EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the apg9ts strain indicates Apg9p is directly required for the vesicle formation step. A, The nature of prAPI binding and pelleting in the apg9ts strain. Spheroplasts of apg9ts were labeled for 10 min and chased for 30 min at 38°C. The spheroplasts were osmotically lysed in a buffer containing no salt (20 mM Pipes, pH 6.8) or a physiological concentration of salt (100 mM KOAc, 50 mM KCl, 5 mM MgCl2, 20 mM Pipes, pH 6.8) and pelleted at 5,000 g. All samples were immunoprecipitated with antiserum to API and the cytosolic marker PGK. apg9ts retains the salt dependent binding and pelleting of prAPI. B, prAPI in the apg9ts strain accumulates in both a membrane-associated state and a large pelletable complex. Spheroplasts of apg9ts and ypt7Δ were labeled for 10 min and chased for 30 min at 38°C. The labeled spheroplasts were then osmotically lysed and separated into supernatant (S) and pellet (P) fractions by centrifugation at 5,000 g for 5 min. An aliquot was removed for the total lysate control (T). The pellet fraction (P) was resuspended in 15% Ficoll-400 in gradient buffer (20 mM Pipes, 5 mM MgCl2, complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail) in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 and overlaid with 13 and 2% Ficoll-400 in gradient buffer. The step gradients were centrifuged at 13,000 g for 10 min. Membrane-containing float (F), nonfloat (NF), and pellet (P2) fractions were immunoprecipitated with antiserum to API as described in Materials and Methods. The position of prAPI is indicated. C, prAPI in the apg9ts strain is protease accessible. Spheroplasts isolated from apg9ts and ypt7Δ cells were pulse-labeled for 10 min and chased for 30 min at 38°C. The labeled spheroplasts were then osmotically lysed and separated into low-speed supernatant (S) and pellet (P) fractions after a 5,000 g centrifugation step. The pellet fractions were subjected to protease treatment in the absence or presence of 0.2% Triton X-100 as described in Materials and Methods. The resulting samples were immunoprecipitated with antiserum to API and PGK. The immunoprecipitated bands were quantified by a Molecular Dynamics STORM PhosphorImager. The percent protease-protected prAPI was determined by dividing the value for prAPI in the protease-treated sample by the value for total prAPI before protease treatment. The percent PGK was determined by dividing the supernatant (S) or pellet (P) value over the sum of the S and P values.
Western blots of gamma-tubulin from protein extracts obtained from 19dpp and 22dpp control, Aurka cKO, and Plk1 cKO spermatocytes (E). Total protein stained with 2,2,2-Trichloroethanol (TCE) display protein loading.
H. Log-odd ratio of random sampling from mass spectrometry background. In blue is the distribution upon random sampling (x1000) from tissue proteins. Red dot indicated the true values of analysis. (statistics: Z-test) * P ≤0.05, ** P≤0.01
Cse4(21-129, Cse4N) and Okp1/ Ame1 were expressed and purified separately from bacteria and co-incubated before separation by analytical gel filtration. Top, representative size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) chromatogram with absorbance measurements at 280 nanometers (nm) is shown. Below, image of Coomassie Blue-stained SDS-PAGE gels with fractions from principal SEC peaks of runs with Okp1/ Ame1 alone (top), Cse4N alone (middle) and Okp1/ Ame1 pre-incubated with Cse4N before SEC (bottom). Molecular weight standards are shown in kilodalton (kDa).
B Half-lives of selected transcripts under conditions of non-targeting or hnRNP L knockdown. Measurements were calculated based on proportional recovery of transcript labeled with 5-EU in 1 hour versus total transcript. Significance was determined using two-tailed Student's t-test: *P ≤ 0.05, **P ≤ 0.01, ****P ≤ 0.0001. Values represent mean and standard deviation of 3 independent replicates.
(G) HEK293 cells stably expressing GFP-WIPI2b were and transiently transfected either FLAG-Atg16L1 WT, E226R E230R (ERER), or D237R D239R (DRDR). Bound and input (bottom) were analyzed by immunoblotting.
B. Splicing of XBP1 mRNA was assessed by RT-PCR. Products from unspliced (XBP1u) and spliced (XBP1s) transcripts were resolved on a nondenaturing polyacrylamide gel and stained with SYBR green.
