EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Figure 2A, B. Purified recombinant Kap114p was mixed with RanQ69L or yTBP and analyzed by SEC. SEC (Superdex 200) elution profiles of the (A) Kap114pRanQ69L and (B) Kap114pyTBP complexes. Peak fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and stained with Coomassie blue. The void volume (Vo) of the peak fraction and absorbance (a.u.) at 280 nm for each complex is indicated. SV-AUC analysis of (C) yTBP The experimental data were analyzed using the Sedfit program and are presented above molecular weights calculated using standards (in brackets). SV-AUC (D) Kap114p and (E) the Kap114pyTBP complex. The experimental data were analyzed using the Sedfit program and are presented above molecular weights calculated using standards (in brackets). F. SE-AUC analysis of the Kap114pyTBP complex. The average molecular mass determined by the Sedfit program was ~133.5  kDa. The lower panel shows the residual difference (standard deviation) between experimental and fitted values. Plots of the distance distribution function P(r) for the (G) Kap114pRanQ69L complexes derived from experimental SAXS data using the GNOM program. Rg-based dimensionless Kratky plot of the Kap114pRanQ69L (H) complexes. Intersection of the two dotted gray lines indicates features of a compact protein. The ab initio envelopes determined by GASBOR for the (I) Kap114pRanQ69L complexes. Models of the (J) Kap114pRanQ69L complexes derived from SAXS profiles using FoXSDock and docked into the ab initio envelopes obtained from GASBOR. Plots of the distance distribution function P(r) for the (K) Kap114pyTBP complexes derived from experimental SAXS data using the GNOM program. Rg-based dimensionless Kratky plot of the Kap114pyTBP (L) complexes. Intersection of the two dotted gray lines indicates features of a compact protein. The ab initio envelopes determined by GASBOR for the (M) Kap114pyTBP complexes. Models of the (N) Kap114pyTBP complexes derived from SAXS profiles using FoXSDock and docked into the ab initio envelopes obtained from GASBOR.
Figure 2A Binary food choice assay with 26 Gr mutants for 5% saponin (n ≥ 4). The error bars represent SEMs. B Concentration-dependent avoidance of saponin in control, Gr28bMi and Gr28b Df/ Gr28bMi (n ≥ 4). C Amount of ingestion calculated at the indicated time points (15, 30, 60, and 240 min) using spectrophotogram analysis for control and 5% saponin-containing food (n = 8). D, E PER assay for control and Gr28bMi flies in the (D) legs or (E) proboscis. Flies were initially given 2% sucrose, then 2% sucrose in combination with 5% saponin (n = 4). The error bars represent SEMs. The asterisks indicate significant differences from that of the control detected by a single-factor ANOVA with Scheffe's analysis as a post hoc test to compare two sets of data (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01).
Glycogen synthase knockdown inhibits autophagosome growth and improves CQ-induced myopathy phenotype.Figure 5(A-D) Glycogen synthase (GlyS) is required for glycogen synthesis in D. melanogaster muscles. PAS staining for glycogen was absent in Dmef2-Gal4/UAS-GlySi muscles (B) compared to control Dmef2-Gal4/UAS-whitei muscles (A). Antiglycogen immunostaining for glycogen was absent in Dmef2-Gal4/UAS-GlySi muscles (D) compared to Dmef2-Gal4/UAS-whitei control muscles (C). (C). (E-K) GlyS is required for the formation of large CQ-induced autophagosomes. Vesicles are much smaller in Dmef2-Gal4, UAS-GFP-Atg8/UAS-GlySi larval muscle starved 6 h in low-nutrient food +2.5 mg/ml CQ (G) than in control Dmef2-Gal4, UAS-GFP-Atg8/UAS-whitei larval muscle (E). (F, H) The difference in autophagosome size is clearly evident at high magnification. (I-K) Quantification of autophagy changes due to GlyS gene knockdown in Dmef2-Gal4, UAS-GFP-Atg8 larvae starved on low-nutrient food +2.5 mg/ml CQ for 6 h. SEM is indicated, with n = 5 (I) or n = 10 (J-K) ventral longitudinal muscles from individual animals (*p<.05, **p<.01). (I) Each of the four UAS-GlyS RNAi transgenes tested caused a significant decrease in the total area of GFP-Atg8vesicles in the muscle compared to the UAS-whitei control. (J) Vesicle number was unchanged by GlyS knockdown. (K) UAS-GlyS RNAi caused a highly significant decrease in the mean vesicle size (area) compared to the control. (L-M) GlyS gene expression, monitored using a MiMIC transposon insertion (MI01490), showed expression in the larval muscle (L) but not the fat body (M) (green, GFP; blue, DAPI). N-O) Larvae were starved on low-nutrient food for 6 h prior to dissection of the fat bodies. Autophagy in Cg-Gal4/+; UAS-GFP-Atg8/UAS-GlySi (O) was not substantially different from autophagy in Cg-Gal4/+; UAS-GFP-Atg8/UAS-whitei control fat bodies (GFP, green; DAPI, blue). . (P) EM of muscle from Dmef2-Gal4/UAS-GlySi animal starved on low-nutrient food +CQ. Note that the intermyofibril spaces (red asterisk) and sarcomere structure are not distorted. Q) GlyS or Atg1 knockdown significantly improved the crawling time of larvae treated with CQ and starved for 6 h. SEM is indicated for n = 10 larvae. The p values were calculated relative to white RNAi control larvae (*p<.05, **p<.01).
Figure 3Total number of phosphopeptides identified (5% FDR) and unique sites for each phosphorylated residue according to site localisation confidence (ptmRS score). For pLys and pArg, the number in parentheses is the total number of identified sites/peptides including those localised to the peptide C-terminus; outside of parentheses are the non-C-terminal mapped pLys or pArg sites. Number of unique phosphorylation sites defined at different site localisation confidence values: ptmRS ≥ 0.99 (green); ptmRS ≥ 0.90 (yellow); ptmRS ≥ 0.75 (red). Light green, yellow or red indicate those sites of pLys or pArg mapped to the extreme peptide C-terminal residue at each ptmRS score cut-off. Percentage of canonical pSer, pThr, pTyr sites (shades of grey) compared with non-canonical phosphosites (pHis - yellow; pAsp - blue; pGlu - green; pLys - red; pArg - purple) identified using either the described UPAX strategy, or a standard TiO2-based phosphopeptide enrichment protocol, as a function of ptmRS score.
a) MEFs stably expressing FLAG-Parkin and either EGFP-Bcl-2 or EGFP-Bcl-xL were incubated in the absence or presence of CCCP (30 μM) for 24 h and then subjected to immunoblot analysis.f5(a) MEFs stably expressing FLAG-Parkin and either EGFP-Bcl-2 or EGFP-Bcl-xL were incubated in the absence or presence of CCCP (30 μM) for 24 h and then subjected to immunoblot analysis. (b) Domain organization of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, and the chimeric proteins Bcl-2/xL and Bcl-xL/2, as well as a summary of their localization and ability to translocate during mitophagy, as determined in c. (c) MEFs stably expressing FLAG-Parkin and EGFP-tagged forms of Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Bcl-2/xL or Bcl-xL/2 were incubated in the absence or presence of CCCP (30 μM) for 4 h, fixed, permeabilized and subjected to immunofluorescence analysis with antibodies to cytochrome c and to FLAG (rabbit polyclonal). The fluorescence of EGFP was also monitored directly. (d) Higher-magnification views of the boxed areas in c. Scale bar (c,d), 10 μm.
