EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Aub represses Cbl expression in the GSCs (A) Genomic organization of the Cbl locus and Cbl mRNAs.Figure 4(A) Genomic organization of the Cbl locus and Cbl mRNAs. Open boxes represent UTRs and introns, black boxes are exons. The insertion points in the CblEY11427 and CblMB05683 mutants are represented by white triangles. The region encoding the E3 ubiquitin ligase domain (Ring finger) is indicated. The regions used to raised the 8C4 and 10F1 monoclonal antibodies are underlined. (B-C'') Immunostaining of mosaic germaria with anti-GFP (green), to identify clonal cells by the lack of GFP, and either 8C4 (B-B'') or 10F1 (C-C'') monoclonal anti-Cbl (red). DAPI was used to visualize DNA. White arrowheads indicate aubHN2/+ control GSCs; yellow arrowheads indicate clonal mutant aubHN2 GSCs. Scale bar: 10 μm. (B-C'') Immunostaining of mosaic germaria with anti-GFP (green), to identify clonal cells by the lack of GFP, and either 8C4 (B-B'') or 10F1 (C-C'') monoclonal anti-Cbl (red). DAPI was used to visualize DNA. White arrowheads indicate aubHN2/+ control GSCs; yellow arrowheads indicate clonal mutant aubHN2 GSCs. Scale bar: 10 μm. (D-E) Quantification of Cbl protein levels in aubHN2/+ and aubHN2 mutant GSCs using fluorescence intensity of immunostaining with 8C4 or 10F1. Fluorescence intensity was measured in arbitrary units using the ImageJ software. Horizontal bars correspond to the mean and standard deviation. *** p-value <0.001 using the two-tailed Student's t test. (D-E) Quantification of Cbl protein levels in aubHN2/+ and aubHN2 mutant GSCs using fluorescence intensity of immunostaining with 8C4 or 10F1. Fluorescence intensity was measured in arbitrary units using the ImageJ software. Horizontal bars correspond to the mean and standard deviation. *** p-value <0.001 using the two-tailed Student's t test. (F) RNA immunoprecitation (IP) with anti-GFP antibody in wild-type (mock IP) and nos-Gal4/UASp-GFP-Aub ovarian extracts. Cbl mRNA was quantified using RT-qPCR. Normalization was with RpL32 mRNA. Mean of three biological replicates. The error bar represents standard error to the mean. * p-value <0.05 using the two-tailed Student's t test. (G) ePAT assay of CblL mRNA. Ovaries from 1-day-old (germarium to stage 8) wild-type, aub and twin mutant females, and from 4- to 7-day-old bam mutant females were used.
Btz acts in muscles, motor neurons and glia to control NMJ size.Figure 3(A-J) confocal images of the NMJ on larval muscles 6 and 7 in segment A3, stained with anti-HRP (magenta) to label the nerve and anti-Dlg (green) as a postsynaptic marker of synaptic boutons. (A) w1118 control; (B) btz2/+; (C) btz2/Df(3R) BSC497; (D) UAS-btz/+; da-GAL4, btz2/Df(3R) BSC497; (E) BG380-GAL4/+; UAS-btz/+; btz2/Df(3R) BSC497; (F) 24B-GAL4/UAS-btz; btz2/Df(3R) BSC497; (G) BG380-GAL4/+; 24B-GAL4/UAS-btz; btz2/Df(3R) BSC497; (H) BG380-GAL4/+; UAS-btz RNAi/+; (I) mhc-GAL4/UAS-btz RNAi; (J) repo-GAL4/UAS-btz RNAi. Scale bar, 30 μm. Insets in (A, C) show enlargements of the boxed regions, illustrating the closer spacing of boutons in btz mutants. (K, L) quantifications of the number of boutons normalized to muscle surface area (x1000) in the indicated genotypes. ****, p<0.0001; ***, p<0.001; **, p<0.01; ns, not significant by unpaired t-test with Welch's correction. n=23 (w; da-GAL4, btz/Df), n=6 (btz/+), n=10 (Df/+, UAS-BtzGFP/+; btz/Df), n=8 (btz/Df), n=22 (da>btz-GFP; btz/Df), n=13 (BG380-GAL4; btz/Df; BG380+24B>Btz-GFP; btz/Df; da-GAL4/+), n=5 (BG380>Btz-GFP; btz/Df), n=11 (24B-GAL4; btz/Df; da>btz RNAi), n=12 (24B>Btz-GFP; btz/Df; btz RNAi/+), n=9 (BG380+24B-GAL4; btz/Df), n=15 (BG380-GAL4/+), n=14 (BG380>btz RNAi; repo>btz RNAi), n=16 (mhc-GAL4/+), n=28 (mhc>btz RNAi), or n=21 (repo-GAL4/+). Error bars show mean ± SEM. NMJ size is reduced in btz mutants and rescued by expressing UAS-btz with da-GAL4 or with the combination of the BG380-GAL4 and 24B-GAL4 drivers, but not with any single driver. Expressing UAS-btz RNAi with da-GAL4 or in motor neurons with BG380-GAL4, muscles with mhc-GAL4 or glia with repo-GAL4 also reduces NMJ size.
