EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
(a, b) MCF10.DCIS.com cells were transfected with FLAG-empty vector (EV), constitutively active RAB2A-Q65L, or dominant negative RAB2A-S20N mutant. Cells were immunostained with anti-FLAG (red) and RAB7 (a, green) or anti-EEA1 (b) antibodies. Merged images with DAPI (blue) are shown on the right. Enlarged endosomes in the boxed region are highly magnified in the insets. Diameters of RAB7 positive vesicles are also shown. n, number of cells scored for each cell population. The RGB profiler plugin from ImageJ was used to plot colocalization in the lines drawn in the inset images. Bars, 10 μm, (inset 2 μm).
Effects of CCL2 at various concentrations, alone or in the presence of the INCB3344 (1µM) or barium (200µM) on the membrane potential of MCH neurons (n= 5 to 16) (C).
(B) Control and BSCL2fibroblasts were incubated with OA for 75-90 min, LDs were stained with LD540 and cells imaged live with widefield microscopy. Insets show overlay of two subsequent frames (400 ms apart). (C) Analysis of (B). Bars = 1 - [Pearson's colocalization coefficient between subsequent frames/ROI], ± SEM, n=120-140 ROIs (60-70 cells), 2 experiments, **p<0.005 (Mann Whitney test).
Analysis RAB2A expression was performed on the Invasive Breast Cancer Consecutive Cohort (n = 622) operated in the European Institute of Oncology, Milano, Italy, in the year 2000. Expression was measured by IHC on TMA.(a) Images are representative of RAB2A expression scoring according to intensity staining in TMA. In tumor tissues the IHC signals were associated with the tumor cell component and not with the adjacent or infiltrating stroma.
(A) Scatter plot depicting the relationship between transcriptional changes measured as log2 FC between EV to SOX9-WT (x-axis) and EV to SOX9-T236/T240A (y-axis). Each dot represents one transcript, with colored dots indicating transcripts upregulated (log2 FC>0.585; p<0.05; red dots) or downregulated (log2 FC<-0.585; p<0.05; blue dots) in both comparisons. The transcript corresponding to the SOX9 gene is highlighted as a red filled dot. Indicated r-value indicates Spearman's rank correlation coefficient between the two FC profiles.
A HPLC detection of a superoxide probe oxidized dihydroethidium (DHE) product in young (8-week-old) and old mouse (20-month-old) heart tissue, 2-hydroxyethidium (EOH), a specific product for superoxide anion radical. * p = 0.0087, n = 5 in each group.
Proteasome inhibition induces proteasome activators (PSME4), assembly factors (POMP) ubiquitin ligases (UBE3C), mediators of autophagosome formation (ATG2B), heat shock proteins and chaperones in killifish brain. Protein abundances were quantified by DIA mass spectrometry and they are shown relative to the mean value of vehicle control samples (DMSO) set to 1, n=10 per sample group. Adj. p < 0.05 for all the displayed proteins. Error bars indicate mean +/-SD.
N. Survival (percentage) of female Drosophila with indicated genotypes. The numbers of quantified Drosophila: 100 (UAS-lacZ), 100 (Las RNAi), 100 (Las RNAi + UAS-Atg5), and 100 (Las RNAi + UAS-Atg8a). Three independent experiments were conducted. Data information: Error bars represent SDs. p-values for lifespan curves (N) were calculated by the log-rank test. The statistical tests used in other panels were student's t-tests. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, and non-significant (NS) represents p > 0.05.
Scheme of the possible role of the class IA PI3Ks in the overall immunoregulatory IDO1 signaling pathway in pDCs.
P Correlation analysis of the RNA expression levels of YTHDF1 and FOXO3 in liver tumor cohort (Kim-90) by Pearson.
A model of the mitochondrion's life cycle that integrates mitochondrial dynamics and turnover. The mitochondrion cyclically shifts between a post fusion state (network) and a post fission state (solitary). Fusion is brief and triggers fission. Following a fission event, the daughter mitochondrion may either maintain intact membrane potential (red line) or depolarize (green line). If it depolarizes, it is unlikely to proceed to a subsequent fusion, unless it re‐polarizes. After being depolarized and solitary for a few hours, the mitochondrion is removed by autophagy.