(D) Fresh peripheral blood (PB) collected from normal human donor. Bactericidal activities of neutrophils induced by Am80-GCSF from PB mononuclear cells were evaluated by ROS production (section ii).
LPS-primed WT and Nlrp3S194A/S194A BMDMs were left untreated or treated with ATP. Immunoblot analysis of NLRP3 ubiquitination (detected by mouse anti-ubiquitin antibody) in cell lysates immunoprecipitated with rabbit anti-NLRP3 antibody.
A-G Five-day treatment of DIO male mice with vehicle (white), liraglutide (10 nmol/kg) (gray), RM-493 (3.6 μmol/kg) (black), or liraglutide (10 nmol/kg) and RM-493 (3.6 μmol/kg) (checkered). Effects on (E) cumulative food intake, (F) meal number and (G) meal size. Compounds were administered by daily subcutaneous injections. Data represent means ± SEM;n = 8; *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
D. Intracellular growth of L. pneumophila in macrophages. BMDMs were infected with indicated L. pneumophila strains at an MOI of 0.05. At the indicated time points, CFUs were determined by plating the saponin-solubilized lysates of infected cells on CYE plates.
(B) Flow cytometry plots show representative CD8+ T cells co-stained with IFN-γ and CD11a.
F. ST2 cells pretreated or not with TBK1/IKKε inhibitor MRT67307 were stimulated with SF-IL-17 for 15 minutes or were left unstimulated and IL-17 was added post lysis. IL-17RSC was isolated and analyzed via immunoblotting.
Relative mRNA expression of MHC isoforms in GAS muscles of WT and DKO mice (n=3).
Sleep phenotype of Octβ2R mutants by the Video-Based Method. (From left to right mean±SEM: 630.5±27.96, n=52; 738.0±36.62, n=20; 867.6±42.99, n=24; 926.5±17.25, n=52).
(A-C) MITOL-HA formed small dot-like structures following CCCP treatment. HeLa cells transiently expressing Flag-Parkin and MITOL-HA were treated with 15 µM CCCP for 3 hours, and then subjected to immunocytochemistry. MITOL and Tom20 (mitochondrial marker; A) signals co-localized well without CCCP treatment, whereas the MITOL-positive small dots were not coincident with Tom20, Sec61β (ER marker; B), or LAMP1 (lysosomal marker; C) after CCCP treatment. Scale bars, 10 µm. (D) MITOL-HA co-localized with catalase (peroxisome marker) following CCCP treatment. Higher magnification images of the boxed regions are shown in the small panel. Scale bars, 10 µm. Arrowheads indicate representative examples of MITOL-HA co-localization with catalase. (E) Correlation statistics for the localization of MITOL-HA and Tom20, Sec61β, LAMP1, or catalase. Dots indicate individual Pearson correlation coefficient data points. In the box-plots, the center lines indicate the medians, the box limits indicate the 25th and 75th percentiles as determined in the R software package, and the whiskers extend 1.5 times the interquartile range from the 25th and 75th percentiles. Means and the number of samples are shown on the box and X-axis, respectively. Statistical significance was calculated using a one-tailed Welch's t-test. (F) The line-graph shows a line scan of fluorescence through three MITOL-positive peroxisomes (red bar in Fig 1D) that clearly indicates co-localization of MITOL (green line) and catalase (magenta line).
Light microscopy images (LM) showing the HA-immunoreactive inclusions (green color, black arrowheads) identified in ultrathin sections from resin-embedded cell monolayers. The LM images were overlaid with low magnification EM images (EM/LM overlay) to localize the same region within the cells for EM imaging at higher magnification (dotted black square, EM). A) HA-immunopositive regions within cells seeded with FTLD-TDPA patient material showed accumulated filaments (examples indicated with white arrowheads). B) HA-immunopositive regions within cells seeded with FTLD-TDP-C patient material showed aggregated amorphous material. Scale bars LM and EM/LM overlay, 10 µm; EM, 500 nm
Cross and longitudinal sections of ablated (control) and implanted (graft) TA were marked with LacZ and immunoassayed for MHC (red), LAM (green). Cross- and longitudinal sections were immunostained against MHC and LAM and overlaid to LacZ labeled images. Dashed area indicates the enlarged view displaying sarcomeres (asterisks) in combination with LacZ positive nuclei (arrowheads).
