EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Abnormal LD accumulation in young adult retinas upon a loss of ADAM17 in glial cells A-C.Figure 2A-C. TEM images of 1day old adult retinas showing the overall structure of clusters of ommatidia (A1, B1, C1), or a single ommatidium (A2, B2, C2) in wild type (A1, A2), ADAM17-/- mutant (B1, B2) or ADAM17-/Df (C1, C2). Red arrows show lipid droplets in PGCs, green shading highlights PGCs. Scale bars for A2, B2 and C2: 2μm and 10μm for all other panels. D-J. Fluorescent images of 1 day old fly retinas stained with BODIPY (green) and FM-dye (red) to mark lipid droplets and the photoreceptor membranes respectively; (D) wild type; (E) ADAM17-/- mutant; (F) ADAM17-/ Deficiency; (G) knockdown of ADAM17 throughout the retina; (H) knockdown in glial cells; (I) knockdown in neurons; and (J) kuz-/-; n=10 fly retinas. Scale bars 10μm Quantitation of the BODIPY signal shown as integrated total lipid for the genotypes The box end points are the upper (75%) and lower (25%) quartiles, the whiskers define the maximum 95th percentile and minimum 5th percentile values respectively, the central band is the median and the square is the mean. Data were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for post hoc analysis for significance due to unequal sample sizes. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01. Quantitation of the BODIPY signal shown as normalised LD size of lipid droplets for the genotypes The box end points are the upper (75%) and lower (25%) quartiles, the whiskers define the maximum 95th percentile and minimum 5th percentile values respectively, the central band is the median and the square is the mean. Data were analysed using the Kruskal Wallis test followed by Dunn's test for post hoc analysis for significance due to unequal sample sizes. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01. M-N. Q-PCR analysis of mRNA transcripts of lipogenic genes -Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) and Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) from heads of wild type and ADAM17-/- mutants; n=4 and n=3 biological replicates for M and N respectively, with 3 technical replicates for each genotype. The box end points are the upper (75%) and lower (25%) quartiles, the whiskers define the maximum 95th percentile and minimum 5th percentile values respectively, the central band is the median and the square is the mean. Data were quantified for significance using Student's t test. ***p<0.001, **p<0.01.
Figure 2Expression of Rpk is increased anterior to the A-P compartment boundary, and in two rows of cells flanking the D-V compartment boundary in the A compartment. (B-B'') Blockade of DEG/ENaC channels by incubation in amiloride abolishes the stripe of increased DiBAC fluorescence along the A-P compartment boundary (white arrowhead). White boxes indicate regions used to calculate the average DiBAC fluorescence intensity ratio across the compartment boundary = 0.98, standard deviation = 0.05, n = 5 discs. Increased fluorescence at the D-V boundary in the A compartment is still observable (yellow arrowhead). (C, C') Amiloride incubation does not diminish Rpk expression. White arrowhead indicates approximate position of the A-P compartment boundary, yellow arrowhead indicates approximate position of the D-V compartment boundary. (D, E) Expression of rpk RNAi using dpp-Gal4 results in diminished DiBAC fluorescence along the A-P compartment boundary (white arrowhead), while increased fluorescence at the D-V boundary in the A compartment is still observable (yellow arrowhead).