Figure 3(A-E) Representative live cell microscopy images of D. discoideum infected with PflaA-GFP-producing L. pneumophila. D. discoideum Ax3 producing cytosolic mCherry (pDM1042) was infected (MOI 5) with (A, B) wild-type L. pneumophila JR32 (Ptac-mCherry-PflaA-gfp), (C, D) JR32 (Ptac-mCerulean-PflaA-gfp) or (E) ∆flaA (Ptac-mCerulean-PflaA-gfp) and embedded in agarose for 48 h. PflaA-GFP-positive L. pneumophila (A) escapes the LCV (0 sec), followed by other bacteria, which are contained in the cytosol and localize to the plasma membrane, where a PflaA-GFP-positive L. pneumophila first leaves the ruptured host cell (185 sec), or (B) triggers host cell death (loss of cytosolic mCherry) upon exit of the amoeba. PflaA-GFP-positive L. pneumophila (C) escape the LCV after 75 sec and spread within the cytosol for several minutes, and (D) are the first to exit the host cell, leading to the loss of cytosolic mCherry and host cell death. (E) L. pneumophila ∆flaA lyses the LCV and host cell less vigorously. Scale bars: 5 µm.
Figure 9Potassium currents recorded from mature Clrn2clarinet/+ (A, P15) and Clrn2clarinet/clarinet (B, P16) apical-coil OHCs. Currents were elicited by depolarizing voltage steps (10 mV nominal increments) from -144 mV to more depolarized values from the holding potential of -84 mV. Note that the current characteristic of mature OHCs, The size of IK,n, measured in isolation as the deactivating tail currents (difference between instantaneous and steady-state inward currents) for voltage steps from the holding potential to −124 mV, was 545 ± 115 pA, (n=5) in Clrn2clarinet/+ and 595 ± 67 pA, (n=7) in Clrn2clarinet/clarinet OHCs. Average peak current-voltage relation for the total K+ current recorded from Clrn2clarinet/+ (P15-16, n=7) and Clrn2clarinet/clarinet (P15-16, n=5) OHCs. Potassium currents recorded from P22 mature Clrn2clarinet/+ and Clrn2clarinet/clarinet apical-coil IHCs, respectively, using the same voltage protocol described above. Holding potential of -64 mV. Peak current-voltage relation for the total K+ current recorded from the IHCs Voltage responses from P22 Clrn2clarinet/+ (G) and Clrn2clarinet/clarinet (H,I) IHCs. Note that Ca2+-dependent action potentials could be induced in mature IHCs (I).
a) The UVRAG C-terminal 270–442 region interacts with RINT-1.figf4(a) The UVRAG C-terminal 270-442 region interacts with RINT-1. Cells (HEK293T) were co-transfected with HA-RINT-1, together with Flag-UVRAG or its mutant derivatives, and whole-cell lysates (WCLs) were immunoprecipitated (IP) with anti-Flag, followed by immunoblotting (IB) with an anti-HA antibody. c) Interaction between endogenous UVRAG and RINT-1. WCLs of HEK293T cells were used for immunoprecipitation with control serum (control) or an anti-UVRAG (left) or anti-RINT-1 antibody (right), followed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. The bottom panel shows endogenous protein expression. d) ER localization of RINT-1, ZW10 and UVRAG. HeLa cells were stained with anti-UVRAG (green), anti-PDI (ER marker, red), and anti-ZW10 or anti-RINT-1 (blue), followed by confocal microscopy. Insets highlight UVRAG co-localization with RINT-1 and ZW10 at the ER. Scale bars, 10 μm. (e) Interaction between endogenous UVRAG and the RINT-1-ZW10-NAG tethering complex proteins. WCLs of HEK293T cells were used for immunoprecipitation with control serum (IgG) or an anti-UVRAG (first panel), anti-RINT-1 (second panel), anti-ZW10 (third panel) and anti-NAG (fourth panel), followed by immunoblotting with the indicated antibodies. As input, 10% of the WCLs was used. Syn 18, syntaxin 18; Syn 6, syntaxin 6. See Supplementary Fig. S9 for uncropped data.
