EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
A. Schematic representation of the principle of the kinase yeast array and a flow diagram showing the construction of the human kinase array.
(D) In Drosophila S2 cells expressing RDH/CG2064-GFP, treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 increases the RDH/CG2064-GFP protein level detected by anti-GFP antibody in a western blot.
Immunohistochemical images of the IPN region from control and TMEM16A cKO mice. The c-Fos signal was greatly reduced in TMEM16A cKO mice. Scale bar = 200 μm.
The absolute yield measured at three different time points for each of the growth conditions shown in panel A is plotted against the viability of the starvation culture at the extraction time. The recycling yield is extracted as the slope of the linear fits. Recycling yield from panel E plotted versus growth rate. Data shown as mean ± SD. Two replicates per condition.
(d) Western blots of lysates of MCF-7 cells transfected with siRNA before serum-starvation or treatment with LY294002 (LY, 10 μM) or rapamycin (Rap, 100 nM) for 48 h with or without methylpyruvate (MP, 10 mM).
e) representative Immuno-FISH micrographs (using telomere‐specific (CCCTAA) peptide nucleic acid probe and anti-γH2A.X antibody). Arrow indicates co-localization between telomeres and γH2A.X
FACS analysis of CD4+, CD25+ and Foxp3+ Treg cells isolated from superficial cervical lymph nodes of heart-transplanted mice.
Three independent samples (Exp 1 to 3) of EV secreted by labeled 3T3-F442A cells were analyzed by mass spectrometry (in duplicate injections, Inj1/2). The percentage of proteins bearing at least one peptide containing a heavy amino acid is indicated.
Co-elution profiles for selected protein complexes. For each complex, the median abundance of all the quantified subunits was used to generate the complex profile across fractions (Dataset EV5). All the complex profiles are scaled to the max value (set to 1) to make profiles comparable across experiments. The estimated molecular weight of the displayed complexes is indicated in brackets.
G. Polarisation Index (PI) of rab13 and kdr detected by smFISH in individual zebrafish cells (n≥8 cells; **P<0.01, ns: not significant; one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni's correction). : +/+, +/∆ and ∆/∆ represent Tg(kdrl:EGFP) rab13+/+, rab13+/∆3'UTR and rab13∆3'UTR /∆3'UTR embryos, respectively
(f) Cartoon illustrating tumor growth (green) incorporation of molecules derived from food (in orange) or from host tissues (in blue).
(C) Bar graph representing the normalized average value of neuronal ATP/ATP+ADP ratio on the basal condition, on glutamate stimulation for 5 minutes, on glutamate stimulation with MPEP, on glutamate stimulation with CNQX + D-AP5 and on glutamate stimulation with CNQX + D-AP5 + anisomycin. Data presented as mean ± SEM with scattered data points. Values in all other groups were normalized to the basal group for the corresponding experiment.. *p<0.05, ***p<0.001, n=4-5 independent platings. One-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test.
(j) Peak to peak distance in auto-correlation of detrended Venus::HES5 spatial profile corresponding to Apical, Intermediate and Basal regions of spinal cord at E10.5; dataset is different from (h); markers indicate average distance per experiment with a minimum of 3 z-stacks per experiment and 2 repeats (left and right of ventricle) analysed per z-stack; bars indicate mean and SD of 6 independent experiments; Kruskal-Wallis test not significant, p=0.115; distances correspond to 4-5 cells considering the inter-nuclear distance in DV quantified in (h).
C Luciferase assay of WT or Cuedc2-/- MEFs transiently transfected with an NF-κB-responsive luciferase reporter and then, 1 d later, treated for 6 h with TNF (10 ng/ml; TNF) or for H/R. * p = 0.0032, n = 3 per group, ** p = 0.013, n = 3 per group.
Immunostaining of heart sections for N2.261 and MEF2 in 5 dpci animals (Tg(hsp70l:LOXP-STOP-LOXP-pdha1aSTA-T2A-mCherry) and Tg(hsp70l:LOXP-STOP-LOXP-pdk3b-T2A-mCherry) alone (control) or in combination with Tg(myl7:Cre-ERT2), all after tamoxifen and heat shock treatments); magnified view of area in white boxes shown below; arrowheads point to N2.261+ CMs; white dashed lines mark the wound border; percentage of N2.261+ CMs in the border zone shown on the right (n = 4-5 ventricles of each genotype).