Modulation of autophagy impacts on stress in PD fibroblasts.Figure 2A, B. Western Blot analysis of the autophagy marker LC3 (A) and quantitative analyses (B) in untreated control fibroblasts (CNTR) and in 2 PD fibroblasts cell lines (PD1, PD2). PD cells were untreated (NT) or subjected to different treatments to modulate autophagy (starvation, STAR; rapamycin, RAPA; MK6-83; bafilomycin, BAFI). Data information: Starvation of cells was performed for 4 hours; treatments with 20 µM rapamycin or 30 µM MK6-83 or 100nM bafilomycin was performed for 24 hours. Data presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated with ANOVA Šídák's multiple comparisons test. Statistically significant comparison p-values are indicated. C. ROS production, lipid peroxidation, and GSH levels in PD fibroblasts (n=3). CNTR (white bars), CNTR after treatment (dark grey bars), PD samples (black bars) and PD after treatment (light grey bars). Physiological or pharmacological enhancement of autophagy resulted in correction of oxidative stress in PD cells, while bafilomycin treatment further increased stress in CNTR and PD cells. Data information: Starvation of cells was performed for 4 hours; treatments with 20 µM rapamycin or 30 µM MK6-83 or 100nM bafilomycin was performed for 24 hours. Data presented as mean ± SD. P values were calculated with ANOVA Šídák's multiple comparisons test. Statistically significant comparison p-values are indicated.
Comparison of regulated phosphorylation across perturbations Principal component analysis (PCA) of the DIA-MS phosphoproteomic data for the different stimuli separated by time points.Figure 5Principal component analysis (PCA) of the DIA-MS phosphoproteomic data for the different stimuli separated by time points. Hierarchical clustering analysis of z-scored intensity values of significantly regulated (ANOVA, permutation-based FDR <0.05) phosphopeptides of the different time points. Column clustering hierarchy is indicated at the top. Row clusters for term enrichment analysis are color coded and indicated on the right. KEGG terms, biological process and cellular component GO-terms associated with regulated phosphorylation sites (two sample t-test, untreated as control, permutation based FDR < 0.05 and fold change > 1.5) for the different treatment and time points. Size of bubble denotes more significant enrichment/depletion of GO-terms (Fisher's exact test with Benjamini-Hochberg multiple-hypotheses corrected FDR < 0.02, the enrichment was calculated over the whole yeast proteome).
The nuclear diffusion barrier promotes type II recombination.Figure 6A Mean senescence profiles of the est2∆ (n=10) and est2∆ shs1∆ (n=16) clones. The error bars are SDs. B Mean senescence profiles of the est1∆ (n=6) and est1∆ bud6∆ (n=7) clones. Est1, similarly to Est2, is essential for telomere maintenance. est1∆ has been used in this experiment instead of est2∆ because EST2 and BUD6 genes are linked on chromosome XII. The error bars are SDs. C Duration of the short telomere-induced crisis for the clones analysed in A) and B). The crisis period was determined as the number of days the cell population stayed arrested without notable increase in cell density. The average crisis period is plotted for each genotype. The error bars are SDs of n independent clones: est2∆ (n=10), est2∆ shs1∆ (n=16), est1∆ (n=6) and est1∆ bud6∆ (n=7) . P values are from two-tailed Student's tests (*p=0.014). D Frequencies of the survivor types formed by the clones used in the senescence assays shown in A and B.