Figure 6(A) The stiffness of primary breast (HBC, n = 3) and colon (HCC, n = 3) cancer cells screened from the outlet or backflow inlet was measured by AFM. n = 100 from each patient. Data information: Mann-Whitney test (A) The data represent mean ± SD. (B) The correlation between the percentage of soft primary tumor cells from breast (n = 11) or colon (n = 23) cancer patients and the grade of breast or colon cancer, respectively. Data information: Pearson's correlation test (B The data represent mean ± SD. (C) The stiff and soft tumor cells were isolated from 3 patients with breast cancer and stained with anti-BCL9L antibody. The expression of BCL9L was observed under confocal microscope. Scale bar, 10 μ Data information: Paired Student's t test (C) The data represent mean ± SD. (D) The tissue sections from 6 melanoma patients with high grades of cancer and 3 melanoma patients with low grade of malignancy were immunohistochemical staining with anti-BCL9L antibody. Scale bar, 50 μm. (E) The correlation between the expression of BCL9L from 18 melanoma patients and the grade of melanoma. Data information: Pearson's correlation test E) The data represent mean ± SD. (F) Overall survival compared to the BCL9L level in breast cancer (BRCA, n = 536) or melanoma (n = 376) patients. Data information: Log-rank survival analysis (F). The data represent mean ± SD.
Figure 4A Sorting efficiency of G-MDSCs (CD11b+Ly6G+) from spleens of tumor-bearing Tet2-/- （KO） and WT mice. B GSEA analysis showing the significant upregulation of genes in GO biological processes: DNA replication (left), cell cycle G1-S phase transition (middle), and ribosome biogenesis (right). The x-axis represents that the mouse genes are ranked from the most upregulated (left end) to the most downregulated (right end) in comparison of tumor-bearing KO to WT mice from G-MDSCs of spleen (n=2). The y-axis is an enrichment score (ES), which goes up (>0) and down (<0) representing the enrichment of upregulated genes and downregulated genes, respectively. NES is the normalized enrichment score. p-value was calculated by permutation. C G-MDSCs purified from spleen of tumor-bearing WT or Tet2-/- mice were co-cultured with CD8+ T cells at the indicated cellular ratios for T cell activation assays, quantified by CFSE-labeling and dye dilution for 3 days in vitro. Representative histograms show CFSE signals in the in vitro T cell activation assays. D Quantification of CD8+ T cell proliferation in panel C. Each point represents a co-culture experiment (n=3). ns, not significant. Graphs show mean ± SEM and statistical analysis by Student's t-test.
Realtime association and dissociation of monoclonal nAbs detected by Octet system.Figure S1.
