EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Figure 4DNA methylation status of a portion of the Rasgrf1 differentially methylated region (DMR) in 0−2-dpp Mili+/− and Mili−/− prospermatogonia. Regions corresponding to B, C, D, E, and F are demethylated in Mili−/− prospermatogonia. Vertical bars represent DNA methylation levels at CpG sites determined by whole genome bisulfite sequencing (see below). The top dark gray bar represents a portion of the Rasgrf1 gametic DMR (Tomizawa et al, 2011). The CpG cluster is shown. The deleted RMER4B sequence is indicated. Deletion of key sequences (circles labeled as −) in the Rasgrf1 DMR and chr7 piRNA cluster. Shown is our proposed mechanism in which piRNAs generated from RMER4B sequence in chr7 piRNA cluster target RMER4B sequence in pit-RNA for the establishment of DNA methylation of the Rasgrf1 DMR. DNA methylation status of the Rasgrf1 DMR in Rasgrf1ΔRMER4B/ΔRMER4B and control spermatogonia are shown. The regions examined are shown in (A). Black (white) circles represent methylated (unmethylated) CpGs. Rasgrf1 RMER4B functions in cis. Wild-type and mutant alleles of the Rasgrf1 DMR in Rasgrf1+/ΔRMER4B spermatogonia were analyzed separately.
Hdac3 and Dax1 co-repress Gata6-bound CREs, including the essential Gata6 enh-45.Figure 5k-means clustered heatmap showing enrichment of TFs, and changes of chromatin marks or accessibility in indicated mutants relative to WT at Hdac3- and/or Dax1-bound regions. Repressed and induced clusters 2 and 4 are marked. Scatterplot of log2 fold accessibility changes in d2_SLRA Dax1-/- cells and of log2 fold H3K27ac ChIP signal changes in d2_SL Hdac3-/- cells relative to WT controls at Hdac3- and/or Dax1-bound regions. Regions colored in red are associated with Gata6. Genome-browser view of the Gata6 locus showing accessibility and chromatin mark changes in indicated mutants, and of ChIPseq signals of indicated TFs and H3K27ac in E6.5 VE and EPI. The grey area indicates enh-45. FC of PrE and naïve pluripotency markers relative to WT cells in 2iL of indicated genotypes after 3d in SLRA (D) and in 2iL (E). Average and SD of at least three independent clones.
Genome‐wide RNAi screen for gene inactivations that suppress the accumulation of SQST‐1::GFP aggregates in rpl‐43 mutants A–D SQST‐1::GFP is very weakly expressed and diffusely localized in the cytoplasm in wild‐type larval intestine, but is expressed at much higher levels and accumulates into numerous aggregates in the intestine in bp399 mutant larvae.Figure 1A-D SQST‐1::GFP is very weakly expressed and diffusely localized in the cytoplasm in wild‐type larval intestine, but is expressed at much higher levels and accumulates into numerous aggregates in the intestine in bp399 mutant larvae. (A) and (C) represent DIC images of the animals in (B) and (D), respectively. E Compared to wild‐type, SQST‐1::GFP levels are much higher in bp399 and bp412 mutant larvae as shown by immunoblotting assay. SQST‐1::GFP levels in bp399 mutants are greatly reduced after 12 h of starvation. 200 young adult animals for each genotype were collected for analysis. F Mapping and cloning of bp399. LG II: linkage group II. G Protein sequence of RPL‐43. The mutated residue in bp399 is highlighted in red. H, I SQST‐1::GFP aggregates in rpl‐43(bp399) mutants are separable from LAAT‐1::Cherry‐labeled lysosomes under normal conditions, but are delivered to lysosomes upon starvation. Some aggregates are enclosed by lysosomes (inserts). Scale bar: 20 μm. J-Q RNAi inactivation of let‐363, rpn‐2, cogc‐1, or hgrs‐1 suppresses the accumulation of SQST‐1::GFP aggregates in rpl‐43(bp399) mutants. (J), (L), (N), and (P): DIC images of the animals in (K), (M), (O), and (Q). Scale bar: 20 μm. R SQST‐1::GFP levels in rpl‐43(bp399) mutants are greatly reduced by inactivation of rpt‐3 and rpn‐2. 200 young adult animals for each genotype were collected for analysis. S Functional classification of the identified genes. The number of genes in each functional class is shown in parentheses.
