prognosis, these proteins can then be identified and become therapeutic targets. It is not difficult to envision a day when a simple blood test will diagnose a lung cancer, perhaps even before it is clinically apparent, and, at the same time, identify the chemotherapeutic agents to which the tumor is sensitive, allowing individually directed treatment.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Concurrent chemoradiation has become for the 15 last years the standard treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer, either as a definite therapy in non resectable tumors, or in a neoadjuvant setting in potentially resectable tumors. Associating sequential and concurrent schedules, by administering chemotherapy before or after concurrent chemoradiation, has been recently investigated, but the best sequence remains a matter of controversy. Increasing local control and survival after definite chemoradiation seems possible not only by using optimized radiation fractionation schedules and escalated total doses, but also by associating more convenient and less toxic chemotherapy agents at the right cytotoxic or radio-sensitizing dose. Moreover, recent data have suggested that surgery following induction chemoradiation is feasible and effective in selected patients without mediastinal nodes involvement, if a complete resection can be performed. In patients with localized small cell lung cancer, early concurrent chemoradiation with platinium and etoposide has been recognized as the state-of-the-art treatment. The increasing number of ongoing trials including modern radiation schedules combined with newer chemotherapy agents shows that chemoradiation is one of the most promising therapeutic strategies in thoracic oncology.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer, ranking as the third and fifth most prevalent global cancers, respectively, have seen increased diagnoses due to advancements in early detection and extended lifespans. Synchronous and metachronous cancers, with a rare incidence, are notable, with CRC being the predominant synchronous occurrence in gastric cancer patients. Screening CRC patients for gastric cancer is debated due to its low incidence, underscoring the crucial role of early diagnosis. Distinguishing between metastatic adenocarcinoma and synchronous tumors is challenging, relying on techniques such as immunohistochemistry. Surgery is the primary treatment for synchronous cancer, with successful single-stage surgeries reported. A case presentation of a 68-year-old female highlights these complexities. The final diagnosis encompassed stage I gastric cancer and stage IV colon cancer, leading to adjuvant chemotherapy. Synchronous gastric cancer and CRC present a unique clinical challenge, necessitating tailored approaches. Collaboration between surgical and oncological teams is crucial for comprehensive treatment planning and optimizing patient outcomes.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Advances in the understanding of biochemical and molecular processes associated with cellular growth and differentiation, as well as colonic carcinogenesis hold promise for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for this disease. Altered glycosylation of cell surface and secreted glycoconjugates appear to be useful markers in differentiating normal from malignant colonic tissue. New information regarding deletion and inappropriate expression of several blood group-related carbohydrate antigens as well as the synthesis of unique cancer-related carbohydrate structures has been derived from the use of monoclonal antibody technology, and may lead to more sensitive and specific screening tests and targeted therapies. Several glycoprotein markers for colon cancer have been studied whose diagnostic accuracy may surpass the limited sensitivity and specificity of traditional markers such as CEA. Colorectal cancers contain numerous quantitative and qualitative differences in metabolic and synthetic enzyme activities compared with normal colonic mucosa, which may be of potential importance in designing chemotherapeutic regimens or for following disease activity. Other cancer-associated markers, such as increases in orthinine decarboxylase activity and crypt cell labeling reflect abnormal proliferative activity and may be correlated with premalignant states. Studies of protooncogene expression and certain chromosomal deletions will provide insight into mechanisms of carcinogenesis and may also serve to define high-risk individuals. It is likely that as the biochemical and molecular mechanisms underlying malignancy are further delineated, cancer-associated markers will be defined that will improve diagnostic and more importantly, therapeutic efficacy.