Loss of Autophagy Perturbs EGFR Endocytic Trafficking.Figure 1The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). A: Spinning disc confocal live cell imaging of Alexa 555-EGF (555-EGF) shown as vesicle tracking with time represented as a colour spectrum. Tracking started 5 min after addition of 20 ng/mL 555-EGF for the indicated durations. Scale bar: 10 μm. The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). B: Immunofluorescence staining of EGFR following 5 or 15 min stimulation with 20 ng/mL EGF. Scale bar: 20 μm. The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). C: Quantification of EGFR vesicles in a perinuclear region (within 30 μm diameter of the centre of the nucleus) Data information: Statistical analyses were performed on at least 3 independent experiments, where error bars represent SEM and p values represent a two-tailed Student's t test: NS p>0.05, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). D: Cells were stimulated with 20 ng/mL 555-EGF for 15 or 30 min before immunofluorescence staining against EGFR. Scale bar: 10 μm. The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). E: Quantification of percentage of total EGFR vesicles that colocalise with 555-EGF Data information: Statistical analyses were performed on at least 3 independent experiments, where error bars represent SEM and p values represent a two-tailed Student's t test: NS p>0.05, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01. The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). F: Cells stably expressing mCherry-Rab5 were stimulated with 20 ng/mL EGF for indicated times before immunofluorescence staining against EGFR. Scale bar: 10 μm. The following experiments were performed in glial shNf-1/shTp53 glial cells serum starved 4 hr before assaying. Cells were expressing either Cas9 alone (control) or Cas9 and sgRNA targeting Atg7 (sgAtg7 #1 or #2). G: Pearson's colocalisation coefficient between mCherry-Rab5 and EGFR Data information: Statistical analyses were performed on at least 3 independent experiments, where error bars represent SEM and p values represent a two-tailed Student's t test: NS p>0.05, * p<0.05, ** p<0.01.
Cell-wide clearance of mitochondria via autophagy is triggered by depolarization and proceeds over a 24-h time periodRepresentative immunoblot of whole-cell lysates from U2OS:GFP and GFP-parkin cells treated with DMSO, 25 µM antimycin A (anti A), 25 µM antimycin A with 10 µM oligomycin (anti A + oligo), or 20 µM CCCP for the indicated time period.Figure 7A Representative immunoblot of whole‐cell lysates from U2OS:GFP and GFP‐parkin cells treated with DMSO, 25 μM antimycin A (anti A), 25 μM antimycin A with 10 μM oligomycin (anti A + oligo), or 20 μM CCCP for the indicated time period. B Quantification of PDH E1a signal intensity relative to that of actin in immunoblots from (A). Error bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 experiments). C Quantification of mitochondrial clearance in U2OS:GFP−parkin cells treated as in (A), fixed and immunostained for TOM20. Data are shown as percentage of cells containing mitochondria, by TOM20 staining, visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Error bars represent the mean ± s.e.m. (n = 3 experiments, with at least 85 cells quantified per condition, per experiment). D U2OS:GFP‐parkin cells were treated as in (A) for the indicated time period, then fixed and immunostained for TOM20 (red). Cell boundaries are delineated in single‐channel images. Scale bars, 20 μm.
Schematic representation of the pathway for autophagy‐dependent RNA degradation in yeast Autophagy‐mediated RNA degradation pathway in S.Figure 8Autophagy‐mediated RNA degradation pathway in S. cerevisiae. Thick arrows describe the primary process in the wild‐type strain. Thin arrows indicate subordinate pathways that are not normally observed in wild‐type cells. See Discussion for details.
