EliasHossain/CancerAbstracts huggingface dataset:
Category: Colon_Cancer
There have been no life-prolonging effects of surgical adjuvant chemotherapy with 5-FU alone or in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs, so surgical resection has been considered a standard therapy for colorectal cancer. Recently, clinical trials of modulation therapy with 5-FU and leucovorin showed higher efficacies in advanced colorectal cancer, and significant prolongations of survival time and disease-free interval were reported in a randomized trial of 5-FU and leucovorin for postoperative adjuvant therapy of resected colon cancer. Moreover, in a scientifically well controlled randomized study with 5-FU and levamisole, the significance of this regimen for Dukes C colon cancer has been shown for standard adjuvant chemotherapy.
Category: Lung_Cancer
It has been hypothesised that clinically evident lung cancers have accumulated many different genetic or epigenetic abnormalities in oncogenes and/or tumour suppressor genes. This notion has important clinical ramifications. Recent developments in our knowledge of the molecular biology of lung cancer are reviewed, with particular reference to genetic abnormalities in tumour suppressor gene inactivation and overactivity of growth promoting oncogenes. These changes lead to the "hallmarks of lung cancer". These hallmarks are the new rational targets for early detection, prevention, and treatment of lung cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Numerous occupational and environmental exposures have been shown to disrupt thyroid hormones, but much less is known about their relationships with thyroid cancer. Here we review the epidemiology studies of occupations and occupational exposures and thyroid cancer incidence to provide insight into preventable risk factors for thyroid cancer. The published literature was searched using the Web of Knowledge database for all articles through August 2013 that had in their text 'occupation' 'job' 'employment' or 'work' and 'thyroid cancer'. After excluding 10 mortality studies and 4 studies with less than 5 exposed incident cases, we summarised the findings of 30 articles that examined thyroid cancer incidence in relation to occupations or occupational exposure. The studies were grouped by exposure/occupation category, study design and exposure assessment approach. Where available, gender-stratified results are reported. The most studied (19 of 30 studies) and the most consistent associations were observed for radiation-exposed workers and healthcare occupations. Suggestive, but inconsistent, associations were observed in studies of pesticide-exposed workers and agricultural occupations. Findings for other exposures and occupation groups were largely null. The majority of studies had few exposed cases and assessed exposure based on occupation or industry category, self-report, or generic (population-based) job exposure matrices. The suggestive, but inconsistent findings for many of the occupational exposures reviewed here indicate that more studies with larger numbers of cases and better exposure assessment are necessary, particularly for exposures known to disrupt thyroid homeostasis.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Recent insights into anti-tumor immunotherapy have led to a wave of clinical trials involving immunotherapy for lung cancer. Vaccines have evolved from nonspecific immune stimulants, like Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), to much more specific and potent strategies, some of which generate active immune responses against tumor-associated antigens. Understanding the mechanisms of anti-tumor immunity and identifying target antigens will likely improve these therapeutic strategies and provide them with a niche in the future of lung cancer therapy.
Category: Generic
The Caribbean region is part of the world which lagged by 10 years compared to the rest of the developed world nations in the field of minimal access surgery (MAS). The implementation of basic and advanced laparoscopy only came to fruition until a group of surgeons created a partnership across the region. The introduction of robotic surgery to the world possess yet another challenge to the surgical leaders and the people of the developing Caribbean countries.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The clinical and morphological aspects of occult sclerosing carcinoma of the thyroid are presented on the basis of a ten-year review of the surgically removed thyroids in Geneva and from the study of thyroid glands obtained from 133 consecutive autopsies. The 15 cases found in the surgical material represented 7.7% of all malignant thyroid tumours and one fifth of the papillary carcinomas. Occult tumours are found at a mean age of 46.6 years and predominate in women. Clinically, two thirds presented as nodular goiters, two cases as primary hyperplasia and one as primary hyperparathyroidism. Three out of 15 cases presented clinically with a cervical lymph node metastasis. Treatment was conservative in all cases and consisted of subtotal thyroidectomy and/or elective lymphadenectomy, followed by medical suppression of TSH. Follow-up in 11 cases showed a single recurrence in a cervical lymph node, while the other 10 cases have been disease free for 4 to 13 years. In the autopsy series 3 thyroid glands (2.3%) contained occult tumours, two of which were microcarcinomas. The Genevan series compares with other European and American studies but differs from the much higher incidence in the Japanese.