Figure 1ChEP analysis using EGFP (control)- or Piwi-KD OSCs. Signals with an adjusted p-value (Bonferroni test) of less than 0.05 are highlighted in red. The signals for Lam, LamC, and H1 are labelled within the plots. Gene ontology terms related to proteins with a significant change upon Piwi-KD using ChEP analysis (adjusted p-value <0.05). Gene ontology terms from the biological process (blue), cellular component (orange), and molecular function (green) categories are listed along with their p-values (Fisher's Exact test, -log10). Western blot showing Piwi, Lam, LamC, and Tubulin (loading control) protein levels upon EGFP (control)-, Piwi-, Lam-, or LamC-KD. Note that KD of Lam or LamC is not complete since their depletion causes serious cell damage. Immunofluorescence of OSCs transfected with indicated siRNAs, using Lam and LamC antibodies (green). DAPI staining (gray) shows the location of nuclei. Scale bar: 5μm. Lam- or LamC-KD followed by qRT-PCR of RNA levels for piRNA target (mdg1 and gypsy) or non-target (roo) TEs. Error bars indicate SD (n=3). * = p-value<0.05 (t-test). Note that the complete depletion of Lam and LamC is impossible since their KD causes severe damage to cells.
a) Nuclear localization of HLH-30 was visualized by fluorescence microscopy in day 1 adult wild-type (WT) (upper panel) and glp-1(e2141) (lower panel) animals expressing HLH-30::GFP raised at the non-permissive temperature (25 °C).f1(a) Nuclear localization of HLH-30 was visualized by fluorescence microscopy in day 1 adult wild-type (WT) (upper panel) and glp-1(e2141) (lower panel) animals expressing HLH-30::GFP raised at the non-permissive temperature (25°C). Inserts show enlarged intestinal cells. Graph shows percentage of animals with HLH-30 in the nuclei of intestinal cells (four biological replicates, ~50 animals each, mean±s.d., **P0.01, Student's t-test). Magnification × 100; scale bar, 100 μm. (b) Expression of hlh-30 and putative autophagy-related and lysosomal target genes was measured by quantitative PCR (qPCR) in day 1 adult WT and glp-1(e2141) animals raised at 25°C (mean±s.d. of three biological replicates, *P0.05, **P0.01, Student's t-test). (c) Expression of hlh-30 and putative autophagy-related and lysosomal target genes was measured by qPCR in day 1 adult glp-1(e2141) and glp-1(e2141); hlh-30(tm1978) animals raised at 25°C (mean±s.d. of three biological replicates, *P0.05, **P0.01, Student's t-test). ctsa* is a cathepsin A orthologue (cosmid C08H9.1 (ref. 30)). See Supplementary Fig. 1 for qPCR analyses of hlh-30(tm1978) (control for c) and WT and glp-1(e2141) animals fed bacteria expressing hlh-30 dsRNA. (d,e) GFP::LGG-1 punctae were quantified in (d) hypodermal seam cells or (e) proximal intestinal cells of L3 larvae of WT and glp-1(e2141) animals. Animals were fed bacteria expressing control or hlh-30 dsRNA for two generations at 20 °C. Eggs were then transferred to plates seeded with the appropriate dsRNA-expressing bacteria at 25 °C and analysed at the L3 larval stage (mean±s.e.m. of ~300 seam cells and ~25 intestines, **P0.01, Student's t-test). (f,g) glp-1(e2141) animals expressing (f) LMP-1::GFP or (g) SQST-1::GFP were raised at the non-permissive temperature (25°C) and fed bacteria expressing control or hlh-30 dsRNA from hatching. Micrographs of the posterior intestine were taken on day 1 of adulthood, and LMP-1::GFP fluorescence (mean±s.d. of ~10 animals, **P0.01, Student's t-test) and SQST-1::GFP foci (mean±s.d. of ~30 animals, **P0.01, Student's t-test) were quantified. Experiments were performed at least three times with similar results. See Supplementary Fig. S2a,c for images of whole animals and Supplementary Fig. S2b,d for replicates. Magnification, × 200; scale bar, 100 μm.