Sir3 overexpression inhibits Sae2 and increases error-prone NHEJ A.Figure 1A. Schematic representation of the assay used to estimate error-prone NHEJ at euchromatic DSB. B. Survival frequencies observed after DSB induction at TEL6R in WT, dnl4Δ, sir4Δ cells, expressing or not high levels of Sir3p (oeSir3 and WT respectively). Error bars indicate survival standard error (SEM) of at least three independent experiments. C. Survival frequencies observed after DSB induction at LYS2 in the indicated strains. Error bars indicate survival standard error (SEM) of at least three independent experiments. Data information: Significance was determined using 2-tailed, unpaired Student's t test. *P-value 0.01 to 0.05, significant; **P-value 0.001 to 0.01, very significant; ***P-value 0.0001 to 0.001, extremely significant; ****P < 0.0001, extremely significant; P ≥ 0.05, not significant (ns). D. Schematic representation of the LYS2 locus with primers located at 1 kb from the I-SceI site for the DNA measurements (blue arrows). E. DNA levels measured at 0.2 kb from the I-SceI cut site at LYS2 after 2h DSB induction by qPCR in WT and sae2Δ cells expressing or not high levels of Sir3p (oeSir3 and WT respectively). DNA levels were normalized to DNA levels at the OGG1 locus and corrected for differences in DSB cleavage efficiency Error bars represent the standard deviation (SD) of three independent experiments. Data information: Significance was determined using 2-tailed, unpaired Student's t test. *P-value 0.01 to 0.05, significant; **P-value 0.001 to 0.01, very significant; ***P-value 0.0001 to 0.001, extremely significant; ****P < 0.0001, extremely significant; P ≥ 0.05, not significant (ns). F. Representative images of Mre11-YFP foci in response to an I-SceI-induced DSB at LYS2 in WT cells, expressing or not high levels of Sir3p (oeSir3 and WT respectively). Scale bars are 2 μm. G. Quantification of cells with DSB induced Mre11-YFP foci after DSB induction at LYS2 I-SceI cleavage site in WT, sae2Δ and Sir3 overexpressing (oeSir3) strains. Error bars indicate survival standard error (SEM) of at least three independent experiments. Data information: Significance was determined using 2-tailed, unpaired Student's t test. *P-value 0.01 to 0.05, significant; **P-value 0.001 to 0.01, very significant; ***P-value 0.0001 to 0.001, extremely significant; ****P < 0.0001, extremely significant; P ≥ 0.05, not significant (ns). H. Survival frequencies after DSB induction at LYS2 locus, in strains where SIR3 is expressed from its native, pADH1 or pGPD promoters respectively and in which SAE2 is expressed or not from a high copy number 2µ plasmid. Fold increase in Sir3 protein by pAHD1 or pGPD is indicated. Error bars indicate survival standard error (SEM) of at least three independent experiments. Data information: Significance was determined using 2-tailed, unpaired Student's t test. *P-value 0.01 to 0.05, significant; **P-value 0.001 to 0.01, very significant; ***P-value 0.0001 to 0.001, extremely significant; ****P < 0.0001, extremely significant; P ≥ 0.05, not significant (ns).
Figure 1Schema of the mouse wild type and mutant Tmem106b locus. The tm2a allele carries a LacZ-Neo selection cassette in intron 3 and a loxP-flanked exon 4. Upon Cre recombinase expression in the germline, exon 4 is deleted and Tmem106b expression abolished (tm2b allele). Western blot analysis of total brain lysates of wild type, Tmem106b-/-, Grn-/- and Grn-/-/Tmem106b-/- mice using antibody 6F2 to detect TMEM106B. (4.5-month-old mice with the given genotype; n = 3 biological replicates per genotype). Hind limb clasping test wild type, Tmem106b-/-, Grn-/-, Grn+/-/Tmem106b-/- and Grn-/-/Tmem106b-/- mice. Representative pictures are shown of 3 mice analyzed for each genotype at 3 months of age. Rotarod performance of wild type, Tmem106b-/-, Grn-/-, Grn+/- /Tmem106b-/- and double knockout animals at 3 to 4 months of age. Number of animals used for analysis, 10 wild type, 12 Tmem106b-/-, 5 Grn-/-, 7 Grn+/-/Tmem106b-/-, 3 Grn-/-/Tmem106b-/- mice. Representative picture of a 4.5-month-old double knockout (Grn-/-/Tmem106b-/- ) mouse after manual flip.