B. Fold increase in weight-loss compare to appropriate saline injected control 26h after acute icv injection of LPS (red bar) or LPS+INCB3344 (blue bar) in WT mice or LPS in CCR2 KO mice (striped bar) (n=6).
J-L. Quantification of area of FITC-dextran-labeled CNV (J), isolectin B4 (IB4)-stained laser impact area (K) and the ratio of FITC/IB4 per laser-burn (L) relative to LysM-Cre/Nrp1+/+ + Vehicle in Vehicle and NRP1-derived trap treated LysM-Cre/Nrp1+/+ and LysM-Cre/Nrp1fl/fl mice at D14; n = 16 burns (LysM-Cre/Nrp1+/+ + Vehicle), n = 16 burns (LysM-Cre/Nrp1+/+ + Trap), n = 13 burns (LysM-null/Nrp1fl/fl + Vehicle) , n = 19 burns (LysM-Cre/Nrp1fl/fl + Trap).
(A-B) Relative Pseudomonas abundance in rhizosphere samples after (A), Pi-stress (LP) or (B) treatment with B. subtilis expressing RALF23 (RALF23). The data shown indicate the means ± SDs (n = 3, n refers to biological replicates). **, p < 0.01 (Student's t test). (C-D) Relative Bacillus abundance in rhizosphere samples after (C), Pi-stress (LP) or (D) treatment with B. subtilis expressing RALF23 (RALF23). The data shown indicate the means ± SDs (n = 3, n refers to biological replicates). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 (Student's t test). (E-F) Relative Geodermatophilus abundance in rhizosphere samples after (E), Pi-stress (LP) or (F) treatment with B. subtilis expressing RALF23 (RALF23). The data shown indicate the means ± SDs (n = 3, n refers to biological replicates). *, p < 0.05; **, p < 0.01 (Student's t test). (G-H) Relative Methylobacillus abundance in rhizosphere samples after (G), Pi-stress (LP) or (H) treatment with B. subtilis expressing RALF23 (RALF23). The data shown indicate the means ± SDs (n = 3, n refers to biological replicates). **, p < 0.01 (Student's t test).
(A-C) dSTORM imaging of gephyrin in sucrose impregnated cryosections of adult mouse spinal cord. (A) dSTORM detections of gephyrin (red dots) overlaid with the epifluorescence image (white with grey background). Synaptic clusters of gephyrin in dSTORM images were identified by the epifluorescence puncta. Scale bar: 1 µm. (B) Enlarged pointillist images of the two gephyrin clusters indicated in (A). (C) Rendered images of the two gephyrin clusters outlined with the boundaries of the epifluorescence mask. Gephyrin SSDs are indicated with red asterisks in (B) and (C). Scale bar: 200 nm.
(C) Morphological changes at distinct time points during D-CiPS induction. Scale bar, 100 μm.
(J) Validation of SMAD3 inhibitor (SIS3, SMAD3i). Effect of SMAD3i (10µM) on the level of phospho-SMAD3 Ser423/425 in response to TGFβ (2ng/mL, 1hr) (or solvent: HCl 4mM + Bovine serum albumin 1mg/mL) in SKMel28R cells (expressing a high endogenous level of SMAD3 mRNA). Serum starved cells (500,000 per well) were pretreated with SMAD3i 10µM (or control solvent) during 2hr before TGFβ addition. SMAD3 and HSC70 serve as loading control for western-blot experiments.