Figure 4HME cells were treated with H2O2 for the indicated times and stained with anti-PAR and anti-2-5A. Nuclei were visualized with DAPI. The densities of the 2-5A and PAR fluorescence signals in the nuclei are plotted. Signals in 40+ cells per sample were measured. Data are presented as distribution plot with mean value +/- SD; ***, p<0.001; *, p<0.5; ns, non-significant; as determined by unpaired Kolmogorov-Smirnov t-test. Scale bar, 10μm. HME control (vector) and TKO cells were treated with H2O2 for 12 min, incubated on ice for 7 min with PBS or detergent-containing Buffer 1, to extract unbound proteins, fixed with methanol/acetone, and stained with anti-2-5A and anti-PAR. Scale bar, 10μm. HME vector control (vec), DKO, and TKO cells were treated with H2O2 for 12 min. In untreated cells, no PAR staining was detected. The densities of fluorescence signals in the nuclei relative to the untreated vector control are plotted. Signals in 40 or more cells per sample were measured. Data are presented as distribution plot with mean value +/- SD; ***, p<0.001; *, p<0.5; ns, non-significant as determined by unpaired Kolmogorov-Smirnov t-test. Scale bar, 10μm. HME control (vector) and KO1 cells were treated with H2O2 for the indicated times and stained with anti-2-5A and anti-PAR. Scale bar, 10μm. Accumulation of 2-5A and PAR in HME cells pre-incubated with 10 or 100 nM olaparib for 30 min before treatment with H2O2 for 12 min, as visualized by immunostaining with anti-2-5A and anti-PAR. Scale bar, 10μm.
Figure 3(A-C) Tissue lysates from (A) spleen, (B) liver and (C) kidney from 6- to 9-day old indicated mice were immunoblotted to determine cleavage of caspase-1. Each lane represents a lysate from a different mouse. Positive control lanes (+) are BMDMs stimulated with LPS/ATP; negative control lanes (-) are respective organ homogenates from caspase-1-/- mice. (D-G) Tissue lysates from (D, F) spleen and (E, G) liver from 6- to 9-day old indicated mice were immunoblotted to determine pro-IL-1β cleavage to IL-1β (D-E) or GSDMD cleavage to its p30 and p20 fragments (F-G). Each lane represents a lysate from a different mouse. Positive control lanes (+) are BMDMs stimulated with LPS/ATP; negative control lanes (-) are respective organ homogenates from (D-E) caspase-1-/- or (F-G) Gsdmd-/- mice. (H-K) Growth (H, J) and survival (I, K) curves of Nlrp3NeoR-A350V/WT and Nlrp3Mac-A350V/WT littermates injected subcutaneously with PBS or Anakinra (H-I) or with anti-IL-18 or isotype antibodies (J-K). Injection days are indicated with arrows. Data information: Statistics in (H, J) were analyzed by student t-test, error bars represent means ± SD of indicated numbers of biological replicates. Statistics in (I, K) were analyzed by log-rank Mantel-Cox test. ns not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01.
Figure 2A Maximum intensity projections of fluorescent microscopy z-stacks of 5-day-old nematodes expressing the indicated transgenes are shown. White dashed lines outline the borders of muscle cells. Scale bar: 10 µm. The co-expression of HPI and HPII reduces the amount of α-Syn::YFP inclusions. B Quantification of α-Syn::YFP foci in 3- to 6-day-old animals. Product of mean foci fluorescence and foci area relative to muscle area is displayed (relFluoFoci). Data are shown as mean ± SEM (in %) (N = 3). Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. ** = p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001. C Motility Assay as a measure for transgene toxicity. Displayed is the mean number of body bends per 30 s ± SEM (N = 3). Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. ** p ≤ 0.01, *** p ≤ 0.001. D Maximum intensity projections of fluorescent microscopy z-stacks of 6-day-old animals expressing the indicated transgenes. Scale bar: 100 µm. The co-expression of HPI and HPII reduces the amount of Q35::YFP inclusions. E Quantification of Q35::YFP foci in WT and hsp-110 hairpin background. Shown is the mean ± SEM (N = 3). Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01. F Motility Assay as a measure for transgene toxicity. Displayed is the mean number of body bends per 30 s ± SEM (N = 3). Statistical analysis was done using one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparisons test. * p ≤ 0.05, ** p ≤ 0.01. G Maximum intensity projections of fluorescent microscopy z-stacks of of 5-day-old nematodes expressing the indicated transgenes. White dashed lines outline the borders of muscle cells. Scale bar: 10 µm. M: muscle, H: hypodermis. Signal outside of muscle cells reveals spreading of α-Syn. H Quantification of animals showing α-Syn transmission at indicated ages. Displayed is the mean ± SEM (in %) (N = 4). Statistical analysis was done using two-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test. *** p ≤ 0.001.
