EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
C: Mps1 localizes to unattached kinetochores and phosphorylates Dam1c on proximal microtubules (left). By this, Bim1 associates with Dam1c and the complex is enriched at microtubule plus ends which allows formation of end-on attachments (right). Since phosphorylation of Dam1c does not happen on distal microtubules, association with Bim1 and accumulation at plus ends is restricted to microtubules which are close to unattached kinetochores.
F) Expression analysis by qRT-PCR (mean ± SD) of both Cdkn2a isoforms (p16Ink4A and p19Arf) in AhCre Eed+/+ and AhCre Eed-/- crypts 15 days after β-naphthoflavone administration.
(N-P') S100β (green, astrocytes) and Sox2 (red, reactive/proliferative astrocytes) IF in the ONs of WT (N,N') and HET (O-P') animals after 6 days of treatment with DMSO (N-O') or Miconazole (P,P'), then sacrificed at P28. Astrocytes undergo remodeling and express Sox2 in Nr2f1 HET animals (O',P'), even after Miconazole treatment.
(H) Wild-type or JfkKO mice were fed with HFD for 11 weeks prior to injection of adenovirally-delivered vector or JFK via tail vein. Seven days after injection, total proteins prepared from liver tissues were subjected to western blotting analysis for the expression of Jfk or measurement for hepatic TG and NEFA content. Error bars represent mean ± SEM (n = 6, *p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD test). H&E and Oil Red O staining of liver sections are shown. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(C) Patients suffering from major depressive disorder (MDD) show a blunted ACTH response to CRH (black line, N=10), compared with control (gray line, N=10) - data from (von Bardeleben et al, 1988), shown are mean ± SEM.
H Drug treatment increased calcium transient frequency in 6-week neurons. Fluorescence intensity changes reflecting intracellular calcium transients in neurons in different regions of interest (one-way ANOVA, F4,52 = 20.28, Dunnett's multiple comparisons test vs untreated KO: Nefiracetam, **P < 0.01 and Z = 2.364; PHA 543613, ***P < 0.001 and Z = 3.391; Acamprosate, ***P < 0.001 and Z = 3.153; WT83/Q83X cell lines were used; N = 10-14 neurons/condition) and the percentage of active neurons (one-way ANOVA, F4,52 = 23.11; Dunnett's multiple comparison test vs untreated KO: Nefiracetam, ***P < 0.001 and Z = 3.144; PHA 543613, **P < 0.01 and Z = 2.567; **Acamprosate, P < 0.01 and Z = 2.285; N = 10-14 neurons/condition).
The overall complex structures of hACE2 bound to the SARS-CoV-2 RBD, GD/1/2019 RBD and GX/P2V/2017 RBD. The binding between the RBDs and hACE2 is mainly composed of two patches of interactions, and patch 1 and patch 2 are indicated in black and red dashed boxes, respectively. The N-glycans are shown as spheres. hACE2, SARS-CoV-2 RBD, GD/1/2019 RBD and GX/P2V/2017 RBD are colored in cyan, orange, lightpink and palegreen, respectively.
A-B MAVS could be succinylated in vitro. GST-MAVS (A) extracted from E.coli or Flag-tagged MAVS (B) protein purified from HEK293T cells was incubated with the indicated concentrations of succinyl-CoA. Protein succinylation was detected with anti-pan-succinyl-lysine antibody; GST-MAVS or Flag-MAVS was stained by Coomassie blue.
(B) MCF10A cells were exposed to oxidative stress (200μM H2O2) and processed for small RNA-sequencing. The log2-fold induction levels for tRFs derived from distinct tRNA isoacceptor is plotted.
D) LC-MS quantification of independent samples for GSH, GSSG (oxidized GSH), GSSG/GSH ratio and cystathionine from 6 PDXs (n=3/ sample / group). Statistical significance between IDH groups calculated by T test, pv: p-value.
