EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
A. Protein levels in cells grown on glucose and galactose. Cell lysates were analyzed by quantitative mass spectrometry (n = 4 biological replicates Levels of antioxidative enzymes (especially peroxiredoxins, PRDX in blue) are not changed except for cytosolic thioredoxin reductase (TXNRD1).
H Percent of animals of the indicated genotype containing aggregates of Poly(Q)44::YFP at the indicated time (in days) after L4 stage. *P<0.01, Student t-test. N=3 trials, 50-80 animals per trial per day. Error bars indicate SEM.
(G) Immunoblots for POMC and ACTH, and (H) NPY in MBH from RD‐fed Con and KO mice (n=3-4).
(A) Biosynthetic pathway (schematic) of GM3, from ceramide, and to complex gangliosides.
B. HEK293 cells were transfected with EML4-ALK V1 deletion 12N blade for 48 hours. Cells were either untreated (DMSO) or treated with ALK inhibitors for 4 hours before fixation and staining with anti-GFP (green), anti-α-tubulin (red), and DAPI (blue). Scale bars, 10 μm; magnified views of a selected area are shown.
B List of compounds for the phenotypic screening. The compounds were selected for mechanisms of action that counteracted the neurotransmitter deficiencies observed in Figure 1. The final concentration was determined based on previous studies.
Representative images showing expression of YAP, Ki67 and LATS2 in hOSE-LATS2KO-YAPS127A cell-derived tumors examined by immunohistochemistry.
(D) ILC2 expression of the indicated markers. Each dot represent sample from one donor. Bars represent mean ± SEM.
Weekly mean ± SEM body weight of WT and ASM-KO mice treated or not with PF (***P <0.0001, n = 7 mice per group, statistics reflect the significant difference between the slope of the data in the PF-treated ASM-KO with respect to the other three groups, Linear Regression test).
(F) Representative alkaline phosphatase (AP) staining images (left) and quantification (right) of AP+ colonies after clonal replating, as described in panel
(A) Kinetics of cell numbers in Lineage-EPCR+CD150+CD48- (L-ESLAM) HSCs, Lineage-EPCR+CD150+CD48+ (CD150+CD48+) progenitor cells, and Lineage-EPCR+CD150-CD48+ (CD150-CD48+) progenitor cells after the administration of 5-FU (250 mg/kg, i.v.). The small graph is an enlargement of 0 to 8 days after the administration of 5-FU. (* or **) in the small graph represents the statistical analysis of HSC between 3 and 4 or 7 days, respectively.
B-D. A similar assay was performed using Jurkat (CD4+ T cell line) and viral replication was assessed by (B) gag RT PCR, (C) p24 ELISA in the culture supernatant, and (D) immunoblotting for p24 (viral capsid protein) in the whole cell lysate.
B Western blot results of PABPN1L, BTG4, and phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2) in oocytes and embryos. Total protein from 400 oocytes or embryos is loaded in each lane. DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1) is blotted as a loading control.
Superposition of Nsp15 monomers:SARS-CoV-2 (teal, chain A; blue, chain B), SARS-CoV (pink), MERS-CoV (grey).
Measurement of HMGB1 released to the cell medium by HCT116 VPS4B-/- cells non-transfected (NT) or transfected with siRNA (non-targeting siCTRL#1 or targeting siVPS4A duplexes: #2, #4 or #5). Cell culture media were exchanged 16 h after transfection, and fresh media were conditioned for the next 52-58 h. For non-transfected cells (NT), the same treatment protocol was used but without the transfection mixture.
(H) Representative whole mount images of WT, Smc5cKO, Smc5cKO;Usp28cKO, Smc5cKO;Trp53-/- brains at P21. Scale bar = 0.2 cm. (I) Telencephalon area of P21 brains of the indicated genotypes. WT littermates N = 6, Smc5cKO N = 5, Smc5cKO;Usp28cKO N = 4, Smc5cKO;Trp53-/- N = 5; one-way ANOVA with post-hoc analysis.
D Immunoblot analyses of the indicated DLBCL cell lines that were exposed to taxol for the indicated periods of time. Three hours before collecting, WP1130 at a concentration of 5μM or DMSO was added as specified.
