EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Wild-type (WT) and YF-eNOS (YF) mice were treated with vehicle (Veh) or angiotensin II (AII, 1.44 mg/kg/day) for up to 28 days. NADPH/NADP+ and GSH/GSSG ratios in pulmonary endothelial cells from WT and YF mice treated with AII for 30 min; n=8 cell batches (2-way ANOVA and Tukey).
B Individual, clearly resolved ubiquitinated species of the indicated proteins (labelled 1 to 4) were quantified and their intensity in HisTrx-SGTA containing samples shown relative to samples supplemented with HisTrx control protein. Shown is the mean with standard error of mean for n=3 biological replicates. Statistical significance was calculated using unpaired t test with Welch's correction. ns - not significant.
(B) Graph showing ERG amplitude normalized to body weight. Y-axis shows the ratio of ERG amplitude of individual flies to their body weight. X-axis indicates genotypes. Each data point represents an individual fly tested. Error bar represents s.e.m.
Yeast two-hybrid assay showing BRAVO interacting with WOX5, BES1-D and TPL; and BES1-D interacting with TPL. In the left column yeast cells were grown on control media, and in the right column yeast cells were grown on control media lacking Leu, Trp and His, indicating an interaction between the proteins.
(D) Anti-miR-195 was transfected in the FTE188 cell line, level of miR-195 was measured using RT-qPCR (left) and MICU1 levels were measured using immunoblotting (right). Data are mean ± S.D., n=3 (Biological repeats). *P<0.05, Student's t-test.
B) Representative images of histological sections of normal colon and primary CRC stained for EpCam and Villin. Boxed regions i, ii and iii are high magnifications of the luminal cavity of normal colonic gland (i) and colorectal carcinoma glands (ii and iii). Aarrowheads point to the apical pole enriched in villin. Scale bars: 50 μm.
C) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of HIV-infected macrophages which were fixed, permeabilized then stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; green) and antibody to TFEB (red) at the indicated times post-infection. Co-localization of TFEB and DAPI staining is represented in the image by orange pixels. Scale bars indicate 20 μm.
Immunoblot and qRT-PCR analyses of CCL6 expression in Npc2+/+ IMCs cultured with or without 50 μg/ml bNPC2 for 48 h. The data in the bar graph (qRT-PCR) represent mean + SD; n = 3.
Relative gene expression was quantified in the ex vivo FACS-purified endothelial cells (CD31+) and NEM (CD11b+) and expressed as fold-change versus the V High group. Data represent individual values, with mean ± SEM (n = 3-7, as indicated); **P < 0.01 by one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni multiple comparisons test, after data normalization by logarithmic transformation; Sema3A: V Low versus V High P = 0.0157.
D, MCF10A WT or two independent clones for MDA5, KO cells were pretreated with DMSO or AZD6738 (250 nM) for 2 hours, and then irradiated with 20 Gy, 3 days later, cells were harvested for immunoblotting with indicated antibodies.
(D) Quantification of percentage of cells that contained Ret in intracellular puncta is shown. Data are presented as mean±s.d. and the significance calculated using a Student's t‐test (n=3).
(G) Transgenic expression of mCherry-Lamp1 in wt [Tg(CMV:EGFP-LC3)] and spns1-mutant [Tg(CMV:EGFP-LC3);spns1hi891/hi891] animals 84 hpf. Scale bar, 10 µm.
(d) Colony formation assay showing that shRNA-mediated depletion of YAP/TAZ leads to cell numbers in response to Sorafenib treatment. Huh7 IR and CR cells either expressing a control shRNA (shLuc, non-targeting shRNA) or shRNA against both YAP and TAZ (shY/T) were treated with different concentrations of Sorafenib (0, 4, 8μM) for 2 weeks and colonies were visualized by crystal violet staining. Results represent three independent experiments.
C. Histograms show Ki-67-positive cellular area in the conditions shown in (B). Results are shown with three pairs of age- and gender-matched WT and KO littermates. When combined, the differences observed between MMC-treated WT and KO mice were statistically significant (two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni post-test, p-value 0.0044).
