EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Figure 5(A) Kymograms showing the trajectories of IFT trains inside cilia as visualized with D1bLIC-YFP. Wild-type (WT) and IFT54Δ261-275 mutant cells expressing D1bLIC-YFP were analyzed by live imaging via TIRF microscopy. (B, C) Velocities (B) and frequencies (C) of anterograde and retrograde IFT of D1bLIC-YFP. n represents the number of cilia assayed from four independent experiments. Values show the mean ± S.D. Unpaired two-tailed Student's t test analysis, n.s.: no significance; ***, p<0.0001. (D) Kymograms of IFT43-YFP of WT and mutant cilia. (E, F) Velocities (E) and frequencies (F) of anterograde and retrograde IFT of IFT43-YFP. n represents the number of cilia assayed from three independent experiments. Values show the mean ± S.D. Unpaired two-tailed Student's t test analysis, n.s.: no significance; ***, p<0.0001. (G) Yeast two hybrid assay for interaction between IFT54 and IFT dynein subunits. Yeast cells that were transformed with each pair of constructs as indicated were grown under selection media lacking leucine, tryptophan, histidine, and adenine (-4) or lacking leucine and tryptophan (-2). DHC1bT, DHC1b tail domain; Empty AD or BD vectors were used as control. (H) Interaction of IFT54 and IFT54Δ261-275 with D1bLIC by GST-pulldown assay. Bacterial expressed GST, GST-IFT54 or GST-IFT54Δ261-275 were mixed respectively with His-D1bLIC followed by GST pulldown and immunoblotting with anti-GST and anti-His antibodies. The normalized ratio of His-D1bLIC in the pull-down samples (GST-IFT54 versus mutant) is 1:0.32. (I) Co-immunoprecipitation of IFT54 and IFT54Δ261-275 with D1bLIC. Cell extracts from wild-type (WT), ift54 expressing HA-tagged full-length (FL) IFT54 or IFT54Δ261-275 mutant were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-HA antibody followed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. Please note, IFT54Δ261-275 mutant exhibited weaker interaction with D1bLIC relative to the control. The normalized ratio of D1bLIC in the immunoprecipitates (IFT54-HA versus mutant) is 1:0.37. (J) Interaction of IFT54 with D1bLIC is conserved in mammalian cells. Cell extracts from HEK293T cells expressing eGFP, eGFP tagged TRAF3IP1 or TRAF3IP1Δ460-474 (corresponding deletion mutant of IFT54Δ261-275) were analyzed by immunoprecipitation with GFP antibody followed by immunoblotting with anti-GFP and DYNC2LI1, human homologue of D1bLIC, antibodies, respectively. Please note, the deletion mutant weakened the interaction with IFT dynein subunit DYNC2LI1 relative to the control. The normalized ratio of DYNC2LI1 in the immunoprecipitates (TRAF3IP1 versus mutant) is 1:0.49.
Figure 7In vitro pulldown assay of RNP complexes with various repeat RNAs. In vitro RNA pulldown was performed using biotinylated (GGAAU)×20 and other three repeat RNAs incubated in HeLa nuclear extract. The co-precipitated proteins were detected by western blotting using specific antibodies. ALYREF, a non-specific RNA-binding protein, was used as a control. Quantification of data in A. Relative co-precipitation efficiency of each protein was normalized by the maximum value. Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n=3). In vitro pulldown assay with methylated GGAAU repeat RNA. In vitro RNA pulldown assay was performed using biotinylated GGAAU and GGm6Am6AU repeat RNAs as in A. Quantification of data in C. Relative co-precipitation efficiency of each protein was normalized by the maximum value. Data are shown as the mean ± SD (n=3). Model of nSB function in splicing control through protein sequestration. Under normal conditions, the m6A writer complex methylates specific sites of the target mRNA, which then recruits YTHDC1 to promote splicing (left). During recovery from thermal stress, HSATIII lncRNAs sequester the m6A writer complex, which diminishes m6A methylation and YTHDC1 binding to repress splicing of the target mRNA. YTHDC1 is also sequestered by the methylated HSATIII lncRNA (middle). In HSATIII KD cells, the target mRNA can be methylated and recruits YTHDC1 to promote splicing even during thermal stress recovery (right). Significance of the partially m6A methylated GGAAU repeat sequence of HSATIII lncRNA in the dual mechanisms of splicing control in nSBs. HSATIII lncRNAs act as a molecular sponge for sequestration of m6A-related proteins via the m6A methylated region, and as a reaction crucible for CLK1-dependent rephosphorylation of SRSFs via the unmethylated region. Both mechanisms repress splicing of respective target mRNAs during thermal stress recovery.