Category: Generic
The nervous system is a product of evolution. That is, it was constructed through a long series of modifications, within the strong constraints of heredity, and continuously subjected to intense selection pressures. As a result, the organization and functions of the brain are shaped by its history. We believe that this fact, underappreciated in contemporary systems neuroscience, offers an invaluable aid for helping us resolve the brain's mysteries. Indeed, we think that the consideration of evolutionary history ought to take its place alongside other intellectual tools used to understand the brain, such as behavioural experiments, studies of anatomical structure and functional characterization based on recordings of neural activity. In this introduction, we argue for the importance of evolution by highlighting specific examples of ways that evolutionary theory can enhance neuroscience. The rest of the theme issue elaborates this point, emphasizing the conservative nature of neural evolution, the important consequences of specific transitions that occurred in our history, and the ways in which considerations of evolution can shed light on issues ranging from specific mechanisms to fundamental principles of brain organization. This article is part of the theme issue 'Systems neuroscience through the lens of evolutionary theory'.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Tumors evolve in close interaction with their microenvironment, which encompasses a continual tension between the developing tumor and the host immune system. Clinical trials have shown that appropriate enhancement of a tumor immune response can lead to long-lasting clinical responses and patient benefit. Understanding the contribution of the immune contexture, in addition to the molecular subtype across different tumor indications, is a significant knowledge gap with limited sagacity to drive rational immunotherapy combinations. To better inform clinical studies, we must first strive to understand the multifaceted elements of the tumor-immune interaction, the spatiotemporal interplay of numerous different immune cell types, in conjunction with an understanding of the oncogenic drivers and mutations that may lead to presentation of neoepitopes and could drive changes within the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we discuss the Immunoscore and its probable universal characteristic. The overlay of immune quantification with the molecular segments of disease and how this may benefit identification of patients at high risk of tumor recurrence will be discussed. The Immunoscore may translate to provide a tumor agnostic method to define immune fitness of a given tumor and predict and stratify patients who will benefit from certain therapies (in particular immune therapies) and, ultimately, help save the lives of patients with cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Metastatic development is the primary cause of cancer treatment failure and is responsible for most deaths from colorectal cancer. For the majority of patients, by the time primary colorectal cancers are diagnosed, sub-clinical or clinically relevant liver metastases have already occurred. The formation of liver metastases represents a highly selective sequence in which a subpopulation of cells, within a tumour, express genes that allow them to progress through distinct steps and spread to distant organs. Modification of gene expression in these cells leads to transformation, growth, angiogenesis, invasion, dissemination, survival in systemic circulation and attachment in the organ of metastases. Existing therapies directed at metastatic disease of the liver have had minimal impact on outcome. Contemporary treatment regimens are not likely to significantly alter the natural history of liver metastases. Consequently, understanding the molecular and biological mechanisms of colorectal cancer may allow for the development of therapeutic strategies designed to prevent and treat liver metastases. Standard chemotherapy regimens have had only minimal success in effectively treating metastatic colorectal cancer. This review focuses on the molecular and biological mechanisms of colorectal cancer angiogenesis. In addition, this report will evaluate the novel antiangiogenic therapeutic strategies targeting colorectal cancer and hepatic metastases.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colon cancer is a common malignancy in the westernized world and is incurable in its advanced stages. This article summarizes the currently available information on colorectal cancer chemoprevention. A brief outline of the incidence and etiologic factors is followed by a discussion of the evidence on which chemopreventive strategies for colon cancer are modeled. This includes a description of the development of surrogate endpoint biomarkers and experimental models to study colorectal cancer chemopreventives, a review of the promising colorectal cancer chemopreventives, and a discussion of the issues to be addressed in the design of future chemoprevention trials. The article concludes with an emphasis on the development and validation of biomarkers and selection of high-risk cohorts using genetic and epidemiologic tools as the main goals of future colon cancer chemoprevention trials before large-scale, risk-reduction trials are conducted.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A 62-year-old man had been followed because of an elevated serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen without the detection of any cancer lesions. However, there was a sudden increase in the serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen, and abdominal imagings showed a hepatic tumor with peripheral intrahepatic bile duct dilatation, and a submucosal tumor at the sigmoid colon with intact mucosa. Histopathological findings showed that the hepatic tumor had perineural invasion, suggesting an intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and that the colon tumor infiltrated the submucosa, while its mucosa was intact. Both tumors showed similar pathological features and were positive for cytokeratin 20 and 7. These findings suggested intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma with metastatic sigmoid colon cancer.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Paraneoplastic leukocytosis in solid tumors is associated with poor prognosis. While mild leukocytosis is common, paraneoplastic hyperleukocytosis is extremely rare. The case of a 73-year-old male diagnosed with an adenocarcinoma of the lung and a peak white blood cell count of 178,000/ l is reported. The patient succumbed to the disease after two cycles of immunochemotherapy only 2 months after first hospital admission. Specific treatment options are still under investigation and have not been reported in clinical use.