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Facial metastasis from colorectal cancer is very unusual. Herein, we report a 53-year-old man with history of colon cancer who was referred to our clinic because of an asymptomatic nodule on his chin for one year. Histopathologic examination of the nodule revealed metastatic adenocarcinoma, which was similar to that of the primary colon adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent radiotherapy for his skin metastasis, but he died 13 months later from widespread metastasis. I have no conflict of interest and no source of support.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Molecular imaging plays an important role in the evaluation and management of thyroid cancer. The routine use of thyroid scanning in all thyroid nodules is no longer recommended by many authorities. In the initial work-up of a thyroid nodule, radioiodine imaging can be particularly helpful when the thyroid stimulating hormone level is low and an autonomously functioning nodule is suspected. Radioiodine imaging can also be helpful in the 10-15% of cases for which fine-needle aspiration biopsy is indeterminate. Therapy of confirmed thyroid cancer frequently involves administration of iodine-131 after surgery to ablate remnant tissue. In the follow-up of thyroid cancer patients, increased thyroglobulin levels will often prompt the empiric administration of 131I followed by whole body radioiodine imaging in the search for recurrent or metastatic disease. 131I imaging of the whole body and blood pharmacokinetics can be used to determine if higher doses of 131I can be given in thyroid cancer. The utility of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) is steadily increasing. FDG is primarily taken up by dedifferentiated thyroid cancer cells, which are poorly iodine avid. Thus, it is particularly helpful in the patient with an increased thyroglobulin but negative radioiodine scan. FDG PET is also useful in the patient with a neck mass but unknown primary, in patients with aggressive (dedifferentiated) thyroid cancer, and in patients with differentiated cancer where histologic transformation to dedifferentiation is suspected. In rarer types of thyroid cancer, such as medullary thyroid cancer, FDG and other tracers such as 99mTc sestamibi, [11C]methionine, [111In]octreotide, and [68Ga]somatostatin receptor binding reagents have been utilized. 124I is not widely available, but has been used for PET imaging of thyroid cancer and will likely see broader applicability due to the advantages of PET methodology.
Category: Colon_Cancer
OTUB1 is a member of deubiquitinating enzymes; however, its expression and function in colon cancer are still unclear. The present study aimed at investigating the expression of OTUB1 in colon cancer and the relationship between the expression and some clinicopathologic parameters.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Identifying and understanding changes in cancer genomes is essential for the development of targeted therapeutics. Here we analyse systematically more than 70 pairs of primary human colon tumours by applying next-generation sequencing to characterize their exomes, transcriptomes and copy-number alterations. We have identified 36,303 protein-altering somatic changes that include several new recurrent mutations in the Wnt pathway gene TCF7L2, chromatin-remodelling genes such as TET2 and TET3 and receptor tyrosine kinases including ERBB3. Our analysis for significantly mutated cancer genes identified 23 candidates, including the cell cycle checkpoint kinase ATM. Copy-number and RNA-seq data analysis identified amplifications and corresponding overexpression of IGF2 in a subset of colon tumours. Furthermore, using RNA-seq data we identified multiple fusion transcripts including recurrent gene fusions involving R-spondin family members RSPO2 and RSPO3 that together occur in 10% of colon tumours. The RSPO fusions were mutually exclusive with APC mutations, indicating that they probably have a role in the activation of Wnt signalling and tumorigenesis. Consistent with this we show that the RSPO fusion proteins were capable of potentiating Wnt signalling. The R-spondin gene fusions and several other gene mutations identified in this study provide new potential opportunities for therapeutic intervention in colon cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Evidence emerging from many different types of experimental designs continues to support the concept that dietary habits, and nutritional status, play important roles in determining the risk of developing colorectal cancer. Overall, a diet habitually high in fresh fruits and vegetables, modest in calories and alcohol, and low in red meat and animal fat is cancer protective. This field of investigation is nevertheless very confusing, particularly because longstanding hypotheses, such as the presumed protective effects of fruits, vegetables, and fiber, have recently been challenged by well-designed prospective trials. The search for individual components in the diet that convey