(B) Representative images of single-molecule FISH (smFISH) in either control or 48 h PTX-treated rat hippocampal neurons (DIV20) using probes specific for Add2, Dnajc6 and Sort1 (green). MAP2 immunostaining (red) was used to visualize neuronal somata and dendrites. Inserts at higher magnification illustrate PTX-dependent changes in dendritic RNA puncta. Scale bar = 10 μm. (C) Quantification of B. (n=3-4 independet biological replicates with 8-10 cells averaged per condition and replicate; two-sample Student's t-test; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01). B
A-B qRT-PCR detection for the mRNA expression of Ifnb1 (A), Ifna4, Cxcl10 and Ccl5 (B) in WT (n=3) and Akt2 KO (n=3) PEMs stimulated with lipo-poly(I:C), VSV, lipo-poly(A:T), lipo-ISD or HSV-1 for 6 hours. C The expression of Ifnb1 mRNA level by qRT-PCR in WT (n=3) and Akt2 KO (n=3) PEMs treated with poly(I:C) (10 μg/mL) for 6 hours (left panel) or LPS (1 μg/mL) for 2 hours (right panel). Data information: *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ****P < 0.0001 and ns, not significant (P > 0.05); using two-way ANOVA test Data are from three independent experiments Error bars mean ± SEM
Expression of JunB in pancreas from control, KC or KTC mice (same as in D) was analyzed by qRT-PCR (n=6). Data are expressed as mean ± SEM. **p< 0.01; based on a two-tailed Student's test.
(D) Activities of the indicated mitochondrial complexes (I, II, III, IV, and V) in the absence or presence of rotenone (2 µmol/L), 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone (TTFA; 1 mmol/L), antimycin A (10 µmol/L), potassium cyanide (KCN; 1 mmol/L), or oligomycin (10 µmol/L).
RNA-IP experiments using an anti-INO80 antibody to isolate the INO80 complex from human HSMM cells (L). INO80 II in L refer to replicate INO80 precipitation experiments. Precipitated RNAs were detected by RT-PCR.
B and C: migration of GN11 cells from aggregates into NIH3T3 sh-scr (B) or sh-Igsf10 (C).D: Analysis of the migration index (see Methods).
J. IF detection of pep-AP in HCT116/L-OHP and SW480/L-OHP cells transfected with either HA-lnc-AP OE plasmid. Scale bar, 10 µm.
(b) Mathematical description of the inter-cellular Hill function and its parameters: time delay (τND), repression threshold (P0) and Hill coefficient (n); (bottom left panel) higher P0 corresponds to reduced inter-cellular repression (i.e. decreased coupling strength) and conversely lower P0 corresponds to higher coupling strength; (bottom right panel) increasing values of n correspond to increased steepness of the inter-cellular response.
E Immunoblot analysis of GST-AKT2 and His-IRF3 interaction in a GST pull-down assay. Data information: * Data are representative of two or three independent biological replicates
(h,i) Representative FACS plots (h) and quantification (i) of percent increase of autophagic flux in control and miR-212/132-overexpressing TG H9c2 cells under normal and serum/glucose-deprivation conditions (n=3-4 experiments). All values represent mean±s.e.m. *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.005. Scale bars, 50 μm in d and 2 μm in f. FC, fold change.
B Endogenous USP45 or ERCC1 was immunoprecipitated from HEK293 cell lysates and subjected to immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies.
C-D The IC50 of METTL3-knockdown SMMC-7721 cells (C) and Bel-7402 cells (D) after treated with sorafenib for 24h under hypoxia condition (1%O2). Data information: In all relevant panels, *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001; ****p<0.0001; Two-tailed t-test. Data are presented as mean ± SD and are representative of 3 independent experiments.
(B) Glycogen was also detected in muscle from Dmef2-Gal4, UAS-GFP-Atg8 larvae, immunostained with an antiglycogen monoclonal antibody.
Relative levels of c-di-GMP in matched cell biomass wild-type predatory cultures of HD100 strain, silent Bd1971 deletion strain (Δ1971), Bd1971D306307A strain (bd1971DD) and Bd1971R67D strain (bd1971R). All mutant strains had higher levels of c-di-GMP compared to the wild type strain. Error bars show SEM. Data are from six independent experiments for HD100 and ΔBd1971 and from four independent experiments for Bd1971DD and Bd1971R mutants.
(G-H) qRT-PCR measurement of Il1b (G) and Il6 (H) transcripts in mouse peritoneal macrophages left unstimulated or stimulated with 2'3' cGAMP (0.1 μg/mL) in the presence of DMSO or Palbociclib (10 μM) for indicated times. The data shown are mean ± SEM of n=3 biological replicates. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *, P<0.05; ****, P<0.0001 ; ns, not significant. (I-J) qRT-PCR measurement of Il1b (I) and Il6 (J) transcripts in THP1 cells left unstimulated or stimulated with 2'3' cGAMP (0.1μg/mL) in the presence of DMSO or Palbociclib (10 μM) for indicated times. The data shown are mean ± SEM of n=3 biological replicates. Statistical significance was determined by two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. *, P<0.05; ****, P<0.0001 ; ns, not significant.
