EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Rap1 pre‐mRNA splicing and protein stability are impaired in cay1∆ cellsWestern blot analysis of endogenous Rap1 and Taz1 in the indicated strains.Figure 3Western blot analysis of endogenous Rap1 and Taz1 in the indicated strains. Act1 was used as a loading control. Asterisks indicate cross‐reacting bands. RT-PCR analysis of splicing efficiencies of the indicated pre‐mRNAs in wt and cay1∆ cells. The prp1‐1 strain carries a thermosensitive allele of the splicing factor Prp1 and was used as a positive control for splicing impairment. prp1‐1 cells were grown at 36°C for 4 h before harvesting. Amplification products corresponding to unspliced and spliced mRNAs are indicated by asterisks and gene names, respectively. rap1T indicates amplification products obtained with oligonucleotides spanning rap1+ exon 3 and thereby amplifying both spliced and unspliced mRNA. Intronless act1+ was used as a loading control. Numbers at the bottom of each panel are ratios between spliced and unspliced forms (s/u) and spliced and act1+ (s/act1). Values are expressed as fold increase over wt. Western blot analysis of Rap1-YFP protein levels in the indicated strains upon nmt1 promoter shutoff by thiamine addition. Membranes were probed with antibodies against GFP and Act1 (loading control).Quantification of Rap1-YFP protein levels in experiments as in (C). Rap1-YFP levels are expressed as fold increase over time 0 after normalization through Act1. Data points and error bars are averages and s.d. from at least four independent experiments. Statistical significance was assayed using the unpaired, two-tailed Student's t-test. *P 0.05, **P 0.01 for cay1+ versus cay1∆ samples.
a) Global protein abundance dynamics was analysed in four different of S.f2(a) Global protein abundance dynamics was analysed in four different of S. cerevisiae strains (WT, pep4Δ, atg32Δ and aup1Δ) using SILAC. Global protein levels were analysed over 5-day incubations in lactate-based minimal medium. (b) To quantify changes in protein dynamics, each of the strains was labelled in lactate-based minimal media containing either normal lysine (Lys0), lysine-D4 (Lys4) or lysine-13C6 15N2 (Lys8). Samples (10 OD600 units) were taken at day 1 (Lys0), day 2 (Lys4), day 3 (Lys8), day 4 (Lys4) and day 5 (Lys8; see Methods). The mixed lysates were then separated by one-dimensional SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the proteins were digested with LysC. The resulting peptides were analysed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the raw data were processed by MaxQuant. We performed two biological replicates of the complete time course experiments for each mutant, and three replicates for the WT, and observed good reproducibility for all the individual experiments (Supplementary Fig. S2). (c) Density plot of the reproducibility of biological replicates. (d) Venn diagram of the number of proteins identified from the different yeast strains. (e) Principal component analysis of the log2-transformed abundance changes of proteins were identified in all strains and all time points.
Fig.Figure 1(A) The snapshots from Movie EV1 and EV2 showing male-male chaining displayed by Mycdm-1 (bottom), but not the wild-type Canton-S control (top). Chaining indices of the indicated genotypes. Statistical significance was compared with control. n = 8, 23, 6 (B) Courtship indices for one target (Canton-S) male and one tester male of the indicated genotypes. Changes were determined by comparing the data with control. n = 10, 16, 21 (C) Sexual preference of single male of indicated genotypes toward a decapitated virgin female and a decapitated naïve male. Statistical significance was compared with the other gender. n = 10, 10 (D) Chaining indices of the indicated genotypes. Statistical significance was compared with control. ; n = 9, 6, 7 (E) groups (10 flies per group). Courtship indices for one target (Canton-S) male and one tester male of the indicated genotypes. Changes were determined by comparing the data with control. ; n = 9, 8, 9 (F) flies. Sexual preference of single male of indicated genotypes toward a decapitated virgin female and a decapitated naïve male. Statistical significance was compared with the other gender. ; n = 10, 10, 10 (F) flies.
