EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
(H) MEF ATG5 WT and ATG5 KO cells were individually transfected with XIAP‐specific or control siRNAs. Forty‐eight hours after transfection, cell lysates were analysed by western blotting with the indicated antibodies. The data are representative of three biological replicates. The ratio of LCII/LC3I to actin is presented in Supplementary Figure S1E.
G Percentage of CXCR2hi bloodneutrophils 24h after ZT5 or ZT13 MI in WT and CXCR2 KO mice. Two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post-hoc test; for ZT5 n = 6 mice in both groups, for ZT13 n = 7 WT mice and n = 5 CXCR2 KO mice; WT vs. CXCR2 KO: *P = 0.0001 (ZT13).
C Percentage of the indicated animals with different levels of SQST‐1::GFP aggregates. S: many SQST‐1::GFP aggregates in all intestinal cells, as in rpl‐43(bp399) mutants; M: fewer SQST‐1::GFP aggregates in some but not all intestinal cells; N: no or very few SQST‐1::GFP aggregates in intestinal cells. For each genotype, > 30 animals were examined.
(B) Quantification of a bubble DNA binding by WT or mutant TmMR in the presence or absence of AMP-PNP. See Appendix Fig S3E and S3F for the original data.
(c) Mitochondria (arrows) in KRas;Atg5fl/+ and KRas;Atg5fl/fl lung tumour cells 18 weeks after AdCre inhalation. Note markedly altered mitochondrial morphology, that is, disorganized matrix structures, rounding and enlargement in the autophagy-defective KRas;Atg5fl/fl cells. Au, autophagosomes; Au-L, autolysosome; *, lamellar bodies. Scale bars, 2 μm.
IL‐8 secretion was also evaluated after THP1Siglec‐5 and Siglec‐14cells were exposed to Hsp70. Similarly, only THP1Siglec‐14cells exhibited significant secretion of IL‐8 in an Hsp70 dose‐dependent manner.
qRT-PCR showing Eif3f expression levels are increased 2-fold in SCA8 cerebellar white matter compared to SCA8 cerebellar grey matter (n=3, **p<0.01; mean ± SEM; unpaired t test).
RAW264.7 WT, LRRK2 KO or Rab8A macrophages pre-treated with 1 μM GSK2578215A (GSK inh) were treated with 1 mM LLOMe for 30 min. Galectin-3 vesicle numbers were analysed by immunofluorescence and high content imaging. Scale bar = 20 μm. Right panels show the quantification of number of Galectin-3 positive vesicles per cell. Mean ± SEM of three independent biological experiments. ns=non-significant, *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01 by One-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's multiple comparisons test.
D, E) Representative Western blot (D) and quantification (E) of Parkin levels in spinal cord mitochondria at 120 days. Protein levels are normalized by Complex V. Parkin is reduced in spinal cord mitochondria of SOD1-G93A mice at 120 days. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM and shown as percent of Non Tg; n=8 (4 males and 4 females); **p= 0.0078, by Wilcoxon's t test.
8-week-old female C57Bl/6 mice were infected intranasally with 150 pfu of influenza A/Scotland/20/74 (H3N2) virus (IAV) and treated or not simultaneously with 4 mg of succinate (Suc; by the intranasal route). Some mice were euthanized at 4 days post-infection and lungs as well as BAL fluids were collected to determine: (f) the number of immune and inflammatory cells by flow cytometry Data information: Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's post-test f, (*P < 0.05).
(L, M) BACE1 surface levels are increased in AP-2µ KO neurons, when compared to the WT set to 100% (KO: 129.65±5.30%, p=0.005, N=4 biological replicates). (N) Surface versus total BACE1 ratio is not altered in AP-2µ KO neurons when normalized to the WT set to 100% (KO: 83.02±10.93%, p=0.109, N=4 biological replicates). Data information: All graphs show mean ± SEM, statistical analysis was performed by one-sample Student's t‐test in (M,N). n.s.-non-significant. * indicates p≤0.05, ** indicates p≤0.01, *** indicates p≤0.001.
(A) Representative images from 6 h infected BMDMs with JR32 or legA9 mutant bacteria. Polyubiquitin is stained red. White arrows show L. pneumophila colocalization with polyubiquitin.