(C) UBA pull-down of ubiquitinated proteins following antimycin A and oligomycin (AO) treatment for 3 h and treatment with the non-specific DUB USP2 for 30 min at 37°C, representative immunoblot from two independent experiments.
G. Histological examination of Th-MYCN, Rosa26_Alkal2;Th-null and Alk-F1178S;Th-MYCN tumours revealing positive staining for VGF. Scale bars indicate 100μm.
ChIP assays of CTGF, CYR61 and α-SMA promoters using anti-FLAG-tag, anti-Myc-tag, anti-TEAD1 antibodies in human VSMCs transfected with plasmids expressing Myc-tagged YAP-5SA and/or FLAG-tagged HOXA4. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs FLAG-GFP, by unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test. Data are expressed as the means ± SEM of three independent experiments.
(A) WT, Irgm2-/-, Irgm3-/-, Irgm2-/-Irgm3-/-, panIrgm-/-, and Casp11-/- BMMs were treated with LPS (1 µg/ml) or infected with E. coli K-12 (MOI 25) and IL-1β, and LDH release were assessed at 24 hpt (n = 3 independent experiments).
(B) quantification of embryoid bodies (EB) generated from shScr, sh1 and sh2 at day 8 of differentiation. Scale bars, 200 µM.
Three-week-old WT C57BL/6 mice were infected with 1E6 PFU of WT-ONNV at the metatarsal region of the footpad. (B) joint inflammation in ONNV-infected mice were monitored over 2 weeks (n=5).
(G) Quantification of the lipid droplet size in (C and F). ND: normal diet; HFD: high-fat diet. data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with a post hoc Turkey's multiple-comparison test. Each point represents data from one fat body, and at least 30 cells were analyzed for each fat body. Error bars represent ±SEM. ***: P < 0.001; **: P < 0.01; NS: non-significant.
(K) Representative cytometric graph of methoxy-X-O4+ labelled pvMΦ from SPF (green line), GF (yellow line) and ABX-treated (blue line) 5xFAD mice and respective WT controls (dashed lines). Quantification of percentages of methoxy-X-O4+ labelled pvMΦ are depicted. Each symbol represents one mouse. Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Significant differences were determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc comparison test (*P < 0.05, ***P < 0.001). Data are representative of three independent experiments.
D. Prediction of potential transcription factors for the source gene of lnc-AP by Match.
G Ubiquitination of MAGE-A3/6 upon nutrient deprivation is dependent on DCAF12. A375 parental or DCAF12 KO cells were treated with MG132 (10 µM) in complete media or EBSS for 6 hrs. Cell extracts were incubated with control agarose or agarose-TUBE2 to isolate ubiquitinated proteins. Input and pulldown samples were probed for the indicated proteins.
(C-F) Western blot analysis of p62, ubiquitin (Ub), TDP-43 and p-TDP-43 in RIPA- and urea-soluble fractions from brain (C and E) and spinal cord (D and F) of 16-month-old WT and Tmem106b-/- mice. n=5. Data presented as mean ± SEM. Unpaired Student's t test. *, p<0.05, ***, p<0.001, ****, p<0.0001.
C Expression (cells) and secretion (media) of VgrG1 from V. natriegens containing an arabinose-inducible vp1407 in the chromosomal dns locus (VnatReg) and harboring an empty plasmid (pEmpty) or plasmids containing VpT6SS1 that lacks vp1407 (pT6SS1Ind) or both vp1407 and hcp1 (pT6SS1Ind/∆hcp1; T6SS-). Samples were grown in media containing 3% NaCl and either supplemented (+) or not (-) with 0.1% arabinose (Ara) at 30 °C. Loading control (LC) is shown for total protein lysates.
F. 3D Matrigel Boyden chamber invasion with or without metalloproteases inhibitor GM6001 and 3D Hydrogel invasion of MDA-MB-231 control cells or cells over‑expressing RASSF1C (24 h). Data information: All data are from n=3 independent experiments. Data are analyzed by Student T-test and represented as mean ± SEM.* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.