Mean H2Bac profiles established with SeqMiner on the differentially regulated genes obtained in transcriptomic experiments (RNA-seq), either decreased (left) or increased (right). The 'basal' H2Bac TSS enrichment state of these genes is differentially regulated whether the genes are decreased or increased in response to learning
quantification (G) from IFNγ-primed THP-1 ∆GBP1 cells stably reconstituted with Tet-mCH-GBP1, mCH-GBP1K51A, mCH-GBP1C589A or mCH-GBP1∆589-592 variants or primary MDMs stained for GBP1. Cells were infected with STm-GFP for 2 h. Blue, Nuclei; Grey, STm; Red, mCH-GBP1 or Magenta GBP1. Scale bar, 5 μm. Graph in (G) shows percentage of STm vacuoles targeted by GBP1.
B-D. Quantification of lamin B1 levels using immunofluorescent signals. Lamin B1 levels in Sox2-positive, PSA-NCAM-negative-ANSPCs were selectively downregulated at 5.5 months of age (ANPCs, P = 1.02129e-19; Neuroblasts, P = 0.09, DGCs, P = 6.4011e-15, ANOVA). ** P < 0.001, ANOVA followed by Tukey-Kramer test. (3 animals, 30 cells per conditions)
(A and B) Whole-mount in situ hybridization was performed in WT, MZsinhcaf -/-, Tg(CMV:EGFP;CMV:sinhcaf) and MZsinhcaf -/-;Tg(CMV:EGFP;CMV:sinhcaf) zebrafish embryos with PGCs markers nanos3 (A) and vasa (B). Scale bars, 100 μm. (C) Quantitative analysis of PGCs in bud stage WT, MZsinhcaf -/-, Tg(CMV:EGFP;CMV:sinhcaf) and MZsinhcaf -/-;Tg(CMV:EGFP;CMV:sinhcaf) zebrafish embryos. Data shown are mean ± SEM (n = 10, the number of embryos analyzed). Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post-hoc test. The different letters (a, b, c) indicate a significant difference between the means, p<0.05.
A Schematic representation of wild-type FBXO2 and domain deletion mutants of FBXO2. Numbers above the constructs represent the amino acid positions of FBXO2. PEST (residues 1-54) and F-box domains (residues 55-95), linker sequence (residues 96-124), and sugar-binding domain (residues 125-297) are indicated by P, FBD, linker, and SBD, respectively.
F. Frequency (in percentage) of pre-miR-181a-1 colocalization with specific organelle markers. Each data point corresponds to one axon. Total number of puncta, axons and independent experiments analyzed: 825 puncta, 41 axons, n=8 (pre-miR-181a-1/CD63), 732 puncta, 33 axons, n=7 (pre-miR-181a-1/Rab7a), 681 puncta, 29 axons, n=5 (pre-miR-181a-1/LysoTracker), 501 puncta, 17 axons, n=2 (pre-miR-181a-1/Lamp1), 791 puncta, 25 axons, n=3 (pre-miR-181a-1/Rab5a). Values are median with interquartile range. Abbreviations: CD63, CD63-eGFP or CD63-mRFP; Rab7a, Rab7a-eGFP or Rab7a-mRFP, Lamp1, Lamp1-eGFP; Rab5a, Rab5a-eGFP or Rab5a-mRFP; pre-miR-181a-1, cy3-pre-miR-181a-1 or cy5-pre-miR-181a-1.
E qRT-PCR analysis of β-glucuronidase (GUS)/green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression in Nicotiana benthamiana leaves after transient co-expression of pro35S::GFP with proMxCXIP1:GUS or proMbCXIP1:GUS, and co-expression with pBI101:GUS as control.
I) HEK293T cells were silencing for TMED2 and then used in the ERMIT assay with AGR2 WT (n=3).
(A) Representative traces of CFTR-dependent Cl- secretion measured by forskolin (Fsk)-inducible chloride current (Isc (μA/cm2)) in Caco-2 cells mounted in Ussing chambers after 3 h of incubation with P57-68 or P33-mer or P31-43 peptides (20 µg/ml) and of P31-43 in the presence of up to 30 minutes of pre-treatment of VX-770 (10 µM); quantification of the peak CFTR Inhibitor 172 (CFTRinh172)-sensitive Isc (∆Isc) in Caco-2 cells (n= 3 independent experiments). Mean ± SD of samples assayed. ***p<0.001 vs P31-43 challenge, ##p<0.01 vs Caco-2 challenged with P31-43 in the presence of VX-770 (ANOVA, Bonferroni post hoc test).