Summary of the total number of ligand-receptor interactions among clusters with at least 20% tumor cells. Interactions of tumor TME cell types with the carcinoma cluster marked by red box.
Relative levels of c-Myc mRNA in ASO-treated and Mock-treated RA-induced differentiating mESCs compared to LIF treated mESCs. (n = 3) Error bars represent SD, significance was calculated using one-tailed unpaired t-test.
Schematic representation of monocistronic and bicistronic AAV constructs enabling neuron-specific expression of i) Venus and ii) HA-tagged APPsα (+ Venus). ITR: inverted terminal repeat, Synapsin: promotor, T2A: Thoseaasigna virus 2A site, SP: signal peptide, HA: influenza hemagglutinin tag.
B. EdU assays were performed in MCF-7 cells treated with control siRNA, TRIM46 siRNA or TRIM46 siRNA and HDAC1 siRNA for 72 h, or MCF-10A cells treated with vector, FLAG-TRIM46 or FLAG-TRIM46 and FLAG-HDAC1 for 48 h. Representative images from FACS analysis are shown on the left panel, the percentage numbers of cells in S phase was quantified by FlowJo software on the right panel.
(F) Gait analysis of n=9 nine month old mice treated with vehicle or 144DG11. Shown are average (+/- s.d.) stride lengths. A representative ink foot-print trail is also shown for each arm. Statistically significant differences (One Way ANOVA with Sidak's post-hoc tests) were demonstrated between 144DG11 and vehicle treated transgenic mice, and between transgenic and wt mice.
A cdc14‐3 temperature‐sensitive cells reconstituted with CDC14 or CDC14‐NLS were released from a G1 arrest at the restrictive temperature and stained for Cdc14 and the spindle (Tub1) once cells had reached late anaphase.
B As (A), the plasma membrane marker GFP‐Spo2051-91 was visualized following Cdc14 induction (n = 100).
In wild-type pro-B cells, IL-7-mediated activation of the IL-7 receptor, consisting of the IL-7Rα and Cγ chains, leads to phosphorylation and activation of JAK1 and JAK3. These active kinases phosphorylate STAT5, which results in the formation of parallel STAT5 dimers that are transported across the nuclear membrane by importins. In the nucleus, STAT5 binds to DNA and regulates genes involved in cell survival, proliferation and metabolism (Villarino et al., 2017). Phosphatase-mediated inactivation of the DNA-bound STAT5 complex disengages the dimer from the DNA, followed by formation of the anti-parallel STAT5 dimer and its export via nuclear exportins to the cytoplasm. In Pax5Jak2/+ B-ALL cells, cytoplasmic STAT5 is similarly activated by IL-7R signaling and transported across the nuclear membrane. In the nucleus however, the constitutively active (ca) PAX5-JAK2 protein antagonizes the action of phosphatases by re-phosphorylating STAT5 and thus maintaining active STAT5 levels, leading to sustained expression of STAT5 target genes, which promotes leukemogenesis.
(F) Nuclear import rate and cleavage rate of H3.1-EGFP and H4-EGFP. Single cells are represented as grey traces. Traces from cells displayed in (E) are highlighted with circles. (G) Import rate plotted against cleavage rate. Values represent those shown in (F), with the cells shown in E highlighted with red circles. Linear regression models are shown with blue lines. The mean R2 and slope (m) are shown for the 11 cells quantified in (F), +/- relates to standard deviation
Representative western blot showing the levels CD28 phosphorylation. CTL were stimulated with EG7 cells (parental), EG7-L1 and EG7-L1 in the presence 100 nM of MB for 2 hours. Protein immunoprecipitated (IP) with Anti-pY from the lysates of the indicated CTL-EG7 co-culture were subjected to SDS-PAGE separation and blotted with aCD28. β-actin served as loading control. EG7-L1: EG7 overexpressing PD-L1 Data information: Data are representative of three independent experiments, and were analyzed by unpaired t-test. Error bars denote s.e.m. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001
RNA-immunoprecipitation was performed using anti-MIWI antibody. RNA was extracted from anti-MIWI immunoprecipitates and subjected to Northern blot analysis using probes specific for potential piRNAs (piR major-a and b), as indicated in panel 20% of input RNA from each group was used as the control. The blot was re-hybridized with piR-A and piR-E complementary probes to demonstrate the efficiency of the RNA-IP. A miR-16 complementary probe served as a negative control.