Figure 5C. Confocal images of fluorescently labeled λ DNA with dSaCas9 (n = 11) and wild-type SaCas9 (n = 16) bound to its DNA target. DNA-bound SaCas9 was visualized by labeling the 5' end of the crRNA with Cy3. The λ DNA molecule was either suspended between two microspheres held by two optical traps under 5 pN or stretched by laminar flow. The fluorescence intensity of Cy3 alongside the image is shown to indicate the on-target binding of SaCas9. D. DNA unwinding by DnaB was initiated from the downstream side of the PAM after the association of the SaCas9 protein (n = 11). Representative traces show the number of unwound base pairs versus time under an assisting force of 12 pN. For clarity, the traces have been shifted along the time axis. The dotted lines indicate the expected SaCas9 binding positions.
Figure 6(A) Vacuoles were isolated from the indicated yeast strains and 30 µg of proteins analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. (B) Vacuole morphology was assessed for the indicated cells as in Fig. 3C. Scale bar: 5 µm. (C) Vacuoles were isolated from BJ3505 and DKY6281 cells with SNAREs tagged or deleted as indicated. Note that presence of Nyv1 on only one fusion partner still permits efficient fusion [65] but ensures that trans-SNARE complexes can only form in one orientation, between the Q-SNARE in DKY6281 and the R-SNARE in BJ3505. The vacuoles were used in standard fusion reactions and content mixing was measured via the alkaline phosphatase assay. In parallel, identical samples were incubated either incubated on ice, which prevents fusion, or in the presence of 0.5% Triton X-100, which allows fusion-independent access of the maturase Pep4 to pro-ALP and controls for the levels of these two reporter enzymes in the samples. (D) Using strains from C, lipid and content mixing (left and right panel, respectively) were performed in parallel in the presence or absence of ATP. Anti-Vam3 antibody (3 µg) was added to some reactions in order to inhibit trans-SNARE pairing and fusion. Means and the s.d. are shown for three independent experiments.
Figure 7(A) DNA-RNA hybrids, DNA damage and fork stalling in 9-1-1/ATR/CHK1, ATM/CHK2 and PRR deficient cells. DNA-RNA hybrids represent the mean ± SEM of all the DRIP data ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05 (Paired t-test). DNA damage represents the mean of medians ± SEM of all the comet tail moment data ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05 (paired t-test). Fork stalling represents the median ± SEM of all the fork asymmetry data ***p<0.001, **p<0.01, *p<0.05 (Mann-Whitney U test). Black stars denote significant increases whereas red stars denote significant decreases. (B) A model to show that spontaneous DNA-RNA hybrids impairing replication fork progression would require the 9-1-1/ATR/CHK1 for dissolution. Additionally, unrepaired DSBs (accumulated as a consequence of ATM/CHK2 depletion) and post-replicative ssDNA gaps (present in PRR-defective cells) could favor DNA-RNA hybrid accumulation without stalling replication forks.
