EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Images of mESCs transduced with Rptor siRNA on different days in 2iL. siNC, transduced with a negative control; day 0 was the day of siRNA transfection, also hereafter in similar experiments. Scale bar, 400 µm.
A. Mice were co-colonized with E1 and either N1 WT (n=4) or N1 ΔtssC (n=3). Five days post-inoculation, fecal RNA was extracted and tested for BFT expression via qRT-PCR.
M Schema depicting the evaluation of a clinical cohort composed of 251 ER+ breast cancer primary tumors with follow up to determine the correlation of UBE4B, DDA1 or AHR with relapse.
Negative stain image and 2D classification of S-Ena-like fibers formed after TEV digestion of recEna1B. Upon removal of the N-terminal 6xHis tag, recEna1B readily assembles into fibers with helical properties closely resembling those found for ex vivo S-Enas.
(c) Raw counts of cases present within this A2a-25563 subclade demonstrated a predominance of European and North American cases, with Western Europe and New York together comprising the majority of strains.
Selected examples of % deuterium uptake measured by HDX mass spectrometry to show differences between full-length autoinhibited parkin (black lines) and phosphorylated parkin (pParkin) in complex with pUb (orange lines ). Each plot shows the % deuterium uptake for the peptide indicated as a function of time.
(A) Immunofluorescence of HA-tagged DVL3 localization in MDA-MB-468 cells. The cells were probed with an HA antibody (red). The nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue) and the actin filaments (green) were stained with Phalloidin. Merge of actin (green) and nuclear staining (blue) is shown as ACTIN/DAPI, merge of DVL3 (red) and nuclear staining (blue) is shown as HA/DAPI, merge of DVL3 (red) and actin (green) is shown as HA/ACTIN, and, merge of DVL3 (red), nuclear staining (blue) and actin (green) is shown as MERGE for empty vector (EV), HA-DVL3-WT and HA-DVL3-NESm transient transfected cells. Scale bar: 10µm.
E Immunofluorescence images of kidney sections stained with KLF10 and nephrin in wild-type or KLF10-KO mice untreated or treated with STZ. Scale bars, 20 μm. *P < 0.05 versus untreated wild-type controls, #P < 0.05 versus STZ-treated wild-type mice (Parametric ANOVA and a Bonferroni post hoc test; n = 3).
D. Input / output curve of field potential recording in the mossy fiber pathway in acute slices of 12±1 month old mice demonstrating significantly enhanced basal synaptic transmission (Multiple repeat ANOVA,F(9, 126)=2.00, p=0.044) in area CA3 in mice expressing hTauAT. Scale bars: 500 µV vertical bar and 20 msec horizontal bar.
(D) Volcano plots showing expression changes of genes in Tet3-KD and Tet-TKD 2-cell embryos. Chimeric genes, as defined by the presence of a nearby MERVL element and upregulation in 2-cell embryos, are indicated (see (Macfarlan et al., 2012)). Dashed lines represent the cut off for differential expression: |log2FC| > 0.7 and padj < 0.05.
(A, B) Primary neurons were exposed to Fib-Tau-ATTO550 (0.36nM, red) for 10 (top row) or 60 min (bottom row) and excitatory (Homer, green) and inhibitory synapses (Gephyrin, blue) were immuno-labelled. Fib-Tau clusters co-localized and/or apposed to Homer (arrowheads) but not Gephyrin (A). Quantitative analysis shows that 10 to 20% of Fib-Tau clusters are localized at Homer containing synapses (B). Box-plot represents: median, interquartile range and 10-90% distribution, Unpaired t-test to compare difference between 10 and 60 min, n is number of images analyzed from 3-experiments (10 min: 49; 60 min: 50). Scale bar, 5µm.
Immunostaining for CDH5 on heart sections shows a significantly increase of endothelial cell labeling in Npr3-sCreER;R26-Confetti heart compared with Npr3-CreER;R26-Confetti heart (Tam). *P < 0.05; Data are mean ± s.e.m.; n = 5. Scale bars, 500 µm in c; 100 µm in d. Each image is representative of 5 individual biological samples.
