EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
a) The Kaplan–Meier survival curves for KRas;Atg5+/+ (n=12), KRas;Atg5fl/+ (n=19) and KRas;Atg5fl/fl (n=18) littermate mice injected intranasally with AdCre (2.f1(a) The Kaplan-Meier survival curves for KRas;Atg5+/+ (n=12), KRas;Atg5fl/+ (n=19) and KRas;Atg5fl/fl (n=18) littermate mice injected intranasally with AdCre (2.5 × 107 p.f.u.). P0.01 (log-rank test) between the KRas;Atg5fl/fl cohort and controls (b) Western blot analysis for Atg5, LC3I and LC3II and p62 in purified primary lung tumour cells. Representative data are shown for tumour cells isolated from KRas;Atg5fl/+ and KRas;Atg5fl/fl mice 18 weeks after AdCre inhalation. β-actin is shown as a loading control. (c) Immunohistochemistry to detect LC3I, p62 and Atg5 in tumours from KRas;Atg5fl/+ and KRas;Atg5fl/fl mice 18 weeks after AdCre inhalation. Note highly elevated levels of LC3I and p62, both indicative of defective autophagy, in KRas;Atg5fl/fl tumours. Scale bars, 50 μm. (d,e) Impaired formation of autophagosomes (arrows) in KRas;Atg5fl/fl tumour cells. (d,e) Impaired formation of autophagosomes (arrows) in KRas;Atg5fl/fl tumour cells. (d) Representative electron microscopy images are shown for KRas;Atg5fl/+ and KRas;Atg5fl/fl tumours18 weeks after AdCre inhalation. Scale bars, 5 μm for upper and 2 μm for lower panels. M, mitochondria; *, lamellar bodies (Corpuscula lamellariae), rare cell organelles containing surfactant lipoproteins characteristic for type II pneumocytes. (e) Mean percentages (±s.e.m.) of tumour cells with detectable autophagosomes or autolysosomes, counted on electron microscopy images. n≥8 mice per genotype and at least 20 intact cells for each electron microscopy section were counted. ***P0.001 (χ2-test of a generalized linear model with logit link assessing the genotype effect).
Figure 3Scatter plot graph with the percentage of lung cancer-specific systemic CD4 T cells quantified by an autologous DC-based antigen presentation assay (See Materials and Methods), in a sample of G1 and G2 patients as indicated. Objective responses (OR) are shown in green. In red, patients with no OR. The scatter plot graph on the left represents the percentage of CD4 THD cells within lung-cancer specific CD4 T cells in a sample of patients from the indicated G1/G2 groups. On the right, same as left but representing the percentage of CD28+ CD4 T cells within lung-cancer specific CD4 T cells. Objective responders (OR) are shown in green.
Figure 5(A) Left panel, representative images of organotypic cultures of E18 mouse cortical neurons co-transfected with HA-tagged ATXN2 with control (Q22x) or intermediate (Q30x) polyQ size and transduced with lentivirus expressing either control shRNA or shRNA targeting C9orf72 mRNA. Right panel, quantification of ATXN2 aggregates. Scale bars, 10 µm. Nuclei were counterstained with DAPI. (B) Cell viability (tetrazolium assay) of GT1-7 neuronal cells co-transfected with HA-tagged ATXN2 with control (Q22x) or intermediate (Q30x) polyQ size and control siRNA or siRNA targeting C9orf72 mRNA. Error bars indicate s.e.m. Student T-test, *** indicates p<0.001. n=3. (C) Tracing of the swimming trajectories of 48 hours post-fertilization zebrafish larvae following light touch. (D-F) Quantification of the touch-evoked swimming distance (D), average velocity (E), and maximum velocity attained (F) shows significant functional impairment of the zebrafish injected with HA-tagged ATXN2 with intermediate length of polyQ (Q30x) and antisense morpholino oligonucleotides (AMOs) against C9orf72 compared to control HA-tagged ATXN2 (Q22x) or to the sole injection of AMO against C9orf72. (G) Representative images of motor neurons visualized with anti-Sv2 immunohistochemistry show severe axonopathy in fish injected with both ATXN2 Q30x and AMO against C9orf72 compared to zebrafish injected with control ATXN2 Q22x or with AMO against C9orf72 alone. (H) Quantification of the motor neuron axonal length demonstrates a significant decrease of axonal length in 48 hours post-fertilization zebrafish larvae injected with both ATXN2 Q30x and AMO against C9orf72 compared to controls. Error bars indicate s.e.m. One-way ANOVA, ** indicates p<0.01. n=3.