(E) Two adjacent mitotic cells show no detectable Arm-GFP at the junction between them. Scale bar ~2µm.
(D) The average Rfa1 ChIP-seq read density from cells released into HU medium around ACS sites. ACS, ARS consensus sequence.
(B) Heatmap and hierarchical clustering of metabolite concentrations in Flp-In 293 HA-GFP and Flp-In 293 HA-IKKε cells treated with doxycycline (Dox, 50 ng/ml, 16 hours) (n=5 technical replicates).
(a-d) Onset of rod death visualized by staining for cleaved nuclear envelope protein LaminA (a), cleaved caspase3 (arrowheads, magenta and red signal, b) and TUNEL (arrows, brown signal, c, d). Blue in a and b shows nuclear DAPI staining. A retinal flat mount with a view onto the photoreceptor layer is shown in d.
B OsPRR73 confers salinity stress tolerance in rice. The seedlings of Dongjin (DJ, the wild type control), osprr73, and the complementation line of osprr73 (abbreviated as Com-L1) grown under 12 h light/12 h dark conditions for 28 days (left panel), transferred to 180 mM NaCl for 21 days (middle panel) and recovered for 12 and 24 days (the two right panels) respectively. Scale bar, 5 cm. C Statistical analysis of the survival rate of DJ, osprr73 and Com-L1 plants in (B) after recovery 12 days. Data are presented as mean ± SD. (n from 4 biological replicates, and 24 plants were tested in each of biological replicates). (***) P ≤ 0.001 were generated by student's t-test.
8-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were administered with AAV-GFP or AAV -Klf10 through tail vein injection, and then kept on WD/CCl4 for 12 weeks. n=5 per group. (D) CD68 immunofluorescence staining of liver sections (left) and its quantitation (right). Data information: * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, *** P < 0.001. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test
BsAb were incubated at the indicated concentrations with PBMC of healthy donors together with LNCaP- expressing high and low amounts of PSMA, respectively. After three days, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell activation were determined by flow cytometry as described in the methods section. Mean values and standard deviations of triplicate measurements are indicated. The dotted line represents the baseline T cell activation in the absence of bispecific antibodies.
A, B Graphs showing the top five most significant pathways (A) and gene ontology cellular component terms (B) associated with Clusters 5 and 6.
(a) The PTMs on CK2. The known post-translational modifications on CK2α include phosphorylation at positions Thr344, Thr360, Ser362 and Ser370 and acetylation at Lys102 (ref. 50). Here we demonstrate that CK2α is O-GlcNAc modified at Ser347. (b) Scheme for expressed protein ligation and list of the peptides used for semisynthesis. (c) PTMs and the cleavage-resistant mimics used.
E,F, qPCR analysis of USP42, LGR5 and AXIN2 expression levels in HCT116 cells. Data are displayed as mean ± SD and show n = 4 (E) or n = 3 (F) independent experiments.
C Superposition of 3D volumes of full‐length human TFG and truncated TFG (amino acids 1‐193). The truncated form is depicted in yellow, while the full‐length form is depicted as gray mesh. The top view (top) exhibits limited differences in the structures, while the side view (bottom) shows extra density in the full‐length TFG isoform. Scale bar, 25 Å.
(E) Double immunofluorescence for Ets1 and β-catenin in normal mouse colons without DSS treatment, mouse colons with 5-day DSS treatments, and AOM-DSS mouse colon tumors. Scale bar: 50 μm.
B Immunofluorescence analysis of fibronectin (green) and collagen (red) fibers on de-cellularized ECM produced by human fibroblasts. Fibers orientation was quantified using ImageJ software. Percentages indicate oriented fibers accumulated in a range of ± 21° around the modal angle. Data is represented as mean ± s.d. (n=10 random fields from 2 independent determinations)..Scale bar, 50 µm. A representative image of picrosirius red staining from 10 analyzed is shown for each condition.
DNA content analysis of various G1 arrests. RPE1-hTERT cells were treated for 7 days with doxorubicin (Doxo; 100 ng/ml), palbociclib (Palbo; 5 μM), or nutlin3 (Nutlin; 10 μM). Total number of cells analyzed is indicated by n in each condition. Results were comparable between 2 biological replicates.
