EMBO/soda-nel huggingface dataset:
TIAR marks nuclear G2/M transition granules and restricts CDK1 activity under replication stress (2018)
Figure 3

Figure 3. TIAR is essential for the replication stress response.

A HeLa cells were transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs for 48 hours prior to treatment with 0.4 µM APH. Cells were fixed at regular time intervals, and p(S10)-H3-positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry (mean ± SE, n = 3).

B HeLa cells transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs were treated with APH for 24 hours. Pan-nuclear γH2AX signals were quantified by HTM (n = 3, 2000 cells examined per experiment and condition). Each dot represents the signal from one cell, horizontal lines indicate mean values, and the blue area delineates cells above an arbitrarily chosen threshold.

C Chromatin-bound RPA2 signals were quantified by HTM HeLa cells transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs (n = 3, 600 cells examined per experiment and condition).

D HeLa cells were transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs for 72 hours prior to treatment with ATRi (5 μM.) alone or together with Ro3306 (5 μM) for 12 hours. Pan-nuclear γH2AX signals were quantified by HTM (n = 3, 1000 cells examined per experiment and condition).

E HeLa cells were transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs were treated with ATRi for 48 hours, and the sub-G1 population was quantified by flow cytometry following propidium iodide staining (mean ± SD, n = 3).

F HeLa cells transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs were treated with APH, alone or in combination with Gö6976 (1µg/ml) or UCN-01 (300 nM). After 24 hours, p(S10)-H3-positive cells were quantified by flow cytometry, and expressed relative to the values in the untreated condition (mean ± SE, n = 3).

Data information: In (B-D), statistical significance was determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test. In (E and F), statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student's t-test; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; ****, p < 0.0001.
TIAR marks nuclear G2/M transition granules and restricts CDK1 activity under replication stress (2018)
Figure 4

Figure 4. Replication stress induces nuclear TIAR containing G2/M transition granules (GMGs) in late G2/prophase.

A HeLa cells, untreated or treated for 24 hours with 0.4 µM APH, were fixed with methanol and analyzed by IF microscopy after staining with anti-p(S10)-H3 antibody, anti-TIAR antibody and DAPI. Yellow arrows mark focal accumulation of TIAR in GMGs.

B IF microscopy was performed as in (A) to determine the intensity of the TIAR signal within GMGs (mean ± SD, n = 3 independent experiments, approximately 100 GMGs in 25 cells were analyzed per experiment and condition).

C IF microscopy was performed as in (A) to determine the area of the TIAR signal within GMGs (mean ± SD, n = 3).

D IF microscopy was performed as in (A) to quantify the percentage of late G2/prophase cells containing GMGs (mean ± SD, n = 3 independent experiments, 40 cells were analyzed per experiment and condition).

E HeLa cells were processed for IF microscopy as in (A), images depict different cell cycle phases.

F, G HeLa cell were treated for 16 hours with (F) the CDK1 inhibitor Ro3306 (9 µM) or (G) ICFR-193 (1 μM) prior to fixation with methanol and staining with anti-TIAR antibody and DAPI. The graphs show the percentage of late G2/prophase cells containing GMGs (mean ± SD, n = 3 independent experiments, 40 cells were analyzed per experiment and condition).

Data information: In (B-D and F), statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student's t-test; *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001.
TIAR marks nuclear G2/M transition granules and restricts CDK1 activity under replication stress (2018)
Figure 5

Figure 5. TIAR colocalizes with transcription and replication components in GMGs.

A-G HeLa cells were treated with 0.4 µM APH for 24 hours, fixed and processed for IF microscopy after staining with anti-TIAR antibody, DAPI in combination with (A) anti-PCNA-1 antibody, (B) anti-FANCD2 antibody, (C) anti-BRCA1 antibody, (D) anti-PRP19 antibody, (E) anti-Sm(Y12) antibody, (F) anti-HuR antibody and (G) pS2-RPOL2 (H5) antibody. Intensity profiles along the white line in the merged image are presented on the right side; yellow and green arrows mark GMGs.
TIAR marks nuclear G2/M transition granules and restricts CDK1 activity under replication stress (2018)
Figure 6

Figure 6. TIAR retains CDK1 in GMGs and attenuates CDK1 activity.

A HeLa cells were treated with 0.4 µM APH for 24 hours, fixed and processed for IF microscopy after staining with anti-TIAR and anti-CDK1 antibodies. Intensity profiles along the white line in the merged image are presented on the right side; yellow arrows mark GMGs.