Subcutaneously established tumour xenografts in NOD/SCID mice. Tumour volume (I) of the xenografts were significantly increased by over-expression of circLMP2A. Six mice per group.
Intracellular abundance of 13C-isotopologue metabolites downstream of glycolysis in brown adipocytes. n=5 independent experiments. Data information: Data represent means±SEM. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001; unpaired two-tailed Student's t test.
Chromosome parameters obtained for laggard-producing chromosomes are shown in A-D on the vertical axis, time in min on the horizontal axis relative to the anaphase II onset. Light blue lines indicate 12 laggard-producing chromosomes with correct (equational) chromatid segregation; darker line highlights one chromosome with chromatid non-disjunction. On the schemes near the charts chromosomes are red with green centromeres; spindle equator in A and spindle axis in B-C are indicated by black dashed lines. Changes in the distance to the equator plane (shown by a black arrowed line on the scheme) for 13 laggard-producing chromosomes. All laggard-producing chromosomes are positioned above the equator at the start of analysis period. Black dotted lines indicate the average thickness of the metaphase plate. Changes in the distance to spindle axis (shown by a black arrowed line on the scheme) for 13 laggard-producing chromosomes. Black dotted line indicates the average radius of the metaphase plate. Changes in the angle to the spindle axis (highlighted in black on the scheme) for 13 laggard-producing chromosomes. Dashed line on the chart indicates the mean angle for normally segregating chromosomes. Changes in the inter-centromere distances (shown by black arrowed line on the scheme) for 13 laggard-producing chromosomes. Dashed line indicates the mean inter-centromere distance for normally segregating chromosomes.
(B) Filipin staining showing cholesterol accumulation in the endolysosomal compartment of MSD and MPS‐IIIA MEFs (arrowheads and enlarged images).
Left: Representative images of H1299 cells on 3D collagen wells with defined stiffness with NANOG (green) or DAPI (blue). Scale bars 10µm. Right: Quantification of NANOG:DAPI nuclear co-localization (upper graph) and total NANOG fluorescence intensity (bottom graph). Quantification of nuclear co-localization (n=300cells/experiment) is represented by Pearson's coefficient. Data information: Statistical significance was determined by Student's t-test (2-tailed) of n=3 experiments unless otherwise stated. Error bars represent the mean ± S.E.M.
Slices through electron cryo-tomograms of wild type cells showing fully-assembled motors without the hook and filament. Schematic representation of the motors lacking the hook and filament shown in (A-C). Sub-tomogram average of the motors of fully-assembled flagella. Slice through an electron cryo-tomogram of a ΔflgH cell showing an IM sub-complex, indicated by the dashed-yellow circle. Schematic representation of the IM sub-complex shown in (F). Slices through electron cryo-tomograms of ΔflgH cells showing the IM sub-complex with the rod and the P-ring, indicated by the dashed-yellow circles. Schematic representation of the structures shown in (H and I). Slices through electron cryo-tomograms of ΔflaA/B cells highlighting the flagellar motor and the hook (without the filament). Sub-tomogram average of the flagellar motor and the hook structure found in ΔflaA/B cells. Schematic representation of the sub-tomogram average shown in (N). Slices through electron cryo-tomograms of ΔflaA/B cells illustrating a disassembly product constituting the PL sub-complex, the rod and the hook. Sub-tomogram average of the disassembly complex shown in (P-R). The dashed-orange arrow indicates the absence of the IM sub-complex in this structure. Schematic representation of the disassembly product shown in (P-S). Slices through electron cryo-tomograms of ΔflaA/B cells highlighting PL sub-complexes (dashed-yellow circles). Sub-tomogram average of the PL sub-complexes in ΔflaA/B cells. Schematic representation of the sub-tomogram average shown in (X).
A-C GFP-MOSPD2 RD/LD (B) expressing cells were transfected with Flag-STARD3NL (A and B and labelled using anti-Flag (magenta) and anti-Lamp1 (late endosomes/lysosomes marker; red) antibodies. The subpanels on the right are higher magnification (3.5x) images of the area outlined in white. The Overlay panel shows merged green and magenta images. Scale bars: 10 µm
(c) HEK293 cells transiently expressing each construct were subjected to coimmunoprecipitation analysis with the anti-GFP antibody. Each precipitant was subjected to immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. IP, immunoprecipitation.