Sanger-sequencing chromatograms showing the target regions of sgPik3caE542K, sgPik3caE545K and sgPik3caE453K in wild-type (WT) and base edited (BE) cells. Arrowheads highlight cytosines of the protospacers that show base editing 5 days after transduction of BE3-expressing NIH3T3 cells with Lenti-sgPik3caE542K, Lenti-sgPik3caE545K and Lenti-sgPik3caE453K.
CD1d (PBS57) tetramer+ CD3+ cells were sorted from spleens or PP of 3 different Vα14 TN mice along with CD4+CD3+CD1d tetramer- cells from PP (PP CD4). RNAseq was performed. Heatmap of FPKM values for the indicated Tfh genes across each RNAseq sample.
(B) Representative staining and percentage of IL-13+ (ANOVA: F(2,22)=11.37, p=0.0004) and IL-5+ (ANOVA: F(2,22)=18.05, p<0.0001) ILC2s after 3h in vitro stimulation of cell suspension obtained from the lungs of mice treated as in (A). Each dot represent sample from one individual mouse (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, ****p<0.0001). Bars represent mean ± SEM.
Quantification of side adhesion of pili to HUVEC as a function of the shear stress applied. Cell-adhered pili were subjected to gradually increasing flow rates. Each increase was followed by flow arrest and the number of pili adherent along their sides determined. The probability for pili to newly adhere along their side at the ith flow was then calculated as $P_{i} = 1 - \frac{N_{i}}{N_{i - 1}}$, where Ni is the number of nonadherent pili after the application of the ith flow. N=3 independent experiments. The red curve corresponds to the fit based on the physical model described in the Appendix. Error bars correspond to mean ± SEM.
(C) Primary hepatocytes prepared from p62f/f; Alb-Cre mice were co-infected with adenovirus GFP or NBR1 in combination with wild-type p62 or the mutants for 48 hrs. Cell lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoblot analysis with the indicated antibodies. Data shown are representative of three separate experiments. Bar graphs indicate the quantitative densitometric analysis of the indicated proteins relative to actin. Data are shown as means ± s.e. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 as determined by Welch's t-test.
(B) Purified GST and GST-tagged DID proteins (50 nM) were mixed with biotin-labeled DADs (WT; R1204X; and M1190D, 50 nM) in binding buffer. After rotation, streptavidin-coupled magnetic beads were added to the solution, and the mixture was agitated. The material absorbed to the beads was eluted in Laemmli's sample buffer, and were subjected to SDS-PAGE, followed by immunoblotting using an HRP-conjugated GST Ab. Comparable levels of input (GSTproteins) are confirmed in the right panel. Representative of 5 experiments.
(b) Deletion analysis of Ulk1 regions responsible for AMPK interaction. The indicated Flag-Ulk1 truncation mutants were immunoprecipitated from transfected HEK293 cells co-expressing AMPK complex (α/β/γ). Co-immunoprecipitation of AMPK subunits was determined by western blots.
Influence of Ctcflos KD on Prdm16 alternative splicing. (W, X) Fold change of Prdm16 short and Prdm16 long (W) ASO1 to NC and (X) ASO2 and NC 72 hours after Ctcflos KD, n=3-4 (biological replicates), unpaired t tests, * p<0.05.
(B) Schematic representation of experiments done in Huh7 cells expressing HA-HuR (bottom). For control, pCIneo transfected Huh7 cells were used. Relative expression of HuR in transfected cells were analysed by western blot (top). b-actin blots were used as loading controls.
Left: Data generated as described above in Figure 2 was used to generate a heatmap of homologous recombination (HR) gene expression after the indicated treatment regimens. Middle: Selected GSEA MSigDB Oncogenic Signature pathways are shown. Right: Data generated as described above in Figure 2 was compared to a previously described HR deficiency transcriptional profile (Peng et al., Nature Communications, 2014). This profile was derived by independently silencing either BRCA1, RAD51, or BRIP1, followed by transcriptional analyses. The union of these three data sets was used to generate the signature. Cut-offs for comparison were a p value<0.05, and fold change of 1.5. Venn diagrams show the overlapping and non-overlapping genes of both down- (top) and up-regulated (bottom) genes in the previously-defined HR deficiency signature, and the PARPi-responsive transcriptome
IB analyses of IP with FLAG antibody in WCLs of HEK293 cells cotransfected with FLAG-β-catenin and Myc-HRAS-FL, -ΔHVR, or -Δ131-165 for 32 hr
A. Confocal images of live control (top) and U18-treated (bottom) tsA201 cells expressing P4M-YFP. Black and orange rectangles show expanded views of PtdIns4P in perinuclear and endo/lysosomal compartments, respectively. B. Quantification of perinuclear P4M-YFP mean fluorescence intensity normalized to the cytoplasm. Control: n=19; U18: n=16.