D. Relative mRNA levels of four genes involved in development (Hoxb2, 8, 9 and WT1) were validated through qRT-PCR from Rev3l+/+ and Rev3l-/- MEFs samples. The data were normalized to the amount of GAPDH mRNA. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean for three independent experiments. ***, P<0.001 and **, P<0.005 by Student's t-test. E. Relative mRNA levels of genes involved in imprinting (paternal expressed genes: Dlk1and Slc18a4 and maternal expressed genes: Dcn1 and H19) were validated through qRT-PCR from Rev3l+/+ and Rev3l-/- MEFs samples. The data were normalized to the amount of GAPDH mRNA. Error bars indicate standard error of the mean for three independent experiments. *** P<0.001 by Student's t-test.
Immunoprecipitation of SATB2 from mouse neonatal cortical lysates. LEMD2 was detected by Western blotting in the SATB2-immunoprecipitate from control but not SATB2-deficient cortical lysate. The equal input of total protein from control and SATB2-deficient cortical lysates was controlled by ERK2 detection. Representative images of the immunoblots are shown; I (Input), F (Flow-through), B (Beads).
amiRSUL-silencing phenotype in pSUC2::amiRSUL transgenic- versus WT- Arabidopsis. GUS-staining pattern in pSUC2::GUS transcriptional reporter plants.
(H) Ratio of cholesteryl esters:free cholesterol (CE:FC) in the indicated cells.
(B) Percentage of geminin-positive, RAD51 or γH2AX nuclear foci-containing cells in FFPE tumor samples from patients with HBOC syndrome. The box underneath summarizes the patient's young onset (<35y: <35 years), her family history (FH, purple box for PALB2-related tumors) and the presence of BRCA1 nuclear foci in the analyzed tumor samples.
A Representative microCT 3D reconstruction and cut-plane images of the fracture site 3 weeks after bone fracture. Scale bar, 500 μm
(b) ELISA of cytokine secretion by LPS-primed Becn1+/+ or Becn1+/− BMDMs incubated with cyclosporine A (10 μM) or DMSO, followed by ATP stimulation.
(B) Flg22-induced ROS burst in the CRISPR lines C9-24-13 and DN50. The indicated leaves (aged 2 weeks) were subjected to flg22-induced ROS examination, and the relative RLU value was recorded (Mean ± SEM, n ≥ 9, n represents sample number). Data information: All the experiments were performed three times (biological replicates) with similar results. The exact n, SEM values and p values are shown in the source data.
G Histology section of Axin2::LacZ mammary gland at day 8.5 of pregnancy counterstained with nuclear red; luminal epithelial cells show no detectable β‐galactosidase activity but myoepithelial cells do. Scale bar: 200 μm.
(G) Sum of z-scores per sample of all genes upregulated in ST2+ Th2 cells and memory CD8 T cells (see Supplementary Table EV2 for a list of genes). The central band indicates the median, the box encompasses the interquartile range, and the whiskers reach the values that are within a distance of 1.5 times the interquartile range (either from the lower or upper quartile). The heatmap shows the z-scores of memory CD8 T cell genes significantly downregulated in c-Maf knocked-down ILC2s.
(E) WASH‐deficient embryos do not undergo apoptosis. TUNEL assay was performed for apoptosis detection. PI, propidium iodide. FITC, fluoresceinisothiocyanate. Scale bar, 100 μm.
H and I. Calpain activity in vivo was determined by the cleavage of spectrin αII. Calpain-cleaved 150 kDa fragment of spectrin αII in mouselumbar spinal cord or brain (H) was normalized to β-actin (I). Quantitative data in immunoblotting analyses are plotted as mean ± SEM from three independent experiments. **: p < 0.01.
Representative FACS plots showing the distribution of different populations distinguished by CD71/Ter119 staining in whole bone marrow from untreated (-dox) or treated (+dox) adult mice. S0 (double negative cell), S1 (proerythroblast), S2 (basophylic erythroblast), S3 (polychromatic erythroblast), and S4 (orthochromatic erythroblast) are different stages of blood maturation. Quantification of the S1-S4 erythroid populations (-dox, n=4; +dox, n=5). *P < 0.05, **P < 0.005, ***P < 0.0005; Student's t-test. Horizontal line represents mean values and error bars SD.