Ratio AA / FA repair product computed from data in (H). Error bars represent SEM of at least 3 replicate experiments. P value was calculated with a two-tailed, unpaired t-test. * = p≤0.05; ** = p≤0.01; *** = p ≤0.001.
C-E J774A.1 macrophages were pre-treated with (C, D) the Syk inhibitor piceatannol or (E) a control or Syk-targeting siRNA (10 nM) before stimulation with swollen conidia (MOI = 1) or zymosan (50 μg/ml). (E) Whole-cell lysates of Syk or Ctrl. siRNA-treated cells were separated by SDS-PAGE, followed by Western blotting, and membranes were probed with anti-Syk and anti-β-actin antibodies.
Bar graph showing GFP-HRASG12V content in the inner leaflet of the plasma membrane is quantified as the number of gold particles per 1μm2 region from electron micrographs. but in cells exposed to the indicated perturbations. Values shown are normalized to DMSO average.
(D) Mitochondria within midbrain neurons were uncoupled by the addition of 10 μM FCCP for 1 and 6 hr. PINK1 expression analyzed via immunoblotting on isolated mitochondria from gba+/+ and gba−/− neurons. Mitochondrial CI subunit NDUFS4 was used as a loading control.
b, Ubiquitin-positive inclusions in neurons. Sections of medulla from Atg5flox/flox; nestin-Cre mice at six weeks of age were stained with an antibody against NeuN (a neuron-specific nuclear protein) and ubiquitin. Nuclei were stained with Hoechst 33258. Scale bar, 10 µm.
A, Schematic of chemical synthetic vulnerability screens. Clinical related drugs (n=21) were combined with BI2536 to treat BEAS-2B-KRAS cells harboring a KRASG12V allele. Cell viability was determined 72 h post-treatment, with combination index (CI) calculated by CalcuSyn software: CI＞1, antagonism; 1＞CI＞0.8, synergy; CI＜0.8, strong synergy Drug combinations leading to strong synergy (CI＜1) in BEAS-2B-KRAS were further tested in KRAS wild-type BEAS-2B cells, where CI＜1 indicates toxicity and CI＞1 safety.
B. Pathway analysis of proteins that exhibited reduced phosphorylation upon PfCDPK7 disruption and the possible metabolic pathways these proteins may regulate The pathways are represented based on their p-values (log 2), as estimated by the gene ontology tool available at PlasmoDB.
Determination of RMD frequency in U2OS (EGFP-SSA-3427-17) cells when RAD52 is depleted by lentiviral expression of shRNA. Cells infected with a lentiviral empty vector were used as control. The knockdown level of the indicated proteins was shown by Western blot, using KU70 as the loading control.
B Immunofluorescence staining of epidermal tail whole mounts of control (Ctr), K15ΔNLef1 and K15ΔNLef1;Bcl-2EOE mice, stained for keratin 15 (Krt15, green), activated Caspase 3 (aCas3, red) and DAPI (blue). Note increased number of aCas+ cells in the bulge of K15ΔNLef1 mice (arrows). B: bulge, HG: secondary hair germ, SG: sebaceous gland. Scale bar, 100µm.
A LV/tibia ratios in sham- and TAC-operated WT and LXRα−/− mice; n = 10 WT sham, n = 8 LXRα−/− sham, n = 12 WT TAC, n = 10 LXRα−/− TAC. *P = 0.006 versus WT sham, **P = 0.00008 versus LXRα−/−sham.
G. Representative TEM images of medaka fish chondrocytes. Arrows indicated the ER. Insets show ER enlargement in Fam134bmo chondrocyte. N=3 fish/genotype were analyzed. Bar graph shows number of ER enlargement per cell in medaka fish with indicated genotypes. N=29 cells (Fam134bwt) and N=37 cells (Fam134bmo) were analyzed. Mean +/- standard error of the mean (sem). Student's un-paired T-test ***p<0.0005. Scale bar 500 nm. N=nucleus, ER= Endoplasmic Reticulum.