G Maximal CL-induced oxygen consumption rate of male mice shown in (F) and calculated as in (D) (n=9/10). ANCOVA with Bonferroni posttest (Cited4-/- vs. Cited4+/+)
Jurkat and NK-92MI cells were cultured with conditional medium from EBV-WT or EBV-ΔBRLF1-infected Ramos cells (paracrine), or Jurkat and NK-92MI cells were directly infected with EBV-WT or EBV-ΔBRLF1 viruses (autocrine). (c) The cell pellets were collected and the whole cell extracts were analyzed by western blotting to detect TAK1, IKKα/β and IκB phosphorylation.
C. Northern blot analysis of RNAs immunoprecipitated with Flag-tagged WT (DIS3L2) and D391N (MUT) DIS3L2, AGO2 and DIS3, respectively. The blots were probed with radioactively labeled probes for 5' and 3' ends of mature tRNAVal, respectively.
Baseline associations between CSF T-tau, Ng and NFL and other AD traits. Data are estimates (-coefficients) from linear mixed effects models, with 95 % confidence intervals. The estimates are the main effects of the biomarkers, capturing the effects at study baseline. Biomarkers and outcomes were standardized to z-scores. Note that the y-axes for WMH are flipped, so that the lower ranges constantly reflect "worse" outcomes. Note also that the range of the y-axes differs for the different outcomes, for visualization purposes. Models were adjusted for age and sex, and education (for cognitive measures), and intracranial volume (for MRI measures). Aβ42 and T-tau were measured using the the INNOBIA AlzBio3 kit (Fujirebio, Ghent, Belgium), Ng was measured using an in-house immunoassay for Ng (Portelius et al, 2015) and NFL was measured using the NF-light® ELISA kit (Uman Diagnostics, Umeå, Sweden).
G Immunoblot analysis of HeLa cells using antibodies to the indicated endogenous proteins that were synchronized in mitosis using thymidine/nocodazole and treated with DMSO or the USP9X inhibitor WP1130 as indicated.
A FACS analysis of cells loaded with Rhodamine 123. The geometric mean fluorescence was calculated and expressed as % of the empty vector control. A CCCP-treated cohort was included as a positive control, but not included in the statistical analysis. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, F (2, 14) = 0.196, p = 0.8245. B FACS analysis of cells treated with CCCP after 24 h of tau expression. Data were analysed by one-way ANOVA, F (2, 15) = 0.434, p = 0.6555. The DMSO negative control is shown but was not analysed statistically. Data information: Data are given as mean and SEM (n = 5-6 samples/ experimental group from two independent experiments).
G) Representative images of the EdU staining in freshly isolated YC and OC FAPs following EdU in vivo exposure for 3 days (EdU in red/DAPI in blue). Scale bar = 25 μm. H) Graph showing the percentage of EdU positive cells for the staining shown in (G).
C. Body weight of 2 and 4 month-old mice of NEX-Cre, NEX-Cre;fl/+ or NEX-Cre;fl/fl mice. n=11, 14, and 15, respectively (ANOVA, ** p<0.01, mean +s.e.m.).
F-H, Epifluorescent images of the E15.5 cortex, 3 days after in utero electroporation (IUE) with EGFP + scr shRNA (F), EGFP + Pfkfb3 shRNA#1 (G) or EGFP + Pfkfb3 shRNA#2 (H). J, Quantification of EGFP+ cells in the cortical zones VZ/SVZ, IZ and CP shown in panels F-H (mean±SEM; N=4 for scr and N=5 for Pfkfb3 shRNAs; * p<0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001). K-M, Epifluorescent images of the mouse cortex after in utero electroporation (IUE) with HIF-1α and scr shRNA (K) or with HIF-1α and two different Pfkfb3 shRNAs (L,M) at E16.5, 3 days after transfection. N, Quantification of EGFP+ cells in the cortical zones VZ/SVZ, IZ and CP shown in K-M (mean±SEM; N=5; * p<0.05, ** p< 0.01, *** p< 0.001). Full, dotted and dashed lines indicate basal and apical boundaries of the cortex or boundaries of the cortical zones, respectively. CP, cortical plate; IZ, intermediate zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; VZ, ventricular zone. Scale bar: 100 µm
(A) Representative fluorescence micrographs across the indicated cell cycle phases from RPE1 cells stably expressing CETN1-GFP. Centrosomal antigens were stained with the indicated antibodies. Blow-ups without Hoechst 33342 are magnified 2.5X. Scale bar: 5 μm.