Figure 5(A A549 cells were infected for 4 hours with ExoS-deficient P. aeruginosa (ΔS), ExoS containing P. aeruginosa (SWT), P. aeruginosa containing ExoS with loss-of-function mutations in the GTPase activating domain (SG-A+), in the ADP-ribosylation domain (SG+A-), or in both domains (SG-A-). Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblotting. (B) A549 cells were transfected, for 24hours, with a plasmid expressing empty vector (EV), WT GFP-ExoS, a GFP-ExoS mutant for ADPRT domain (SG+A-) or a GFP-ExoS mutant deficient in both GAP and ADPRT domains (SG-A-). Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblotting. (C) A549 cells were treated for 24 hours with 100 µM of the ADPRT activity inhibitor MIBG and then left uninfected (NI) or infected with P. aeruginosa containing ExoS with ADPRT activity only (SG-A+). Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblotting. A549 cells were infected for 4 hours with WT or P. aeruginosa mutants (ΔpscD Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblotting. A549 cells were infected for 4 hours with WT or P. aeruginosa mutants STY, ΔS and ΔTY). Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblotting. F) A549 cells were infected for 4 hours with ExoS-deficient P. aeruginosa (ΔS), ExoS containing P. aeruginosa (SWT), P. aeruginosa containing ExoS with loss-of-function mutations in the GTPase activating domain (SG-A+), in the ADP-ribosylation domain (SG+A-), or in both domains (SG-A-). Cell lysates were evaluated by immunoblotting.
Fig.Figure 1 Pregnant dams were injected with 4-OHT at days E10.5 and E11.5 for analysis at day E12.5 or E10.5, E11.5, and E12.5 of development for later times of analysis Developmental loss of VE-cadherin leads to severe edema. Fetuses of the genotypes listed in the top row were analyzed at the developmental stages in the first column. Numbers in brackets denote embryos with signs of edema. Last column lists the percentage of viable fetuses in the VE-cadherin deleted cohort Fetuses were explanted at day E14.5. Arrowheads indicate prominent edema along the back. The images are representative for 42 (Cdh5lox/lox) and 25 (Cdh5lox/lox; Prox1-CreERT2) analyzed animals  Pregnant dams were injected with 4-OHT at days E10.5 and E11.5 for analysis at day E12.5 or E10.5, E11.5, and E12.5 of development for later times of analysis Skin wholemount preparations stained for PROX1, PECAM1 and VEGFR-3. Maximum intensity projections (MIPs) of tiled confocal stacks (Cdh5lox/lox 2075µm x 2075µm, z=50µm; Cdh5lox/lox; Prox1-CreERT2 3765µm x 3765 µm, z=61µm). Scale bars = 100 μm. The data are representative for 6 (Cdh5lox/lox) and 6 (Cdh5lox/lox; Prox1-CreERT2) analyzed animals from 3 litters  Pregnant dams were injected with 4-OHT at days E10.5 and E11.5 for analysis at day E12.5 or E10.5, E11.5, and E12.5 of development for later times of analysis Enumeration of the PROX1-expressing (PROX1+) nuclei in three different VE-cadherin deleted wholemount preparations analogous to Fig. 1B. Nuclei were counted in a MIP corresponding to an area of 1.5 mm2 and normalized to the number of nuclei in Cdh5lox/lox control preparations The area covered by lymphatic vessels was determined in the samples evaluated in (D) and is depicted as relative area compared to Cdh5lox/lox controls. The calculations and measurements were obtained from three animals and three confocal stacks per biological group. PROX1-positive nuclei were counted using the particle analysis tool of Fiji
Figure 1A The usually well-organized human tubular adenoma organoids (TA) disintegrate upon TGFβ stimulation (scale bars: 200 μm). B Following TGFβ treatment TA organoid cultures display increased levels of cleaved Caspase-3. C Gene expression profiles of TGFβ-treated TA organoids show enrichment in apoptosis-related genes when compared to the control condition. D The pro-apoptotic molecule BIM (BCL2L11) is upregulatd in the TGFβ-treated condition in all TA cultures, besides in TA1, which carries a KRASG12V mutation.