POT1 mutations are not selected against in vivo A) Experimental outline for the xenografting of CAS9-edited hCD34+ cells into mice, isolation of human cells from the bone marrow, and sequential in vitro differentiation.Figure 5A) Experimental outline for the xenografting of CAS9-edited hCD34+ cells into mice, isolation of human cells from the bone marrow, and sequential in vitro differentiation. B) Editing outcomes of hCD34+ cells nucleofected with POT1 sgRNA-1 before transplantation determined by NGS. Data information: The vertical dashed line shows the site of CAS9 cut and the base pairs noted in red show insertion. A dash inside a gray box indicates a deleted base pair. C) Representative genotyping outcomes of hCD34+ cells nucleofected sgRNA-1, xenografted and isolated from the bone marrow 16 weeks after transplantation into mice determined by NGS. Data information: The vertical dashed line shows the site of CAS9 cut and the base pairs noted in red show insertion. A dash inside a gray box indicates a deleted base pair.
– CYCB1;1 is upregulated after cisplatin treatment.Figure 6A. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the CYCB1;1 promoter and a GFP fused to the N-terminal part of CYCB1;1 including the destruction box grown on control plates and imaged five days after germination.D. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the CYCB1;1 promoter and a GFP fused to the N-terminal part of CYCB1;1 including the destruction box germinated on control plates and were transferred four days after germination to plates supplemented with 50 μM cisplatin and were imaged 24h after drug application. B. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the CYCB1;2 promoter and a GFP fused to the N-terminal part of CYCB1;2 including the destruction box grown on control plates and imaged five days after germination.E. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring the CYCB1;2 promoter and a GFP fused to the N-terminal part of CYCB1;2 including the destruction box germinated on control plates and were transferred four days after germination to plates supplemented with 50 μM cisplatin and were imaged 24h after drug application. C. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring CDKB1;1 promoter fused to GUS grown on control plates, were stained and imaged five days after germination.F. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants harboring CDKB1;1 promoter fused to GUS germinated on control plates and were transferred four days after germination on plates supplemented with 50 μM cisplatin and were stained and imaged 24h after drug application. G. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) of wild-type plants and PROSOG1:SOG1-Myc lines and anti-MYC antibody. The promoter region of CYCB1;1 is enriched in SOG1-MYC after cisplatin treatment.H. Structure of genes tested by ChIP with an antibody anti-MYC in PROSOG1:SOG1-Myc and wild-type plants. Red arrowheads indicate the primer binding sites for PCR. A total of four regions were tested as indicated by arrowheads. Asterisks indicates significant differences within a 5% confidence interval (Student's t-test).
Figure 3(A) Flow cytometry quantification of BV-2 Siglec-F expression levels. Cells were cotreated with 0-10 ng/mL IFNγ and 0-10 μM tofacitinib. Values are geometric mean fluorescence intensities (gMFI). Bars indicate mean ± 95% CI; n = 2-4 replicates; *: p < 5e-2, **: p < 1e-2, ***: p < 1e-3, ****: p < 1e-4; ns: not significant, using unpaired Student's t-test, two-sided. Dotted line indicates mean of untreated group. (B) IF staining of iMGLs treated with IFNγ. Siglec-8 fluorescence is only shown on non-nuclear (Hoechst 33342-) regions. Images are 60x super-resolution max z-stack projections. Colors are: Red = Iba1, Green = Siglec-8, Blue = 33342. Scale bars = 20 μm. (C) Quantification of Siglec-8 on iMGLs treated with PBS or 25 ng/mL IFNα, IFNβ, or IFNγ. Values are mean Siglec-8 intensity values from Iba1+;33342- regions. Bars indicate mean ± 95% CI; n = 8 images (2 replicates); *: p < 5e-2, **: p < 1e-2, ***: p < 1e-3, ****: p < 1e-4; ns: not significant, using unpaired Student's t-test, two-sided. Dotted line indicates mean of untreated group. (D) Quantification of Siglec-8 on iMGLs treated ± 25 ng/mL IFNγ and 5 μM tofacitinib. Legend is same as (C). Bars indicate mean ± 95% CI; n = 5-20 images (2 replicates); *: p < 5e-2, **: p < 1e-2, ***: p < 1e-3, ****: p < 1e-4; ns: not significant, using unpaired Student's t-test, two-sided. Dotted line indicates mean of untreated group.