Delivery of sublethal hits dominates CTL activity in vivoMice with established B cell lymphoma expressing the Twitch-2B calcium indicator were adoptively transferred with GFP-expressing OT-I CTLs.Figure 4(A) Representative time-lapse images showing tumors without CTLs (upper panels) or with OT-I CTLs (lower panels). Tumor cells with low and high intracellular calcium appear in blue and red, respectively. CTLs appear in white. Red arrows indicate tumor cells with elevated calcium. Scale bar, 5 µm. Data information: Data were pooled of four independent experiments. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, unpaired t‑test). (B) Calcium responses in individual tumors cells were recorded in (upper table) control tumors (developing without T cells) or (lower table) after T cell transfer in tumor cells contacted by at least one CTL during the imaging period. Data is representative of three independent experiment. Data information: Data were pooled of four independent experiments. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, unpaired t‑test). (C) Calcium responses of a representative tumor cell in control tumors (blue) or of a tumor cell contacted by a CTL in adoptively transferred mice (red). Data information: Data were pooled of four independent experiments. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, unpaired t‑test). (D) Quantification of the number of distinct calcium fluxes normalized to 100 min in individual tumor cells. Each dot represents one tumor cell. Red bars represent mean values. Data information: Data were pooled of four independent experiments. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, unpaired t‑test). (E) Quantification of the cumulated period of calcium signals in individual tumor cells expressed as the percentage of total time. Each dot represents one tumor cell. Bars represent mean values. Data information: Data were pooled of four independent experiments. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, unpaired t‑test). (F) Pie chart showing the outcomes of CTL-tumor contacts. Contacts were classified into 3 categories: no calcium elevation in the target (no hit), transient calcium elevation (sublethal hit), prolonged calcium response in the target (putative lethal hit). Data information: Data were pooled of four independent experiments. (*p<0.05, ***p<0.001, unpaired t‑test).
Figure 1(A-C) MITOL-HA formed small dot-like structures following CCCP treatment. HeLa cells transiently expressing Flag-Parkin and MITOL-HA were treated with 15 µM CCCP for 3 hours, and then subjected to immunocytochemistry. MITOL and Tom20 (mitochondrial marker; A) signals co-localized well without CCCP treatment, whereas the MITOL-positive small dots were not coincident with Tom20, Sec61β (ER marker; B), or LAMP1 (lysosomal marker; C) after CCCP treatment. Scale bars, 10 µm. (D) MITOL-HA co-localized with catalase (peroxisome marker) following CCCP treatment. Higher magnification images of the boxed regions are shown in the small panel. Scale bars, 10 µm. Arrowheads indicate representative examples of MITOL-HA co-localization with catalase. (E) Correlation statistics for the localization of MITOL-HA and Tom20, Sec61β, LAMP1, or catalase. Dots indicate individual Pearson correlation coefficient data points. In the box-plots, the center lines indicate the medians, the box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles as determined in the R software package, and the whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles. Means and the number of samples are shown on the box and X-axis, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated using a one-tailed Welch's t-test. (F) The line-graph shows a line scan of fluorescence through three MITOL-positive peroxisomes (red bar in Fig 1D) that clearly indicates co-localization of MITOL (green line) and catalase (magenta line). (G) Peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP) 34-FusionRed also co-localized with MITOL-GFP in Parkin-expressing HeLa cells after 3 hours of CCCP treatment. Higher magnification images of the boxed regions are shown in the small panel. Scale bars, 10 µm. (H) Correlation statistics for the localization of MITOL-GFP and PMP34-FusionRed. Dots indicate individual Pearson correlation coefficient data points. In the box-plots, the center lines indicate the medians, box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles as determined in the R software package, and the whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles. Means and the number of samples are shown on the box and X-axis, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated using a one-tailed Welch's t-test.
Stable PL sub-complexes in three bacterial species imaged by ECT.Figure 1A-O (A, F, K) slices through electron cryo-tomograms of L. pneumophila, P. aeruginosa, and S. oneidensis cells, respectively, highlighting a PL sub-complex in the outer membrane (dashed yellow circle). (B, G, L) Enlarged views of the complexes. (C, H, M) Sub-tomogram averages of PL sub-complexes from each species. (D, I, N) Schematic representations of the sub-tomogram averages with different rings colored and labeled. (E, J, O) Sub-tomogram averages of fully-assembled flagella from each species for comparison. Scale bars: (black) 50 nm, (orange) 25 nm, (red) 20 nm.