YAP5SA expression attenuates IFNγ-inducible PD-L1 expression. A549 cells were transduced with control, YAP-5SA or YAP-S94A lentivirus and treated with IFNγ for the indicated times and subjected to immunoblot analysis
HeLa cells transfected with plasmids encoding GFP alone or indicated GFP-ACRC alleles were subjected to GFP IP under denaturing conditions. Beads were incubated with recombinant polySUMO22-8 chains, washed extensively and processed for immunoblotting with SUMO2/3 and GFP antibodies.
E Schematic illustration of PI+MVF generation. By means of liquid overlay technique, 2,000 pancreatic islet cells and 200 MVF are cocultured for 5 days.
Profiles showing average Ca2+ influx induced by Thapsigargin (TG) in freshly sorted NKT1 (Red) and NKT2 (Black) cells. The timing of TG (1uM), ionomycin (Iono) (2uM) and CCCP (1uM) addition, and extracellular [Ca2+] in mM are shown.
(b) UVRAG enhances the acquisition of CD63 by autophagosomes. The GFP-LC3-transfected HeLa.Vec and HeLa.UVRAG cells were treated as described in a and stained for CD63 and the percentage of CD63-positive autophagosomes was calculated (data are mean ± s.e.m., n = 200, **P 0.01; *P 0.05).
C-D Self-renewal assay upon Dox treatment. C: histograms showing the percentage of cells capable of re-forming a neurosphere seven days after dissociation (n = 3; mean ± SD). D: representative micrographs of BT168FO cell neurospheres.
(C and D) BALB/c mice were orthotopically injected with 5x102 4T1LN or 4T1PT cells collected from control IgG-, anti-CD4, or anti-CD25 antibody-treated 4T1 tumor-bearing mice. (n = 3 mice per group). Tumor mass (D) and tumor weight (E) were measured on day 28. Scale bar: 1 cm.
A. TSPO-µPET in rodents: Axial slices (A1, A2, A3) of averaged %-TSPO-PET differences between Grn-/-or Trem2-/- mice and wt indicate increased microglial activity in the cerebrum of Grn-/- mice (hot color scale) and decreased microglial activity in the cerebrum of Trem2-/- mice (cold color scale). Scatter plot depicts single TSPO-µPET values deriving from a neocortical volume-of-interest. µPET results are illustrated upon an MRI template; 6-10 female mice per group (Grn-/- n=6 at 8 months, Trem2-/- n=8 at 11 months; wt n=10 at 8-11 months). Statistics derive from one-way ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc test.
(E) LncRNA- and protein-coding gene pairs commonly upregulated or downregulated in THP-1-derived macrophages stimulated with FSL-1, LPS, or Pam3 for 8 h.
(e) Mitochondria in control Drosophila S2R+ cells stained with MitoTracker Red show a heterogeneous morphology, with a mixture of tubules and fragmented mitochondria. RNAi knockdown of parkin or PINK1 causes excessive fusion and elongated mitochondria compared to control double-stranded RNA (Caenorhabditis elegans gene ZK686.3). Expression of Fbxo7 restores parkin but not PINK1 knockdown phenotype to WT appearance. Scale bar shows 5 μm. (f) Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in dsRNA treated cells. Scoring system: 1, fragmented; 2, WT; 3, tubular; 4, hyper-fused (clumped). Histograms indicate mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed Student t-tests (***P 0.001, *P 0.05). All western blots were performed a minimum of three times and images are representative of 100 cells scored per condition. Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure 9.
(B) Urinary orotic acid of 12-week-old spf-ash mice treated with TB-1 (15 mg/kg, i.p) or vehicle at various times as indicated by the arrows (n=5 mice/group). *p<0.05 (Two-way ANOVA).