Correlation of maximum GPRC5A intensity with objective response rate (ORR) and treatment sensitivity (platinum alone or in combination with taxane).
(E) Overlay of NMR spectra of all fractions of control and OMP. The most relevant difference is the weaning of the GPC signal after OMP treatment in the 1st fraction after only 6 hours.
D) Representative images of new firing origins, and elongating forks showing stable replication and fork instability.
V-SVZ whole-mounts stained for γ-tubulin (cyan), GFAP (red) and VCAM1 (white). Arrowheads point to VCAM1+ B1 cells in NSC units. Scale bars: 50 μm (left), 10 μm (right).
(C) Gross morphology, EGFP-LC3 and LysoTracker intensities in wild-type (wt) and spns1-mutant animals treated with BafA shown at 48 hpf (12 h treatment starting at 36 hpf). Scale bar, 250 µm. (D) Quantification of the EGFP-LC3 and LysoTracker fluorescence intensities shown in (C). Quantification of data presented in the middle and bottom rows (green; EGFP, red; mCherry) in panel C (n = 12) is shown; the number (n) of animals is for each genotype with DMSO or BafA.
(C) Sample size estimations were performed for future intervention trials using the reduction of Nf levels towards control levels as outcome measure. The estimated number of subjects per study arm is plotted over the assumed therapeutic effect for lowering the Nf level in SCA3 subjects to levels observed in healthy controls (NfL: dashed line, pNfH: dotted line).
CRH-Cre male mice were injected with either AAV-Flex-mCherry or AAV-EF1a-DIO-Kir2.1-P2A-dTomato to examine c-Fos expression in the PVH in 24hr fasting or refed after fasting. (E-F) Comparison of average neuron numbers from cell counting on total number of c-Fos positive neurons in the PVH (E, **p=0.0001: fasting versus refed; *p=0.0497: refed versus refed/Kir2.1; **p=0.0025: fasting/Kir2.1 versus refed Kir2.1) and total number of c-Fos positive CRH neurons (F, **p<0.0001: fasting versus refed; p=0.9586: fasting/Kir2.1 versus refed/Kir2.1), n=3-4 each, two way ANOVA tests. All data presented as mean +/- SEM.
A schematic depiction of our GPS random peptide assay. The GPS reporter relies on the expression of two fluorescent proteins from a single promoter, enabled by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES). A 12-residue peptide library was fused to the C-terminus of GFP, whereas RFP serves as an internal control. The GFP/RFP ratio represents protein stability. The GPS peptide library was delivered into cells as a single copy so that each reporter cell expressed a unique GFP-peptide fusion construct. The "% degradation", i.e. the % of library cells displaying a decreased GFP/RFP ratio, reflects the % of peptides within the library that promote GFP degradation.
A ral hypomorph mutants (ral35d/Y;; UAS-Atg6IR/+), n= 27, animals with salivary gland-specific expression of Atg6IR (ral35d/+;; UAS-Atg6IR/fkh-GAL4), n= 20, and ral hypomorph mutants with salivary gland-specific expression of Atg6IR (ral35d/Y;; UAS-Atg6IR/fkh-GAL4), n= 24, were analyzed by histology for the presence of salivary gland material (red dotted circles) 24 hours after puparium formation.B Quantification of data from (A). Data are represented as means. Statistical significance was determined using a Chi-square test.
A) Correlation analysis of scRNA-seq data of hiPSC-derived cone photoreceptors (week 15) against fetal cone photoreceptors (Welby et al, 2017), as well as adult cone and rod photoreceptors from this human neural retina atlas.
(B) Fluorescence microscopy images of typical mouse small intestinal organoids under different culture conditions. Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells are labeled with GFP, which are ubiquitously present, restricted to the bottom of the crypts and absent in CV, ENR and EN, respectively. * is auto-fluorescence
A Western blot analysis of GFP-Bak localization in cytosol (C) and heavy membrane fraction (HM) of HCT116 Bax/Bak DKO cells with or without overexpressed wild-type Bcl-xL or Bcl-xL G138A. GAPDH and Tom20 serve as fractionation controls. n = 10. Bak shuttling by Bcl-xL is independent of the GFP fusion (Fig. E2a).B Quantification of predominant mitochondrial localization (light grey bars) and mixed cytosolic and mitochondrial localization (dark grey bars) of Bak in HCT116 Bax/Bak DKO cells expressing GFP-Bak with or without Bcl-xL overexpression. Data represent averages ± SD from 3 independent experiments with n ≥ 100.