B IF microscopy analysis as in (A) using anti-Cyclin B antibody.

C HeLa cells transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs were treated with 0.4 µM APH 24 hours prior to fixation. Cells were processed for IF microscopy after staining with anti-PRP19 and anti-CDK1 antibodies. Intensity profiles from staining of the same cells with anti-TIAR and anti-CDK1 antibodies, shown in Fig EV5D, are depicted on the right side.

D CDK1 was immunoprecipitated from HeLa cells transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs, tested for in vitro kinase activity using recombinant histone H1 as substrate, and visualized by Western blot analysis and autoradiography. The mean CDK1 activity ± SE was quantified from n = 5 experiments.

E CDK2 activity was analyzed following immunoprecipitation as in (D) (mean ± SE, n = 3).

F HeLa cells were transfected with control or TIAR siRNAs for 72 hours before measuring expression levels of p(S22)-Lamin A by Western blot analysis (mean ± SE, n = 3).

G p(S22)-Lamin A levels were analyzed by HTM in si-RNA transfected HeLa cells (n = 3, 1000 cells examined per experiment and condition).

Data information: In (D-F), statistical significance was determined by unpaired Student's t-test. In (G), statistical significance was determined by Wilcoxon rank-sum test; *, p < 0.05; ***, p < 0.001.
BAZ2A safeguards genome architecture of ground-state pluripotent stem cel (2020)
Figure 2

Figure 2

BAZ2A regulates gene expression specifically in ESC+2i

A. Volcano plot showing fold change (log2 values) in transcript level of ESC+2i and ESC+serum with two consecutive treatments with siRNA-control and siRNA-Baz2a, each one lasting for 4 days. Gene expression values of three replicates were averaged and selected for 1.5 fold changes and P < 0.05. Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using R package DEseq2.

B. Validation by qRT-PCR of genes regulated by BAZ2A in ESC+2i but not in ESC+serum (upregulated genes in ESC+2i upon BAZ2A-KD are labeled in blue, downregulated genes are in red). Nanog, Rex1 and Actin B (ActB) are shown as genes not regulated by BAZ2A. mRNA levels were normalized to Rps12 mRNA and to ESCs transfected with siRNA-Control. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001). Data without P values are statistically non significant.

C. Top 10 biological process gene ontology terms as determined using DAVID for genes regulated by BAZ2A in ESC+2i and ESC+serum.
BAZ2A safeguards genome architecture of ground-state pluripotent stem cel (2020)
Figure 3

Figure 3

BAZ2A associates with large and active chromatin domains in ESCs

A. Western blot showing equal BAZ2A levels in wt-ESC and F/H-BAZ2A ESC line containing FLAG-HA sequences at the N-terminus of both Baz2a alleles. Whole cell lysates from equivalent amounts of cells were analysed. SNF2H, and Tubulin are shown as protein loading controls.

B. Anti-FLAG ChIP of wt-ESCs and F/H-BAZ2A-ESCs cultured in 2i or serum. Data were measured by qPCR and normalized to input and a control region that is not bound by BAZ2A. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. and statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01).

C. Representative images showing the association of BAZ2A at regions enriched in H3K27ac and low in H3K27me3. The grey rectangles highlighted some of BAZ2A associated regions.

D. Pearson correlation heat map for the indicated ChIPseqs in ESC+2i. BAZ2A ChIPseqs were performed with FLAG antibodies in F/H-BAZ2A-ESCs cultured in 2i or serum and with HA antibodies in F/H-BAZ2A-ESC+2i. Data of H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K27me3 are from this work. H3K36me3, H3K9me3 and H3K4me1 values in ESC+2i were taken from published data sets (Joshi et al., 2015, Marks et al., 2012).

E. Boxplot showing the mean of normalized BAZ2A occupancies in ESC+2i and ESC+serum at BAZ2A-bound regions. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the unpaired two-tailed t-test (**** < 0.0001). Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.

F. Differential BAZ2A-binding in 2i and serum correlates with H3K27ac occupancies. Boxplot showing the mean of normalized H3K27ac and H3K27me3 read counts in ESC+2i and ESC+serum at all BAZ2A-bound regions and BAZ2A-bound regions only in 2i were calculated and their log2-fold changes are plotted. H3K27ac in ESC+serum were taken from (Joshi et al., 2015). Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (*** < 0.001). Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.