Prdx4-deficient macrophages display elevated cytokine responses and inflammasome activation.Figure 3Concentration of Cxcl1, TNF-α and IL-1β in the supernatants of Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs in response to a time course of LPS stimulation (100 ng/ml LPS, time points indicated). IL-1β release of Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs, untreated or primed for 6 h with LPS (100 ng/ml) and then pulsed for indicated time points with ATP (5 mM). Western blot analysis of IL-1β in cell lysates and supernatants of Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs, primed with LPS (100 ng/ml) and pulsed with ATP (5 mM) for 4 h or left untreated. Dashed line indicates vertical slice. Immunofluorescence microscopy of ASC speck formation in Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs in response to Nigericin (10 µg/ml) stimulation for 45 min of LPS-primed cells. Cells were stained with an antibody to ASC and nuclei were counterstained using DAPI. Scale bar indicates 20 µm. ASC speck-positive cells were counted and expressed as percentage of total cells. Bars represent a mean of n=4 mice, vertical lines indicate SD. n.s. not significant (two-tailed t-test). Western blot analysis of caspase-1 cleavage in the supernatant of Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs in response to Nigericin (10 µg/ml) stimulation for 1 h after priming with LPS (100 ng/ml), LPS-priming alone or without stimulation. Whole cell lysates were analyzed for pro-caspase-1 and Gapdh levels. IL-1β release in Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs, untreated or primed for 6 h with LPS (100 ng/ml) and then pulsed for 3 h with ATP (5 mM) or Nigericin (10 µg/ml) or transfected for 3 h with poly (dA:dT) or Flagellin (1 µg/ml each) or treated with transfection agent only. Quantification of cell death by LDH-release in Prdx4 WT and KO BMDMs, untreated or primed for 6 h with LPS (100 ng/ml) and then pulsed for 3 h with ATP (5 mM) or Nigericin (10 µg/ml) or transfected for 3 h with poly (dA:dT) or flagellin (1 µg/ml each) or treated with transfection agent only.
A regulates gene expression specifically in ESC+2i A.Figure 2A. Volcano plot showing fold change (log2 values) in transcript level of ESC+2i and ESC+serum with two consecutive treatments with siRNA-control and siRNA-Baz2a, each one lasting for 4 days. Gene expression values of three replicates were averaged and selected for 1.5 fold changes and P < 0.05. Statistical significance (P-values) was calculated using R package DEseq2. B. Validation by qRT-PCR of genes regulated by BAZ2A in ESC+2i but not in ESC+serum (upregulated genes in ESC+2i upon BAZ2A-KD are labeled in blue, downregulated genes are in red). Nanog, Rex1 and Actin B (ActB) are shown as genes not regulated by BAZ2A. mRNA levels were normalized to Rps12 mRNA and to ESCs transfected with siRNA-Control. Average values of three independent experiments. Error bars represent s.d. Statistical significance (P-values) for the experiments was calculated using the paired two-tailed t-test (* < 0.05, ** < 0.01, *** < 0.001). Data without P values are statistically non significant. C. Top 10 biological process gene ontology terms as determined using DAVID for genes regulated by BAZ2A in ESC+2i and ESC+serum.