Figure 2(A) Representative traces of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion measured by forskolin (Fsk)-inducible chloride current (Isc (μA/cm2)) in Caco-2 cells mounted in Ussing chambers after 3 h of incubation with P57-68 or P33-mer or P31-43 peptides (20 µg/ml) and of P31-43 in the presence of up to 30 minutes of pre-treatment of VX-770 (10 µM); quantification of the peak CFTR Inhibitor 172 (CFTRinh172)-sensitive Isc (∆Isc) in Caco-2 cells (n= 3 independent experiments). Mean ± SD of samples assayed. ***p<0.001 vs P31-43 challenge, ##p<0.01 vs Caco-2 challenged with P31-43 in the presence of VX-770 (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test). (B) Incubation of Caco-2 cells with P31-43 or control peptides (p57-68 or PGAV) for 1 h that were preceded or not by 20 min of pre-treatment with VX-770. Immunoprecipitation in non-reducing and non-denaturing conditions of CFTR protein and immunblot with streptavidin-HRP or CFTR antibody. Data information: The blots are representative of one experiment for group of treatment. (C) Protein-Protein docking and Molecular Dynamics of P31-43 (violet) bound to NBD1 (orange). Left side: general view of P31-43 and NBD1 interaction. Upper right: detailed interaction pattern, highlighting the most important amino acids. Lower right: in silico NBD1/P31-43 complex compared to the original crystallographic positions of Trp401 (red) and ATP (yellow). (D) Graphical view of the in silico sampling percentage of P31-43 against NBD1/NBD2. (E) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of increasing concentrations of P31-43 and P57-68 peptides on rhNBD1 covalently bound to the CM5 sensor chip. (F) Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis of rhNBD1 binding to P31-43 and P57-68 biotinylated peptides immobilized on SA sensor chip. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) western blotting of P31-43 and P57-68 biotinylated peptides in the presence of rhNBD1 (G) All the recombinant proteins and the indicated peptides were pre-incubated in an appropriate buffer at 4°C for 30 min and then resolved in native conditions to preserve the formation of peptide/protein complexes. Data information: The blots are representative of one experiment for group of treatment. Blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) western blotting of WT and double NBD1 mutants in the presence of biotinylated P31-43 (H). All the recombinant proteins and the indicated peptides were pre-incubated in an appropriate buffer at 4°C for 30 min and then resolved in native conditions to preserve the formation of peptide/protein complexes. Data information: The blots are representative of one experiment for group of treatment. (I) P31-43 induced modifications on NBD1 ATP binding site using the intrinsic W401 fluorescence. (J) P31-43 effect on NBD1 ATPase activity. (K) P31-43 effect on NBD1 ATPase activity, applied at its IC50, compared to that obtained with 5µM of the non-hydrolyzable ATP analogue (P-ATP) as a positive control of inhibition. Mean ± SD of triplicates of independent experiments.
Figure 4(A) IHC for collagen I on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding (brown stain). Black boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Quantification of collagen I positive area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=5; TK, N=5 biological replicates. (C) Polarized light images of picrosirius red stained wound tissues at day 17 post-wounding. Red: collagen fibers. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar, 50 µm. (D) Quantification of collagen fiber (picrosirius red) percent area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=3; TK, N=3 biological replicates. (E- (E-H) Reduced collagen deposition in Col1α1cKO wounds. (E) IHC for collagen I on wound tissue sections at day 14 post-wounding (brown stain). Black boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar: 25 μm. (F) Quantification of collagen I positive area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=7; Col1α1cKO, N=4 biological replicates. (G) Polarized light images of picrosirius red stained wound tissues at day 14 post-wounding. Red: collagen fibers. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar, 50 µm. (H) Quantification of collagen fiber percent area and fiber width normalized to the average area and width, respectively, in WT controls. WT, N=4; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates. (I) Wound area measurements in WT and Col1α1cKO mice. WT, N=7; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates. Data are from two independent experiments. Two-way ANOVA performed comparing WT and Col1α1cKO mice. (J-M) Reepithelization and vascularization in WT and Col1α1cKO mice. (J) Representative images of keratin 5 (Krt5, red) stained wounds at day 14 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 500 µm. (K) Quantification of epidermal thickness. WT, N=6; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates. (L) Immunofluorescent staining for CD31 (red) and nuclei (blue) on wound tissue sections at day 14 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 20 μm. (M) Quantification of CD31+ area per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=6; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates. (N) UMAP (left panel) and violin plots (right panel) of Col1a1 expression in murine wound fibroblasts. Raw scRNA-seq data are derived from (Haensel et al., 2020, Data ref: Haensel et al 2020). (O) Wound area measurements in Col1α1-TK and WT littermate mice. WT, N=13; Col1α1-TK, N=12 biological replicates, data are from two independent experiments. Two-way ANOVA performed comparing WT to TK mice. (P) Granulation tissue thickness measured on digital images and normalized to the average values in the WT control. WT, N=4; TK, N=7 biological replicates.
PERK deficiency improves apoptosis during ER stress in Mfn2‐ablated cells.Figure 5(A) Immunodetection of PERK in WT and Mfn2 KO cells stably expressing a scrambled shRNA (Scr) or a shRNA directed against PERK (PERK KD). (B) Caspase activity was detected by measurement of DEVD-AFC substrate processing in WT or Mfn2 KO cells subjected to PERK silencing and treated with 1 μM Tg for 24 h. Data are mean±s.e.m. (n=3). *P0.05 versus WT; #P0.05 versus Scr group. (C, D) Total and cleaved caspase 3 levels were detected by western blot. Densitometric quantification is shown in D. Data are mean±s.e.m. (n=3). *P0.05 versus WT; #P0.05 versus Scr group. (E, F) Immunodetection of LC3b‐I and ‐II in WT and Mfn2 KO cells subjected to PERK silencing and treated as indicated with Tg or Baf (1 μM Tg; 100 nM Baf) for 6 h. Densitometric quantification is shown in F. Data are mean±s.e.m. (n=3). *P0.05 versus WT; #P0.05 versus Scr group.Source data for this figure is available on the online supplementary information page.