G. Representative images showing 2i-specific BAZ2A-bound regions and H3K27ac and H3K27me3 in ESC+2i and ESC+serum. The grey box highlights strong TIP5-bound regions and corresponding histone modifications.

H. Representative images showing that genes regulated by BAZ2A are enriched in H3K27me3, depleted of H3K27ac and not bound by BAZ2A.

I. Heat map profiles of H3K27me3 and H3K27ac at ±5 kb from the TSS of genes differentially regulated by BAZ2A in ESC+2i and random genes. Differentially regulated genes are shown as upregulated or downregulated in ESC+2i upon BAZ2A knockdown. Data were ranked by H3K27me3 levels. Transcription start site (TSS).

J. Boxplot showing the mean of normalized H3K27me3 and H3K27ac read counts over +/- 1kb of TSSs from upregulated, downregulated and random genes. Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.
BAZ2A safeguards genome architecture of ground-state pluripotent stem cel (2020)
Figure 4

Figure 4

BAZ2A-bound regions mark the highly interacting long-distance contacts in ESCs

A. Number of BAZ2A-bound regions in A and B compartments of ESC+serum.

B. Hi-C contact matrices for a zoomed in region on chromosome 3 at 100-kb resolution showing the presence of strong long-distance contacts corresponding to regions in A compartment bound by BAZ2A in ESC+serum. Low panels. HiC contacts of a zoomed region at 50-kb resolution in ESC+serum, NPCs and CNs are shown. Data are from (Bonev et al., 2017). HiC contacts were visualized using Juicebox (Rao et al., 2014).

C. BAZ2A-bound regions mark A subcompartments that are characterized by the strongest far-cis contacts in ESC+serum. Boxplots indicating observed/expected contact values between BAZ2A-bound regions and loci not bound by BAZ2A at near-cis and far-cis contacts in all genome or in A compartments. Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the unpaired two-tailed t-test (****< 0.0001).

D. Long-range contacts marked by BAZ2A binding are specific for ESCs. Boxplots indicating observed/expected contact values between BAZ2A-bound regions and loci not bound by BAZ2A at far-cis contacts in all genome or in A compartments of ESC+serum, NPC and CN. Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the unpaired two-tailed t-test (**** < 0.0001). Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.

E. Number of BAZ2A-bound regions in A and B compartments in ESC+2i.

F. BAZ2A-bound regions mark A subcompartments that are characterized by the strongest far-cis contacts in ESC+2i. Boxplots indicating observed/expected contact values between BAZ2A-bound regions and loci not bound by BAZ2A at near-cis and far-cis contacts in all genome or in A compartments of ESC+2i. Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the unpaired two-tailed t-test (** < 0.001, ****< 0.0001). Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.

G. BAZ2A binding correlates the best with eigenvector values. Heat map showing Pearson correlation values of ChIPseq data sets with the eigenvector values from HiC data in ESC+serum (Bonev et al., 2017) and ESC+2i, respectively.

H. Boxplots showing H3K4me1 and H3K27ac content of BAZ2A-bound regions and loci not bound by BAZ2A at far-cis contacts in ESC+2i. Data from regions with lowest 10% and top 10% contact strength are shown. Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.
BAZ2A safeguards genome architecture of ground-state pluripotent stem cel (2020)
Figure 6

Figure 6

BAZ2A limits spurious long-distant contacts in ground-state ESCs

A. Hi-C contact matrices for chromosome 1 of ESC+serum, ESC+2i/siRNA-control and ESC+2i/siRNA-Baz2a showing the presence of strong long-distance contacts corresponding to regions in A compartment bound by BAZ2A in ESC+serum. Cells were subjected to two consecutive treatments with siRNA-control and siRNA-Baz2a, each one lasting for 4 days. Eigenvector values are shown. Increase in far-cis contacts in ESC+2i upon BAZ2A-KD are highlighted with a rectangle.

B. Relative contact frequencies over genomic distances in ESCs treated with siRNA-control and siRNA-BAZ2A. Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.

C. Boxplot indicating differences in eigenvector values at boundaries and centers of A and B compartments. Differences in eigenvector values were calculated from HiC data sets from ESC+2i treated with siRNA-Baz2a and siRNA-control. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the unpaired two-tailed t-test (*** < 0.001, ns: non significant). Box plots depict the minimum and maximum values. The mean is represented by a horizontal line within the boxes.
BAZ2A safeguards genome architecture of ground-state pluripotent stem cel (2020)
Figure 8

Figure 8

BAZ2A associates with TOP2A and components of the cohesin complex on chromatin.