D H4 Cas9 TMEM41B KO and NT control cells were probed by ADRP immunostaining and imaged with an automated CV7000 confocal microscope. Scale bar: 20 μm. E Size of ADRP droplets was quantified with YAS and depicted as mean ± SD (n=3 technical replicates)
Wip1 represses the gene responses induced by Nodal or BMP signaling in animal caps as analyzed by RT-PCR. ODC serves as a loading control. -RT, control in the absence of reverse transcriptase. WE, whole embryo. Co AC, uninjected control animal caps. (-), no injection of wild-type (wt) Wip1 or Wip1(D277A) mRNA. The amount of mRNA injected: wt Wip1 (1 ng), Wip1(D277A) (1 ng), BMP4 (100 pg).
D Co-immunoprecipitation to detect the interaction between endogenous HIF2α and USP33 in GSCs after inhibition of ERK1/2 activity. GSCs were cultured under 20% or 5% oxygen for 24 hours, then treated with the MEK inhibitor U0126 (10µM) for 30 minutes to inhibit ERK1/2 activity, and harvested for immunoprecipitation with anti-USP33 antibodies. Co-immunoprecipitated products were immunoblotted with the indicated antibodies. Relative to 20% oxygen treatment, 5% oxygen treatment promoted the interaction between HIF2α and USP33 in GSCs. However, inhibition of ERK1/2 activity by U0126 treatment suppressed the interaction between HIF2α and USP33.
The mRNA stability in adipocytes was measured by incubating cells with actinomycin D (5 μg/ml). Actinomycin D was added to stop transcription, and RNAs were harvested at the indicated times (x-axis) after transcription inhibition. Real-time PCR was used to determine remaining UCP1, PGC1α and Actin mRNA levels compared with the starting time. Increasing PGC1α mRNA half-life by depletion of QKI (ShScramble T1/2 = 4.73 h, ShQKI T1/2 = 8.04 h). (n=4 biological replicates)
(K) The qRT-PCR analysis with RNA isolated from control and IRGM siRNA knockdown THP-1 cells electroporated with DNase I (5 μg, 1hr) as indicated.
(B) Metabolomics analysis identifying the presence of FFAs in the plasma of C57BL/6J and ADX mice 6h after hypoxia. N=6 per group, two independent experiments. Data information: All bars represent mean ± SEM. P-values were calculated using two-way ANOVA followed by post-hoc Šídák's multiple comparisons test to correct for multiple testing during the pairwise multiple comparisons, except if otherwise stated. ****P<0.0001, ***P<0.001, **P<0.01, *P≤0.05.
F) Quantification graph of NSC diameter for genotypes in (D). n=339 NSCs for control; n=357 NSCs for msps RNAi; n=409 NSCs for g-kap3 + msps RNAi. Error bars represent SD.****p<0.0001.
C PKAc1 is co-immunoprecipitated with DDmyc-PKArWT-Ty in absence of cAMP but is not recovered in presence of 20 µM cAMP as revealed with [35S]-labeled methionine/cysteine metabolic labelling. Conversely, PKAc1 is co-immunoprecipitated with DDmyc-PKArG321E-Ty in presence or absence of cAMP indicating the G321E substitution prevents the release of active PKAc1 in presence of cAMP. The autoradiogram shown is representative of two independent biological replicates.Data information: In C and E-H, data are presented as mean ± SEM.
Echocardiographic analysis of adult knock-in mice. Statistical difference was tested using the two-sided Student's t-test (WT: n = 6, HET: n = 6; HET + vPMO-mScrAON: n = 10 and HET + vPMO-mTtnAON: n = 14; *P = 0.013, HET versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON and *P = 0.02, HET + vPMO-mScrAON versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON for LVEDD differences; **P = 0.006, HET versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON and *P = 0.02, HET + vPMO-mScrAON versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON for LV-EF differences; *P = 0.03, HET versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON and *P = 0.04, HET + vPMO-mScrAON versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON for IVSd differences; **P = 0.001, HET versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON and *P = 0.03, HET + vPMO-mScrAON versus HET + vPMO-mTtnAON and for PWd differences). No significant differences were observed among groups at day 0 and day 7. Data represent mean values ± SEM.