Hemocytes display distinct properties at E16 and WL stage.Figure 1A) Transcriptome comparison of hemocytes from stage 16 embryos (E16) and wandering 3rd instar larvae (WL). The x-axis is the average genes expression levels (n=3) and the y-axis the Log2 Fold Change WL/E16. P-values are indicated with the color code. B) Gene Ontology (GO) term enrichment analysis in E16 (green) and WL (red) hemocytes. The fold enrichments for a subset of significant GO terms are displayed, the number of genes and the p-value of the GO term enrichment are indicated in brackets. Scatter plots as in (A) highlighting in black subsets of known genes expressed in hemocytes Scatter plots as in (A) highlighting in black subsets of known genes associated with the GO terms extracellular matrix Scatter plots as in (A) highlighting in black subsets of known genes expressed in phagocytosis F-G) Phagocytosis assay on E16 (F) and WL hemocytes (G) srp(hemo)-moesin-RFP. The beads (in green) are phagocytosed by the hemocytes (in red). The WL hemocytes show greater phagocytic capacity compared to the embryonic ones after 5 min of exposure. Full stacks are displayed and the scale bars represent 20 µm.
Figure 3(A) Heatmap of genes in mouse primary hepatocytes transfected with lentivirus vectors expressing KLF10 (KLF10OE) or empty vector (Ctrl), P＜0.001. n=5 per group. The color gradient represents log2(Fold change). (B) Relative mRNA (n=5) and protein (n=3) levels of zDHHC7 in MPHs expressing KLF10 or empty vector (Ctrl). The protein level of KLF10 or zDHHC7 was normalized to β-actin. Results represent three independent experiments. Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test (B (C-D) Spearman correlations between KLF10 and zDHHC7 in liver tissues from NASH and NAFL patients using GEO datasets (GSE48452 and GSE61260). In the dataset GSE61260 (C), n=83 (including 38 healthy controls, 21 NAFL patients and 24 NASH patients). In the dataset GSE48452 (D), n=73 (including 41 healthy controls, 17 NAFL patients and 15 NASH patients). Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Spearman's correlation (C, D). (E) Relative mRNA levels of DHHCs family in HepG2 cells overexpressing KLF10 or empty vector (ctrl). n=5. Results represent three independent experiments. Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test (F) Protein levels of zDHHC7 in the livers of HFD mice or WD/CCl4 mice The protein level of zDHHC7 was normalized to the β-actin. n=5. Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test (G) Luciferase reporter assays showing the activity of different truncation of zDHHC7 promoter fragments in HepG2 cells. n=3. Results represent three independent experiments. (H) The transcriptional activity of wild-type or mutant zDHHC7 promoter in HepG2 cells. n=3. Results represent three independent experiments. Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test (I) Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis of KLF10 binding activity at the zDHHC7 promoter. Soluble chromatin was prepared from the livers of WD/CCl4 treatment-induced NASH mice and immunoprecipitated with antibodies against KLF10 or against IgG. The final DNA extractions were amplified using pairs of primers that cover the regions of zDHHC7 and GAPDH gene promoters. (J) Quantitative real-time RCR results of ChIP assays. IgG, immunoglobulin G. n=3. Results represent three independent experiments. Data information: * P <0.05, ** P <0.01, *** P <0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test J).