Meiosis‐specific mRNAs are downregulated by Red1 in mitotic cells.Figure 2(A) A large fraction of the mRNAs accumulating in growing red1Δ are meiotic mRNAs. Expression analyses using a microarray technique demonstrate that 88% of increased (more than two‐fold) transcripts have previously been reported as genes upregulated in response to nitrogen starvation/pheromone and during meiosis. (B) The 11 mRNAs exhibiting the greatest increase in red1Δ cells. These genes were classified according to the timing of gene expression in meiosis ( Mata et al, 2002). The fold increases shown in the list are the averages of two independent experiments. The Mmi1 target genes have been identified previously ( Harigaya et al, 2006). (C) Meiotic mRNAs accumulated in red1Δ cells independently of both Mei4 and Rep1 transcription factors. Total RNA samples from wild‐type, red1Δ, red1Δmei4Δ, and red1Δrep1Δ cells were subjected to RT-PCR analyses. RT-PCR of SPBPB2B2.03c, crs1+, mug9+, and mcp5+indicates that the increased levels of these meiotic transcripts also accumulate in red1Δmei4Δ and red1Δrep1Δ cells. (D) Mei4 and Mcp5 proteins are produced in mitotically growing red1Δ cells. Protein extracts of mitotic wild‐type and red1Δ cells expressing Mei4‐HA and Mcp5‐myc were resolved on a polyacrylamide gel and then analysed by western blotting using anti‐HA (top panels) and anti‐myc (bottom panels) antibodies. Cdc2 was monitored as a loading control.
Figure 4A Transcriptional profiling of MdCXIP1 in Md/Mx and Md/Mb under Fe deficient and Fe replete conditions. B Quantitative real time (qRT)-PCR analysis of MdCXIP1 expression in Mx and Mb. C Sequence differences of CXIP1 promoters between Mx and Mb. D Schematic diagram of vectors used for promoter activity analysis. E qRT-PCR analysis of β-glucuronidase (GUS)/green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves after transient co-expression of pro35S::GFP with proMxCXIP1:GUS or proMbCXIP1:GUS, and co-expression with pBI101:GUS as control. F GUS staining in N. benthamiana leaves after transient co-expression of pro35S::GFP with proMxCXIP1:GUS or proMbCXIP1:GUS, and co-expression with pBI101:GUS as a control. G Interaction between MdCXIP1 and MdCAX3 tested by yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) assays. A dilution series of NMY51 yeast cells co-expressing MdCXIP1 and MdCAX3 cultured on SD/II and SDIV screening media. pPBT3-N (empty vector) co-expressed with MdCXIP1 was used as a negative control. X-gal was used in SD/-Trp/-Leu/-His/-Ade screening medium to further test for possible interactions. H Interaction between MdCXIP1 and MdCAX3 tested by bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Transient co-expression of YNE and YCE-MdCXIP1 was used as a negative control. Scale Bar: 20 μm. I Interaction between MdCXIP1 and the MdCAX3 N-terminal autoinhibitory domain in an in vitro pull-down assay. The His-MdCXIP1, GST and GST-N-MdCAX3 fusion proteins were expressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 strain, and the GST protein alone was used as a negative control. '+' indicates presence and "−" indicates absence. IB, immunoblot.
Figure 2Analysis of the percentages of dead PC3 DKO cells or PC3 DKO cells with high expression of the remaining OAS, treated with 75 µM H2O2, 40 μM p-Benzoquinone (pBQ) or 2 mM methyl methane sulfonate (MMS). The number of dead cells (Cytotox Green-permeable) was monitored every 3 h using an IncuCyte ZOOM instrument. Means of triplicates ± SD. ***, p<0.001; *, p<0.05; ns, no significance in two-way ANOVA. Representative data, which were reproduced more than 3 times, are shown. Analysis of the percentages of dead HME DKO cells and HME DKO cells with high expression of the remaining OAS, treated with 500 μM H2O2, and KO1-3 and OAS1-3hi cells treated with 750 μM H2O2. Data were obtained and presented as in (A). Means of triplicates ± SD. ***, p<0.001; **, p<0.01; ns, no significance in two-way ANOVA. Representative data, which were reproduced more than 3 times, are shown. Survival of HME cells, measured by the MTT cell survival assay. Left: control (vec) and KO1-3 cells were treated with 250, 500 or 750 μM of H2O2 and analyzed after 24 h; Right: control, OAS1hi and OAS KO were treated with 500 μM of H2O2 and analyzed after 72 h . The data are presented as mean + SD of triplicates. ***, p<0.001; **, p<0.01; *, p<0.05 in Student's t-test.