I. Nox4-/- MEF cells (KO) showed blunted tunicamycin-induced increases in levels of phospho-eIF2a, ATF4 and ER chaperones as compared to wild-type (WT) MEFs, a response that was rescued by re-introduction of Nox4 (KO+Nox4). The latter had no effect on GS-P or H3-P levels.
d, Normalized shape parameter, k, for G1, S, and G2 phases in RPE, U2OS, and H9 cells. Bar height represents the fraction of total cell cycle steps spent in each phase. Error bars represent std from 1000 bootstraps.
B. NLK-WT but not NLK-KM reduces Ser127 phosphorylation of endogenous YAP. Cell lysates from HEK293 cells transfected with empty vector (-), Flag-NLK-WT, or Flag-NLK-KM were immunoblotted with antibodies shown in the figure (left panel). The ratio of p-YAP(S127) or p-YAP(S397)/total-YAP of three independent western blots was quantified (right panel). Data are presented as mean ± sem. **P < 0.01. Student t-test was used for statistical analysis.
I. Representation of binary interactions identified by our experiments: dashed lines correspond to interactions that are sensitive to RNase treatment; the arrows start at the tagged protein and indicate the enriched factor
(D) Immunoblot analysis for lamp2a, PPCA and cathepsin D, as labeled, of lysosomes (100 μg of protein) from fed or 48 h starved rats and the membranes (L. Memb) and matrices (L. Mtx) of both goups of lysosomes (200 μg of protein). Only mature forms of the cathepsins are shown
(G and H) Wild-type primary B cells were treated with vehicle control (-), 5 µg/mL anti-kappa antibody or 1 µM LatA for the indicated time. Cells were lysed and analysed by SDS-PAGE followed by immunoblotting with phospho-CD22 (pCD22), phospho-SHP1 (pSHP1), and CD22 or total ERK as loading controls. The intensity of phosphorylated proteins, normalized to CD22 or ERK, was referred to the respective unstimulated sample, set as 1.
(B) Top: The H2S production capacity of cell lysates from PC3-T2 cells with CTH overexpression by pCMV-CTH-HA or PC3-B2 cells with CTH knockdown by siCTH-1. Lead acetate-soaked paper strips show a PbS brown stain as a result of reaction with H2S. Bottom: The level of H2S production was quantified by densitometry, and the histograms represent the means ± SD (n=3 biological replicates). ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test was used for the statistical analysis (*P<0.05).
The effect of tubacin (TUB) treatment (250 nM, 24 h) on primary cilium length of controls (CTRL) and RTT fibroblasts is reported. The graph indicates the mean ± S.E of the cilium length analyzed in untreated (n=130 CTRL; n=73 705delG; n=57 Q244X; n=68 R255X) and treated cells (n=25 CTRL; n=26 705delG; n=26 Q244X; n=49 R255X) (***p<0.001 vs untreated CTRL, §p<0.05 vs corresponding mutated untreated fibroblasts by two-way ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni post hoc test). Statistical analysis reported a significant treatment effect (F (1,429) = 26.56; p<0.0001) and a significant genotype (F(3,429) = 42.85; p<0.001).
e, Lipid droplet quantification in +/−KRas cells (n = 4); representative flow cytometry of two tumours.
E Experimental set-up: Age-synchronized 4-day-old animals were subjected to heat stress for 3 h at 33°C (+HS) then returned to 20°C or left at 20°C (-HS), respectively. Arrows indicate imaging time points. The -HS controls were imaged at the same time point as the +HS animals after 24h at 20°C. Maximum intensity projections of fluorescent microscopy z-stacks of animals expressing the indicated transgenes. Scale bar: 20 µm. The impaired clearance of HS-induced FLUCSM::GFP foci in the hsp-110 hairpin expressing cells is rescued by co-expression of WT but not by the HSP-70 binding deficient SSE1N575Y E575A mutant.
(A) GalNAc-T expression levels in human liver (The body map data for human liver was kindly provided by the "Gene Expression Applications research group at Illumina", http://www.ebi.ac.uk/arrayexpress/experiments/E-MTAB-513/) and HepG2 wild type cells quantified by RNAseq (n=2, bars representing mean with SD).