Figure 5A. A Ca2+-insensitive mutant of Miro1 (Miro1-EF) interacts with Parkin. HEK cells overexpressing myc-Miro1 or myc-Miro1-EF and EYFP-Parkin were treated with DMSO (control) or A&O (both 15 µM) for 3 hrs. Myc-Miro1 was immunoprecipitated and probes were immunoblotted for Miro1 (red) and Parkin (green). The high-contrast grayscale image from the green channel of this blot shows that endogenous Parkin co-immunoprecipitated with Miro1 in all conditions. The bar chart shows the quantification of co-immunoprecipitated Parkin EYFP from 4 different blots normalised to total EYFP-Parkin signal (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01, repeated measures ANOVA B. Miro1-EF is less susceptible to ubiquitination by Parkin. HEK cells overexpressing HA-ubiquitin, myc-Miro1 or myc-Miro1-EF and EYFP-Parkin were treated with DMSO (control) or A&O (both 15 µM) for 3 hrs. HA-ubiquitin was immunoprecipitated and probes were immunoblotted for ubiquitin (red), Miro1 (green) and Parkin (green; representative images are from the same experimental material on separate SDS-PAGE-WB membranes). The high-contrast grayscale shows the green channel of this blot, and the bar chart shows quantification of co-immunoprecipitated Miro from 3 different blots (**P < 0.01 and ***P < 0.001, repeated measures ANOVA). Note that EYFP-Parkin co-immunoprecipitated with ubiquitin only after A&O treatment C. Mutation of Miro1 EF-hands diminishes Miro1 ubiquitination with S65-phosphorylated ubiquitin. HEK cells were transfected with EYFP-Parkin with either myc-Miro1-WT or myc-Miro1-EF with or without PINK1-V5. Cells were treated with either DMSO or A&O (both 10 µM) for 5 hrs with the exception of the PINK1-V5 group. Myc-Miro1 was immunoprecipitated and probes were immunoblotted for Miro1 (red), S65-Phosphoubiquitin and PINK1-V5 (green; the weak bands marked with the asterisk are nonspecific).
Figure 7A ERK activation following IL-33 treatment of BM-derived eosinophils. Dusp5+/+ or Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils were stimulated with IL-33 (25 ng/ml) for the indicated times and total cell lysates were analyzed for p-ERK1/p-ERK2 (top) and total ERK1/2 (bottom) (left panels). Quantitation of p-ERK1 normalized to total ERK1 levels shown on left is graphically depicted on the right. B NF-kB activation following IL-33 treatment of BM-derived eosinophils. Dusp5+/+ or Dusp5-/- BM-derived eosinophils were treated with IL-33 (25 ng/ml) for the indicated times and cytoplasmic fraction isolated and analyzed for p-p65 (top) and total p65 (bottom) (left panels). Quantitation of p-p65 normalized to total p65 level shown on left is graphically depicted on the right. C Upregulation of CD11b is partially MEK-dependent. BM-derived eosinophils were treated with IL-33 (25 ng/ml) in presence or absence of indicated concentrations of the MEK small molecule inhibitor U0126. Analysis of cell surface CD11b expression was performed at 4 hours. D Cytoplasmic BCL-XL accumulation is MEK-dependent. BM-derived eosinophils were treated with IL-33 (25 ng/ml) for the indicated times with DMSO or MEK inhibitor U0126 (10µM). Cytoplasmic fractions were assessed by Western blot analysis for BCL-XL (top) and BCL-2 (bottom).E Quantitation of BCL-XL (top) and BCL-2 (bottom) protein levels in cytoplasmic fractions of BM-derived eosinophils treated with IL-33 (25 ng/ml) for indicated times. Protein levels are normalized to actin protein from Western blots shown in (D). F BM-derived eosinophils were treated with IL-33 (25 ng/ml) and DMSO or the indicated concentrations of MEK inhibitor U0126. U0126 was added to cultures on day 2 and cell viability relative to DMSO-treated cultures was assessed on day 4.