Analysis of cilia length in hTERT-RPE1 cells depleted of GEF (DENND1A, DENND1B) and GAP (TBC1D10A, TBC1D10B) regulators of RAB35. Cells transfected with indicated siRNAs were serum-starved for 48 h and stained for acetylated tubulin (acetyl. tub.) and DNA. Cilia length quantification in (F) is shown as box-and-whisker plots. Horizontal lines show 25, 50 and 75th percentiles; whiskers extend to minimum and maximum values. One representative experiment out of three is shown (n ≥ 50 cilia per experimental condition). Statistical significance according to Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's post-hoc test (** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001; P-values: Neg vs. DENND1B P = 0.0033, Neg vs. TBC1D10A P = 0.0008)
C and D. RIBEYE KO renders mEPSCs sensitive to the slow Ca2+-buffer EGTA (C, representative mEPSCs traces recorded from AII cells after 30 minutes incubation in DMSO or EGTA-AM [0.2 mM]; D, summary graphs of the mean mEPSC frequency (left) and amplitude (right) after incubation in DMSO or EGTA-AM).
c, FRAP recovery curves in un-bleached reference cells (black, n = 41) versus "donor" PhNT-connected photoreceptor cells (purple, n = 46) show significant slope difference. Mann-Whitney analysis of fit for curves, *** p<0.001;
Expression of TP63 (left) and USP28 (right) in human Lung (n=498), Cervix (n=254), Oesophagus (n=96) and HNSC (n=522) SCC tumours and normal non-transformed tissue (nLung=338 nCervix=3, nOesophagus=11 and nHNSC=44). In box plots, the centre line reflects the median, the cross represents the mean and the upper and lower box limits indicates the first and third quartile. Whiskers extend 1.5x the IQR. p-values were calculated using two-tailed t-test statistical analysis. Xena UCSC software.
A Salivary glands dissected from 14 hours after puparium formation (top left) control (fkh-GAL4/+; pmCherry-Atg8a/+), and those with salivary gland-specific knockdown of (middle left) sec5 (fkh-GAL4/w; pmCherry-Atg8a/+; UAS-sec5IR/+), (bottom left) sec15 (fkh-GAL4/w; pmCherry-Atg8a/+; UAS-sec15IR/+), (top right) sec3 (fkh-GAL4/w; pmCherry-Atg8a/UAS-sec3IR), (middle right) sec8 (fkh-GAL4/w; pmCherry-Atg8a/UAS-sec8IR), (bottom right) exo84 (fkh-GAL4/w; pmCherry-Atg8a/UAS-exo84IR) analyzed for mCherry-Atg8a puncta. Scale bars represent 20µm.B Quantification of data from (A). Data are represented as means ± SEM; n≥ 10. Statistical significance was determined using a Student's t test (** p< 0.001, *** p< 0.0001).
(b) Immunofluorescence of HeLa cells expressing Myc-tagged FL-ATG16L1 (Myc-FL-ATG16L1).
(F) Fractional survival of wt cells after the early (<12 hours) and late phase of TNF time course obtained by microscopy (mean of three independent experiments ± standard deviation).
E, Linear unmixing readouts of lipids and difference values from control and steatotic (grade 3) livers. Control: n = 6, Steatosis n = 9. Each dot represents data from one animal (control: n = 6, steatosis n = 9). Data represent the mean (+/- 95% confidence). The Mann-Whitney test and the unpaired t test were used to verify the statistical significance in linear and difference data, respectively. Linear liver control vs steatosis: P = 0.0004; Difference liver control vs steatosis: P = 6.62E-06 Data information: In the figure, A.U. = arbitrary units
GSEA analysis of NOTCH signaling in isoform level between DMSO-control and 2.5 nM of PLB treated cells.
H) Distribution of phosphorylation site consensus motifs surrounding B56- or B55-dependent upregulated phosphorylation sites (top panel) in comparison to all phosphorylation sites (bottom panel) in the indicated experiment (proline-directed: pS/TP; basic: R/KxxpS/T, R/KxpS/T, R/KpS/T; acidic: D/E/NxpS/T, D/EpS/T, pS/TD/E, pS/TxD/E; x - any amino acid.
B: Ratio of the edge velocity, stress, LimE-GFP and GFP-myo intensity in membrane regions identified as protrusions and retractions.