Figure 5Cartoon depicting the experiment with the main components of the setup showing the arena in white, the visual landmarks as black stripes and the camera to record the fly (left, from Colomb et al, 2012) and cartoon showing the normal behavior of a WT fly in the arena. The black rectangles represent the visual landmarks and the red arrow the main trajectory undertaken by WT flies relative to the position of the landmarks (right). Representative trajectories of WT and Mettl5 mutant flies analysed by the Buridan's Paradigm. The blue lines indicate when the fly stops and changes direction. Orientation evaluated with the help of the Buridan's paradigm for Mettl5 mutant flies. Orientation was measured as the angular deviation from the straight path needed to move from one landmark to another in the arena. Number of flies tested per genotype: 30. Mean ± standard deviation. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to test for normal distribution in each group. Normally distributed groups were tested by t-test. Due to multiple comparison Bonferroni correction was applied. (p<0.05 = *; p<0.0001=****).
Figure 1A-C) Immunoblots of Gp96 and NMHCIIA levels from whole cell lysates (WCL) and Gp96 IP fractions (IP Gp96) of HeLa cells: (A) left untreated or treated with increasing concentrations of LLO for 15 min. (A, C) Quantifications of NMHCIIA in IP Gp96 are the mean±SEM (n≥3) (a.u. - arbitrary units). (A-C) Immunoblots of Gp96 and NMHCIIA levels from whole cell lysates (WCL) and Gp96 IP fractions (IP Gp96) of HeLa cells: (B) left uninfected (U) or infected with wt or Δhly Lm for 1 h. (A, C) Quantifications of NMHCIIA in IP Gp96 are the mean±SEM (n≥3) (a.u. - arbitrary units). (A-C) Immunoblots of Gp96 and NMHCIIA levels from whole cell lysates (WCL) and Gp96 IP fractions (IP Gp96) of HeLa cells: (C) infected with wt Lm for the indicated time points. (A, C) Quantifications of NMHCIIA in IP Gp96 are the mean±SEM (n≥3) (a.u. - arbitrary units). (D) Confocal microscopy images of HeLa cells: (D) left untreated or treated with LLO (0.5 nM, 15 min), immunolabelled for NMHCIIA (green), Gp96 (red) and stained with DAPI (blue). Arrows point to various NMHCIIA-Gp96 positive cortical bundles in different cell. Insets show high magnification image (E) Quantification of Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) within: uninfected cells (U), LLO-treated cells, cortical NMHCIIA bundles or equivalent size control cellular ROI. (Ctrl ROI) Data are mean±SEM (n=6); p-values were calculated using one-way-ANOVA with Tukey post hoc analyses *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001 (F) Confocal microscopy images of HeLa cells infected with wt or Δhly Lm for 6 h immunolabelled for NMHCIIA (green), Gp96 (red) Lm (blue) and stained with DAPI (white). Arrows indicate NMHCIIA-Gp96 cortical bundles at cortical sites close to wt Lm. (D and F) Scale bar - 10 μm. See also Figs EV1 and EV2.