a) Stable H1299 cells with or without Atg7 knockdown were transfected with a control plasmid (group 1), Flag–FoxO1(ΔDB) (group 2) or Flag–FoxO1(ΔDB-3A) (group 3); 107 cells were then injected into 18 nude mice, with 6 mice per group.figf8(a) Stable H1299 cells with or without Atg7 knockdown were transfected with a control plasmid (group 1), Flag-FoxO1(ΔDB) (group 2) or Flag-FoxO1(ΔDB-3A) (group 3); 107 cells were then injected into 18 nude mice, with 6 mice per group. Seven weeks later the mice were killed and the tumours were weighed and analysed (bottom graph). Group 1: tumour weights were 1.22 ± 0.78 g (without Atg7 RNAi) and 1.31 ± 0.43 g (with Atg7 RNAi), P = 0.426. Group 2: tumour weights were 0.49 ± 0.18 g (without Atg7 RNAi) and 0.80 ± 0.20 g (with Atg7 RNAi), P = 0.017. Group 3: tumour weights were 1.00 ± 0.40 g (without Atg7 RNAi) and 1.10 ± 0.36 g (with Atg7 RNAi), P = 0.500. Data are means ± s.d. (n = 6). (b) Expression levels of FoxO1 and Atg7 conjugate in mice tumours were determined by western blotting. (c) HCT116 cells (107) or stable FoxO1-knockdown HCT116 cells (107) were injected into the left or right hind legs of three nude mice. Six weeks later the mice were killed and the tumours were weighed and analysed (bottom graph). Tumour weights were 0.08 ± 0.10 g (without FoxO1 RNAi) and 0.48 ± 0.06 g (with FoxO1 RNAi), P = 0.020. Data are means ± sd. n = 3. (d) Protein was extracted from one paired colon tumour (T) or adjacent normal tissue (N) from one patient, and western blotting was performed to detect changes in FoxO1 or p62. (e) Proteins were extracted from 16 paired samples from patients for western blotting with anti-FoxO1 or with anti-p62 antibody. Protein bands were scanned with a phosphorimager and relative band intensity was normalized to the β-actin band. FoxO1 of normal tissue, 0.37; FoxO1 of tumour tissue, 0.10; P = 0.001, two-sided t-test. p62 of normal tissue, 0.32; p62 of tumour tissue, 1.00; P = 0.009, two-sided t-test. Data in e are means ± s.d. (n = 16). (f) A schematic model showing how FoxO1 is linked to the autophagic process.
Figure 1A. Immunoblots of subcellular fractions from HeLa cells exposed to normoxia. P: post-nuclear supernatant; C: cytosol; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; MT: mitochondria; MAM: mitochondrial-associated membranes.B. Immunoblots of subcellular fractions from HeLa cells exposed to hypoxia (1% O2) for 5 h. P: post-nuclear supernatant; C: cytosol; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; MT: mitochondria; MAM: mitochondrial-associated membranes.C. Quantification of the MAM:PNS ratio of FUNDC1 or DRP1 under normoxic or hypoxic conditions. All quantitative data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. from 3 independent experiments; ** P < 0.01. D. Control HeLa cells or hypoxia-treated HeLa cells (1% O2 for 5 h) were processed for immunogold electron microscopy with anti-FUNDC1 antibody (12 nm gold particles). Bar = 500 nm. The boxed areas in the left panels are magnified in the right panels. Arrows indicate gold particles. E. Control HeLa cells or hypoxia-treated HeLa cells (1% O2 for 5 h) were processed for immunogold electron microscopy with anti-TOM20 antibody (12 nm gold particles). Bar = 500 nm. F. Quantification of the MAM:mitochondrion ratio of FUNDC1 immunogold particles from D under normoxic and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions; Data (mean ± s.e.m.) are from 3 independent experiments. n = 60 MAMs (one MAM means one mitochondrial ER tethering site in the corresponding mitochondria), ** P < 0.01. G. Quantification of the MAM:mitochondrion ratio of TOM20 immunogold particles from E under normoxic and hypoxic (1% O2) conditions. Data (mean ± s.e.m.) are from 3 independent experiments. n = 50 MAMs (one MAM means one mitochondrial ER tethering site in the corresponding mitochondria). NS means not significant. H. The quantification of MAM counts from 50 cells, ***P < 0.001. I. The quantification of FACL4 immunogold particles from 50 cells, *** P < 0.001. J. Hypoxia-treated HeLa cells (1% O2 for 5 h) were processed for immunogold electron microscopy with anti-FUNDC1 antibody (12 nm gold particles) and anti-FACL4 (6 nm gold particles). Bar = 500 nm. The boxed areas in the left panels are magnified in the right panels. Yellow arrows indicate FUNDC1-gold particles and green arrows indicate FACL4-gold particles. K. The ratio of FACL4 immunogold particles on the MAM and mitochondrion. n = 80 MAMs (one MAM means one mitochondrial ER tethering site in the corresponding mitochondria). L. Hypoxia-treated HeLa cells (1% O2 for 5 h) were processed for immunogold electron microscopy with anti-FUNDC1 antibody (12 nm gold particles) and anti-DRP1 (6 nm gold particles). Bar = 500 nm. The boxed areas in the left panels are magnified in the right panels. Yellow arrows indicate FUNDC1-gold particles and green arrows indicate DRP1-gold particles.