Figure 1A, Diagram showing the design of the mutated Wbp2 allele. A promoterless cassette including LacZ and neo genes was inserted in the second intron of the Wbp2 gene flanked by FRT sites (green triangles). LoxP sites (red triangles) flank the critical exon (exon2) of the Wbp2 gene (exons in yellow). B, Western blot showing no detectable Wbp2 protein in 4 week old mutant brain compared to wt littermate controls. 5μg of the protein lysate were subjected to 10% SDS-PAGE. β-tubulin was used as loading control. Wbp2 l and Wbp2 s refer to the long and short isoforms respectively. C, Quantitative real-time PCR showing severe knockdown of Wbp2 transcription in 4 week old mutants (n=3) inner ears and eyes, compared to wt littermate controls (n=3). Heterozygotes show intermediate levels. Hprt was used as a control and levels are normalised to wt levels. D, F, X-gal staining of Wbp2 hets at P14 showing Wbp2 expression (blue) in all the main cochlear structures: the stria vascularis (black arrowhead in D), spiral prominence (empty arrowhead in D), Reissner's membrane (arrow in D), strong expression in the spiral ganglion cells (red arrowheads in E), IHCs and OHCs in the organ of Corti (arrowheads in F), pillar cells and spiral limbus (empty arrowhead in F). Scale bars: D: 50μm, E,F: 20μm. ihc: inner hair cells; ohc: outer hair cells. No X-gal staining is observed in wt controls (not shown). The X-gal reaction is always cytoplasmic.
Figure 2A. Mitochondria were visualized by mitochondrially targeted mCherry (red) in WT cells expressing Q97-GFP for 4 h. Fluorescence micrographs are maximum intensity projections of z stacks subjected to deconvolution. Bar, 5 µm. B, C. The polyQ proteins were expressed for the indicated time periods. Mitochondria were isolated from wild type strains containing the Q25/97-GFP expressing plasmids and from cells lacking mitochondrial DNA (rho0). The ability of these mitochondria to respire (shown as NADH-induced oxygen consumption) or their activity of cytochrome c oxidase (shown as their capacity to oxidize reduced cytochrome c) was measured. D. Cells of the temperature-sensitive mia40-3 mutant (Chacinska et al., 2004) or the corresponding wild type were transformed with plasmids expressing the indicated proteins from a low-expression GALL promoter (Mason et al., 2013) and grown on the respective carbon sources at permissive conditions (25°C). E. Q97-GFP was expressed in mia40-3 and corresponding wild type cells for the times indicated. Cells were harvested, washed and survivors were counted after plating on glucose plates. Mean values and standard deviations of three replicates are shown.
Figure 6(a) Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy images of HeLa cells transfected with Rab34-dsRED-Mito, FLCN-GFP and HA-FNIP2. White arrows highlight FLCN-GFP/HA-FNIP2 co-localisation distinct from Rab34-mitochondria/FLCN-GFP localisation. Scale bar = 10μm. (b) Confocal immunofluorescence microscopy images of Rab34-dsRED-Mito (WT) and FLCN-GFP DENN only or ΔDENN transfected HeLa cells showing DENN domain dependent recruitment to mitochondria. Scale bar = 10μm. (c) Western blot analysis of GST-RILP pull down showing association of endogenous FLCN, Rab34 and Rab7 with RILP. Input lane shows 1% input cell extract. (d) Western blot analysis of GST-RILP pull down from UOK257 cells showing DENN domain dependent association of FLCN with RILP N-terminal, Rab binding domain (RBD) and C-terminal fragments. (e) Western blot showing binding of His-tagged FLCN-DENN domain in E.coli extract to GST-RILP. (f) Western blot analysis of GST-RILP pull down showing direct interaction between RILP and GTP hydrolysis deficient (Q111L) Rab34 (at 200nM, in the presence of 1mM GTPγS) and FLCN-DENN domain (1μM), but not low nucleotide affinity (T66N) Rab34. FLCN-DENN enhances association of RILP with Q111L Rab34. Graph shows quantification of relative RILP / Rab34 Q111L binding. Error bars show SEM. ** = p<0.01. (g) Western blot analysis of GST-RILP / Rab34 Q111L pull down (Rab34 at 200nM) showing that enhanced association of with RILP is achieved with low concentrations of FLCN. (h) Western blot analysis of GST-RILPpull down experiments with GTPγS loaded (in the presence of 1mM GTPγS) and GDP loaded (in the presence of 1mM GDP) wildtype Rab34, showing FLCN-DENN (500nM) induced interaction with RILP. (i) Western blot analysis of a GFP-Trap immunoprecipitation experiment from HeLa cells showing that expression of HA-RILP promotes the association of GFP-Rab34 and HA-Rab7.