Figure 1A. Representative western blot showing changes in O-GlcNAcylation in THP-1 cells treated with Stx2a or Stx2amut (10 ng/mL each) for 0-12 h. B. Quantification of the band intensities in (A). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3 biological replicates) normalized against β-actin, which was used as a loading control. Data information: Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student's t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ***P < 0.001. C. Representative western blot showing changes in various ER stress markers and O-GlcNAcylation-related protein expression in THP-1 cells treated with Stx2a (10 ng/mL) for 3 h in the presence or absence of O-linked N-acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) inhibitor OSMI-1 (10 µM final) or serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease inositol-requiring enzyme 1 a (IRE1a) inhibitor MKC-3946 (10 µM final). D. Quantification of the band intensities in (C). Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 3 biological replicates) normalized against β-actin, which was used as a loading control. Data information: Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student's t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ***P < 0.001. E. Representative western blot of O-GlcNAcylation and pro-caspase-3 cleavage in THP-1 cells treated with Stx2a (10 ng/mL) in the presence or absence of OGT inhibitor OSMI-1 (10 µM final). F. Quantification of the band intensities for O-GlcNAcylation (RL-2) in (E). Data are presented as mean ± S.E.M. (n = 3 biological replicates) normalized against β-actin, which was used as a loading control. The effects of Stx2a-mediated induction for O-GlcNAc levels at each time-point were compared to 0 h (left panel), and OSMI-1 treatment was compared with that of the vehicle (DMSO) control at each time-point (right panel). Data information: Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student's t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ***P < 0.001. G. Quantification of the relative band intensities of cleaved caspase-3 in (E) (Left panel: upper band; Right panel: lower band). Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3 biological replicates) normalized against β-actin, which was used as a loading control. The effects of OSMI-1 were compared with those of the vehicle (DMSO) control at each time-point. (n.d. = not detected). Data information: Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student's t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ***P < 0.001. H. Left panel: Representative flow cytometric plots showing apoptosis of THP-1 cells detected by the TUNEL assay upon treatment with Stx2a (10 ng/mL) in the presence (blue) or absence (red) of OSMI-1 (10 µM, final). Right panel: Quantification of the percentage of apoptotic cells at each time-point derived from the plots presented in the upper panel. Data are presented as mean ± S.D. (n = 3 biological replicates). The effects of OSMI-1 were compared with those of the vehicle (DMSO) control at each time-point. Data information: Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student's t-test. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; and ***P < 0.001.
Figure 8A, B The resident/intruder experiment showed that the attack frequency (A) and duration (B) of the miR-200b/a+REST DKD mice were dramatically improved compared with those of the miR-200b/a KD mice [200 KD: miR-200b/a KD; (200+R) DKD: (miR-200b/a+REST) DKD; NC: n=10 mice, miR-200b/a KD: n=9 mice, miR-200b/a+REST DKD: n=13 mice; data represent the mean±SEM; A: F=10.62, B: F=10.54, ***p<0.001; one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons]. C, D The analysis of male-female mating behaviors showed that the frequency (C) and duration (D) of mating to females of the miR-200b/a+REST DKD mice were significantly improved compared with those of the miR-200b/a KD mice (NC: n=10 mice, miR-200b/a KD: n=9 mice, miR-200b/a+REST DKD: n=13 mice; data represent the mean±SEM; C: F=6.162, D: F=6.360, *p<0.05, **p<0.01; one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons). Representative IF staining for Mash1, Tuj1, Cas3 and Ki67 in the MOE of the NC, miR-200b/a KD, and miR-200b/a+REST DKD mice. Scale bars: 20 μm. F-I Quantification of the number of Mash1+(F), Tuj1+(G), Cas3+(H) and Ki67+(I) cells in the MOE of the NC, miR-200b/a KD, and miR-200b/a+REST DKD mice (n=4 mice each group; data represent the mean±SEM; Mash1: F=35.53, Tuj1: F=62.28, Cas3: F=115.7, Ki67: F=77.43, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001; one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons).
Genetic incorporation of Bpa into β-arrestins.Figure 1A Ribbon representation of bovine βarr1 (PDB 1G4M)(Han et al., 2001). The finger loop is highlighted in blue and β-strand VI in pale green B Sequence alignment of the finger loop and N-terminal part of β-strand VI in bovine β-arrestins, color coded as in A. Divergent positions are shown in bold. C Western blots of the lysates of HEK293T cells, resolved on SDS-PAGE and stained with a pan-arrestin antibody. mt = mock transfected. Bpa: Benzoyl-Phenylalanine. Arrestins were equipped with a 3xHA tag at the C-terminus, which increases their size of about 3 kDa compared to the endogenous proteins (βarr1 47 kDa, βarr2 46 kDa). βarr1 and βarr2 were transfected at 1/3 DNA compared to the corresponding TAG-mutants.