Figure 1Representative flow cytometry data showing surface phenotypes of DCs sorted from spleens of wild type (WT) or Nlrc3-/- mice and treated with LPS (100 ng/ml) for 48 hours. ELISA of cytokines in culture supernatants of DCs treated The intracellular production of IFN-γ and IL-17 by CD4+ T cells among naive 2D2 CD4+ T cells stimulated with MOG(35-55) plus DCs treated cytokines in culture supernatants among naive 2D2 CD4+ T cells stimulated with MOG(35-55) plus DCs treated thymidine incorporation proliferation assay among naive 2D2 CD4+ T cells stimulated with MOG(35-55) plus DCs treated CFSE proliferation assay among naive 2D2 CD4+ T cells stimulated with MOG(35-55) plus DCs treated
Fig.Figure 3(a) XO was incubated with macrophages for the indicated times, when wells were washed twice and media was replaced. Supernatants were collected for cytokine determinations 24 h later (n=3). Kruskal-Wallis statistical method was used for statistical analysis. Blue asterisks indicate significance when values were compared with time 0 (*p<0.05). (b) Diagram shows experimental set up with macrophages in the bottom of the well and XO added either in the dialysis cassette (DC, blue) or the well (black). XO activity panels show that the enzyme did not leak through the DC membrane. Secretion of IL6 and TNF was measured 24 h after addition of XO in each compartment. A representative result of two independent experiments is shown.
Figure 2A) Ptc protein distribution in a wing disc (3D reconstitution) under down-regulation of the SNARE proteins Syb and Syt1 in the dorsal compartment (D), keeping the ventral compartment (V) as a WT internal control. Note the basal accumulation of endogenous Ptc (arrowheads) when knocking down Syb or Syt1. B) Confocal images of immuno-labelled endogenous Ptc and cytonemes stabilized with Ihog-RFP protruding from Hh producing cells in wild type receiving cells (left panel), or B') when either blocking exocytosis by down-regulating Syb (middle panel) or B'') blocking endocytosis by expressing a dominant negative form of the Drosophila Dynamin, Shibire (right panel) in the Hh-receiving cells. Endogenous Ptc in wild type conditions cannot be visualized due to its rapid internalization and processing after Hh reception; while blocking exocytosis causes an accumulation of basal Ptc in intracellular punctae (arrowheads), and endocytosis inhibition leads to Ptc accumulation at the plasma membrane (arrows). C) Confocal apical (left) and basal (right) images of a shits mutant wing disc expressing Syb RNAi dorsally (D) to also block exocytosis, keeping the ventral compartment (V) as an internal control where just endocytosis is inhibited. After dorsal Syb RNAi induction, endocytosis was inhibited in the whole shits disc by incubation at restrictive temperature. Note the dorsal reduction of Ptc at plasma membrane after blocking exocytosis. D) Quantification of Ptc-GFP levels (Yac construct) along the wing disc apico-basal axis, integrating both fluorescence intensity and signal area (Integrated Density). The graph on the left shows values for wild type situations in purple (average in blue), while Syb RNAi treatment values are shown in green (average in orange). a clear shift of higher values towards the basal side of the discs after inhibition of Syb function. The graph to the right shows correlation coefficients between the maximum Ptc value and distance from the basal side (-1=basal, +1=apical) of discs after RNAi expression for different SNARE proteins and the wild type. Central horizontal lines show median values of N=7-16, box shows lower and upper quartiles and the whiskers show the maximum and minimum excluding outliers. A basal association is particularly noticeable for Syb, Syx1A and α-Snap down-regulation. Right panel is a scheme illustrating the wild type and RNAi-treated patterns of quantified Ptc-GFP levels distribution along the wing disc apico-basal axis.