(F) Representative immunoblots with the AF6868 antibody detecting both α-dystroglycan core protein and β-dystroglycan in FKRP- and corrected-NSCs treated with 4BPPNit and DMSO only controls. (G) Quantification of α-dystroglycan core protein and β-dystroglycan expression, compared with DMSO only controls.Data information: Intensities of protein expression are normalized to GAPDH protein expression. Values indicate mean ± s.d. (n= 3 or 4 biological replicates; One-way ANOVA; NS, not significant; * p<0.05; ** p<0.01).
A. Schematic overview of four different protocols for dorsal or ventral forebrain organoid generation. NI, Neural induction medium; Imp-A, Improved differentiation medium without vitamin A; MG, Matrigel; VP, Ventral patterning (2.5μM IWP2 and 100nM SAG).
B Western blots of extracts from U87 cells infected with Lenti-CRISPR(puro) encoding individual ATRX-targeted sgRNAs. The extracts were isolated after puromycin selection, and assayed for ATRX depletion levels using antibody against ATRX or ACTIN control. The asterisks (*) denote the two sgATRXs (sgA#10 and sgA#19) used in following experiments.
Schematic diagram showing how mouse movements are measured in Laboras cages for four consecutive days and analyzed. Data from the first 24 hours, when the mouse is not fully familiarized with the environment, were not included in the analysis. Each 24 hours was sub-divided into 3-hour time bins and variables averaged across matching time bins into a representative 24-hour period.
(I) SGK1 inhibition blocks glial NFκB signaling. Data are represented as mean ± SEM. n=4-6. One-way ANOVA. Significantly different at p=0.002*, 0.00004**, 0.00001#, 3.01E-10##, 3.78E-06+, 1.59E-07++ in graph I.
Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultivated for 48h in RPMI containing 80mg/dl glucose (NC) and supplemented with 10mM beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). T cell stimulation was performed through CD3/CD28 Dynabeads at a bead:cell ratio of 1:8. Human pan T cell RNA was isolated and cell culture supernatant was sampled. G IL10 and TGFβ1 mRNA and protein expression of human Treg cells, n=8/9 (IL10), 5/9 (TGFβ1) biological replicates. Data information: Data depicted as mean ± SEM (protein data) and box plots with median, twenty-fifth and seventy-fifth percentiles and range (all other). Dots indicating individual values. *p<0.05, **p<0.01, ***p<0.001, paired t-test/ Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed rank test, as appropriate.
Western blot analysis of p27, p53, and α‐tubulin in control, Shp2 ko, and Shp2 ko cells with overexpression of Skp2, Aurka, or N3IC cDNAs. The numbers below indicate the relative ratios of band intensities between p27 and α‐tubulin or between p53 and α‐tubulin.
(e) Design of a PoxB mutant that can be targeted by the SuMMV protease. The structure of PoxB is shown (PDB: 3ey9) (Neumann et al, 2008), highlighting the amino acid sites selected for degron insertion (in red)
(A-D) Female C57/BL6 animals were treated with 3,4-DC for 24 h. Following, liver and heart tissue was excised and cells were subjected to subcellular fractionation. Thereafter proteins were separated by SDS PAGE and immunoblots were performed to detect the nuclear translocation of TFEB and TFE3 (A, C). GAPDH and H3 were used as controls for cytosolic and nuclear fractions, respectively. Band intensities of nuclear TFEB, TFE3 and H3 were measured and ratios of nuclear TFs versus H3 (TFsnuc/H3) were calculated in (B, D). Data are means ± SEM of at least three mice (*** = p < 0.001 versus Ctr)
Inhibiting antibiotic efflux with CCCP significantly increased recovery time for antibiotics that induced rapid target degradation and involved a positive feedback loop. Antibiotics are as follows: penicillin G (PenG), spectinomycin (Spec), gentamicin (Gent), streptomycin (Str), chloramphenicol (Cm), tetracyclin (Tet), and carbenicillin (Carb). Antibiotic concentrations used have been scaled by their respective IC50 values (solid points and open circles show response with no efflux inhibition and 2μg/mL CCCP, respectively). Colors correspond to the motifs of action shown in Figure 4A.
Percentage of embryos with or without MLS phenotype in the different conditions in hccs-MO embryos. N≥300 embryos/conditions.