Figure 3(A) Schematic view of the constructs for genomically tagging Vam3 and Nyv1 at their C-termini. (B) Vacuoles were isolated from the indicated yeast strains and 30 µg of proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. (C) In vivo vacuole morphology was assayed by FM4-64 staining. Scale bar: 5 µm. (D) The cells were grouped into three categories according to the number of vacuoles visible per 100 cells. Values represent the means and s. d. from three independent experiments. (E) Vacuoles were isolated from BJ3505 strains expressing the indicated tagged versions of Vam3 and Nyv1 and Pho8-EGFP or Pho8-mCherry. 10 µg of vacuoles were incubated in standard fusion reactions in the presence or absence of ATP and analyzed by confocal microscopy. Arrows indicate examples of fusion products. Scale bar: 5 µm. (F) Fusion activity: vacuole fusion was assayed by measuring the percentage of co-localization of the two Pho8-EGFP and Pho8-mCherry signals. Means s.d. are shown for at least 100 stained vacuoles from 3 experiments.
The velocities of the UIS4‐ and IBIS1‐positive features of the LS‐TVN.Figure 4A‐C) Time‐lapse imaging of hepatoma cells infected with UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing Plasmodium berghei was used to determine the velocities of the UIS4‐positive features, e.g., a tubule (A), elongated membrane cluster (B) and vesicle (C) were tracked over time. Measured speeds of the dynamic features indicated with white arrows are depicted graphically to the right. Scale bars, 10 µm. D) The velocities of several UIS4‐ or IBIS1‐positive features [tubules (left), elongated membrane clusters (center) and vesicles (right)] were measured over time, and the peak velocity of each was plotted. Plotted data was derived from multiple imaged infected cells: For IBIS1‐positive tubules data is derived from three infected cells and for UIS4‐positive tubules from 13 infected cells. Elongated membrane cluster speeds were analyzed in at least five infected cells for both UIS4 and IBIS1, and vesicle speeds were analyzed in at least 12 different cells for both protein markers.
Figure 3(A) Average plots of Med8 cleavages around the TSSs of SAGA- and TFIID-dependent genes in Kin28AS cells treated with DMSO (-NA-PP1) or 6 μM NA-PP1 (+NA-PP1). (B) Signal tracks of Med8-MNase cleavages at the upstream regions of several genes previously shown to have increased core promoter association of Mediator by ChIP-qPCR following NA-PP1 treatment of a Kin28AS strain (Wong et al., 2014). All time points for a given treatment were concatenated to generate a combined track. TSSs are indicated by arrows.
Model for mode of action of NocNoc dimerises (A) and binds to DNA, nucleating specifically at NBSs (B).Figure 8Noc dimerises (A) and binds to DNA, nucleating specifically at NBSs (B). DNA‐bound dimers are maintained by the secondary dimerisation domain (ParB‐boxes, orange) (C) allowing Noc to oliogomerise on adjacent non‐specific DNA (D). Nucleoprotein complexes trigger membrane binding by generating clusters of the N‐terminal amphipathic helix (E). Membrane‐associated Noc complexes are distributed asymmetrically by the NBSs. Crowding by Noc-DNA complexes may physically inhibit division over the nucleoid by biasing FtsZ assembly away from these regions (F). For comparison, the complexes generated by "transertion" are shown alongside. See text for a full description. The schematic depicting Noc complex assembly is adapted from that previously proposed for Spo0J (Leonard et al, ).
Figure 6Electron microscopy analysis shows amelioration of mitochondria morphology and increase of mitochondrial number in Ndufs4-/-/miR-181a/b-1-/- vs. Ndufs4-/- mice. Scale bars are 1μm. The quantitative increase of mitochondria is reported in C as number of mitochondria/RGC, at p30 and p55. N≥2 animals/genotype. Ndufs4-/-/miR-181a/b-1-/- mice show increased mtDNA content vs. Ndufs4-/- mice as measured by q-PCR. N≥4 animals/genotype. Biochemical activity of MRC complexes I, II and IV normalized by the percentage of citrate synthase (CS) activity in Ndufs4-/-/miR-181a/b-1-/- vs. Ndufs4-/- mice. N≥3 animals/genotype. p‐values were calculated by two tailed Student's t-test; Error bars are SEM.