protection continues: calcium, folate, and selenium are the leading candidates in this regard. There is also growing interest in other plant-based compounds, so-called phytochemicals, although our understanding of their effects is quite rudimentary at present. However, regardless of the constituent components of the diet, evidence continues to accrue that ingesting a sensible amount of calories and maintaining a desirable weight also play important roles in prevention of this cancer. Although the inconsistencies in this field make it tempting to minimize its import, there is little question that diet has a major impact on colorectal cancer risk; diligent attention to the rigorous conduct of studies and their interpretation will likely clarify these relationships over the next decade, much to the benefit of public health.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The genes that are mutated in two of the rare syndromes of hereditary colon cancer were recently identified, and genetic diagnosis is already possible in some cases. Acquired mutations of these same genes also appear to be important in sporadic colon cancers. Familial clustering of sporadic cases is common and may likewise arise from inherited susceptibility. Screening strategies for both the rare syndromes and the common cases of colon cancer with familial risk have been suggested. Certain clinical features allow stratification of colon cancer risk among common cases. It is anticipated that continued genetic investigation will result in more precise screening and improved diagnostic and therapeutic options for colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer screening with low-dose computed tomography provides an opportunity to save lives by early detection of the deadliest cancer in the United States. Uptake of lung cancer screening has been quite low but may be improving. Clinician and patient education, integration of lung cancer screening protocols into electronic medical records, support for shared decision making and tobacco cessation, and improved communication between referral centers and clinicians are all important areas for improvement for lung cancer screening to reach its potential in improving morbidity and mortality from lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Serum ferritin, one of the nonspecific tumor markers, was studied in 102 thyroid cancer patients, who had been thyroidectomized and were off thyroxine for 1 month, making them hypothyroid. Serum ferritin in thyroid cancer patients was not significantly different as compared to controls. Nevertheless, high levels of serum ferritin were observed in the thyroid cancer group as compared to primary hypothyroid patients. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in serum ferritin between thyroid cancer patients without metastasis and those with metastasis, patients with metastasis showing higher levels. Classification of thyroid cancer patients into different histological types revealed higher ferritin levels in follicular carcinoma as compared to papillary carcinoma. These data suggest that, although serum ferritin may not be a tumor marker for thyroid cancer, this parameter seems to be sensitive to the presence of metastasis and the histologic diagnosis.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Randomised controlled trials, including the National Lung Screening Trial (NLST) and the NELSON trial, have shown reduced mortality with lung cancer screening with low-dose CT compared with chest radiography or no screening. Although research has provided clarity on key issues of lung cancer screening, uncertainty remains about aspects that might be critical to optimise clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness. This Review brings together current evidence on lung cancer screening, including an overview of clinical trials, considerations regarding the identification of individuals who benefit from lung cancer screening, management of screen-detected findings, smoking cessation interventions, cost-effectiveness, the role of artificial intelligence and biomarkers, and current challenges, solutions, and opportunities surrounding the implementation of lung cancer screening programmes from an international perspective. Further research into risk models for patient selection, personalised screening intervals, novel biomarkers, integrated cardiovascular disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease assessments, smoking cessation interventions, and artificial intelligence for lung nodule detection and risk stratification are key opportunities to increase the efficiency of lung cancer screening and ensure equity of access.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Ocular metastases are rare and their diagnosis can be difficult, being dependent on a combination of clinical examination of the eye, ultrasound, angiography and magnetic resonance imaging.