F. Representative co-immunofluorescence staining of ER (ER tracker BODIPY green) and lysosomes (Lamp1, red) in RCS chondrocytes treated with vehicle (5% ABS) and FGF18 (50 ng/mL) for 16 hours. Insets show higher magnification of boxed area. Scale bar 15 μm and 2 μm (higher magnification boxes). N=3 biological replicates/treatment.
C LC-MS/MS analysis of m6A/A levels in purified 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA from the WT and Mettl5 KO (KO-6B) mESCs.
C The bar graphs illustrate the effect of increasing concentrations of ATRA on the growth of the indicated MDA-MB453 clones and the parental cell line. The cell lines were challenged with vehicle (DMSO) or ATRA for 3, 6, and 9 days prior to the sulforhodamine assay. OD = optical density at 540 nm. Each value is the mean ± SD of five replicate culture wells.
J PDLIM1 and IFT20 protein levels in GCN5 KO HEK293 cells with or without transfection of GFP-GCN5 and addition of CQ.
(D,E) Representative immunofluorescence microscopy images of the distribution of septin 7 (red) or borg3 or borg4 (green) in young, aged and aged LT-HSCs treated with CASIN (5µM). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue), scale bar= 5µm.
B-D Hemodynamic measurements obtained in situ in sham- and TAC-operated mice; n = 6-8/group. (B) Mean arterial pressure (MAP) showed no significant differences. (C) LV end-systolic pressure (LVESP). **P < 0.00001 versus Wt sham, *P = 0.00004 versus LXRα-Tg sham, *P = 0.003. (D) LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP). *P = 0.02 versus Wt sham.
B Endogenous L3MBTL3 co-purifies specifically with HA-RBPJ but not with HA-EGFP, HA-TBL1X or HA-HEY2. Immuno-precipitation (IP) of HA-tagged RBPJ, EGFP, TBL1X or HEY2 in U87-MG cells followed by Western blot analyses using HA or L3MBTL3 antibody. The experiment was independently replicated twice.
A Representative immunoblot of whole‐cell lysates from HeLa cells transfected with non‐targeting siRNA or siRNA targeting PINK1 (siPINK1), treated with 10 μM CCCP for 6 h in order to stabilize the PINK1 full‐length band.
Histogram showing abundance of Sgs1 peptides in Dpb11-HA co-immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry experiments from cells expressing either SGS1 acidic patch truncation mutants or wild type SGS1.. Each mutant was compared in a SILAC experiment against the wild-type control. Error bars represent SEM of 2 or more Sgs1 peptide-spectrum matches (PSMs).
(f) Representative images of well-fed transgenic animals expressing LIPL-3::TagRFP and ATGL::GFP shows that LIPL-3 does not localize to lipid droplets.
(D) Relative expression levels of spliced and unspliced transcripts in the three EVD constructs relative to ACT2. qPCR was performed on three biological replicates and error bars represent the standard error. (ns.) = non-significant, (*) = p-value < 0.05, (**) = p-value < 0.01, (two-sided t-test between indicated samples/targets).
E: The E14tg2a ESCs were transduced with lentiviral shRNAs targeting genes Wbp5, Rbm26, Gdpd4, and Nrxn1 and differentiated towards HSPCs. The differentiated cells on day 20 were analyzed by flow cytometry. Silencing of group IV genes including Wbp5, Rbm26, Gdpd4, and Nrxn1 decreased overall LK, LS, and LSK population on day 20.F: Quantification of LK+LSK+LS cell fractions with Wbp5, Rbm26, Gdpd4, and Nrxn1 silencing based on flow cytometric analyses. Error bars represent standard deviation (SD), n=2. Student's t-test, *p<0.05.
Mice receiving the control virus (open bars) or shIfi203 (black bars) were analyzed for liver expression of Pemt (K), total liver TAG content (L), or plasma insulin levels (M). P-values calculated using a students t-test between groups. Data represent means ± SEM (n =4-5 per group).
(F) Mouse LIF expression in FACS-selected cells. Data information: Bars and error bars represent mean ± SEM. All experiments were carried out in three independent studies. Two-way ANOV was used as statistical test.
b, Filter trap assays for htt103Q large and small aggregates in HeLa/htt103Q cells.