sLNV neurons are sensitive to changes in Dfmrp function.Figure 5The morphology of small lateral ventral neurons (sLNvs) is sensitive to dfmr1 activity. Overexpression of wild-type dfmr1 in the sLNv neurons results in a consistent "axonal collapse" phenotype, where the branching of axonal termini of sLNvs is reduced. Scale bars represent 50 and 10 μm (magnified images). Transgenic fly lines were created bearing UAS-dfmr1 variants, in order to assay in vivo functional changes associated with the effects of the patient mutation: the truncation of the C-terminus (dfmr1ΔCt), presence of the patient NLS sequence (dfmr1wt+NLS), or both (dfmr1ΔCt+NLS).
Interaction of Atg16L1 with WIPI2 Requires 207–242, a Domain Not Functionally Conserved in Atg16L2.Figure 2(A) Scheme of mouse Atg16L1 and deletion mutants showing the N-terminal Atg5 interacting domain (white box), a coiled-coil domain (black box), and a WD propeller-repeat domain (striped box). (B) Untransfected (UN) or FLAG-Atg16L1 full-length (FL), 79-623, or 1-265 constructs were expressed in HEK293A cells stably expressing GFP-WIPI2b and immunoprecipitated using GFP-TRAP. Tags were visualized by immunoblotting. I, input; UB, unbound. (C) GFP, CFP-Atg5, GFP-WIPI1a, and GFP-WIPI2b were transiently expressed in HEK293A cells. GFP-tagged proteins were isolated using GFP-TRAP and incubated with in vitro translated 35S-labeled FLAG-Atg16L1 constructs 1-265, 1-242, 1-230, and 1-207 before washing and analysis by autoradiography. Protein expression was validated by immunoblot (bottom panel). (D) Lysates from HEK293A cells transiently expressing GFP, GFP-WIPI1a, or GFP-WIPI2b were mixed with lysates from HEK293A cells transiently expressing FLAG-Atg16L1 or Atg16L2. Protein complexes were immunoprecipitated using GFP-TRAP, followed by immunoblot. See also Figure S2 and Table S1.
The Hippo effector Yap is required for optimal liver development.Figure 1Fluorescent and histological analysis of liver morphology in WT and yap-/- mutant larvae on a lf:CFP background at 5 dpf. The blue colour overlay represents the fluorescent liver tissue. Scale bar: 200μm (bright field, BF) and 50μm (histology, H+E) Quantitative analysis of fluorescent liver area in WT and lf:Yap larvae at 5 dpf. n>30, ****p<0.0001, two-sided Student's t-test; values represent the mean ± standard error of the mean (s.e.m.)
Figure 8Plasma membrane-localized ENTREP associates with ITCH by binding to its WW domain. ITCH modifies ENTREP mainly through the attachment of multi-monoubiquitin. In addition, ENTREP enhances the ITCH association and polyubiquitination of ligand-stimulated CXCR4, which leads to the attachment of endocytic adaptors. In collaboration with ENTREP-associated EPN1 and CXCR4-attached endocytic adaptors, the ENTREP-ITCH-CXCR4 ternary complex is efficiently endocytosed in clathrin-coated endosomes, leading to desensitization of CXCR4.