A. Scheme representing the strategy used to identify protein interacting with BAZ2A on chromatin (Chromatin-IP).

B. BAZ2A-interacting proteins on chromatin. Mass spectrometry analysis of FLAG immunoprecipitates from wt and F/H-BAZ2A ESC+2i. Values of peptide number are shown as the difference between peptides obtained in FLAG-IP of F/H-BAZ2A and wt ESC chromatin extracts. Data are from three independent experiments. The proteins found enriched in FLAG-IP of F/H-BAZ2A ESCs in all three experiments are shown. Further BAZ2A-interacting proteins identified in only two or one of the immunoprecipitation (IP) experiments are listed in Table EV6. Error bars represent s.d.

C. Anti-HA IP of wt- and F/H-BAZ2A-ESC+2i and ESC+serum. Western blot shows the interaction of BAZ2A with SNF2H, TOP2A and SMC1a.

D. TOP2A and BAZ2A regulate gene expression in ESC+2i via a shared pathway. qRT-PCR of genes regulated by BAZ2A in ESC+2i (left panel) and in ESC+serum (right panel) upon TOP2A or BAZ2A knockdown by siRNA. ESCs were treated with the corresponding RNAs for 4 days. Upregulated genes in ESC+2i upon BAZ2A-KD are labeled in blue, downregulated genes are in red. Nanog, Rex1 and Actin B (ActB) are shown as genes not regulated by BAZ2A. mRNA levels were normalized to Rps12 mRNA and to ESCs transfected with siRNA-Control. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (ns: non significant, * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001).

E. Inhibition of type 2 topoisomerase activity phenocopies the alterations in gene expression of BAZ2A-regulated genes in ESC+2i observed upon TOP2A or BAZ2A knockdown. ESCs were treated with the TOP2 inhibitor ICF-193 for 24 hours. mRNA levels were normalized to Rps12 mRNA and to ESCs treated with DMSO. Upregulated genes in ESC+2i upon BAZ2A-KD are labeled in blue, downregulated genes are in red. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (ns: non significant, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001, **** < 0.0001).

F. ChIP analysis showing that TOP2A regulates H3K27me3 occupancy in ESC+2i but not in ESC+serum. Data were measured by qPCR and normalized to input and to Tshz1 value in cells transfected with siRNA-control. #1-#4 indicated sequences with elevated H3K27me3 at CTCF boundary (H3K27me3hi/CTCF). Control represents an intergenic region that does not contain H3K27me3. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (ns: non significant, * < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001).
Screen for mitochondrial DNA copy number maintenance genes reveals essential role for ATP synthase (2014)
Figure 1

Screening of Drosophila dsRNA library by PicoGreen nucleoid fluorescence in S2 cells

Micrographs of S2 cells stained with PicoGreen, following 5 days of treatment with the dsRNA indicated. GFP and tamas (Polg, CG8987) were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. In rescreening, CG5924 was also used as a positive control. Both were detected in the blinded screen as positives. Other images show a typical negative (CG31380), a typical positive (CG6413) and a typical case of a target classed as abnormal, in this case CG2028 (CkIα), which showed a decreased number of nucleoid signals per cell. Images are optimized for brightness and contrast but with no other manipulations. Scale bar indicates 50 μm.
Screen for mitochondrial DNA copy number maintenance genes reveals essential role for ATP synthase (2014)
Figure 4

Effects of knockdown of cV subunits in combination with other treatments

A–D Relative mtDNA level (A, B) and MitoSox fluorescence (C, D) following 5 days of treatment with dsRNA against the genes indicated.

E–G Relative mtDNA level (E), MitoSox fluorescence (F) and TMRM fluorescence (G) of cells stably expressing AOX or empty vector, as indicated, after 5 days of treatment with dsRNA against CG2968, as shown. Note that these cells were cultured in the presence of hygromycin to maintain the AOX-expressing or control plasmid.

H Indicated parameters, following 5 days of treatment with dsRNA against CG2968, in cells grown in galactose-containing (Gal) medium.