(C) Representative flor plot (top) and quantification (bottom) of myeloid fractions (CD11b+Gr1+) and myeloid fraction subpopulation related to malignancy (CD11b+Gr1mid) in the bone marrow of Ctrl and cKO mice (n= 5-8 mice per group).
(D) uORFs repress translation in an additive manner at 5hpf - Cumulative distribution of translation efficiency in expressed (>0.5RPKM) uORF-containing transcripts versus transcripts lacking uORFs. Transcripts containing oORFs are excluded from this plot. Control transcripts (0 uORFs) have a coding CDS (Global ORFScore > 6.044) but no uORF in their 5' TL. Two-sided Wilcoxon p-values are provided for each uORF set compared to the control.
G. TUNEL staining of paraffin embedded testis sections of adult control, Aurka cHet, and Aurka cKO mice. H. The number of TUNEL positive cells per seminiferous tubule cross-section was quantified in control Aurka cHet, and Aurka cKO mice. Two technical replicates were performed per genotype, and 100 seminiferous tubule cross sections were analyzed per replicate.
(A) Analysis of replicated DNA tracks length by single-molecule DNA combing in WT, rad52∆, rad51∆, mus81∆ and pol32∆ cells exposed to CPT. Exponentially growing cells were treated with DMSO or 50 µM CPT for 2h and then pulse-labeled with 50 µM EdU for 20min. DNA fibers were combed on silanized coverslips and EdU-labeled DNA was detected by Click chemistry. Graph depicts the distribution of EdU tracks length in kb. Box and whiskers indicate 25-75 and 10-90 percentiles, respectively. Median EdU tracks length is indicated in kb (values from two biological replicates were pooled). Asterisks indicate the P-value of the Mann-Whitney unpaired t test, **: p=0.0015. The percentage of EdU track length decrease between the DMSO and CPT conditions is indicated between parentheses for each strain. Representative images of DNA fibers are shown. Red and white: EdU, green: DNA.
(B) XPO1_S1055 phosphorylation is required and sufficient for Beclin1 nuclear exit upon nutrient starvation. Genome edited XPO1 mutant HAP1 cells were incubated with IMDM (complete) or EBSS (starvation) for 2 hours. Cells were then fixed and stained for endogenous Beclin1. Graphical representation of endogenous Beclin1 nuclear staining/cytoplasmic staining (n > 30 cells from 3 independent experiments, mean ± SEM; ***p<0.001, ns, not significant, Mann-Whitney test). Here, phosphonegative XPO1 failed to induce Beclin1 cytoplasmic accumulation upon nutrient starvation whereas phosphomimetics variant (S1055D & S1055E) potentiated Beclin1 cytoplasmic accumulation
C Alpha diversity represented by the Shannon index in chow-fed (n = 6) and HFD-fed (n = 5) WT and NOD2−/− mice. Values are mean ± SEM.
(A) Five µL from wild-type, XccbphP, pXccBphP and pC13S bacterial cultures (OD600 = 1) were plated onto PYM-glucose agar plates under light or dark conditions. Xanthan production was determined measuring colony diameters (n = 4 replicates) for 20 independent experiments. (A-B) Values are expressed as mean ± s.e.m. Statistical analysis was performed by a Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn´s multiple comparison test (*P < 0.05).
(b) Quantitative PCR analysis of cytosolic mtDNA in BMDMs transfected as in a and then stimulated with LPS, followed by stimulation for 15 min with ATP.
h, ATP levels of +/−KRas cells in response to oligomycin (Oli) or dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO; Ctrl) (n = 4).
(C) The response of a mitochondrial matrix-localized roGFP2-Tsa2ΔCR probe to exogenous 2.5 mM H2O2. The probe was expressed in wild-type cells transformed with an empty vector or in ∆prx1 cells transformed with either an empty vector, a vector encoding wild-type Prx1 or a vector encoding Prx1-C91A, grown in SGal (-Leu, -Ura). (D) The response to of a mitochondrial matrix-localized Grx1-roGFP2 sensor expressed in either wild-type cells transformed with an empty vector or in ∆prx1 cells transformed with either an empty vector, a Prx1-WT or a Prx1-C91A plasmid to exogenous H2O2 at a concentration of 2.5 mM. Cells were grown to SGal (-Leu, -Ura) medium and harvested at early exponential phase.