Category: Generic
Machine learning is increasingly important in microbiology where it is used for tasks such as predicting antibiotic resistance and associating human microbiome features with complex host diseases. The applications in microbiology are quickly expanding and the machine learning tools frequently used in basic and clinical research range from classification and regression to clustering and dimensionality reduction. In this Review, we examine the main machine learning concepts, tasks and applications that are relevant for experimental and clinical microbiologists. We provide the minimal toolbox for a microbiologist to be able to understand, interpret and use machine learning in their experimental and translational activities.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Papers in the review period have investigated the reasons why radiologists frequently overlook early lung cancers and have demonstrated that the rate at which radiologists falsely categorize a solitary pulmonary nodule as benign, through the use of commercially available CT phantom densitometry is higher than was previously believed. Attempts have also been made to find CT characteristics other than density that may help to distinguish benign from malignant nodules. A number of articles have addressed methods of improving the yield and reducing the pneumothorax rate following needle biopsy of pulmonary nodules. The major role of the radiologist when evaluating patients with known or probable lung cancer is to stage the tumor. The recent literature describing the accuracy of CT and MR imaging in staging lung cancer is also reviewed.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer remains the most common cause of cancer-related mortality in Scotland, accounting for 28.9% of all cancer deaths in 2007. Current guidelines recommend assessment of patient fitness and operability by a multidisciplinary team when selecting management options. Two of the most important prognostic markers are the stage of disease and ECOG performance status. In 1996, the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer (IASLC) launched a worldwide TNM staging project to create international databases that would be used to continue the excellent efforts of Dr. Cliff Mountain, who pioneered this approach to lung cancer staging in 1973. Successive iterations of tumor, nodule, metastasis (TNM) staging for lung cancer have addressed shortcomings identified by the oncology community. Similarly, the IASLC recognized that it is important that further revisions continue to be made to ensure that the international staging system for lung cancer remains fit for its purpose. The last work of the International Staging Committee (ISC) was the conduct of the study that informed the seventh edition of the international staging system for lung cancer, in 2010. This review of image and staging in non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), includes a summary of the different noninvasive tests currently available for staging non small cell lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The incidence of recurrence after curative resection in colon cancer is approximately 20%, and liver metastasis is the most common. Diagnostic modalities including recent techniques for recurrent colon cancer for example also in the liver, are not complete to point out minimal lesions. Thus, it is very hard to evaluate that recurrent lesions are localized or not. On the other hand, only regional treatments such as surgical resection and hepatic infusion chemotherapy are effective for this cancer, and the effect of systemic chemotherapy including 5-FU-LV and new agents are still now limited. From these points of view, for better management of patients with recurrent colon cancer, deeply understandings of incompleteness of imaging diagnoses and well application of local treatments are required.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in men and the second leading cause in women. Smoking cessation is the most effective measure to prevent development of lung cancer. Early detection trials with chest x-ray and sputum cytology failed to show reduction lung cancer mortality, despite the larger proportion of early-stage lung cancer diagnosed in the screened arm. The advent of low-dose chest computed tomography disclosed new perspectives. In 2011 an innovative, large prospective randomized controlled trial called "Reduced lung-cancer mortality with low-dose computed tomographic screening" was published and revealed reduced lung-cancer and overall mortality when persons at risk were annually screened by low-dose computed tomography compared to annually chest x-rays. At the moment, lung cancer screening cannot be recommended in general. It is uncertain for which duration screening should be continued, which screening modality is most appropriate and cost effective and what the psychological impact in case of indeterminate findings is. To avoid lung cancer screening programs being started imprudently, the Swiss healthcare system needs a provider independent commission mandated to continuously monitor ongoing screening trials, evaluate the results as well as the economical aspects, and make evidence based recommendations.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Although various benign and malignant tumors can occur in the bronchi and lungs, lung cancer is by far the most common tumor and the leading cause of tumor death worldwide. For therapeutic reasons lung cancer is classified currently as small cell (SCLC) or non small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The main cause is smoking. There are no specific symptoms that enable early detection. Staging is according to the international TNM-system. As the results of therapy to date are disappointing and many questions remain unsolved, as many patients as possible should be included in further prospective trials. In SCLC polychemotherapy is mandatory; in local tumor stages radiotherapy should be combined early on with chemotherapy, and in cases of complete remission, prophylactic cranial irradiation is indicated. In operable stages of NSCLC adjuvant chemotherapy demonstrates a survival benefit. In locally advanced NSCLC, radiochemotherapy is now the standard of care. Advanced stages require chemotherapy usually with two drugs, second-line chemotherapy is indicated in cases of relapse.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Hysterectomy has been associated with increased thyroid cancer risk but whether this reflects a biological link or increased diagnosis of indolent cancers due to greater medical contact remains unclear.