Monomeric FICD binds ATP in an AMPylation-competent conformation.Figure 5A Monomerisation does not result in large conformational changes in FICD. Shown is the alignment, from residues 213-407, of FICD molecules in the asymmetric unit. Monomeric FICDL258D and dimeric wild-type FICD ± ATP, are coloured as indicated. Glu234, ATP (and Mg, where applicable), are shown as sticks (or green spheres). The inhibitory alpha helix (αinh) and gross domain architecture is annotated. Note the only significant deviation in tertiary structure is the flipping of the TPR domain in the FICDL258D:ATP structure. The FICD:Apo structure is from PDB: 4U0U. B Cocrystallisation of FICD variants with MgATP results in electron densities for nucleotide and the inhibitory Glu234. Unbiased polder (OMIT) maps for ATP (± Mg) and Glu234 are shown as blue and purple meshes, respectively. (i) The wild-type dimer FICD structure displays a lack of density corresponding to a Mg2+ ion. The ATP density is contoured at 3.5 σ and the Glu234 at 5.0 σ. (ii) The dimeric dimer relay mutant FICDK256A displays a clear MgATP density up to and including the γ-phosphate phosphorous atom. The ATP density and Glu234 densities are both contoured at 3.0 σ. (iii) Monomeric FICDL258D shows a clear MgATP density. The ATP density is contoured at 3.0 σ and the Glu234 at 5.0 σ. All residues and water molecules interacting with ATP (± Mg) are shown as sticks and coloured by heteroatom. Mg2+ coordination complex pseudo-bonds are show in purple dashed lines. C Unlike the monomeric or the dimer relay FICD mutants, dimeric wild-type FICD binds ATP in a configuration that would prevent BiP substrate AMPylation. The position of the α-phosphate in the FICD:ATP structure would preclude in-line nucleophilic attack The left panel represents the superposition of the structures in the upper panel of (B), with ATP interacting residues shown as sticks and annotated. Only Glu234 deviates significantly in sidechain position. Note, however, that the FICD:ATP His363 sidechain is also flipped, forming a hydrogen bond to a ribose interacting water Mg2+ and ATP are coloured to match the corresponding ribbons. Active site waters are omitted for clarity. Distances are indicated by dashed black lines. The inset is a blow-up displaying distances i-iv between the γ-phosphates and Glu234 residues. Note, distances i and ii are derived from the γ-phosphate and Glu234 of different superimposed structures. Distances between Val316(Cγ1) and the corresponding Pα are shown in the right-hand side panel.
Pol λ accommodates 8-oxo-dG in the anti-conformation during ddCTP binding.Figure 2(A) Substrates used for crystallization of the 8-oxo-dG:dATP insertion complex. The primer terminal base (ddC) is shown in cyan. The incoming dNTP (ddCTP) and corresponding templating 8-oxo-dG are shown in magenta and green, respectively. (B) Overview of the 8-oxo-dG:dATP insertion complex. The 39-kDa catalytic domain (8-kDa subdomain not shown for clarity) is colored by subdomain: fingers (salmon), palm (yellow) and thumb (purple). The polymerase is in complex with a 1-nt gapped 16-mer oligo (grey) containing a templating 8-oxo-dG (green). The primer terminal ddC and the incoming ddCTP are shown in cyan and magenta, respectively. Key residues that form the nascent base pair binding pocket (N513 and R517) and are involved in catalysis (D427, D429 and D490) are shown in black. The catalytic metal A and the nucleotide binding metal B are shown in red and neon, respectively. (C) 8-oxo-dG (green) establishes a Watson-Crick pair with ddCTP (magenta). Binding of the 8-oxo-dG in the anti-conformation is only possible because the C8-carbonyl is far enough away not to clash with the 5′-phosphate. Asn513 and Arg517 (purple) interact with the minor groove of the nascent base pair. The base pair geometry (C1′ distance and λ angles) is indicated at the bottom of the figure. A simulated annealing Fo-Fc omit density map for the pair is also shown (contoured at 3σ). (D) Overlay of the primer terminus and active site with an undamaged reference structure (2PFO, black). The catalytic aspartic acids are shown in yellow, the primer terminus in cyan and the incoming dATP in magenta. A water molecule (red) and Mg2+ (neon) are occupying the metal A and metal B sites, respectively.
Structural rearrangements facilitate incorporation opposite 8-oxo-dG.Figure 4(A and B) Overlay of the nascent base pair in the insertion structures with an undamaged reference structure (2PFO, black). Binding of 8-oxo-dG (green) in both the anti- (A) or syn-(B) conformation involves a repositioning of the 5′-phosphate (red arrow). Furthermore, the Arg514 side chain (purple) that normally stacks with the templating base and interacts with the 5′-phosphate (blue-dotted line), also repositions (black arrow). In both structures, Arg514 interacts with the C6-carbonyl of the templating 8-oxo-dG(anti) (A) or the C6-amino group of the incoming dATP (B). The incoming nucleotide is shown in magenta.