GRdim/dim mice were treated with PBS (n=6) or a neutralizing P55 (TNFR1) antibody (n=8) 2 hours before and 8 hours after 1.5 mg/kg LPS and lethality was monitored. P-values were analyzed with a Fisher's exact test.
C Myelin dense bodies (MDBs) in dorso-lateral tracts of 6-7 week old WT (n = 4) and NYKO (n = 4), 17-18 week old WT (n = 4) and NYKO (n = 4) and 31-32 week old WT (n = 6-7) and NYKO (n = 5-6) mice spinal cords. Unpaired t-test, *P ≤ 0.05, ***P ≤ 0.001, ****P ≤ 0.0001, ns = not significant. Data are means ± SEM.
K Bar graphs showing the threshold cycles of semi quantitative RT-PCR with human-specific primers on RNA from virgin (n=4) and pregnant (n=3) mice xenografted with human cells.
(C and D) Rescue of HCV RNA replication by Parkin overexpression. Huh7 cells stably expressing mock vector (M-KD), Non-target-shRNA (NT-KD), and Parkin-shRNA (P-KD), respectively, were infected with HCVcc. P-KD cells were further transfected with two different concentration of the plasmid DNA encoding wild-type Parkin for 2 days before harvest. At 3 days post-infection, intracellular HCV RNA levels were analyzed by real-time qRT-PCR. GAPDH was used to normalize changes in HCV RNA expression (C) (mean ± SD; n = 3; *p<0.01, **p<0.05).
A Location of missense variants of PDIA1 and ERp57 identified in ALS cases. PDI primary structure: catalytic a and a' domains containing the active site motif CXXC sequence (dark purple and dark green), non-catalytic domains b and b' containing ligand binding sites (light purple and light green), and x-linker region (light gray). The constructs used in this study contained a V5-tag (orange) at the C-terminus that was inserted previous to the ER-retention signal (dark gray).
(B) PGAM5 processing depends on proteolytically active PARL. PARL and catalytic inactive PARLS277A harboring C-terminal FLAG-epitopes were expressed under the control of a tetracycline (tet)-inducible promoter in wild type (WT) and PARL-/- FITR293T cells as indicated. Processing of L-PGAM5 to S-PGAM5 was monitored by immunoblotting.
L, M Bar plots showing BrdU incorporation index in inguinal mammary glands of 4‐week‐old Wnt4fl/+; Cre+ (n = 3) or Wnt4fl/fl; Cre+ (n = 4) in the ducts (L) and in the TEBs (M). Data are presented as the mean ± SD. Two‐tailed Student's t‐test was used to calculate statistical significance.
(K) WT HEK293A cells were co-transfected with HA-tagged ArfGAP1, or HA-tagged RFP1 (control) with Myc-tagged S6K1. Cells were cultured under normal condition (NC), or starved of serum (-Serum) for overnight and then treated with 100 nM insulin for 30 minutes. mTORC1 activity was assessed similar to (B). Cell lysates were probed for HA, S6K1, phosphorylated S6K1 at threonine 389 (pS6K1), mTOR, phosphorylated mTOR at Serine 2481 (pmTOR), and Vinculin.
C ChIP on H3K4me3 at the SNCA promoter between control and sPD1-1 lines revealed a marginally higher enrichment in sPD lines as compared to the controls. Data information: Three independent repeats were performed for ChIP experiments. *P < 0.05; ****P<0.0001. Data were analyzed using non-parametric t-test followed by Mann-Whitney post-hoc corrections. One-tailed p-values were calculated for ChIP analysis
F Formation of salivary gland sporozoites in mosquitoes 14 days post blood feeding. In each group, at least twenty blood-fed mosquitoes were counted. Values are means ± SEM (n=3 biological replicates), two-tailed t test, **, P<0.01.