(E) Mitochondrial oxygen consumption rate (OCR) measured using a Seahorse flux analyzer before (basal) and after the addition (maximal) of the uncoupler FCCP, in HeLa cells treated with NT or siLETM1 (siR1 or siR2). Data are means ± SEM of n=5 experiments
The localization of apical polarity proteins is affected by Elp3 loss. Surface views of mid-basal turn of P1 cochleae from WT or Elp3cKO mice stained with Gαi3 (K) and F-actin. The enrichment of these apical polarity regulators at the lateral edges of HCs is disrupted in Elp3cKO HCs. Scale bars=5µm (upper panels) and 2µm (lower panels). Data information: #IHC; *OHC1; **OHC2; ***OHC3
Rescue assays. Myc-Egg WT, Myc-Egg K1085R, and Myc-SV40-NLS-K1085R were expressed in OSCs upon endogenous Egg depletion (siEgg). Western blotting was performed using anti-Egg (left) and anti-Myc (right) antibodies. RT-qPCR quantified the expression level of the Stalker2 transposon. The act5c gene was used for normalization. siEGFP: siRNA for EGFP was used as a negative control. Error bars represent SD from three independent experiments. *p < 0.05 (unpaired Student's t-test).
Transwell invasion assays showed that shcircFNTA can increase J82 cells invasion (I) more profoundly than oelinearFNTA as compared with the oevector group. Scale bar, 100 μm.
Kinetics of Tau:PEG, Tau:RNA, and Tau:PEG:RNA condensate growth assessed through power law, R=a*tb, fitting to trDLS data starting at the time of LLPS inducer addition.
H, I Blood glucose during insulin tolerance test (ITT) on male mice as in (E,F), n=8 (H), n=7/8 (I). Repeated measures 2x2 ANOVA with Holm-Sidak posttests (Cited4-/- vs. Cited4+/+). J Area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose during the ITT in (H,J). **P=0.001, ***P=0.00006 in 2x2 ANOVA with Holm-Sidak posttests (After Rosi vs. Before Rosi)
(b) The proportions of EGFP-positive cells with EGFP-HDQ74 aggregates in SK-N-SH (for rilmenidine) and COS-7 (for db-cAMP, forskolin and 2′5′ddA) cells as in Figure 1c, treated with concentrations used in a for 48 h post-transfection. Error bars show 95% confidence interval.
C. Sre2 cleavage was assayed by western blot using anti-Sre2 serum or anti-Flag IgG of phosphatase-treated, whole cell lysates from the indicated strains. N denotes Sre2 cleaved nuclear form.
(G) Quantification of normalized MA currents of non-responding DRG neurons (n=9). Data are shown as mean ± SEM.
Primary hepatocytes isolated from chow-fed ASK1F/F () and ASK1Δhep () mice were treated with BSA, Palm, Palm+Rap or Palm+Rap+Baf for 24 h. Cells were stained for lipid droplet accumulation (Bodipy 493/503, green) and nuclei (Hoechst, blue). Lipid accumulation was quantified using automated image-based analysis (n=4 biological replicates).
B Western blot analyses of OXPHOS protein steady state levels at increasing concentrations of IMT1 of RKO (left) and IMT1-resistant RKO cells (right). The samples were collected and analyzed after eight weeks of chronic IMT1 treatment of the resistant line; GAPDH is shown as loading control.
(C) Translated uORFs are enriched in conserved peptides - Enrichment plot indicates log-odds ratio of conserved uORFs in the set of translated uORFs versus all uORFs.
(F) The model for the role of hFOXM1 in cerebral cortex. Human FOXM1 expression causes neural precursor cells increase through up-regulating the level of LIN28A. The increased neural precursor cells subsequently increase in the number of new born neurons and induce cortical extension and folding in mice.
kin tumor outcomes in WT (n=7), IL-33KO (n=6) and ST2KO (n=7) mice at the completion of the DMBA/DNFB carcinogenesis protocol. F) representative images of H&E-stained back skin of the mice in each group (scale bar: 100 μm).
C. The eleven subnetworks with a statistically significant network score (p<0.01). Five subnetworks are enriched in negative regulators of bCSC-fate (red genes) and six in positive regulators (green genes).
(B) In lower galactose concentration, Gal80 represses Gal4 activity and transcription initiation during some bursts, resulting in a lower burst frequency. When Gal4 is not repressed, the burst duration is similar to full induction conditions. We propose that galactose concentration determines the availability of active Gal4.