Figure 2In panels (A) violin plots show the variability in continuous leaf 16, ear phenotypes among the 60 individual plants used in downstream analyses. Data information: In all violin plots, the median is indicated by the white circle. The black box extends from the 25th to the 75th percentile, and black whiskers extend from each end of the box to the most extreme values within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the respective end. Data points beyond this range are shown as black dots. The red open circle indicates the mean of the distribution, with red whiskers extending to 1 standard deviation above and below the mean. In panels (E), violin plots show the variability in plant height phenotypes among the 60 individual plants used in downstream analyses. Data information: In all violin plots, the median is indicated by the white circle. The black box extends from the 25th to the 75th percentile, and black whiskers extend from each end of the box to the most extreme values within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the respective end. Data points beyond this range are shown as black dots. The red open circle indicates the mean of the distribution, with red whiskers extending to 1 standard deviation above and below the mean. Panel (F) depicts how many of the plants were harvested on different days (DOH), belong to different SNP subgroups or were RNA-sequenced in different batches. This panel also displays the variability in two discrete phenotypes, namely the number of leaves at harvest and whether or not leaf 16 was kinked. Panel (G) shows violin plots for the distribution of the coefficient of variance (CV) across the sampled plants for the levels of individual transcripts and metabolites. For visualization purposes, the transcript CV was capped at 2.0. Data information: In all violin plots, the median is indicated by the white circle. The black box extends from the 25th to the 75th percentile, and black whiskers extend from each end of the box to the most extreme values within 1.5 times the interquartile range from the respective end. Data points beyond this range are shown as black dots. The red open circle indicates the mean of the distribution, with red whiskers extending to 1 standard deviation above and below the mean.
regulates S-phase progression independently of Mrc1.Figure 5Wild type, mrc1∆, mrc1AQ and rad9∆ cells synchronized in G1 with α-factor were incubated in the presence of BrdU and 100 μg/ml Zeocin for 45 minutes prior to release into S phase. Cells were collected at indicated time points. Analysis of DNA content by flow cytometry. Analysis of Rad53 phosphorylation in G1 prior to Zeocin addition (G1) and at indicated times. The asterisk indicates a non-specific band detected by the anti-Rad53 antibody. DNA combing analysis of replication profiles 60 minutes after release into S phase in the presence of Zeocin. Representative DNA fibers are shown. Red: DNA, green: BrdU. The green channel is also shown separately. Bar: 20 kb. Distribution of BrdU tracks length in wild type, mrc1∆ and mrc1AQ cells. DNA fibers are fully labeled in the case of rad9∆ cells. Median values are indicated in red and correspond to the analysis of at least 150 tracks from two biological replicates. ns: non-significant Mann-Whitney rank sum test.
Effects of long-term stimulation with androgenic progestins on human breast epithelium A-F Micrographs of H&E stained tissue sections from mouse mammary glands engrafted with HBECS and exposed to LNG or vehicle for 6 months.Figure 6A-F Micrographs of H&E stained tissue sections from mouse mammary glands engrafted with HBECS and exposed to LNG or vehicle for 6 months. In control mice (A, B) most ducts have a narrow lumen and a thin wall due to limited growth of human cells (A); a few mildly dilated ducts exhibit a cellular proliferation made out of multiple small acini burgeoning at the external side of their wall (B, arrows). In LNG-treated mice (C-F) the peripheral acinar proliferation is diffuse, marked in some foci (C), and associated with a variable degree of duct dilatation from mild (C, arrow) up to true cysts formation (D). Proliferating human epithelial cells showing apocrine changes (e.g. abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm and central round nuclei) partly fill the ductal lumen with a complex architecture of micropapillae (E) and bridges (F, arrows). Scalebars, 50 μm.