(A-C) Immunoblots of Gp96 and NMHCIIA levels from whole cell lysates (WCL) and Gp96 IP fractions (IP Gp96) of HeLa cells: (B) left uninfected (U) or infected with wt or Δhly Lm for 1 h. (A, C) Quantifications of NMHCIIA in IP Gp96 are the mean±SEM (n≥3) (a.u. - arbitrary units).
A. Sub-clustering of eight neuronal populations using unsupervised graph-based clustering within the transcriptomes of CT7.5 (top) and CT15.5 (bottom) SCN cells. The heatmaps show the respective up-regulation of three representative marker genes in each sub-population. When compared, three subpopulations showed strong transcriptional similarity between the time-points of sequencing (Groups A, B and C), two showed partial similarity (Groups D and E) and three were transcriptionally distinct to either CT7.5 or CT15.5 sequenced cells, giving rise to the identification of eleven SCN neuronal sub-populations.
(A) NIH3T3 cells expressing nAC-mCherry were imaged for 120 min. Image frames represent maximum projections of 30 Z planes. Lower panel is a magnification of the indicated area (orange box); scale bars 10 µm.
C. Immunoprecipitation of PTEN variants with a homemade PTENα antibody before immunoblotting with a PTEN monoclonal antibody in Hela and HepG2 cells
B qRT-PCR and Western blotting analysis of Mbd2 expression in WT and Dgcr8−/− ESCs.
F HepG2 cells expressing HA-tagged PDI and FLAG-tagged Fam20C with different ratios of plasmid concentrations were subjected to proteinase K digestion for 21 min and immunoblotting analysis.
(E) Effect of (PR)20 (10 μM, 16 h) in the number of Cajal Bodies (CB) identified by immunofluorescence with anti-COILIN and anti-SMN antibodies (n=3). Data represent mean values ± SD. Data information: **, p<0.01; ***, p<0.001; ****, p<0.0001; t-test. Representative images from these analyses are provided in each case. Scale bar (white) indicates 2-5 μm.
Signalling was analysed in microglia by immunoblotting of whole cell lysates collected at 0.5hr (H) and normalised against non-phosphorylated protein and vinculin analysed on the same blot. Each treatment (mNSC-CM, Pten-/-p53-/- mGIC-CM, Pten-/-p53-/- mGIC-CM +LY) was normalised to unconditioned control (n=3; mean ±SEM, Two-Way ANOVA Tukey test). *p≤0.05, **p≤0.01, ***p≤0.001 comparing mGICPten-/-;p53-/--CM versus mGICPten-/-;p53-/--CM +inhibitor.
D. Lack of recruitment of the p62-derived sensor in the absence of the hydrophobic core residues of the LIR motif (ΔLIR) to EGFP-LC3B positive autophagosomes.
(D HT29 cells treated with the indicated siRNAs were infected with Shigella WT or ∆ospD3. Cell lysates and aliquots of cellular supernatants were subjected to immunoblotting (top) and cytotoxicity assays (bottom), respectively. The knockdown efficiency of the indicated siRNAs was assessed by immunoblotting (inset). n.s., not significant; *P<0.05 (unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test).
(d) Optical pulse labeling of LC3-Dendra2 in rodent primary cortical neurons. Scale bars, 25 μm.
G. Venn diagram showing the phosphorylated proteins belonging to "establishment of localization" identified in TPA1-3 (left). STRING-based and Cytoscape-visualized network of the 22 proteins identified by the 3 TPAs (centre). Phosphorylated sites quantified on EGFR (right). T693 is highlighted in yellow.