Figure 6A Typical pictures of the immunohistochemical staining of LSD1 R838me2a, LSD1 and CARM1 in breast cancer samples. Scale bars, 100 μm. The percentage of samples with high level of LSD1 R838me2a (B) expression in different TNM stages of breast cancer (n = 70 breast tumor samples; B, P = 0.0095; C, P = 0.002; D, P = 0.0024; χ2 test). C, D The percentage of samples with high level of , LSD1 (C) and CARM1 (D) expression in different TNM stages of breast cancer (n = 70 breast tumor samples; B, P = 0.0095; C, P = 0.002; D, P = 0.0024; χ2 test). The correlation of LSD1 R838me2a with LSD1 (E) was statistically significant among breast cancer specimens (n = 70 breast tumor samples; E, R2 = 0.8835, P < 0.0001; F, R2 = 0.889, P < 0.0001; G, R2 = 0.8478, P < 0.0001; Pearson correlation test). Note that some samples have overlapping scores. IHC score was evaluated according to Feng et al. F, G The correlation of , CARM1 with LSD1 R838me2a (F) and CARM1 with LSD1 (G) was statistically significant among breast cancer specimens (n = 70 breast tumor samples; E, R2 = 0.8835, P < 0.0001; F, R2 = 0.889, P < 0.0001; G, R2 = 0.8478, P < 0.0001; Pearson correlation test). Note that some samples have overlapping scores. IHC score was evaluated according to Feng et al.
Oligomerization interfaces.Figure 4Figure 4 - Oligomerization interfaces.A Cartoon illustrating the arrangement of the two layers of the yNap1c2-H2A-H2B oligomer.B A ribbon view of the protomers B and C comprising the IF1 interface.C Close-up view of interactions in the IF1 oligomerization interface.D Ribbon view of protomers A and A' comprising the inter-layer oligomerization interface IF2.E Close-up view of interactions in the IF2 interface.F Crystal packing interactions. To illustrate packing, the two layers were moved apart. Packing of the two layers in the crystallographic asymmetric unit is stabilized by two inter-layer IF2 interfaces (indicated by two arrows facing each other) between protomers A-A' and B-B'. The IF2 interface between protomers C provides for packing to the neighboring unit cells. H2A is colored in red, H2B in blue and yNap1 in green and yellow. See also Fig EV3.
Figure 5(A) Effects of p53 frequency modulation on target promoter activation in terms of the mean timing (A, D), magnitude (B, E), and rate (C, F) for the MDM2 (A-C) and CDKN1A (D-F) promoters in response to low (light blue), natural (medium blue), high (dark blue) p53 frequencies. N = at least 45 cells per condition, error bars = SEM. (G) Theoretical responses for all-pass, band-pass, and low-pass filters. (H) Percentage of responding cells for the MDM2 and CDKN1A promoters in response to low, natural, and high frequency p53 pulses.
Figure 8Proposed mechanism of aneuploidy impeding the differentiation of ES cells. The black circles, triangles and hexagons represent the extracellular factors.
| NTRAS operates as splicing-regulatory lncRNA.Figure 2(A) Separation of mock and proteinase K-treated HeLa nuclear extracts by sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation followed by NTRAS detection using RT-qPCR. Fractions 1 and 14 represent top and bottom of the gradient, respectively (n = 1). (B) Enrichment of NTRAS by antisense affinity selection from HeLa cell lysate followed by RT-qPCR, comparing a control and an NTRAS-specific probe (n = 5 independent biological replicates). Data information: data are represented as mean ±(C) Top ten enriched proteins from NTRAS affinity selections, identified by mass spectrometry (n = 5 independent biological replicates) (D) RT-qPCR-based validation of NTRAS-hnRNPL-interaction by anti-hnRNPL RIPs from HUVEC nuclear fractions (n = 6 independent biological replicates). Representative western blot on the right. Data information: data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n.s.: non-significant, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. two-tailed unpaired t-test. (E) RT-qPCR analysis of NTRAS expression in HUVECs upon silencing of hnRNPL (n = 4 independent biological replicates). Data information: data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n.s.: non-significant, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. two-tailed unpaired t-test. (F) RPLP0-normalized NTRAS-CA16 motif expression after hnRNPL silencing determined by RT-PCR (n = 4 independent biological replicates). Data information: data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n.s.: non-significant, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. two-tailed unpaired t-test. (G) RNA deep sequencing-based assignment of alternative splicing events in NTRAS- or hnRNPL-silenced HUVECs, using rMATS software. Displayed are changes > 5 % (n = 2 independent biological replicates). (H) NTRAS and hnRNPL co-regulated alternative splicing (AS) events. Data points with an FDR < 0.05 are circled (n = 2 independent biological replicates). (I) RT-PCR-based analysis of TJP1 exon 20 inclusion upon silencing of NTRAS in HUVECs (n = 7 independent biological replicates). Representative agarose gels on the right. Data information: , I, data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n.s.: non-significant, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. I, two-tailed unpaired t-test. (J) RT-PCR-based analysis of TJP1 exon 20 inclusion upon silencing of hnRNPL in HUVECs (n = 4 independent biological replicates). Representative agarose gels on the right. Data information: , J) data are represented as mean ± S.E.M. n.s.: non-significant, *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. J) two-tailed unpaired t-test.
