EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Glucose tolerance test was performed after a high-fat diet feeding for 17 weeks in mice of (A). n=5 mice each group.   Serum insulin levels in mice of (A). n=5 mice each group.   Serum triglyceride levels in mice of (A). n=5 mice each group.   Data information: Data represent means±SEM. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; unpaired two-tailed Student's t test.
FACS analysis of lipid droplet (LD) content of WT (blue) and Tnfaip2-/- (red) EBs by BODIPY493/503 staining at the indicated days after differentiation induction: (E) Quantification of staining intensity [n=3 independent cultures per genotype; data were normally distributed (P>0.05 as per Shapiro-Wilk test) and analyzed by multiple t-tests with Holm-Sidak correction for multiple comparisons].
E. mRNA levels of indicated RP transcripts determined by qRTPCR in MEFs transfected with NTC or miR-132-3p mimics and NTC siRNA or p300 or BTAF1 siRNAs for 48h. Levels are normalised to cells transfected with NTC siRNA and NTC mimic. Data information: Statistical significance is determined by unpaired t-test * p<0.05, ** p<0.01, *** p<0.001, **** p<0.0001.
survival rate (E), and ion leakage (F) of Col-0, Atann1, and atann1 AtANN1S289A (#16) plants. 12-d-old plants grown on MS medium at 22°C were exposed to freezing temperatures (NA, −5°C, 30 min; CA, −8°C, 40 min).
Stem cell frequency was calculated from LDA in GSCs #1, #4, and #12 treated with MPZ treatment (20 μM, 14 days). Data are presented as the mean + s.e.m. on 2 independent experiments.
(b) TTC-stained sections showing the infarct area after administration of 3-MA (100 nmol, i.c.v., at reperfusion) in WT and H3R−/− mice (scale bar, 5 mm), and (c) bar graph showing infarct volume (n=6-8 mice per condition; *P0.05, ***P0.001, with analysis of variances (ANOVAs) followed by the Bonferroni/Dunn post hoc test).
ChIP-qPCR analysis of epitope-tagged shelterin components in WT and mutant strains as indicated (negative control: untagged strain). Positions on x-axis denote distances relative to telomeric repeats (telomere-proximal PCR primer) (n = 3 independent experiments) Data information data are normalized to input and represented as mean ± SEM
B. The response of cytosolic HyPer7 in HEK293 cells to repeated bolus of exogenous H2O2 at the indicated concentrations. Solid line represents mean, light gray points are ratios measured in individual cells.
E Heatmaps displaying overlap enrichment for various genomic regions (Up and Down: peak regions with increased and reduced histone Kcr in NSPCs after crotonate or MS-275 treatment). A darker color in blue, red, or purple corresponds to greater fold enrichment for a column-specific coloring scale.
(E) Co-immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analysis of extracts of THP-1 cells infected with ZIKV (MOI=1) for 24 hrs.
A Methyl-Cap-seq read density profiles of the 5' end of DAPK1, UNC5B, and NTN1in MDA-MB-231 (blue) and HMLER (green) cells. Red boxes represent the CpG islands (CGis); light gray boxes the regions analyzed by bisulfite-PCR-sequencing; dark gray boxes the regions analyzed by parallel sequencing of amplicons from bisulfite modified DNA; and black boxes the exons and UTR. Chromosome coordinates of each gene are given (black lines).
c, LC3 immunoblot (left) for autophagic flux quantification (right) in Ctrl (**P = 0.001) and MEFs knocked down for SMO (SMO−) (**P = 0.0001) upon purmorphamine treatment (*P = 0.009, n = 4).
E) Top ranked differentially expressed genes identified in MIO-M1 compared to other retinal cell types based on logistic regression score.
B) Quantification graph of the percentage of qNSCs with primary protrusion in wild-type (yw), E-cadR69 and E-cadR69.Ubi-p63E-E-cad cells. GFP at 16 h ALH. Larval brains were labeled with Dpn and Mira (not shown). n=19 BL for control; n=23 BL for E-cadR69; n=11 BL for E-cadR69.Ubi-p63E-E-cad BL. ****p<0.0001; p=0.2690 (ns)
Defective distribution of the endosomal protein TfnR in HeLa cells with the excess accumulation of the inactive form of Rab8a. Right panel shows a merged image of TfnR staining (shown as green), Rab8a (T22N) staining (magenta), and Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining (blue).