G. Inhibition of ER stress impairs the ability of Carfilzomib, Bortezomib, MLN9708 and MG132 to reprogram M2 towards M1-like macrophages. BMDMs were induced by IL-4 (20 ng/mL) for 24 hours, then pretreated with 4-PBA (5 mM) for 1 hour and stimulated by Carfilzomib (1μM), Bortezomib (1μM), MLN9708 (2 μM), MG132 (5 μM). RNA was extracted from cells 6 hours after stimulation and the expression of Il-1β, Il-6 and Inos were detected through RT-qPCR. The data are means ± SD of three independent experiments. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 (student's t-test).
Related to the HCT116 colonic xenograft model, representative histopathological images (hematoxylin and eosin stain) are shown from each treatment group. Scale bar: 50 µm. Sections from the same treatment groups as in G were stained with TUNEL and SDHB, repectively. Displayed are representative images of the staining. Scale bar 50 µM.
C. MEF wild-type (WT) and its eIF2αS51A mutant (S51A) cells were treated with 1 μg of TH for 4 hr followed by Western blot analysis of p-eIF2α, total eIF2α, and ENDOU. GAPDH served as an internal control. Protein levels relative to each internal control are presented in each lane.
(d) mRNA and protein degradation rates were calculated for each gene in Fig 2a-b, as shown in (a). The distribution of mRNA and protein degradation rates for each cluster (Fig 2a-b) under oscillatory p53 dynamics is shown. White lines indicate the median, and box edges and whiskers extend to the 25-75% and 5-95% quantiles, respectively. Individual dots represent outliers.
(D) L. monocytogenes (Lm) was analysed by confocal microscopy. Scale bar = 5 μm. Bottom panels show quantitative analysis of marker association to the respective pathogen. Data represents the mean ± SEM of two to four independent biological replicates.
(E,F) Protein electrostatic surface around M847/M848 of RAG1 in the Paired STC and equivalent region of HzTransib STC. Loop region rendered transparent. Dashed line, cavity formed due to shorter loop in RAG1.
(H) Images captured of the skin in the plucked regions (blue dotted lines) of WT (3 months), aged WT (20 months) and aged Sirt7-TG mice (20 months), 14 days after depilation. Pigmentation of the skin indicates hair regrowth. n = 3 mice per genotype.
Structure of NUDT7 RNA isoforms. Large black boxes indicate exons, narrow black boxes indicate UTRs, black lines indicate introns. Colored boxes indicate protein domains affected by an AS event. RS domain: Arg/Ser-rich domain. Red arrows indicate probes used for gel electrophoresis. Protein domains were retrieved from Uniprot database (https://www.uniprot.org).
(C) A dotplot depicting examples of paracrine and autocrine signaling in the thyroid gland. The size of the dots represent percentage of cells expressing the gene in a particular cluster, while the color scale represents average expression of the gene in the cluster after scaling.
F. Plot of the nucleotide cleft width versus the twisting dihedral angle in Arp3 from x-ray crystal structures, Arp3 from the branch junction EM reconstruction, or filamentous or monomeric actin structures. The pdb accession number is indicated for each data point. Orange: Arp3, x-ray crystal structures; cyan: monomeric actin x-ray crystal structures; black: actin filament fiber diffraction or cryoEM structures, green: Arp3 (rou-A) from branch junction reconstruction. Twist angle was defined as the dihedral made by connecting the center of mass off each subdomain 1-4. Nucleotide cleft distance was defined as the distance between Cα atoms in residues 67 and 222 (Arp3) or 59 and 207 (actin)
D. Heatmap of significantly (padj value<0.05) differentially expressed genes from RNAseq analysis of 3C cultures treated with Cyclo or Dorso for 48h. HFSC identity genes (triangles) and genes implicated in HFSC lineage progression (circles) are indicated.
B. Quantification of GAS6 secretion levels, as detected by ELISA, in the CM of P-NF (#1), P-CAFlow (#44 and #49) and P-CAF high (#67 and #36). Data are presented as the mean ± SD of two biological replicates. Statistical analysis was performed with one-way ANOVA P<0.0001, followed by Bonferroni's multiple comparison test. ***P<0.001.
C) Immunoblots and quantification of ∆N-DGKk protein in lysates from brain areas of mice treated as in B. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Densitogram of ∆N-DGKk expression is presented as change relative to vehicle conditions.