(E) Distribution of distance to nucleus quantified by image (as in c) segmentation (see Material and Method, Confocal microscopy and early/late quantification) of EEA-1+ endosomes. Results are from three independent experiments for a total of 4091 early endosomes in 19 siCTL cells (215 ± 20 endosomes per cell), 2275 early endosomes in 20 siKIFC1 cells (114 ± 10 endosomes per cell) and 3257 early endosomes in 18 siKIFC1/siSTIM1 cells (181 ± 14 endosomes per cell). Data are analyzed by a parametric two-tailed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. ANOVA p≤ 0,001; Bonferroni for siCTL and siKIFC1 ECs p≤ 0,001 *** (orange) and for siKIFC1 and siSTIM1/siKIFC1 ECs p≤ 0,001 *** (green). On the right-hand side of the plot, colored bands represent the average cell diameter, significantly changing throughout the conditions. Data are analyzed by a parametric two-tailed analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc analysis. ANOVA p≤ 0,01; Bonferroni for siCTL and siKIFC1 ECs p> 0.05 not significant (orange ns) and for siKIFC1 and siSTIM1/siKIFC1 ECs p≤ 0,01 ** (green).
Survival after HR in day 1 adult animals is shown with hypoxic preconditioning (PC, represented by diagonal stripes) 2-sample 2-tailed unpaired t-test, ctrl vs. PC *p = 0.0035, n = 4, each averaged from 3 technical replicates with at least 15 animals per replicate. Data show mean ± SEM.
ClustalO (Sievers et al, 2011) multiple sequence alignment of various yeast Sir4 proteins focusing on the putative new structural domain and comparison with S. cerevisiae Dbf4 H‑BRCT. Sir4 sequences: ScSir4 (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Uniprot P11978), NdSir4 (Naumovozyma dairenensis, G0W8P4), NcSir4 (Naumovozyma castellii, G0VBN1), KnSir4 (Kazachstania naganishii, J7S2D5), KaSir4 (Kazachstania africana, H2AVL7).
C. Gene list of endocytosis from KEEG analysis in a pair-wise comparison of 40-day Drosophila treated without ALA administration to 40-day Drosophila treated with 0.5 mM ALA administration.
(b, c) Immunoblots of recruitment reactions performed as described in (a), with the indicated proteins omitted. In (c), a mid reaction wash in high salt (0.5 M NaCl) buffer (HSW) was included following DDK phosphorylation as indicated.
(f) Cardiomyocyte diameters after Sham operation or 3, 14 and 35 days after TAC (n=4 per group).
I. Lung colonization of MDA-MB-231 CFP+ cells (MDA-MB-231CFP) stably expressing control or HA-RASSF1C in mammary gland tumors from 5 mice each, measured from intravital imaging time-lapse images. Data information: All data are from n=3 independent experiments. Data are analyzed by Student T-test and represented as mean ± SEM.* p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001.
Manhattan plots showing examples of overlaps between associated variants and the KO screening. The top plot shows the associations between variants and growth in the natural isolates as a function of the -log10 of the association p-value, while the four bottom plots show the strength of the KO phenotypes across the four yeast strains, as a function of the -log10 of the corrected S-score p-value. Sections shaded in grey indicate the overlap between associations and KO data. Position in the yeast chromosome is reported in kilobase units.
where the SDD model was run until reaching steady state (red circle) and then production and/or degradation parameters were perturbed The y-axis shows the mean mCherry/sfGFP ratio (proxy for average protein age) in the anterior region of the embryo (0 to 25% of embryo length), and the x-axis represents the mean green fluorescence intensity in the same region (age/levels diagram).
Rab39a KO and WT mice were injected intravenously with 1 x 105 A20-Ova cells. The next day, CFSE labeled OTI-splenocytes were injected i.v.. 3 days post OT-I transfer, spleens were harvested and assayed for OT-I proliferation. Three independent experiments (WT vs KO) were performed. To combine the data, the OT-I proliferation in each individual mouse was normalized to the average proliferation of the WT controls in that experiment. Error bars show SD between individual mice and p value was derived from two-tailed student's t-test. n = 14 (WT) or 9 (KO).