(e) Degradation of long-lived proteins in striatal cells from wild-type (7Q-htt) and mutant huntingtin knock-in mice (111Q-htt) in response to different autophagic stimuli.
Regions that show reduced KDM6A binding in Hnf1a-/- chromatin are strongly bound by HNF1A and are highly enriched in HNF1 motifs. P-values in (E) with Fisher's exact test.
A. RT-qPCR analysis of KDM6A/B in SCNT embryos injected with siRNA-6A or siRNA-6B. The SCNT embryos were subject to injection of 10 μM or 20 μM  siRNA as indicated. Data are mean expression relative to Gapdh with siRNA-control normalized to 1. Error bars, s.e.m., n = 3. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 according to two-tailed Student"s t-test. n.s., not significant. B. The bar chart shows the KDM6A/B transcript levels in SCNT embryo with 20 μM siRNA-6A/B. All data are mean expression relative to Gapdh with control siRNA injected SCNT embryos normalized to 1.  Error bars, s.e.m., n = 3, **P < 0.01 by Student&quo
(C) Images of the larvae of denoted genotypes at 3 days (top) and 6 days (middle) after egg‐laying (AEL), and quantification of the larvae that developed into the mid-late third instar stage of each genotype (bottom); n=3. Bars indicate mean±s.d. Fifteen larvae of each genotype were examined in each experiment.
F HUVEC were grown on collagen-coated polyacrylamide gels of varying physiologic stiffness of 0.2 kPa and 20 kPa, and stimulated with TNFα for 17 h prior to adding HL60-derived neutrophils for 20 min. VE-cadherin was immunoprecipitated and precipitates as well as total cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting for indicated antigens. Relative quantifications of pY731 blot signals adjusted to the amount of precipitated VE-cadherin are shown on the right
C. Confocal images of control and NPC1I1061T patient fibroblasts immunolabeled for ACBD3. Black and orange squares show expanded views of anti-ACBD3 in Golgi and endomembrane compartments, respectively. D. Analyses of ACBD3 intensity distributed in Golgi (left graph; Control: n=9; NPC1I1061T: n=9) or in endomembranes (right graph; Control: n=1360; NPC1I1061T: n=1645 from 15 cells), normalized to the cytoplasm.
(A) Asynchronously growing HeLa CCL2 cells were immunostained with the indicated antibodies after extraction using 0.2% Triton X-100. The resulting samples were observed using a confocal laser microscope (Zeiss LSM 700). Immunostaining with pre-immune serum in (A) represents the negative control for immunoreactivity. Scale bars, 10 μm. The value of the relative neck thickness is shown in the lower left corner of the merged images.
c, Immunofluorescence of KRas-expressing tumour (+KRas), regressed tumour (−KRas) and regressed tumours 48 h after KRas re-activation (−KRas re-ON) for Ki67 (red), CD44 (green) and 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; blue) (×40).
i-n) Immunofluorescence of ATG8 in untreated (i-k) or IL-17A-treated (10 ng ml−1 for 4 h) (l-n) cells. Cells were red after TRITC-ATG8 staining (i,l), green after ConA staining (j,m), merged images (k,n). Mean values (% ATG8+ cells (merge); mean±s.d.): ATG8/none, 8.2±1.6; ATG8/IL-17A, 58.0±11.3 (P=0.002) (n=3). Scale bars, 10 μm.
B) CDKN1A (top) and CDKN1B (bottom) average expression values obtained by RNA sequencing of three biological replicates after Control, H2A.Z.1 (Z1) or H2A.Z.2 (Z2) siRNA treatment. Error bars show the standard deviation (SD). ***=p<0.001 (Student's t Test).
B. Representative images of immunofluorescence of Pan-hMENA (yellow) and α-SMA (red) in NSCLC case #484 from whom high hMENA∆v6 CAFs were obtained. Nuclei were stained with 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI). Scale bar: 50 μm. The inset of the dashed area is provided on the right as a zoomed-in and cropped fluorescence image. Scale bar: 20 μm. As in A, α-SMA signal is evident in stromal cells which are also positive for Pan-hMENA (arrow).