Inhibition of S6 kinase Thr 389 phosphorylation by Autophagy‐specific gene 1α.Figure 4(A,B) HEK 293T cells were transfected with HA-Akt (A) or Myc-RSK (B), and/or Flag-ATG1α WT or KI plasmids. The immunoprecipitated Akt and RSK proteins were analysed by immunoblot using appropriate antibodies (top three panels). Flag (ATG1α) blots were completed from the same cell lysates (bottom panel). (C) HEK 293T cells were transfected with HA-S6K Thr 389 Glu mutant and/or Flag-ATG1α WT or KI. The immunoprecipitated S6K mutants were analysed by immunoblot using anti‐phosphospecific S6K Thr 229 (top panel) and HA (S6K) antibodies (middle panel). Flag (ATG1α) blot was completed from the same cell lysates (bottom panel). ATG1, Autophagy‐specific gene 1; EGF, epidermal growth factor; HA, haemagglutinin; KI, ATG1α Lys 46 Ile (kinase‐dead) mutant; RSK, ribosomal S6 kinase; WT, wild type.
Figure 2A) Evaluation of RB mRNA levels, normalised by GAPDH, in an MDM2 dose-dependent manner. The H1299 cells were treated with doxorubicin during 16 h to induce genotoxic stress. Endogenous levels (upper panel); exogenous levels (middle panel); endogenous levels of RB but using the MDM2(S395D) under normal conditions (lower panel). B) Kinetic of the endogenous RB expression in H1299 cell line from 0 to 48h. The cells were treated with cichlohexamide (CHX) was added to stop translation, under normal conditions (upper panel) and treated with doxorubicin (lower panel). The cells were transfected with MDM2. C) Kinetic of the endogenous RB expression in H1299 under genotoxic stress conditions in presence (upper panel) or in absence (lower panel) of CHX. D) Evaluation of the levels of expression of RB treated with doxorubicin to generate stress in absence of CHX.
Figure 4(A) Experimental strategy for the identification of insulin- and S1795-dependent Afadin binding partners. (B) Venn diagrams illustrating the number of proteins interacting with WT Afadin or S1705A Afadin upon insulin stimulation for 20 min (n=4). (C) Acetylated α-tubulin levels in cell lines (n=3). Data are presented as means + SEM; Student's unpaired t-test and ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnet's post hoc test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS= no significance. (D) Acetylated α-tubulin levels in isolated mature adipocytes from CTRL and FAKO (Mllt4-/-) mice (n=4). Data are presented as means + SEM; Student's unpaired t-test and ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnet's post hoc test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS= no significance. (E) IR abundance measured by immunoblotting following 4 hours pre-incubation with the HDAC6 inhibitor (Tubastatin A) in differentiated adipocytes exposed to insulin (100nM) stimulation for 15 min (n=4). Data are presented as means + SEM; Student's unpaired t-test and ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnet's post hoc test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS= no significance. (F) Immunolocalization of IR (green) and HDAC6 (red) in Afdn-KO and Afdn-KO with re-expression FLAG-tagged WT Afadin or S1795A Afadin in mature adipocytes stimulated with insulin. Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Co-localization was detected by the appearance of white pixels where the red and green overlap. Scale bars: 25 µm. Representative images are shown. The ratio of IR co-localized with HDAC6 (Mandler's co-localization coefficient) was quantified (98-112 individual cells from two independent experiments). Data are presented as means + SEM; Student's unpaired t-test and ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnet's post hoc test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS= no significance. (G) Immunoprecipitation of IR followed by immunoblotting using an anti-acetyl-Lys antibody in adipocytes lacking Afadin or re-expressing Afadin, with or without insulin stimulation (n=1). Representative Western blots are shown. Data are presented as means + SEM; Student's unpaired t-test and ANOVA with Tukey or Dunnet's post hoc test: *p<0.05, **p<0.01, NS= no significance.