Triplicate samples of H1-Hela cells were infected with PV at an MOI of 0.1 pfu/cell (A) or MOI of 50 pfu/cell (B). Cells were pre-treated with 20 µM leupeptin for 14 hours prior to infection and kept under treatment throughout infection. Cell-associated virus was collected at the indicated times post-infection, and virus titers were determined by plaque assay. Parallel infections were collected for Western blots of LC3 (A) or p62 (B) In (B) cell-associated virus was collected at 6 h.p.i. for plaque assay.
GST pulldown assays of indicated in vitro transcribed/translated 35S-Myc-CALCOCO1 constructs with indicated recombinant GST-tagged ATG8 family proteins. Precipitated GST and GST fusions and co-precipitated Myc-CALCOCO1 constructs were analyzed as in A.
The percentage of NE in individual 5DO fat body cells that has normal INM, ONM, and NPC morphology. Black lines show the mean of each group.
(D) qPCR validation of TH levels in SN samples of PD and controls, normalized to beta-actin mRNA. T-test p*=0.025, Data presented as mean ± SD. n=18 for CT and 24 for PD.
(e) SH-SY5Y cells transfected with HA-parkin were treated with the indicated toxins, immunolabelled for HA (green) and mitochondrial p60 antigen (red) and analysed for HA-parkin redistribution to mitochondria. FCCP elicited translocation of parkin to mitochondria (arrows), which was not seen with the other mitophagy stimuli.
(d) Immunofluorescence of endogenous LC3 (left, top row) and immunoglobulin content (left, bottom row) in bone marrow PCs sorted from Atg5f/f and Atg5f/fCD19-Cre mice, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of Atg5 mRNA in bone marrow PCs and spleen B cell populations (right) sorted from Atg5f/f and Atg5f/f CD19-Cre mice. Nuclei (left) are stained blue with Hoechst. Scale bar (left), 5 μm. *P 0.05, **P 0.01 and ***P 0.001 (Student's t-test).
Three sex chromosome axes could be detected in the 2-month-old XUsp26+XUsp26-Y spermatocytes. Immunofluorescence analysis of BRCA1 (red) and SYCP3 (green) in (L) was performed in 2-month-old WT and XUsp26+XUsp26-Y spermatocytes. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).The arrows indicate the Y chromosome. The arrowheads indicate the X chromosome.
(C, D) Representative confocal micrographs of control, Atg9-knockdown, WIPI1-knockdown, and DFCP1-knockdown cells after 0 hr or 5 hr of Tm treatment (C). The ER structure was visualized with an anti-calnexin antibody. Large vacuoles were observed in control and DFCP1-knockdown cells (arrowheads), but rarely seen in Atg9- or WIPI1-knockdown cells. Scale bars are 10 μm. The percentage of cells with vacuoles was counted, and is shown in the bar graph (D). Data are means ± SD from three independent experiments (N = 100). **: p<0.01.
IFT velocities were measured for wild-type or ts-che-3 mutant animals (grown at permissive temperature) and imaged at the permissive temperature, restrictive temperature or after 3 hours at the restrictive temperature. Compared to wild-type, anterograde velocities in the ts-che-3 dynein mutant are similar, while IFT retrograde rates are highly reduced for both the middle and distal ciliary segments. Interestingly, the ts-che-3 IFT dynein mutant appears to not only have slow retrograde IFT trains, but the trains also appear much larger and less frequent. Initially upon the temperature shift (<15min) IFT rates are much faster for both wild-type and ts-che-3 dynein mutant, although retrograde remains much slower in the mutant. After 3 hours at the restrictive temperature, IFT velocities are intermediate between the rates seen at 15ºC and those observed at the initial shift to 25ºC
Western blot analysis of p-Stat5 in livers of 9-week-old mice (n=3 per group, 3 independent repeats), with quantitation of the ratio of p- to total Stat5 shown below the blot. Hsp90, loading control for Western blot analysis.
Caco-2 cells incubated with P57-68 or PGAV or with P31-43 in the presence or absence of VX-770 Immunoblotting with specific antibodies in Caco-2 cells challenged for 2 or 4 h in the presence or absence of VX-770. NF-κB p65 in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts (B) Densitometric analysis of protein levels relative to loading control. Mean ± SD of triplicates of independent experiments. **p<0.01 and °°p<0.001 vs 2h or 4h of culture with P31-43 in the presence of VX-770 (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test).