MISTRG mice were reconstituted or not at birth with human CD34+ cord blood HSPCs, and intravenously injected with RC-K8 cells at six weeks of age. The lymphoma burden at the study endpoint was quantified by ZsGreen expression and in the case of RC-K8 cells, also over time by IVIS (H).
Representative micrographs of hematoxylin-eosin staining in the xenografts tumors. Scale bars: 100 μm
Quantitative analysis of the effect of WZB treatment from 3-5 dpf on liver size as determined by fluorescence microscopy. n>21, ****p<0.0001, two-sided Student's t-test; values represent the mean ± s.e.m
A, Hierarchical clustering analysis of RNA-sequencing data from cells treated with DMSO, 20 Gy IR, 250nM AZD6738, or AZD6738 + IR (n=2 biological replicates).
D. Expression analysis of viral transgenes in two O6SKM iPSC lines done by qRT-PCR using specific primers. OG2-MEFs were harvested 5 days after infection and used for comparison as a positive control.
A An inhibition zone-based assay for evaluating the stability of AMSIN in H2O or normal mouse serum. The bacterium used was BM and the peptide dose was 0.2 nmol/well. Mean ± SD of three biological replicates is displayed. P values were obtained by Mann-Whitney U test (*P<0.05, ns: no significance
Q. Immunostaining of PGAM5 in brains of rats injected with hSCNA and control or hSCNA and Ifnb. Scale bars equal 100 microns.
Relative H1299control mRNA expression levels NANOG, OCT4 and SOX2 in H1299control cells in the presence of siNT or siYAP. Data information: Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test (2-tailed) of n=3 experiments unless otherwise stated. Error bars represent the mean ± S.E.M.
(G) qPCR analysis of mRNA levels of Sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin-1 receptor motif-containing 1 (SARM1) in heart of WT (n=6), mdx (n=5) and mdx/CD38-/- mice (n=5, n=5, n=6 respectively). Data information: Each dot of the graphs represents a mouse and measured in duplicate After normality and variance comparison tests, significance was assessed using: ANOVA followed by Fisher's LSD test; Values are expressed as means ± SEM. Significance: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001.
GFP-ATG8a expressing seedlings in Murashige & Skoog (MS) growth medium or 30 min after treatment with MS containing ACC, ABA, ATP, BL, 6-BA, Flg22, NAA or PEP1. (B) Quantification of GFP foci per 0.0025 mm2. Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation of the mean and were calculated from at least three independent experiments with 3 individuals per replicate. Bars marked with an asterisk (*) are statistically significant (P<0.05) according to the T -test.
Images and comparisons of number of Prox1+ LECs within initial 100 μm portion in CD31+/LYVE-1+ lacteals of jejunum from vehicle- or ABX-treated mice. Dotted lines outline villi. Each dot indicates mean value of 5-10 villi in a mouse (n = 6 mice/group). Scale bars, 100 μm.
A H3K122succ levels (detected by immunoblot), relative to the scramble siRNA control, upon depletion of indicated HAT enzyme(s) (GCN5, pCAF, p300 and/or CBP) from MCF7 cells by siRNA. The bar graph shows a representative experiment
(M) Quantification of ACE2 expression per cell in ATs and endothelial cells from 4-6 fields of view (technical replicates) in a pair of LoCs reconstituted without macrophages (n=2 biological replicates) analyzed at 1 and 3 dpi, respectively. Data information: Bars represent the mean value, the solid line represents the median, and error bars represent the standard deviation. P-values are calculated using a Kruskal-Wallis One-Way ANOVA Test, * represents p≤0.05, ** represents p≤0.01, ** represents p≤0.001.
(A) Immunocytochemistry analyses show that glutamate stimulation (Glut, 100 µM 5 min + 25 min washout) increased PRR7 in the nucleus. Cycloheximide (100 µM) added 30 min prior to glutamate stimulation did not affect this increase (Cont=100±12.5%, Glut=202.1±15.2%; +cycloheximide Cont=104.9±3.6, Glut=231.4±10.9) (n=~30-50 cells).