Total Ca2+ release in cells of the indicated genotypes in response to ML-SA1 and GPN. All values represent mean±SEM. Data points represent values from biological replicates. Statistical test employed was Student's t-test.
E. STAT2 levels in MEFs were decreased by transfection with siRNAs for 48 hrs after which the cells were infected with ZIKV (MOI=5) for another 48 hrs. The ZIKV replication was measured by qRT-PCR.
A. Schematic diagram of the establishment of azoxymethane/dextran sodium sulfate (AOM/DSS)-induced colorectal cancer model and drug therapy regimen. AOM/DSS-induced colorectal tumor mice were treated with vehicle, TP-16 (75 mg/kg, po, daily), PD-1 antibody (50 μg, ip, twice weekly), or TP-16 and anti-PD-1 combined. The endpoint was day 37 from treatment initiation.
D. Survival analysis correlated with TALDO1 using TCGA data. Upper: the Kaplan curve of overall survival probability for patients with high or low level of TALDO1. Lower: the expression graph of TALDO1 in patients who were dead or not.
A Heat map for pyrimidine pathway-related metabolites derived from a non-targeted metabolomics analysis, depicting relative levels in HCT116 cells treated as indicated for 18h (NEN (N) 1.2 µM, Domperidone (Dom) 30 µM or in combination (Comb).
(F) The efficiency of knockdown and everexpressiom of Hsc70. PC12 cells were transiently transfected with Hsc70 plasmid and Hsc70 siRNA for 48 h. Lysates were subjected to Western blot analysis with anti-Hsc70 antibody. Values are the mean±SE of three independent experiments (**P<0.01 vs control).
G: Pie chart in left depicts total transcripts significantly degraded during GV-MI transitions in WT oocytes. Pie chart in right shows the polysome-association of transcripts that were deemed to be degraded during GV-MI transitions in WT oocytes, but were stabilized after Cnot6l knockout
G. RT-qPCR of Zfp207 and neural-associated markers in shScr, sh1 and sh2 along the course of neural differentiation. mRNA levels are relative to shScr at day 0.
MK-801 inhibition kinetics. On-rate constants (kon) of inhibition by 10 nM MK-801 on wild-type (WT) and mutant receptors. All values are normalized to that obtained for WT GluN1/GluN2B receptors
D WT and Akt2 KO PEMs were infected with or without VSV for 6 hours. Then, cell lysates of WT or Akt2 KO PEMs were prepared for immunoprecipitation using anti-AKT2 antibody, followed by immunoblotting using anti-IRF3 antibody (left panel). Alternatively, cell lysates were prepared for immunoprecipitation using anti-IRF3 antibody, followed by immunoblotting using anti-AKT2 antibody (right panel) to detect the endogenous interaction between AKT2 and IRF3. Data information: * Data are representative of two or three independent biological replicates
Speed distribution profile of PMN treated with 0.5 µM E4 or DMSO for 30 min. Graph shows an increase in the rate of axonal transport upon E4 treatment (DMSO, 153 endosomes, 13 axons; E4, 165 endosomes, 13 axons; N=4 independent experiments, data shown are mean ± SEM).
Recombinant HPV16 E6 protein increased YAP protein level, but had no effect on β-actin protein level in HT3 cells. Cell culture and treatment procedure are the same as described in (A).
E. RT-qPCR quantification of lnc-AP within the tumors in C(a) (n = 6, mean±SEM, Dunnett-t test). Data information: * for P < 0.05; ** for P < 0.01; NS for no significance. Control referred to the corresponding plasmid vector.
R. Quantification of the number of esg-GFP+ cells, Dl+ cells, and pH3+ cells in experiments (M-Q). n is indicated. The numbers of quantified guts from left to right are 17, 18, 18, 17, 19, 17, 18, 18, 17, 19, 17, 18, 18, 17, and 19. Data information: Error bars represent SDs. Student's t-tests, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, and non-significant (NS) represents p > 0.05.
(a) A schematic of the breeding scheme resulting in highly efficient conditional deletion of Trim28 during cortical development and analysing the adult tissue 3 months later by IHC and RNA-seq.