A, B) Percentage of hepatocytes with schizonts (+/- s.d.) and (B) median size of schizonts (+/- s.d.) for NF54 (blue), NF135 (green), and NF175 (purple) on days 3, 5 and 7 p.i. with sporozoites to hepatocyte ratio of 1:1. Three biological replicates were performed with two technical replicates in each. The mean number of schizonts for the replicates per biological replicates per strain were used for the two-way RM ANOVA test, followed by a Tukey's multiple comparison test. (Mean schizonts per well +/- SDS. NF54 D3 302.5 ±55.477; D5 187.8±61.087; D7 115±29.360. NF135 D3 1555.5±340.4; D5 1284.7±355.4; D7 1138±251.6. NF175 D3 1738±172.679; 1571.8±84.101; 1212.2±206.7). At least 100 schizont sizes were measured for each of three biological replicates and the median is plotted above as the size distribution was not of normal distribution via the D'Agostino and Pearson normality test. The median size per strain for three biological replicates were used in a RM ANOVA test followed by a Tukey's multiple comparison test. Data information: * p <0.05; ** p < 0.005; *** p <0.001; **** p <0.0001
(E) HeLa GFP-LC3 cells were transfected with myc-SNX18 W154S/W158S mutant, starved for 2 h, immunostained against myc, and analyzed by confocal imaging. Bar, 10 µm. (F) Indicated myc-SNX18 constructs were transfected into HEK GFP-LC3 cells, and the number of GFP-LC3 spots per cell was quantified. The graph shows mean ± SEM (error bars), n = 3. *, P < 0.05.
(D) GAL1 and GAL10 mRNA levels measured by RT-qPCR in asynchronous culture in 2% galactose and after 90 min on HU in the indicated strains. Expression is normalized to ACT1. Repression is expressed as a ratio of HU treated/asynchronous cells in percentage.
A) Ten-fold serial dilutions from overnight cultures of wild-type and cdc14-1 cells dropped and grown on solid rich media or media containing MMS at 25, 28, 30 or 33ºC. Note that cdc14-1 cells exhibit growth sensitivity to MMS at 28ºC and 30ºC compared to wild-type cells.
Schematic diagram illustrating number of dsRNAs analyzed, numbers of primary positives, negatives and other classes, and the results of rescreening.
C Inhibition of Gli1/DNA binding by GlaB. EMSA using recombinant GST‐Gli1ZF‐WT or GST‐Gli1ZF‐K340A in the presence of different concentrations of GlaB or with DMSO only. The shifted complex is competed with a 50× excess of cold probe. The graph on the right indicates ratio (mean arbitrary units ± SD from three independent experiments) of GST‐Gli1ZF‐WT or GST‐Gli1ZF‐K340A bound to the labeled GliBS probe/GliBS‐free probe normalized to the amount of GST‐Gli1ZF‐WT/DNA binding in absence of GlaB. *P 0.05 versus DMSO; **P 0.05 K340A + GlaB versus Gli1 WT + GlaB.
(I) Immunofluorescent staining of UCP1 in differentiated beige adipocytes described in (D). Scale bar, 20 μm.
C-E. 2a and 2b ESCs maintained in 2i medium were cultured in the absence (Ctrl) or presence of OHT and subsequently used for growth curves and RT-qPCR (D,E).
A HeLa cells were transfected with constructs for EEA1-GFP and RAB5-GFP in addition to non-targeting scrambled (NT) shRNA, USP17 shRNA1 or USP17 shRNA2. 72 hours post transfection the cells were stained with DAPI. The scale bar represents 25μm. B The distribution of at least 400 EEA1 or RAB5 positive vesicles from a number of cells (n) from a series of confocal images across three separate experiments was plotted as vesicle relative position (mean value is red bar). Error bars represent standard error and **** indicates a p-values less than 0.0001. One way ANOVA used to determine if statistically significant differences between groups. E
(B) PCA on the renal transcriptomes of WT ORX, WT ORX + T, ARLmon/Y ORX and ARLmon/Y ORX + T.
(C) YFP‐Atg5 cells were transfected with siRNA pool and starved as in (A). Cryo sections of fixed cells were immunolabelled using anti‐GFP antibodies and analysed by TEM as described in 'Materials and methods'. Quantification of the Atg5‐labelled structures size is presented at the right panel. *P0.05, **P0.001.