Category: Colon_Cancer
A significant obstacle for the successful management of patients with colorectal cancer is intrinsic drug resistance or, in patients who respond to chemotherapy, acquired drug resistance. Drug resistance can occur through a variety of mechanisms, including alterations in drug influx, drug efflux, intracellular metabolic activation, and intracellular catabolism, or through alterations in the drug's target. In addition, alterations in genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle or in DNA damage repair may result in a cell becoming resistant to chemotherapy. In this chapter, the mechanisms of action and the mechanisms of resistance to the fluoropyrimidines and raltitrexed (Tomudex; Zeneca Pharmaceuticals, Wilmington, DE) are reviewed, focusing on newer studies using gastric and colorectal tumor samples obtained from patients. Clinical trials using this new information are anticipated.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths throughout the world. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the few agents that are known to inhibit colorectal tumorigenesis. The mechanisms that underlie this effect are poorly understood. Two recent studies have provided some significant insight. Castellone and colleagues showed that prostaglandin E2 modulates the beta-catenin signaling axis, a key pathway for colorectal tumorigenesis. Holla and colleagues showed that prostaglandin E2 might act via a nuclear receptor. These findings shed light on the mechanisms that underlie prostaglandin action, and provide a molecular framework for developing future treatments for colorectal cancer.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Molecular genetics analyses have indicated that approximately 55% of medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) tumors bear activating mutations of the RET gene, including inherited and sporadic cases. Tumoral RET mutations, especially M918T, have a strong negative prognostic impact. RET is the most important target for recent systemic therapy trials of MTC, along with vascular endothelial growth factor receptors. This review discusses promising recent clinical trials data for multikinase inhibitors including motesanib, vandetanib, sunitinib, sorafenib, and cabozantinib/XL184. Across multiple studies reported to date, RET mutations, although prevalent in these subjects, have not proven so far to predict whether patients will respond to multikinase inhibitors. In addition to comparing available data for efficacy and toxicity of these agents, the review focuses on critical questions related to appropriate selection of MTC patients for systemic treatment, and how best to integrate these therapies with established modalities of surgery and radiation therapy.
Category: Generic
Population neuroscience endeavors to identify influences shaping the human brain from conception onwards, thus generating knowledge relevant for building and maintaining brain health throughout the life span. This can be achieved by studying large samples of participants drawn from the general population and evaluated with state-of-the-art tools for assessing (a) genes and their regulation; (b) external and internal environments; and (c) brain properties. This chapter reviews the three elements of population neuroscience (principles, tools, innovations, limitations), and discusses future directions in this field.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Lung cancer is the most frequently occurring cancer in the world, and in the United States it is the second most common cancer diagnosed. Accurate staging by imaging can have a significant impact on appropriate treatment and surgical options. Familiarity with the different histologic subtypes of lung cancer and the typical and atypical appearances of lung cancer is vital. Radiologists serve a critical role in the diagnosis, staging, and follow-up of patients with lung cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Smoking cigarettes has been consistently associated with adenomatous polyps. However, only a few studies have reported associations between smoking cigarettes or using other forms of tobacco and colon cancer. A population-based case-control study of colon cancer was conducted in 3 areas in the United States: northern California, Utah and Minnesota. We observed approximately a 50% increase in colon cancer risk from smoking over a pack of cigarettes per day among both men and women. Those who stopped smoking remained at increased risk, even if they stopped over 10 years ago. Our data suggest that the amount smoked may be a more important factor than the total number of years smoked. Smoking neither cigars nor pipes was associated with an increased risk of colon cancer. Among female participants only, those who smoked over 20 cigarettes per day and had a large body mass index were at greater risk of colon cancer than participants who smoked the same amount but were smaller (p for interaction among women = 0.04).
Category: Generic
Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize healthcare and dentistry. Recently, there has been much interest in the development of AI applications. Dentomaxillofacial radiology (DMFR) is within the scope of these applications due to its compatibility with image processing methods. Classification and segmentation of teeth, automatic marking of anatomical structures and cephalometric analysis, determination of early dental diseases, gingival, periodontal diseases and evaluation of risk groups, diagnosis of certain diseases, such as; osteoporosis that can be detected in jaw radiographs are among studies conducted by using radiological images. Further research in the field of AI will make great contributions to DMFR. We aim to discuss most recent AI-based studies in the field of DMFR.