(C) Co-immunoprecipitation of endogenous SCAP and RNF5 in Flag-tagged TMEM33 stably expressed MCF7 cells. SEC61β is an ER protein, which is found to interact with TMEM33.
F. k 5 mRNAs PIs plotted against respective GAPDH PIs. The slope of the coloured lines represents the average k 5 mRNA/GAPDH PI ratio; the dashed grey line represents a 1:1 ratio (n≥28 cells).
E, Flow cytometry-based ROS measure in H358, A549 and MIA PaCa-2 cells treated with vehicle (DMSO), AZD4547 (5 µM) and BI2536 (5 nM), alone or the combination, in the presence or absence of HCQ (10 µM) for 24h. Quantification of relative ROS levels was shown to the right. Data are presented as mean ± SD (n=3). *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001 and P＞0.05 (ns) by two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparisons test.
GSEA normalized enrichment scores of four independent mammary stem cell signatures that arise in response to paclitaxel treatment of MDA231-LM2 cells.
E Knockdown of DCAF12, but not DCAF5, altered MAGE-A3/6 protein levels and partially rescued its instability upon nutrient deprivation. HeLa cells were treated with control or DCAF12 siRNAs for 72 hrs before incubation in complete media or EBSS for the indicated times with or without MLN4924 (1 µM).
(G) Inverted fluorescence images (up) and schematics (down) of QR.ap in WT, cst-1; cst-2 double or mig-2 mutant animals. The plasma membrane and histones were labeled with mCherry. Scale bar, 5 μm. (H) Area ratio between the cell body and the nucleus in WT and mutant animals. Error bars indicate SD. N = 17 - 22. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001 by Student's t tests.
E. CCK-8 assay of the inhibition ratio by L-OHP with inhibitors of apoptosis Z-VAD-FMK or ferroptosis Fer-1 in HCT116/L-OHP and SW480/L-OHP cells (n = 3, biological replicates, mean±SEM). Data information: * Control referred to the corresponding plasmid vector
G. Relative fitness of ΔnlpI, ΔmepS and ΔnlpIΔmepS mutants. Strains were arrayed using a Rotor HDA replicator on Lennox LB agar plates supplemented 10% sucrose, or LB agar plates containing 0 mM or 500 mM NaCl. Plates were incubated for 12 h at 37°C. Each plate contained 384 colonies, 96 from the wildtype, single mutants and double mutants.
(H) Duodenal colonizing PA14 and PAO1 as determined by RT-qPCR using P. aeruginosa-specific species gene primer (n = 9). Data information: Data were representative and were the mean ± SD from three independent experiments. P values were calculated by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test for multiple comparisons
1205Lu cells were transfected, or not, with 2 different siRNA targeted against DRP1 (siDRP1#1 or 2) or an untargeted siRNA (siUT). Top, 48h after transfection, protein extracts were prepared and DRP1 expression was evaluated by western blot. Bottom, 36h post transfection, cells were exposed to 3T3-F442A EV (3T3-EV) and cell motility was tracked by video microscopy (n = 40 cells per group).
(B) UMAP representation of 885 individual cells from SPF (green dots) and GF (yellow dots) mice.
H) Recoil is observed when larger cuts are made in apical cortex with a UV laser. Images show cortex before and after cutting. Red lines indicate the lines over which recoil was calculated, parallel to the axes of the egg chamber. Scale bars = 5 μm. Yellow arrows indicate edges of ablated region. I) Recoil tends to be higher towards the AP (elongation) axis compared to the the UD (rotation) axis. Graph shows the ratio of recoil speed plotted on a log2 scale in the AP versus the UD axis. Red line at x=1 indicates equal recoil in both axes. Values above 1 indicate higher recoil speeds in the AP axis lower than 1 indicate higher recoil in the UD axis. AP/UD Ratio Median = 1.242 ; Mean = 2.1. Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test to test for significance of the recoil ratio AP/UD shows that the median is significantly different from 1 to p = 0.0172. Number of cuts = 20. Bar represents median.Laser ablation experiments performed on tissue from sqhAX3, sqh::GFP flies.