Figure 2A RT-qPCR confirmed the stable knockdown of ESRP1 expression in endocrine-resistant cells using a shRNA lentiviral system (Mission TRC human shRNA constructs-Sigma); 2-control (LCC2 cells transduced with pLKO.1 control vector) and 2C1 and 2C3 (LCC2 cells transduced with pLKO.1 shRNA ESRP1). Clones were selected for expression verification (clone 1 and clone 3); 9-control (LCC9 cells transduced with pLKO.1 control vector), 9C2 and 9C3 (LCC9 cells transduced with pLKO.1 shRNA ESRP1. Clones were selected for expression verification (clone 2 and clone 3). * represents P <0.05; statistically significant. Data (mean ± SD) were calculated using two-way ANOVA based on three independent biological replicates. B Western blot analysis using ESRP1 antibody GTX 131373 (GeneTex). GAPDH is used as the reference control. C Relative cell density was determined by crystal violet assay. Cells were treated with TAM (10-6 M) or ICI (10-9 M) for 6 days in the presence and absence of E2 (β-estradiol; 10-10 M). Data (mean + SD) were calculated using two-way ANOVA based on three independent biological replicates. D Cell viability was determined using Cell Biolabs CytoSelect™ Cell Transformation Assay using 2-control, 2C3, 9-control and 9C2 cells in CSM-charcoal stripped media, E2 (β-estradiol; 10-10 M) and 10% fetal bovine serum. Data (mean + SD) were calculated using two-way ANOVA based on three independent biological replicates. E Impact of ESRP1 knockdown on in vivo tumor growth. Five million cells (2-control, 2C3, 9-control and 9C2) were implanted into mammary fat pads of athymic mice (five mice per group) in the presence of supplemental estrogen. Tumors were measured weekly using calipers for external measurements. Tumor volume was calculated as L x W2/2, where L is length and W is width (note the different scale for tumor volumes). Data (mean ± SD) were calculated using two-way ANOVA (n= 5 mice per group).
Figure 4,B,C Injection of the proteasome inhibitor MG132 in embryos increases both the amount and the average age of Bcd (gray, open squares, N=10). Control embryos were injected with DMSO (black, filled circles, N=9). All embryos are y/w and were injected while in cycle 14 and imaged 60 min later. D The age of Bcd and its gradient are unaltered in fsd mutant. Comparison of a representative y/w embryo (left) and loss-of-function mutation fsdKG02393 (right) are shown. Both embryos have the tFT-Bcd construct in the same locus, are in early n.c. 14, were imaged side-by-side under identical conditions, and are displayed with the same settings. Embryo "shells" are displayed. E Quantification of embryos Fluorescence intensity from sfGFP (green) and mCherry (magenta) for wt (N=8, filled circles) and fsd (N=6, open squares) at early cycle 14. Inset: tFT-Bcd ratio for wt (black) and FSD (gray) embryos.
Figure 5Time-course of a representative y/w embryo with the tFT-Bcd reporter from the division cycle 10 to the early gastrulation. A SPIM images of the embryo early development. Embryo "shells" are displayed. Left: Green fluorescence, center: Red fluorescence, right: Intensity-weighted ratiometric image of the mCherry/sfGFP ratio, reporting average protein age. The scale corresponds to 50 μm. B Quantification of the same embryo as is A. Each line represents the fluorescence profile along the anterior-posterior axis of the embryo for a time frame (separated by 6 min). In the lower panel, where the mCherry/sfGFP ratio is shown, the posterior half of the embryo is not shown because the signal drops to the background levels (due to softer imaging conditions for the long term time-course). C The same data is shown as a function of time for different embryo segments.