Figure 1(A) Breast cancer cell lines were sorted using CD44 for luminal MCF-7 cells (left panel) or EpCAM for MDA-MB-231 cells (right panel). Serial mammosphere assays were performed using 4000 cells for each cell fraction, counting spheres after 3 weeks. Plots show the mean ± SEM of mammospheres formed with 4000 cells from 3 independent experiments performed in triplicate. (B) Extreme limiting dilution assay (ELDA) of MCF-7 cells. Sorted cells were serially diluted (1250, 625, 312, 156 and 78 cells) and then seeded in 96-well plates. After one week, the cells were fixed, stained and counted. The lower limit for well repopulation in CD44+ cells was 312 cells, compared with 615 cells for both unsorted and CD44- populations. The data obtained were evaluated using the ELDA software. p values that test the single-hit hypothesis using the likelihood ratio test are shown. The curves are depicted in Fig EV1 (C) Relative expression of the stemness factors SOX2 and OCT4 and the EMT markers SNAIL, Vimentin and TWIST in MCF-7/CD44+ cells. The fold change was calculated using GAPDH as an internal control using the 2-ΔΔCT method comparing stem or non-stem cells versus the total cell line. The box and whiskers graph shows the range, median and quartile interval values from 3 independent experiments. (D) miR-10b overexpression affecting stemness and EMT factors. Relative quantification of miR-10b (relative to RNU6B), HOXD10 and RHOC (relative to GAPDH) was performed in MCF-7/CD44+ fractions compared to non-enriched cells. Box plots show the range, median and quartile interval values from 3 independent experiments. A two-tailed Student's t test was used to compare the two groups (p < 0.05). SEM, standard error of the mean; TLDA, TaqMan Low Density Arrays; and EMT, epithelial-mesenchymal transition. (E) Relative expression of stemness factors SOX2 and OCT4 and EMT markers SNAIL and Vimentin in MDA-MB-231/EpCAM+ cells. The fold change was calculated using GAPDH as an internal control using the 2-ΔΔCT method comparing stem or non-stem cells versus the total cells. The box and whiskers graph shows the range, median and quartile interval values from 3 independent experiments. (F) Extreme Limiting Dilution Assay (ELDA) of MDA-MB-231 cells. Sorted cells were serially diluted (1250, 625, 312, 156 and 78 cells) and then seeded in 96-well plates. After one week, the cells were fixed, stained and counted. The lower limit for well repopulation in EpCAM+ cells was 156 cells compared with 625 cells for both unsorted and EpCAM- populations. The data obtained were evaluated using the ELDA software. p values that test the single-hit hypothesis using the likelihood ratio test are shown. The curves are depicted in Fig EV1 (G) Nine miRNAs are commonly regulated in both CD44+ and EpCam+ breast cancer cells. Quantitative RT-PCR of miRNAs was performed on sorted MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell populations using TaqMan Low Density Arrays (TLDA). Results were plotted as a heat map comparing CD44+ to CD44- cells (MCF-7) and EpCam+ to EpCam- cells. The scale is shown below the map.
Figure 5(A) Schematic of genetic perturbations to σV circuit. Second copies of σV components were added under the control of the PsigV promoter. ? = PsigV-sigV (2xsigV), PsigV-sigVrsiV (2xsigV-rsiV), or PsigV-rsiV (2xrsiV). (B) Model simulations predict that the 2xsigV or 2xsigV-rsiV strains have a homogenous σV response to lysozyme, while the 2xrsiV strain has increased heterogeneity. Bars correspond to mean (N=999 simulations) ± s.d. (1000 bootstraps). (C) As predicted, the 2xsigV or 2xsigV-rsiV stains have a homogenous σV response to 1 µg/ml lysozyme, while the 2xrsiV strain has increased heterogeneity. Each bar plot is the average of three biological repeats. The bars correspond to the mean ± s.d..