Model in which excess CDC45 creates replication barriers in Chk1-deficient cells. These barriers recruit Polη, which remains inactive due to CDK-mediated phosphorylation.
D, E When day length decreases to 8 h (LD 8:16), the precise dosing times are considerably advanced.
(j,k) Respiratory exchange ratio (RER; VCO2/VO2; j) and fatty acid utilization calculated from data in j (k). Values are mean ± s.d (n = 10 mice per group) *P≤0.05;**P≤0.01; compared with controls. VLDL, very-low-density lipoprotein; HDL, high-density lipoprotein.
Migration assays (24 h) of MM-231-shLSD1-WT/R838A/R838K/R838F cells (A) with or without MS049 treatment. Representative micrographs of migrated cells are shown. Data represent the number of cells derived from mean cell counts of five fields (Error bars indicate the mean ± SD, n = 3 experimental replicates, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns = not significant, Student's t-test).
Total oxygen consumption rates (OCR) per gram in ingWAT from WT fl/fl and QKI KO fl/fl:AP2-Cre mice under basal conditions. (n = 3 biological replicates)
A Alkaline gel Southern blot analysis of AAV DNA. AAV DNA was hybridized to a probe specific for the HLP promoter. Neg, AAV DNA treated with Dnase I; CodopV3, AAV-CodopV3; I, AAV-5'N6-N-intein; II, AAV-C-intein-3' N6.
A-C 1 × 105 B16F10 cells were incubated with (A) 1 U/ml purified acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) or (B) 5 × 107 wild-type (WT), Asm-deficient (Asm−/−) platelets (Plts), or a mixture of 45:55 wild-type:Asm-deficient platelets. Cells were fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde for 15 min and stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-coupled anti-α5 integrin, Cy3-labeled anti-β1 integrin, and Cy5-labeled anti-ceramide antibodies. Samples were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Shown are representative examples from four independent experiments (A, B) or the quantitative analysis of cells positive for ceramide/β1 integrin clusters from at least 100 cells/sample (C). Given is the mean ± SD, n = 4, ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparisons test. P-values are indicated.
I-J Quantification of dendrite severing defects and unpruned dendrite lengths at 16 h APF.
J Lysates from 293T cells transiently expressing GFP-CbpCT4 or GFP were immunoprecipitated using GST-GFP-Nanobody. Additionally, beads were mixed with lysates from 293T cells transiently expressing p62-3Myc and HA-Atg14, and bound proteins were analyzed by immunoblotting.
(C) LDH and IL-1β release from siRNA-treated WT BMDMs, and then exposed to 2.5 µg/2.105 cells of OMVs for 16 hours.
D: Control or ELDR depleted Cal27 and JHU029 cell lysates using two different siRNAs to ELDR were subjected to Western blot analysis for Cyclin E1 using specific antibody. The membrane was reprobed with an antibody against Actin as an internal control. Bottom panels show quantitation. n = 4 biological replicates. Data are represented as the mean ± SD,
B Immunohistochemistry for synaptophysin was used to detect enteroendocrine cells. Quantification of the number of enteroendocrine cells per crypt-villus axes revealed a significant decrease in enteroendocrine cell numbers when Snai1 levels are elevated (n = 4, P = 0.003).
C HeLa cells were transfected with expression constructs for HA-tagged p62 and FLAG-tagged ubiquitin as well as empty vector, USP17 or USP17CS. After 48hrs cell lysates were prepared and HA tagged proteins were pulled down using anti-HA agarose. Pull downs, and lysates, were immunoblotted with anti-HA, anti-FLAG, and anti-USP17 antibodies, as indicated, to confirm the presence of ubiquitinated p62.
Serum corticosterone levels under stressed conditions in Flox and GRBATKO mice (n = 5-6 animals per group). Blood glucose levels (n = 5-6 animals per group).