C Chemical inhibition of the cGMP-dependent PKG by Compound 1 and Compound 2 blocks egress induced by 5 µM BIPPO, a PDE inhibitor, or by stabilisation of DDmyc-PKArG321E-Ty in presence of Shld-1. A PKGT761M substitution that renders PKG resistant to both compounds indicates that the block in egress in only mediated by PKG when 0.2 µM Compound 1 is used while the block in egress associated with C2 is not specific to PKG inhibition only (data is from three independent biological replicates).Data information: In C and D, data are presented as mean ± SD.
(E) Correlation plot of the indicated differentially expressed gene (DEG) sets. Values for DEG in fetal and adult ISC was obtained from Nusse et al, 2012.
E. Deletion of sidP does not impact the association of SidC with the LCV. BMDMs infected with the indicated L. pneumophila stains were stained and the association of SidC with bacterial phagosomes was similarly determined (n≥100) (left panel). Representative images of infected cells harboring bacterial phagosomes were also shown (right panel). Insets represent 3x magnification of regions defined by dash lines. Scale bar, 5 μm.
E The position of P5 in APN. A stereo ribbon diagram of APN (PDB ID: 4DOU) is drawn, and P5 is shown in magenta sticks.
B, C qPCR analysis of ABA synthesis and signaling-related genes in Col-0 and 35S::CDF4 plants. Three independent experiments were conducted. Values are given as mean ± SD, n=3. *p<0.05 by Student's t-test.
(A) Schematic representation for the intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of Slc6a20a antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) into the lateral ventricle (LV) for the reduction of Slc6a20a expression in the whole mouse brain.
D. The relative levels of CO proteins in WT and cibh backgrounds over the course of 20 hours under LDs were calculated Data information: Error bars represent the standard deviation of three biological replicates of the Western blots.
A-B. Co-IP assays of ectopically expressed FLAG-GASZ and MFN-HA in 293T cells (A)
D Screen of ZNRF3-mediated Hwa ubiquitination sites under denaturing conditions. HEK293T cells were co-transfected with His-HA-Ub, Hwa-Flag or Hwa10KR-Flag, and ZNRF3 or ZNRF3ΔRING. The lysate was immunoblotted with Myc, Flag, and α-tub (α-tubulin). Lysates immunoprecipitated with anti-Flag were immunoblotted with HA and Flag antibodies. Hwa10KR-Flag mutant, all lysine sites in Hwa sequence were replaced with arginine. Denaturing conditions: before immunoprecipitation, lysates were denatured by adding SDS to a final concentration at 1% and boiling at 95℃ for 15 min. Blots are representative of 3 independent experiments.
D Comparison of growth kinetics between WT WNV and WNV-poly(A) viruses in Vero cells.
F. Ectopic sugarbabe expression in the fat body partially rescues TAG levels in the CG>ERK7 larvae (N=4 replicates of ≥10 larvae/replicate for each genotype).
(B) Quantification of the IκBα 60 kDa band (upper panels) and the 37 kDa band (lower panels) is shown as average and s.d. of three independent experiments.
(G) LMP1 binds directly to ANT1 dependent on its transmembrane domain in 293T cells. IP/IB was used to detect the interaction between Flag-tagged LMP1 mutants and Myc-tagged ANT1. IP of cell lysates using a Flag or Myc antibody.
(E) Higher magnification confocal image of a MARCO-/- lymph node stained for CD11b+ cells (white), mCherry+ CHIKV particles (red), B220+ B cells (blue), and CD169+ macrophages (green). Scale bar: 20 μm.
G-H. Membrane top binders spell AD and PLAK, white space consists of random sequences. (sequences in AppendixTableS2)
A-D') Representative images showing that pan-glial overexpression of htlACT, but not InRwt or EgfrACT causes an expansion of cortex glia that enwraps NBs. Glial cells are marked with repo-GAL4 >GFP, and NBs are marked with Mira. (A', B', C' and D') are zoomed in images of (A, B, C and D), respectively.
WT B6 or B6 Signr3−/− (KO) mice were orally gavaged with NCK56, NCK2187, or SlpA on days −3 and −1, and 3% DSS was given in the drinking water. Mice were gavaged with bacteria or purified SlpA every other day for an additional three times and monitored for disease progression.H Species richness and microbial diversity in DSS‐treated mice. Top: The Chao richness index was used as a measure of species richness. Bottom: The Shannon diversity index was used to estimate microbial diversity for each group. n = 4-6 mice/group. Color coding is as in (B).