Blocking of DC-SIGN inhibits Mfa1+Pg uptake and restores basal LC3-II signal in MoDCs.Fig 6A) Immuno-fluorescence images of LC3-II and P. gingivalis within MoDCs pre-treated with GP120 (DC-SIGN blocker) after 12 hours of infection. LC3-II was detected in red-fluorescent dye and the bacterial strains were pre-labeled with green CFSE. B) Fluorescent intensity of LC3-II and P. gingivalis strains signal (in triplicates) were statistically analyzed (* and # p<0.001). C) Flow cytometry of MoDCs treated with siRNA for DC-SIGN (si-DC-SIGN) after 12 hours. Left panels show the decrease of DC-SIGN in Cont. (un-infected), Pg381 and Mfa1+Pg-infected MoDCs. D) Epifluorescence microscopy images of MoDCs (si-DC-SIGN) infected with Pg381 and Mfa1+Pg. LC3-II was detected in red-fluorescent dye and the bacterial strains were pre-labeled with green CFSE. E) The figure shows the CFU counts of the P. gingivalis strains with MoDCs that lack DC-SIGN (si-DC-SIGN). The analysis of readings used One-way ANOVA analysis of different groups and Tukey's test for multiple comparisons (* p<0.001).
Single-cell gene expression profiles recapitulate the predicted sequence of gene activation.Figure 5Left: 0.782 cABN predictions of the sequence of gene activation between gene pairs (white, OFF; blue, ON) along the resetting trajectory, compared to single cell gene expression measured by RT-qPCR. Each table summarises the percentage of single cells at the indicated stage of resetting (columns) that have the indicated expression state (rows). Right: Scatterplots showing single cell coordinates based on the expression of the gene pair
Figure 7A. Deconvolved inverted fluorescent micrographs of the indicated strains expressing Chm7-GFP (percentages ± SD of the proportion of cells with Chm7-GFP foci is at bottom of each panel, see Figure EV5B). Scale bar is 5 μm. B. Plot of the percentage of cells with the indicated number of Chm7-GFP foci. Error bars are SD from the mean from 3 independent replicates of > 50 foci per strain. p values from 2-way ANOVA where ns represents p > 0.05; *, p ≤ 0.05; **, p ≤ 0.01; ****, p ≤ 0.0001. C. Deconvolved inverted fluorescencemicrographs of strains expressing Chm7-GFP after 5 h at 23°C (top) or 37°C (bottom). Scale bar is 5 μm. Percentages ± SD of the proportion of cells with Chm7-GFP NE foci are shown under each panel (see Figure EV5F).D. Plots of percentage of cells from C with the indicated number of Chm7-GFP foci at 23°C (left) and 37°C (right). Error bars are SD from the mean from 3 independent replicates of > 50 foci per strain. p values from 2-way ANOVA where ns is p > 0.05; *, p ≤ 0.05; ***, p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 1A. Schematic of CLASH protocol for purification of RNA-RNA interactions. RNAs were UV-crosslinked to RNase E-HTF in vivo and purified using M2 anti-FLAG resin. RNAs were trimmed using RNase A/T1 and further purified under denaturing conditions. RNA linkers were ligated to the immobilized RNA-RNase E complexes. Duplexed RNAs may be ligated into a single contiguous molecule (left, CLASH) that gives information on RNA-RNA interaction occurring on RNase E. The remaining single RNAs reveal the site of RNase E binding within the transcriptome. Linker ligated RNA-RNase E complexes were size selected by SDS-PAGE and RNAs recovered for library preparation and sequencing. B. The 5'UTR of rne is bound by RNase E and non-genomically encoded A-tails are maximally recovered -9nt from the rne start codon. Known stem loop strucutres (HP1-3) and the ribosomal binding site (RBS) are shaded grey. C. RNase E binding and oligoadenylation of the pdlB-yigL dicistronic transcript. The reported RNase E cleavage site (red dashed line) and SgrS binding site (grey shading) are indicated. D. Length of non-genomically encoded oligo(A) tails recovered from RNase E bound reads. E. Position of Hfq binding and oliogadenylation relative to RNase E binding peaks. The cumulative position of Hfq and oligoadenylation peaks were determined relative to RNase E binding peaks for 672 RNase E binding sites that were within 1kb of an Hfq binding peak. A detailed description of the data processing is presented in the Appended Supplementary Methods.