A Schematic of normal and fusion BCL2 transcript splicing. Introns are indicated with chevrons. Double slashes indicate segments that have been abridged for simplicity. The light blue region of the 3'UTR of BCL2 represents its first 400 nucleotides, with the sequence provided below. Nucleotides in red indicate stretches of hnRNP L recognition sequence.
Expression of Wt1, Lrrn4, Upk3b, Tagln, Ctgf, Krt19, Mx1, Casp1, and Cxcl12 in primary preadipocytes isolated from white adipose tissue of 5-6 month old Wt1-creERT2;Rosa26mT/mG, Tagln-cre;Rosa26mT/mG, and Mx1-cre;Rosa26mT/mG male mice. mGFP and mTomato positive preadipocytes were isolated from the pooled visceral fat depots (perigonadal, perirenal, mesenteric, and pericardial) of Wt1-creERT2;Rosa26mT/mG mice, the pooled subcutaneous fat depots (subcutaneous and scapular white) of Mx1-cre;Rosa26mT/mG, and both the pooled visceral (Tagln-V) and subcutaneous depots (Tagln-S) from Tagln-cre;Rosa26mT/mG mice. Data are shown as mean ± SEM of 4-6 mice/group.
(F) Mixing experiment to compare fluorescently-tagged Klp5/Klp6 levels between cells either expressing (blue, closed arrowheads) or deleted (red, open arrowhead) for Mcp1 distinguished by the absence of fluorescently-tagged nuclear envelope protein Cut11 (left panel). Scale bar, 5µm. Box plot (right panel) shows quantitated fluorescence values for nuclear levels of Klp5/Klp6 in control (n=44) and ∆mcp1 cells (n=45) and at the MT plus end in control (n=64) and ∆mcp1 cells (n=35) prior to shrinkage
(C) Co-IPs of PRR7 with FBW7 from lysates of HEK293 cells overexpressing PRR7 and FBW7.
Western blot detection of ARS proteins in mascRNA overexpressing (mascRNA) or the scrambled RNA expressing (Scramble) cells, before and after emetine and cycloheximide treatment. β-Tubulin was used as a loading control.   Quantification of the relative QARS protein levels in Panel J.   Quantification of the relative GARS protein levels in Panel J.
Two pair of X chromosomes could be detected in the 2-month-old XUsp26+XUsp26-Y spermatocytes. FISH analysis of Chr X-FISH (green) and Chr Y-FISH (red) was performed in WT and XUsp26+XUsp26-YY spermatocytes (H). The arrows indicate the Y chromosome and the arrowheads indicate the X chromosome. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue).
Staining of bronchoalveolar lavage cytospins from WT and DKO mice with the lipophilic dye Oil Red O. Quantification of Oil Red O-positive cells in WT and DKO mice for individual animals. Results pooled from two independent experiments; 4 WT and 5 DKO mice were analyzed in total.
B. Anti-FLAG ChIP of wt-ESCs and F/H-BAZ2A-ESCs cultured in 2i or serum. Data were measured by qPCR and normalized to input and a control region that is not bound by BAZ2A. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. and statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01).
(c-g) A549 cells were transfected with 1 μg of pGFP--CFTRF508del or pGFP (empty vector), in the presence or absence of 10 mM EUK-134 or 250 μM cystamine.(f) Percentage of cells containing more than five GFP-LC3 punctate dots per cell. Means ± s.d. for three independent experiments. Asterisk, P 0.001; two asterisks, P 0.01; ANOVA. (g) Immunostaining with anti-p62 (red) and anti-GFP (green) antibodies in starved A549 cells. Yellow indicates co-localization. N, nucleus. Scale bar, 10 μm. Each experiment was repeated three times.
(A) ILC210 were isolated from ex vivo-expanded kidney ILC2s by flow sorting. ILC210 were co-transplanted with islet locally or adoptively transferred into diabetic C57BL/6 mice twice at one day prior to and two days post islet transplantation. Mice were sacrificed at day 80 post-islet transplantation or at the day when grafts were considered rejected.
e, f, GLI1 (*P = 0.04, n = 3) (e) and GLI2 (***P = 0.0005, **P = 0.0046, †P = 0.0132, n = 3) (f) messenger RNA expression in Atg5−/− MEFs.