Data information: All data normalized to untreated cells or (E, F, G) AOX-expressing but otherwise untreated cells grown in parallel. Means ± SD from at least 4 independent experiments, each conducted in triplicate. Asterisks (*) indicate significant differences between experimental and control cell values (P < 0.01). Source data are available online for this figure.
Screen for mitochondrial DNA copy number maintenance genes reveals essential role for ATP synthase (2014)
Figure 5

Effects of cV knockdown on mitochondrial and lysosomal content

LysoTracker Red and NAO fluorescence of cells treated as indicated for 5 days with dsRNA against the indicated genes, normalized against the values for untreated cells. Mean ± SD for four independent experiments; asterisks indicate significant differences from untreated, P < 0.05.

Representative confocal microscopy images of living cells treated for 5 days with dsRNA against the indicated genes and stained with both MitoTracker Green and LysoTracker Red. The scale bar is 10 µm.

Mean areas of LysoTracker red staining in cells treated for 5 days with dsRNA against the indicated genes, or with chloroquine. Mean ± SD for three independent experiments, in each of which = 50 cells were analyzed by confocal microscopy in a single plane. Analysis of z-stacks in = 30 cells gave similar results. Note that the increase in lysosome content was intermediate between that of untreated cells and cells treated with chloroquine to block lysosomal turnover of autophagosomes. Asterisks indicate significant differences from untreated, P < 0.01.

Western blot of total protein extracts from control S2 cells and cells treated with dsRNAs against GFP or CG2968 (cV), probed for NDUFS3 (cI), ATP synthase subunit a (cV) and GAPDH (loading control).

Relative mtDNA level after 5 days of treatment with dsRNAs against the indicated genes. Mean ± SD for five independent experiments; other data classes were significantly different from untreated, P < 0.05.

Source data are available online for this figure.
Extracellular matrix sensing by FERONIA and Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensins controls vacuolar expansion during cellular elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. (2019)
Figure 4

Figure 4. Putative cell wall sensor FERONIA impacts on vacuolar size.

A-D Representative images and quantification of vacuolar morphology of late meristematic atrichoblast cells. In panels (A, C, and D) PI (green) and MDY-64 (yellow) staining depicts cell wall and vacuolar membrane, respectively. (A) Vacuolar morphology of Col-0 (n=64) and fer-4 (n=60). Mann Whitney U test (***p < 0.001). (B) 3-D reconstructions of PI-stained cell wall (red) and BCECF-stained vacuole (green). Boxplot depicts vacuolar occupancy of Col-0 control (n=12) and fer-4 (n=10) mutant cells. Mann Whitney U test (**p < 0.01). (C) Col-0 (n=52) and fer-4 (n=44) seedlings were treated with solvent DMSO or 50 µM EGCG for 22 h on solid medium. Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn´s multiple comparison (b: p < 0.05, c: p < 0.001). (D) Col-0 (n=28) and fer-4 (n=28) mutant seedling roots were grown on the surface or into the matrix of 2 % agar-containing solid medium. Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn´s multiple comparison (b: p < 0.05, c: p < 0.001). In all panels scale bars: 5 µm. Boxplots: Box limits represent 25th and 75th percentile, horizontal line represents median. Whiskers display min. to max. values. Representative experiments are shown.
Extracellular matrix sensing by FERONIA and Leucine-Rich Repeat Extensins controls vacuolar expansion during cellular elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana. (2019)
Figure 5

Figure 5. Extracellular LRX proteins are required to constrain vacuolar expansion.

A-D Representative images and quantification of vacuolar morphology of late meristematic atrichoblast cells. In panels (A, C, and D) PI (green) and MDY-64 (yellow) staining depicts cell wall and vacuolar membrane, respectively. (A) Vacuolar morphology of Col-0 control (n=52) and lrx3/4/5 triple mutants (n=48). Mann Whitney U test (***p < 0.001). (B) 3-D reconstructions of PI-stained cell wall (red) and BCECF-stained vacuole (green) of late meristematic cells. Boxplot depicts vacuolar occupancy of the cell in Col-0 control (n=11) and lrx3/4/5 (n=10). Student´s t-test (***p < 0.001). (C) Col-0 (n=40-44) and lrx3/4/5 (n=36) seedlings were treated with DMSO or 50 µM EGCG for 22 h on solid medium. Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn´s multiple comparison (b: p < 0.01, c: p < 0.001). (D) Col-0 (n=40-48) and fer-4 (n=28-32) seedlings were grown on the surface or into the matrix of 2 % agar-containing solid medium. Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn´s multiple comparison (b: p < 0.05, c: p < 0.001). In all panels scale bars: 5 µm. Boxplots: Box limits represent 25th and 75th percentile, horizontal line represents median. Whiskers display min. to max. values. Representative experiments are shown.