Category: Lung_Cancer
Sixty-six patients with lung cancer underwent mediastinal staging with gallium scanning, CT scanning and mediastinal exploration at mediastinoscopy and/or thoracotomy. Histological findings at time of mediastinal exploration were correlated with the results of the non-invasive staging scans. Gallium scanning had an accuracy of 78.8 per cent and CT scanning had an accuracy of 77.3 per cent. There was no evidence of increased test accuracy by performing both scans in the same individual. Either scanning technique may be utilised as a simple non-invasive mediastinal staging procedure, and where negative it is appropriate to proceed directly to thoracotomy.
Category: Colon_Cancer
Diverticulitis is the most common clinical complication of diverticular disease, affecting 10-25% of the patients with diverticula. The prevalences of diverticulitis and colon cancer tend to increase with age and are higher in industrialized countries. Consequently, diverticulitis and colon cancer have been reported to have similar epidemiological characteristics. However, the relationship between these diseases remains controversial, as is the performance of routine colonoscopy after an episode of diverticulitis to exclude colon cancer. Recently, we experienced three cases of colon cancer after treating acute diverticulitis, based on which we suggest the importance of follow-up colonoscopy after acute diverticulitis.
Category: Generic
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a general term that implies the use of a computer to model intelligent behavior with minimal human intervention. AI is generally accepted as having started with the invention of robots. The term derives from the Czech word robota, meaning biosynthetic machines used as forced labor. In this field, Leonardo Da Vinci's lasting heritage is today's burgeoning use of robotic-assisted surgery, named after him, for complex urologic and gynecologic procedures. Da Vinci's sketchbooks of robots helped set the stage for this innovation. AI, described as the science and engineering of making intelligent machines, was officially born in 1956. The term is applicable to a broad range of items in medicine such as robotics, medical diagnosis, medical statistics, and human biology-up to and including today's "omics". AI in medicine, which is the focus of this review, has two main branches: virtual and physical. The virtual branch includes informatics approaches from deep learning information management to control of health management systems, including electronic health records, and active guidance of physicians in their treatment decisions. The physical branch is best represented by robots used to assist the elderly patient or the attending surgeon. Also embodied in this branch are targeted nanorobots, a unique new drug delivery system. The societal and ethical complexities of these applications require further reflection, proof of their medical utility, economic value, and development of interdisciplinary strategies for their wider application.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) accounts for 5-10% of all thyroid cancers. The majority of medullary thyroid cancers are sporadic, but 25% of cases are inherited as a result of germline mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. In sporadic cases MTC presents as a thyroid nodule discovered at palpation or at thyroid ultrasonography, and is indistinguishable from thyroid nodules of different histology. Since effective treatment of MTC is only possible when the tumour is limited to the thyroid gland, early discovery has a decisive impact on how radical initial surgical treatment needs to be. Recent data suggest that in sporadic cases, early discovery of thyroid nodular disease is possible when screening serum calcitonin measurement, while screening for germline RET proto-oncogene mutations is fundamental in first degree relatives of patients with hereditary MTC.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
Thyroid cancer is the commonest endocrine malignancy, yet management remains controversial. Many endocrinologists advocate diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (FNA), treatment by thyroidectomy, ablative radioiodine (131I) and TSH suppression, together with follow-up with 131I scans or thyroglobulin (Tg) measurements. 131I (therapy or diagnosis) is given only when TSH is > 30 mIU/I. With this strategy in mind, the aim of the present study was to audit existing clinical practice in a large Edinburgh teaching hospital to establish whether a need existed for local guidelines for the management of thyroid cancer.
Category: Colon_Cancer
The altered growth characteristics of neoplastic cells have recently been associated with changes in membrane glycoproteins present on the cell surface. Since the carbohydrate moieties of surface membrane glycoproteins are asymmetrically located on the external cell surface, these glycoconjugates are likely candidates for providing cell surfaces with many of their biological properties. Using specific external cell surface labeling techniques, we have broadened our investigation of tumor cell surface glycoconjugates to include studies on cultured human epithelial cells from fetal intestine and from colonic carcinoma. We have isolated by affinity chromatography and gel filtration and integral membrane glycoprotein, termed Galactoprotein I, from a cultured human colonic adenocarcinoma cell line, which appears to be identical in many respects to CEA. Further examination of cell surface glycoproteins regarding quantitative and qualitative alterations and topographical redistribution should provide an insight into the biological aspects of tumor development.
Category: Thyroid_Cancer
The goal in managing patients who have MTC is to detect and surgically remove disease at an early stage. Tumor marker-based biochemical screening and DNA-based genetic screening have created the opportunity for effective prophylactic surgery in patients at risk for hereditary MTC. Complete surgical resection is critical for cure because cervical reoperation for persistent or recurrent disease benefits only select patients. With the advent of therapies that target the RET-activated pathways, new hope may be emerging for patients who have locally advanced or metastatic disease.