(F) There was no change in mCherry-Atg8a in SH3PX1 mutant clones (GFP negative, outlined) in well-fed larvae. Genotypes: (F and G) hs-flp; Cg-GAL4 UAS-mChAtg8a/+; FRT80B UAS-2XeGFP/FRT80B SH3PX1HK62b.
(D) Venn diagram displaying the overlap of interactors associating with the three immunoprecipitated proteins
expression of cytochrome C (CYCS) or ATP5G1 mRNAs (D) determined by qRT-PCR in P493-6 (-Tet) cells expressing either scrambled control sh-RNA or a TSC1-specific sh-RNA, and treated with 20 nM rapamycin for 12 h where indicated (mean ± st.dev., n=3 technical replicates).
A Manhattan plot displaying the GWAS results of Na+/K+ ratio in root. The red-dashed line indicates the Bonferroni-adjusted significance threshold (P = 1.0 × 10-7). Red arrow indicates the significant SNP signal of Na+/K+ ratio associated with SlHAK20.
GPS reporter cells expressing indicated diGly-ending full-length human proteins were treated with or without an shRNA against KLHDC2 and analyzed by FACS.
B. Phosphorylation status of T532 and T539 in Apc1-loop500 varies depending on mutations in the B56-binding site. MBP-fused Apc1-loop500 WT or its derivatives (L557A/V560A and E562A) was incubated with anaphase extracts supplemented with non-degradable cyclin B at 23˚C for 1 h. The proteins were recovered by amylose beads, separated by SDS-PAGE and detected by immunoblotting with phospho-specific (pAb) or MBP antibody.
let-7a inhibitor reduces the AGO1 readthrough efficiency. HeLa cells were transfected with let-7a inhibitor or control inhibitor along with AGO1-TGA (or GCA)-ISR-FLuc construct. Readthrough was quantified by measuring FLuc activity, which was normalized to co-transfected renilla luciferase activity. FLuc mRNA expression in HeLa cells treated with miRNA inhibitors is shown (Right). *, P = 0.027.
C Rosette area of two or three independent GOF lines per TF (calculated as the projected area or the sum of the leaves, n = 10 plants) germinated and grown on DEX-containing medium. Measurements were performed at 22 DAS relative to the control line. "Independent line 1" is the line with the highest overexpression level.
Quantification of (E). Plotted is median EGFP intensity at spindle poles positive for γ-tubulin ± SD. Each dot represents a single spindle pole. Statistical significance was determined by ANOVA (n=3) (*** p<0.001, * p<0.05).
(c) Substrate independent in vitro SUMOylation assay with SUMO2WT, SUMO2K11Ac or SUMO2K11Q was performed and analyzed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies.
Fig. 1. A co-culture assay based on the split TEV technique for monitoring NRG1-ERBB4 signaling activity.(C) Adding 10ng/ml EGFld resulted in a two-fold activation. Per 96-well, 40,000 split TEV assay cells were co-plated with empty PC12 cells (no Nrg1 expression), 10,000 Nrg1-expressing cells, and 10,000 Nrg1-expressing cells plus 10ng/ml EGFld.
(c) Northern blot analysis of wild-type (WT) and TbMCU-KO BSF cultured in the presence (+Tet) or absence (−Tet) of tetracycline for 2 days. Tubulin is shown as a loading control (bottom panel).
(d) IL-8 ELISA of U2OS cells starved of glutamine or treated with BPTES for 24 h and co-treated with DMαKG.
(C) Schematic representation of mouse models of Bbs4 deficiency used in this study. Bbs4 GT, gene-trap allele interrupting the Bbs4 gene. Bbs4 FL, allele with floxed Bbs4 exon 6. Bbs4 KO and cKO alleles with deleted exon 6.
AGS and ALPK1-KO cells were infected with H. pylori for the times shown. Co‑IP with an anti‑TIFA antibody or isotype‑matched antibody (IgG) was performed. Eluates and total cell lysates were analyzed by immunoblotting using the indicated antibodies.