(A) Schematic illustration of two alternative approaches to control myosin-II activation in a curved tissue. In order to restrict the region of activation in a curved tissue to the basal surface using a uniformly distributed optogenetic anchor such as the CIBN-pm anchor (left), the photo-activation pattern needs to account for the tissue curvature and the region of activation needs to be corrected in 3-D using adaptive optics and holography. An alternative approach is to engineer an optogenetic anchor that specifically localizes to the cell base. In this scenario, a bigger focal volume can be photo-activated while still resulting in the restricted recruitment of RhoGEF2-CRY2 to the cell base
A, High-throughput proteomic analysis of Mediator tail subunits MED16 and MED24 following depletion of USP22, with significance measured by Student's t-test. Specific ubiquitylated lysines detected are highlighted in red text.
B-D Left ventricular LXRα expression in Wt and LXRα-Tg mice aged 12 weeks. (B) Western blot of LXRα in liver and LV tissue.
(c) L3 animals carrying the rescuing construct hlh-30P::HLH-30::mGFP::hlh-30 3′UTR (mGFP, monomeric GFP, and UTR, untranslated region), well fed or fasted for 8 h show that HLH-30 is enriched in intestinal nuclei of fasted worms (exposure time: well fed, 500 ms; fasted, 100 ms).
B. Representative genotyping PCR demonstrates the band size shift in zebrafish harbouring a ∆482 rab13 3'UTR. Asterisk marks a heteroduplex formed between Wt and ∆482 rab13 3'UTR PCR amplicons.
D. Western blot analysis of Tace using lysates from Mtmr2-/- mouse sciatic nerves at 5 months, with quantification, p=0.10, two-tailed Mann Whitney U test. Representative of two independent experiments.
Immunoprecipitation using anti-JARID2 antibody and followed by mass spectrometry identification of the ~80kDa band detected JARID2 peptides spanning only C-terminus of JARID2. The identified peptides are shown as red arrows on schematic of JARID2 sequence.
Repopulation of DED organotypic cultures recapitulates adult dermal homeostasis. Immunofluorescence staining for Krt14 (green), Ki67 (red) and Vimentin (white) of DED organotypic cultures with and without fibroblasts at indicated time points after seeding. Quantification of Ki67 positive fibroblasts at indicated time point after seeding (n= 8 section per condition of one representative experiment repeated two times).
Lysates of 3rd instar larval fat body samples of different genetic backgrounds were immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag antibody and then probed by anti-GFP or anti-Flag antibody in a western blot. Plin2 was coimmunoprecipitated with RDH/CG2064 in samples from larvae overexpressing DGAT1 (B).
Figure 1. Sample and analysis flowchartAll samples from TB patients and healthy controls were quality controlled and randomly assigned into a training and test set. Built classification models were tested in both the test set and the total dataset. External validation was performed on two independent blinded RT-PCR datasets, as well as on external microarray datasets.
Bayesian skyline plot showing the population size through time for human-associated S. suis, which is constructed based on a subsample of HAC isolates (n=174). The Y-axis represents the effective population size, and the X-axis is calendar years. The line shows the median estimate of the population size. Blue shading shows 95% highest posterior density. Timed phylogeny of the subsample of HAC isolates (n=174). Maximum clade credibility tree is produced using strict-clock model in BEAST2. Major sub-lineages in Asia are indicated (I, II, III). Acquisition of the 89-kb pathogenicity island is indicated by a red pentagon. Acquisition of the 78-kb pathogenicity island, and the 127-kb MGE are indicated by black and green pentagon, respectively. The blue and red block of heatmaps represent the presence of MGEs and ARGs, respectively. Gray represents absence.
Immunostaining of heart sections for PCNA and MEF2 in 5 dpci ppargc1a+/+ and ppargc1a-/- animals; magnified view of area in white boxes shown below; arrowheads point to PCNA+ CMs; white dashed lines mark the wound border; percentage of PCNA+ CMs in the border zone shown on the right (n = 4-6 ventricles of each genotype).
Summary of LOC113230 expression on TMA chips. **P<0.01. P-value of the RNA scope scoring results on TMA chips was analyzed by the McNemar test and Pearson's chi-square test.