A. Double fluorescence in situ hybridization images indicating co-labeling of Slc4a4 (green) and GLAST (red). Scale bar: 100 μm.
E) (top) Representative images and quantification of immunofluorescence staining against FLAG-PGC-1β (red) and 53BP1 (green) in proliferating and senescent (2 days after 10Gy X-ray) PGC-1β overexpressing MEFs cultured at 3% O2, with or without 250µM of the antioxidant Trolox (scale bar=10µm). Data are mean±S.E.M, n=3 independent experiments; Asterisks denote statistical significant P<0.05 One-way ANOVA.
C Pairwise scatterplots of H3K122succ read counts within peaks from ChIP experiments using all three H3K122succ antibodies (AB #1, AB #2 and AB #3).
A The senescence phenotype of the vector control, pER8::CDF4 and pER8::CDF4::RNAi detached leaves treated with H2O2 and incubated in the dark for three days. The third leaf in rosettes of 3-week-old plants was detached and incubated in MES buffer (2 mM MES, pH 5.8) treated with 2 mM H2O2 and 20 μM β-estradiol under dark conditions for three days. Picture shows the leaves before and after treatment. Scale bars indicate 1 cm.
Transcript levels of (A) NIMIN1 and (B) PR1 in WT, anac032-1 and 35S:ANAC032 plants after 3 and 6 h of treatment with SA compared to their respective controls.
G, HCT116 cells were pretreated as in (F) and 10 µM of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 was added for 4 hrs when indicated. The levels of p53 and p21 were analyzed on Western blots. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Quantification of p21 band intensity of at least four independent experiments is shown in the lower panel. Data information: In panels data are presented as mean ± SD, relative to control. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, by two tail T-Student's test.
C, D PML/TelG immuno-FISH (C) shows increased APB formation in ATRX-deleted U87-T cells (D) at day 9 post control or Ad-Cre infection. Images are maximum-intensity projections of ~10 stacks captured with a 63x lens with 2x zoom. Scale bar, 10 µm. (D) Percentages of APB positive cells are expressed as means ± s.d., N = 3, unpaired t test.
Representative immunofluorescence images from the , ciliary body (12 weeks) and cornea (20 weeks) from flat mounts of Acta1+/+ parabiotic mice. GFP+Iba1+ double-positive cells are marked by arrows, GFP-Iba1+ single-positive cells are labelled by asterisks and GFP+Iba1- leukocytes are indicated by arrow heads. Pictures are representative of three animals.
A) VPS34 CI was phosphorylated in vitro by Ulk1 1-427. Coexpressed VPS34, VPS15, Beclin1 and ATG14-ZZ were immunopurified and incubated with Ulk1 1-427 in vitro. The samples were then separated by SDS PAGE and transferred onto PVDF membrane. In vitro phosphorylated proteins were visualised by autoradiography before VPS15 was visualised by immunoblotting, revealing that VPS15 and ATG14-ZZ were phosphorylated in this assay.
Double immunolabeling of PDS5A (green) and SYCP3 (red) in mouse spread spermatocytes in mid pachytene Data information: Sex chromosomes (X, Y) and bivalents (XY) are indicated.
(B) Quantification of histone acetylation levels, normalized against histone H4 levels, average of 5 experiments. Error bars represent SEM
I. GOLPH3 OE or KD HeLa cells expressing the indicated HA-tagged glycoenzymes were fixed and processed for IF. Asterisks indicate GOLPH3 OE cells. Scale bar, 20 µm.
Calbindin staining of sections showing axons of Purkinje cells as in (A). While wild type and spastin-/- show normal axons, Ccp1-/- and Ccp1-/-spastin-/- mice show axonal swellings (arrow heads) in the remaining Purkinje cells. Scale bars: 20 µm.
(C) Flow cytometry gating strategy and frequency of circulating plasmablasts (CD19+CD27++CD38+) for one representative TB patient (TB24) and HD (left). Frequency of circulating CD19+CD27++CD38+plasmablasts of all CD19+ B cells in peripheral blood of TB patients (n=24) and HD (n=8). Dashed line indicates threshold for detectable plasmablast populations (right). Median and SEM are shown.