(e) Differential interference contrast images of midgut cells from Atg2EP3697/wild-type control (Atg2/+) and Atg2EP3697/Df(3L)6091 mutant (Atg2/Df) animals at puparium formation. Representative images are shown. (f) Cell size quantification (μm2) from e, n = 12 (Atg2/+) and n = 7 (Atg2/Df) animal intestines per genotype with 5 cells measured per intestine.
A Expression of BCL-XL (top), BCL-2 (middle) and actin (bottom) in Dusp5+/+ and Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils. Western blot analysis of cytoplasmic fractions isolated from Dusp5+/+ and Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils cultured in the absence or presence of IL-5 (50 ng/ml) or IL-33 (50 ng/ml) for 3 days. Results are representative of four independent experiments. The ratios of BCL-XL and BCL-2 to actin protein levels are quantified at the bottom of each lane.B Quantitation of cytoplasmic fraction associated BCL-XL and BCL-2 protein from Dusp5+/+ and Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils by Western blot analysis from (A). Graph is the relative pixel intensity of cytoplasmic BCL-XL and BCL-2 from four independent experiments including (A).
(A) Heat map of metabolism-associated DEGs (p (adj.) < 0.10) in npTh17 cells of WT and Stim1fl/flCd4Cre mice determined by RNA-Seq as described in Figure 7. Heatmap shows relative minimum and maximum values per gene (row min/max). Numerical values are relative gene expression. TCA, tricarboxylic acid.
The panel on the right summarizes the results of the co-immunoprecipitations in (B) Transfection of DG75 B cells and immunoprecipitation of (B) HA-tagged or for smaller fragments (C)
Proteins from mouse brain membrane fractions were treated with or without PNGase F and then immunoblotted for BACE1 or for syntaxin 6 (loading control).
Probability for the pilus to reach the angle θ during the 30-second application of shear stress τ as determined by the physical model fitted to the data in panel (C). The red line is the equilibrium angle θ0 and the purple shading the thermal fluctuations.
G Transmission electron micrographs of optic nerves from 6-7 week old WT and NYKO mice. Scale bars 2 µm.
Cells stained with DAPI and analyzed for DAPI signal intensity using QIBC. H. cells were pulse-labeled with EU.
(B) Quantification of NMJ synaptic terminal surface area in each genotype. [WT n = 14, hiw n = 12 , hiw > dNmnat-RNAi n=12. 1-way ANOVA w/Tukey's multiple comparisons, DF=37, F=22.427, p < 0.0001. WT vs hiw p < 0.0001 (****), WT vs hiw > dNmnat-RNAi p < 0.0001 (****), hiw vs hiw > dNmnat-RNAi p = 0.2907 (NS)].
Agarose gel electrophoresis of the same PCR products described in (A) after ACTL6A (left), BRM (middle), and BRG1 (right) chromatin IP in uc.291 silenced and differentiated HEKn cells. One representative experiment of three is shown.
(D) Amylose binding assays of full-length (1-387) and truncated Sharpin mutants along with schematic representations of the Sharpin constructs used. Images not shown to scale. PH, pleckstrin homology domain; LTM, LUBAC-tethering motif; UBL, ubiquitin-like domain.
Representative image of intracellular Shigella in HeLa cells pre-treated with arsenite in the absence or presence of the p38 inhibitor SB203580, and corresponding controls
E The immunoprecipitation analysis. The increased transfection of ENTREP vector enhanced precipitation of HA-CXCR4DD-DsRed with ITCH C830A. Data shown are representative of at least two independent experiments.
Schematic representation of the ETP-47037 treatment protocol. Mice with already developed lungcarcinomas were subjected to computerized tomography (CT) measurements before the start of the treatment. ETP-47037 was given at a dose of 75 mg/kg body weight by oral gavage 8 days out of the ten that the experiment lasted as indicated. At the end of the treatment, a CT was performed for quantification of tumor area and mice were sacrificed for further histological and molecular analysis. Control mice were similarly treated with vehicle.
D. Cells were treated as described in (C), the indicated mRNAs were analyzed with RT-qPCR, and the results were normalized with respect to the β-actin mRNA (n=4). Error bars indicate the S.E.M. (*p< 0.05, **p < 0.01; paired Student's t-test).