Figure 6 (A) HeLa cell lines stably expressing eGFP-sNASP, eGFP-ASF1 and eGFP-HAT1. Scale bars represent 10 μm (B) Histone chaperone immunoprecipitations separated by 15% SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie. Major bands that could be confidently identified by mass spectrometry are indicated. Due to the high percentage of acrylamide used, many of the higher molecular weight bands are not resolved. Asterisks represent partial degradation. Background-corrected densitometry profiles are shown for the portions of the gels covering H3 and H4. Gel filtration purified recombinant H3-H4 dimer is shown on the right  (C) Quantification of the relative molar ratios of H3 to H4 from Coomassie stained gels. Four biological replicates were made. Values are normalised ASF1b. HAT1 is omitted due to histone levels being difficult to discriminate from background staining  (D) Venn diagram displaying the overlap of interactors associating with the three immunoprecipitated proteins  (E) Quantification of the relative molar ratios of H3 to H4 from mass spectrometry analysis of three of the biological replicates using label free quantification (LFQ). Values are normalised to ASF1b
Figure 3(A) Representative images of lungs for nuclei positive for the DNA-DSBs marker γH2AX, versus DAPI, in age-matched 3-, or 6- months control, versus STZ induced diabetic mice, as determined by immunofluorescence analysis (scale 10μm). (B) Mean percentage of nuclei positive for the DNA-DSBs marker γH2AX in lungs of age-matched control versus 6-month STZ induced diabetic mice, as determined by immunofluorescence analysis of lungs (mean ± SEM, :p<0.05;: p<0.01; : p<0.001; N=6). (C) Representative images of lungs from age-matched control versus 3 or 6-month STZ mice, stained for the peroxide linked oxidative stress marker DHR-123(in red), as determined by mean fluorescence intensity. Blue nuclear staining represents DAPI (Scale 10µm). (D) Quantitative analysis of respectively age-matched control versus 3 or 6-month STZ induced diabetic lungs for persistent DNA damage signaling associated inflammatory marker IL-6, as determined by mean fluorescence intensity of respective group lungs (mean ± SD; : p<0.01: p<0.001; N=6). (E) Representative images of lungs from age-matched controls, versus 3 or 6-month STZ induced diabetic mice. Sections stained for cellular senescence-associated β-galactosidase [β-Gal] as described in Methods and visualized by bright field and polarized light, the senescent areas are recognized by its bluish-green staining (Scale 40µm).
All panels show Rho−/− mice with the exception of e.figf1(a-d) Onset of rod death visualized by staining for cleaved nuclear envelope protein LaminA (a), cleaved caspase3 (arrowheads, magenta and red signal, b) and TUNEL (arrows, brown signal, c, d). Blue in a and b shows nuclear DAPI staining. A retinal flat mount with a view onto the photoreceptor layer is shown in d. (e-h) Progression of rod death determined by the reduction of the ONL was visualized by hematoxylin and eosin staining. (i-q) End phase of rod death was assessed by section analysis (i-l) or by retinal flat mounts (m-q). In the Rho−/− mouse, the onset of rod death was around PW5 (a) and progressed up to PW25 (l). By PW17, the ONL was reduced to one row of cells (h, j) and the remaining rods died in the following 8 weeks (j-q), as seen by immunofluorescence with an antibody to Gnat1 on sections of progressively older animals (j-l). Retinal flat mounts showing rods visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy with an antibody Gnat1 are shown in m-q. The entire retina is shown in m, higher magnifications around the optic nerve head are shown in n and o, and the peripheral region is shown in p. No signal was seen at PW25 on flat mounts (q) or sections (l). Age (in PW) is indicated in the panels. Vertical bar in a-c and e-l indicates thickness of the ONL.