Autophagosomes and amphisomes do form in ESCRT-depleted cells. HeLa cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 were transfected with control (A), Tsg101 (B, D, and E), or Vps24 (C) siRNA and processed for immuno-EM analysis. Cryosections were incubated with antibodies against GFP (15-nm gold) and LBPA (10-nm gold). Amphisomes (Am), characterized by their content of electron-dense LC3-positive areas and intraluminal vesicles, were observed in both control (A) and ESCRT-depleted cells (B and C). (D) In the Tsg101-depleted cells we found large clusters of more typical autophagosomes (Au) and (E) clusters of double-membrane structures, consisting of autophagosomes and tubular structures which might represent phagophores, all labeling strongly for GFP-LC3. We never observed similar clusters in control cells and very rarely in Vps24-depleted cells. Bars, 200 nm. (F) Quantification of amphisomes in control cells and cells depleted for Tsg101 or Vps24. Approximately 20 cells were included per siRNA depletion per experiment (n = 3). Error bars = SEM.
(C) Ribbon model of pRab8a (left) and the switch 2 phosphopeptide (right) docked onto the active site of PPM1H. The crosslinks shown between PPM1H and pRab8a are within accepted distance constraints (32 Å) for DSBU (He et al., 2015).
A: GFP-MOSPD2 (green) expressing cells were stained with an anti-Lamp1 antibody (red) to label late endosomes/lysosomes Data information: In (A-F), the subpanels on the right are higher magnification (3.5x) images of the area outlined in white. The Overlay panel shows merged green and magenta images. Scale bars: 10 µm
Western blot detection of ARS proteins in mascRNA overexpressing (mascRNA) or the scrambled RNA expressing (Scramble) cells. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control.   Quantification of the protein levels in Panel A.
B) Representative confocal immunofluorescence and Bright Field (BF) images of an apoptotic HCT AKO cell expressing tBID-GFP (green), showing cyt c release (magenta), formation of pyknotic nuclei (cyan) and plasma membrane blebs. Scale bar 10 µm.
E. Jurkat cells were transfected with mtYFP, 24h after AICD induction cells were fixed. Representative reconstructions of confocal z-stacks of the mtYFP fluorescence 24h after AICD induction are shown. Scale bar, 5μm.F. Morphometric analysis of mitochondrial shape in cells treated as in (E) is shown. Data represent mean ± SE of five independent experiments (n = 30 cells per condition in each experiment).
IL-1β concentration (pg/ml) in supernatants from COVID-19 patients which were stimulated for 2h with a blocking anti-TLR2 monoclonal antibody in different concentrations as indicated. Subsequently, macrophages were stimulated with LPS (1 ng/ml: n = 6; 10 and 100 ng/ml: n = 7) and S-Protein (1 ng/ml: n = 12; 10 and 100 ng/ml: n = 13) for 4h and both groups for 2h with nigericin. For statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA was used
(A) RPE1 cells of the indicated genotypes were treated either with DMSO or with DHCB for 24h. A fraction of DHCB treated cells were released into fresh medium for other 24h (release). Samples were subjected to immunoblotting; n = 3 independent experiments.
(F) Quantification of protein levels of DCLK1 of samples represented in (E). N = 3, error bars indicate SEM, *** - p < 0.001 (1-way ANOVA followed by a Tukey's Multiple Comparison Test).
(I) mRNA expression levels of lineage-specific marker genes upon KD of Tead 1/3/4.
Isolated primary fibroblasts and mesangial cells from Foxd1Cre::Pdgfrb+/J mice have higher proliferation rates assessed by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay compared to cells from wt mice. Bar graphs show means ± SD, n = 4 per group, *: p≤0.05 compared to wt of same time point.