The RHIM-containing fragment forms the amyloid fibril core.Figure 2Thioflavin T fluorescence as a function of time, following dilution of WT or AAAA His‑Ub‑M451‑90, His-Ub-RIPK1497‑583, and His-Ub-RIPK3387‑518 from 8 M to 200 mM urea-containing buffer. Buffer sample contains ThT but no protein. Samples were tested in triplicate and solid line is the average of the triplicates and the error bars (in grey) represent +/- s.d Absorbance spectra from solutions containing Congo red with WT (black lines) or AAAA mutant (dark grey lines) His‑Ub‑M451‑90, His-Ub-RIPK1497‑583, and His-Ub-RIPK3387‑518 that have been dialysed against Assembly Buffer. Congo red sample alone with no protein (light grey line) served as a control for the experiment. Experiment conducted once Electron micrograph of material eluted in peak 1 from the three MBP fusion proteins, as labelled. These are representative micrographs of the material observed. Scale bar 100 nm in all panels Representative micrographs of insoluble material generated after treatment with thrombin removed the MBP. Experiment repeated three times. Scale bar 100 nm in all panel
Figure 1A Activity of an NF-κB reporter relative to vehicle control in human embryonic kidney cells that express TLR4 (hTLR4) or an isogenic control cell line that does not express TLR4 (null2) and were stimulated with vehicle (veh), 1 ng/mL LPS, 400 μM nickel chloride, or 25, 50 or 100 μM platinum(II) chloride and platinum(IV) chloride (n=3 independent biological replicates). B As per panel (A) but secreted IL-8 was monitored as a metric of TLR4 activation upon stimulation with 50 pg/mL LPS, 200 μM nickel chloride, 100 μM platinum(II) chloride or 100 μM platinum(IV) chloride (n=4 independent biological replicates). Data Information: For all panels actual individual data from each experiment are plotted as box (25th and 75th percentile borders; median central band) with Tukey whiskers. Statistical analyses were assessed by 2-way ANOVA: in A) hTLR4 compared to null2 cells; in B) agonist treatment compared to non-treated (nil); ns, not significant ; **, P<.01; ; ****, P<.0001 (Dunnett's test, A, B C IL-8 secretion in HEK-hTLR4 and HEK-null2 cells following treatment with cisplatin at the indicated concentrations (n=3 independent biological replicates). Data Information: For all panels actual individual data from each experiment are plotted as box (25th and 75th percentile borders; median central band) with Tukey whiskers. Statistical analyses were assessed by 2-way ANOVA: in C) comparisons between successive concentrations; ; ***, P<.001; ****, P<.0001 Tukey test, C). D IL-8 secretion in HEK-hTLR4 cells pre-treated with 4 μM TAK242 (TLR4 inhibitor) or vehicle, and subsequent treatment with 50 pg/mL LPS, 200 μM nickel chloride or 25 μM cisplatin (n=3 independent biological replicates). Mock cells were not subject to pretreatment prior to agonist addition. Data Information: For all panels actual individual data from each experiment are plotted as box (25th and 75th percentile borders; median central band) with Tukey whiskers. Statistical analyses were assessed by 2-way ANOVA: in D) comparisons between vehicle and TAK-242 treatments. *, P<.05; ; ****, P<.0001 Tukey test, C).
Tamoxifen decreases fibronectin levels in PSCs and PDAC tissues.Figure 5(A) qPCR levels of fibronectin (FN), fibronectin extracellular domain A (FN-EDA), and fibronectin extracellular domain B (FN-EDB) in PSCs, normalised to RPLP0 and relative to control (B) Western blot analysis of FN normalised to total protein and relative to control (C) Quantification of fibronectin intensity density o FN fluorescence and SHG collagen images for matrigel collagen gels remodelled by PSCs (D) FN fluorescence and SHG collagen images for matrigel collagen gels remodelled by PSCs (E) Immunohistochemistry images of PDAC tissues from KPC mice treated with vehicle control, and 2mg, and 5mg of tamoxifen. (n=4 animals per condition, and n ≥ 5 sections per animal). (F) FN fiber thickness colour-code map in E represented through the BoneJ plugin (G) Relative values of protein levels for FN in PDAC tumors assessed by proteomic analysis (H-J) Quantification of fibronectin immunohistochemistry staining, fiber thickness and alignment scored of images presented in e. In all cases, histogram bars represent mean ± s.e.m.; *P<0.05,**P<0.01,***P<0.001 (t-test for A, B, C; Anova and Tukey"s post hoc test for H, I, J). Scale bar is 1