Total lysates from pancreas of control, KC or KTC mice were pooled and analyzed by immunoblotting using antibodies to E-Cadherin, Vimentin, p16Ink4A and β-Actin (n=6).
(B) Normalized time course of the steady-state E211G ClC-5 current amplitudes measured with (n=5) or without (n=4) internal ATP. Error bars show SEM. Red line represents a monoexponential fit to the data with a time constant of 108±8 s (SEM); currents measured with ATP-free pipette solution declined to 57.9±2.6% (SEM) of the initial amplitude.
E) 3D reconstructions of DAPI staining of 2 representative cells in each condition. Convex and non-convex surfaces are shown in blue and yellow, respectively.
Adaptation in complex media. A medium supplemented with multiple nutrients (one - red, two - green, ten - blue) leads to a step-wise decrease of growth rate during nutrient depletion (bottom left). Due to the extended periods of slow growth after exhaustion of primary nutrients, bacteria can adapt their proteome substantially (bottom center), and decrease their death rate (bottom right).
F) Images of Plin2-GFP in 3rd instar larval fat body cells of different genotypes. Scale bar represents 25 µm. (F) The localization of Plin2-GFP is greatly reduced in peripheral lipid droplets and increased in medial lipid droplets in CSN2 RNAi larvae fed on a 30% high-fat diet. DAPI (blue) stains nuclei. White arrows indicate peripheral lipid droplet. Red arrows indicate medial lipid droplets.
b. After 5 passages (p2, p3, p4 and p5) on VeroE6 cells, the mCherry reporter gene in ISA mCherry D614 supernatant medium was RT-PCR amplified and analysed using gel electrophoresis.
(B) Upper panel: Immunoblots of SM-calponin, phosphorylated Smad2 (p-Smad2), and TGFR1 expression in control and FRS2 knockdown HASMCs transduced with or without let-7b lentiviruses. Blots are representative of three independent experiments. Bottom panels: Band intensities of SM-calponin and p-Smad2 were normalized to GAPDH or Smad2 and expressed as a fraction of a control value.
A. Movement scores of chd-7(gk290) mutants (red) compared to N2 wildtype (WT; black). Two-tailed T-test was performed for statistical analyses and movement score was considered different to WT (N=3, n=30; ****p < 0.0001, Student's t-test).
I) Analysis of an exhaustive mutational fitness screen conducted by Varadarajan and colleagues (Bajaj et al, 2005). The percentage of mutations found to be inactivating is plotted against the depth of burial in the protein core for each of the charged residues. The dotted line indicates where charge introduction becomes predominantly destabilizing. Sidechain lengths derived from panel C are indicated on the x-axis.
G. WB confirmation of the interaction between HA-pep-AP and TALDO1 in HCT116/L-OHP and SW480/L-OHP cells.
(B) Representative of Haemotoxylin Eosin (Hamp;amp;E) staining of medulloblastoma tumors arising from the orthotopic xenograft experiment described in (A). Both the control (no dox-treated) and the dox-treated mice developed primary intracerebellar tumors (green and red arrows, respectively). SOX9-expressing Daoy tumors disseminated to the spinal cord (3/4; green asterisks), while the group continuously receiving dox-containing chow showed no metastatic spread (0/4).
B: Capacity to decode signal duration. ILGs translate ERK signal duration into response amplitude. IEGs are only partially able to do so, as many of these genes are still strongly induced upon shortened signal durations.
Reverse Transcriptase PCR showing that bd1971, and control gene dnaK, are expressed throughout the predatory cycle of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus. RNA was isolated at the time points indicated across the top of the gel during one round of synchronous Bdellovibrio infection of E. coli cells. Primers were designed to anneal specifically to the gene of interest. L = 100bp DNA ladder, AP = Attack Phase cells, 15-45 = 15-45 minutes respectively since infection, 1h-4h = hours respectively since infection. Ec = E. coli strain S17-1 RNA (negative control: no Bdellovibrio RNA); NT = control with no template RNA; gen = B. bacteriovorus HD100 genomic DNA (positive control). The cartoon above represents each stage in the predatory cycle.