Figure 2(A) Phosphorylated Myosin-II Regulatory Light Chain (p-MLC; purple) detected by antibody staining reveals high levels around the cortex of rounded mitotic cells in wild-type wing epithelial cells in the anterior (A) compartment, but not in Rho-kinase (Rok) RNAi expressing cells of the posterior (P) compartment (GFP-positive; green). Scale bar ~10µm. n>10 independent biological replicates. (B) High-magnification view of single mitotic cell stained for p-MLC (purple) and E-cadherin (green), with metaphase plate chromosomes stained by DAPI (blue). Scale bar ~1µm. n>10 independent biological replicates. (C) High-magnification view of single UAS.Rok-RNAi expressing mitotic cell stained for p-MLC (purple) and E-cadherin (green), with metaphase plate chromosomes stained by DAPI (blue). Note loss of cortical p-MLC staining (purple). Scale bar ~1µm. n>10 independent biological replicates. (D) Expression of constitutively active Rho-kinase (UAS.Rok-CA) in the posterior compartment of the wing epithelium is sufficient to elevate p-MLC and reduce E-cadherin immunostaining. Zoom (right) shows high p-MLC and low E-cad in both a mitotic cell and its neighbours. Scale bar ~10µm. n>10 independent biological replicates. (E) MyoII RLC-GFP (MyoII-GFP) accumulates at the cortex as cells round up for mitosis and later appears at the cleavage furrow during cytokinesis (basal section, diagrammed left). Treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 inhibits mitotic accumulation of MyoII-GFP. Quantification shown right (n = 8 independent samples per genotype). Scale bar ~1µm. Mean +/- 1 S.D. shown. (F) E-cad-GFP is downregulated as cells round up for mitosis (apical section, diagrammed left). Treatment with the Rho-kinase inhibitor Y-27632 inhibits mitotic downregulation of E-cad-GFP. Extended treatment with Y-27632 leads to a general defect in all interphase and mitotic cells in which apical surface areas enlarge and E-cad-GFP is generally lost. Arrow indicates mitotic cell cortex at maximal rounding. Quantification shown right (n = 6 independent samples per genotype; mean +/- 1 S.D. shown). Scale bar ~1µm.
Figure 3A. Wild-type (WT) and the indicated mutant strains were grown for 3 hr at the non-permissive temperature (36°C) to inactivate Mts3. Phosphatase-treated cell lysates were analyzed by western blot with anti-Sre2 serum and imaged using chemiluminescence. P and N denote Sre2 precursor and cleaved nuclear forms, respectively. B. WT, rbd2Δ and sre2Δ cells were treated with bortezomib (Bz) for 3 hr, and phosphatase-treated, whole cell lysates were analyzed by western blot with anti-Sre2 serum. C. WT, dsc1Δ and rbd2Δ cells carrying either empty vector (EV) or a plasmid expressing 3xFlag-Sre2MS (MS) were treated with bortezomib (Bz) for 3 hr. Whole cell lysates were analyzed by western blot with anti-Flag antibody. D. Whole cell lysates from the indicated strains were analyzed by western blot with anti-Sre2 serum. E. Catalytically dead Dsc1 E3 ligase (dsc1-C634A) mutant and other indicated yeast strains were analyzed by western blot probed with anti-Sre2 serum and imaged using chemiluminescence.