SUMO target proteins displaying at least 2.5-fold upregulation of SUMOylation after formaldehyde treatment were mapped to the human proteome, which was annotated with Gene Ontology (GO) terms. Enrichment analysis was performed to find terms significantly enriched for formaldehyde-induced SUMOylated proteins, using Fisher Exact testing with multiple-hypothesis correction to achieve a final q-value of <0.02. A relative score was derived from a combination of the enrichment ratio and the q-value. A full list of all enriched terms is available GOBP, GO Biological Processes; GOCC, GO Cellular Compartments; GOMF, GO Molecular Functions.
A: Coomassie blue staining of the recombinant MSP domain of MOSPD2 after SDS-PAGE.
Analysis of TFEB binding and modulation of the CDK4 promoter in human ECs. Representative snapshot of TFEB binding on CDK4 in human ECs.
Time-lapse confocal images showing dynamic localization of PI(3,4) P2 (green) and F-actin (red) in wild-type Dictyostelium cells. Nocodazole was added at time 0 during live cell imaging.
B16F10 melanoma cells with or without mTRF2 overexpression were inoculated into the backs of immunocompetent mice and treated with anti-GR1 antibody or isotypic control (200µg/IP). On day 19 of the tumor growth experiment, the percentages of GFP+ cells infiltrating the lungs were determined by FACS and presented as the number of GFP+ cells/mg lung tissue (C). Data information: data are presented by Box plots Min to Max showing all points with median corresponding to the percentages of each cell population among CD45+ cells or the indicated parent population or the number of lung nodules. All experiments are performed with n = 8 mice per group; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001; Mann-Whitney test.
A. Sub-cellular localization of Nox4. Tunicamycin (Tn 2 µg/ml, 6h) increased Nox4 levels in H9c2 cells as assessed by spinning disk confocal microscopy (scale bar, 10 µm).3D SIM images (scale bars, 2 µm) showed localisation of Nox4 (green) to the ER, which was labeled with an anti-KDEL antibody (red). At higher magnification (right), yellow dots denote co-localization of Nox4 and KDEL signals. Cell nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). 1 Z slice from 3D stack is shown.
A An equal amount of whole cell lysates from RPE cells or those expressing shLamin A/C or luciferase (shLuc) was analyzed by the immunoblotting with antibodies as indicated.
(E) The percentage of C20:3-, C20:4- or C20:5-containing phospholipids to total lipids containing the same PUFA in different genetic backgrounds. The percentage of C20:4-containing phospholipids to total lipids containing C20:4 is significantly decreased in atgl-1 and fat-4 single mutants. The percentage is further decreased in atgl-1 and fat-4 double mutant. Data information: FA: free fatty acids; TAG: triacylglycerol; PL: phospholipids. The data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. Asterisks denote significant differences as compared to mec-4(d). ns: not statistically significant. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001. Data show mean ± SEM. Number of experiments n=5, with about 10,000 animals per strain analyzed in each experiment.
dHepaRG-TR-A3A cells were infected with HBV at an MOI of 300 virions/cell. Cells were treated with tetracycline (Tet (A3A)) or/and 300 U/ml IFNα from day 9 to 18 p.i. cccDNA amplicons were analyzed by 3D‑PCR
A. Experimental design for pIpC treatment and analysis of PKCδ fl/fl/Mx-1Cre- (PKCδ fl/fl) and PKCδ fl/fl/Mx-1Cre+ (PKCδ Δ/Δ, cKO) mice.
(H) Absolute number of somatic hypermutations (SHM) in the IGHV (IGHA, IGHG and IGHM), IGKV or IGLV segments of sorted anti-HBHAmemory cells from TB patients and HCWs. Geometric means with SEM are indicated in grey. For comparison, red lines indicate the historic SHM means for randomly sorted CD27+IgA+, CD27+IgG+ or CD27+IgM+ cells from peripheral blood of HDs (Berkowska et al, 2015a; Tiller et al, 2007; Tsuiji et al, 2006).
(B) Interactions of GmLMM1 with PRR receptors. The indicated constructs were transiently expressed in N. benthamiana leaves and subjected to luciferase complementation assay. GmFLS2 (Gm08G083300) is the closest homolog of FLS2 in soybean. GmILPA1 was used as a negative control. The protein interaction intensity is shown by the relative luminescence unit (RLU) (Mean±SD, n ≥ 6, n represents sample number, p<0.05, Student's t-test, different letters indicate signiﬁcant difference). Immunoblots show the levels of protein expression. Data information: The experiments were performed three times as biological replicates, with similar results.
