 Pathprint analysis was used to analyze adult and child transcriptomes at the pathway level. To minimize intra-group variation and maximize inter-group variation, two filtering criteria were set in the generation of these data: 1) to maximize homogeneity within an age group based on minimizing the standard deviation, a cutoff of SD<0.475 in the Pathprint score was used; 2) to maximize differences between group comparisons using t-tests, Pathprint scores between groups were only included if p<10-10. The heatmap above was generated using the pheatmap package. 