A Representative flow cytometry analysis and quantification of CXCR2highneutrophils in the blood after ZT5 and ZT13 MI. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test; n = 4 mice for all time points in both groups; ZT5 vs. ZT13: *P = 0.0001 (4h), *P = 0.0001 (8h), *P = 0.0447 (12h).
Body weight and ear thickness of untreated WT and Malt1fl/fl K5creTg/+ CARD14E138ATg/+ male and female mice (between 4 and 7 months old). Each symbol represents one mouse; the line represents the mean value (n≥4 mice per group). WT = Malt1fl/fl K5cre+/+ CARD14E138A+/+, Malt1fl/fl K5cre+/+ CARD14E138ATg/+ and Malt1fl/fl K5creTg/+ CARD14E138A+/+ mice. Statistical difference between two groups was determined using a Mann-Whitney U-test (ns: p-value>0.05)
(A-B) Luciferase assay to analyze transcriptional regulation of VPS4B by TDP-43. (A) Reporter construct expressing renilla luciferase (R-Luc) driven by a VPS4B promoter fragment and firefly luciferase (FF) under the TK promotor.
D, E Dose-response analysis of ERY, HLN, SPL, FSK and GELD. Cells were co-transfected with AUG-RFP and polyGP-GFP plasmids and treated with two concentration ranges 0.5, 1, 5 and 10 µM (D) and 20, 40 and 60 µM (E) for 24 h. CHX used only low dosages. Data are mean ± SD from three biological replicates. 1-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett's multiple comparison tests: *P<0.5; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001
A third experiment was performed with both 0.05%w/v alanine and 0.05%w/v glutamate supplied. Pa coexisted with Aci2 and reached a population fraction between 0.34 and 0.42 independent of initial starting fraction. Two-resource coexistence was unexpected given the single-resource competitive exclusions.
F. U2OS cells were depleted of endogenous ATM by repeated transfections with shRNA and induced, by doxycycline incubation, to express ATMWT, ATM2RA, or ATMCL mutant. Where indicated, cells were further transfected with a GSNOR-coding vector and then treated for 4 h with 100 μM H2O2. Mitophagy was assessed by RT-qPCR relative quantitation of D-loop normalized to genomic actin (gActin). Results shown are the means ± SD of n = 6 experiments. *p<0.05; ***p<0.001.
B. Same as A but tilted view to highlight the active site cavity (left). Close up view of the active site in which all known tRNA binding sites and a region of Elp2 important for tRNA modification activity are highlighted. Individual structures of the subunits are shown in cartoon and surface representation.
E GSEA of top 25 up- (red) and downregulated (green) signatures comparing matched relapsed and resected brain metastases from animals receiving neurosurgery.
C,D Co-expression via the col-19 promoter of UbG76V-GFP (green) and mRFP (red) in C. elegans hypodermis from a single integrated transgene at L4+48 hours. Wild-type animals are shown. Bar, 50 microns. UbG76V-GFP fluorescence is barely detectable.E,F Co-expression via the sur-5 promoter of UbG76V-GFP (green) and mCherry (red) in C. elegans from two separate integrated transgenes (with focus on the intestine) at L4+48 hours. Wild-type animals are shown. Bar, 50 microns. UbG76V-GFP fluorescence is barely detectable.G,H Co-expression of UbG76V-GFP (green) and mRFP (red) in C. elegans hypodermis at L4+48 hours in dop-1(vs100) mutants. Bar, 50 microns. Abundant, stable UbG76V-GFP fluorescence is observed.I,J Co-expression of UbG76V-GFP (green) and mCherry (red) in C. elegans from the sur-5 promoter at L4+48 hours in dop-1(vs100) mutants. Bar, 50 microns. Abundant, stable UbG76V-GFP fluorescence is observed, particularly in the intestine.
b, We either fed Wild-type (Canton-S) third-instar larvae or starved them for 4 h, and dissected fat bodies, stained them with anti-Drpr antibody, and imaged them for Drpr (green). We stained nuclei with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) (blue).