Differences in the Nuc/Cyto (log2) ratios for tiles containing the SIRLOIN element (up to 6 mismatches) and other NucLibB tiles (only WT sequence tiles were considered). Boxplots are as in Figure 1C. P-values computed using two-sided Wilcoxon rank-sum test.
Fractionation of G- and F-actin from CTRL and ECE2 KO COs and analysis via Westernblot additionally reveals an increase in G- at the expense F-actin upon ECE2 KO, suggesting a reduction in F-actin belt integrity (n=4 independent batches of CTRL and ECE2 KO COs with 3 pooled COs each; *P = 0.021 in Kruskal-Wallis One Way Analysis of Variance on Ranks and Dunn's Pairwise Comparison).
C. Liver cell invasion assay of concavin-gfp and concavin(-) parasites. Parasites are positively stained for CSP in case they remain extracellular. Both, normal and deformed parasites were detected intracellularly. Graph shows quantification of CSP positive (red, hence extracellular) and negative (grey, hence intracellular) sporozoites. Small graph shows the percentage of deformed and normally shaped intracellular concavin(-) sporozoites. Data points represent the 4 individual biological replicates with n indicating the numbers of sporozoites observed. Shown is the mean ± SEM. P-values are calculated using the Mann Whitney test. Scale bar: 5 µm.
(A) Colonic epithelial monolayers from a wild‐type and p22 mut mouse stained with LC3β (green) and EEA1 (red). Bar=5 μm.
H) Schematic representation of the axis architecture observed in the different backgrounds analysed: close association of sister-AEs rendering a single AE per homolog (wild-type), separation of sister-AEs, with appearance of two individual sister-AEs (Rec8−/−), and LSAEs rendering local "axial openings" with two individual sister-AEs (Stag3 mutant and Smc1β−/−). Centromeres are shown in red. For easier comparison of distance between axes, a red bar of equal length was added to each chromosome drawing.
B) The figure shows the intracellular content of P. gingivalis strains after 24 hours of infection. MoDCs infected with Pg381 or isogenic mutants strains were lysed and the survived intracellular bacteria were re-suspended and maintained in anaerobic broth for 5 days. The data represents CFU within MoDCs harvested from three healthy individuals. The means ±standard deviation (in triplicates) were analyzed by One-way ANOVA of different groups and Tukey's test for multiple group comparisons within 3 different experiments (* statistical significance at the p<0.001).
g, h, IFT20 immunoblot in Atg5−/− (g) and WT MEFs with lysosomal inhibitors (NL) (h).
Panel B shows associations between plasma P-tau217 and plaque density (stratified by tertiles [T1-3] of tangle density).
Kaplan-Meier curves showing mammary tumor-specific survival for the different models. WB1P-BE3 females injected with Lenti-sgAkt1E17K-Myc (n=12) showed a reduced mammary tumor-specific survival compared to WB1P-BE3 female mice injected with Lenti-sgNT-Myc (n=11) vectors (58 days after injection vs 72 days after injection, P < 0.01 by Mantel-Cox test).
The microtubule number increases with the increase in the concentration of tubulin dimers. Microtubule number scales with tubulin concentration at low expression. At high expression, microtubule number is limited by the number of nucleation sites. Shown are mean +/- standard deviation from all determined values.
(C) Representative confocal micrographs (as maximum intensity projections) from wild-type, TAX1BP1KO, and ATG7KO/TAX1BP1KO K562 cells expressing tf-NBR1 and transduced with indicated sgRNA. Selected regions (white box) of micrographs are shown as single and merged channels from fluorescence and immunofluorescence microscopy against indicated proteins. FIP200, magenta; NBR1, green; Hoechst, blue. (D) Quantitation of colocalization between NBR1 with FIP200 in wild-type, TAX1BP1KO, and ATG7KO/TAX1BP1KO cells imaged in (C) Bar graphs represent mean +/- SD for three independently generated deletion cell lines (dots). sgATG9A samples were compared using a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.0001) with Tukey HSD post-test. ***, p < 0.001. n > 200 NBR1 puncta for each biological replicate. (E) Quantitation of FIP200 intensity at NBR1 puncta in wild-type, TAX1BP1KO, and ATG7KO/TAX1BP1KO cells imaged in (C). Bar graphs represent mean +/- SD for three independently generated deletion cell lines (dots). n > 80 FIP200-positive puncta for each biological replicate. Samples were compared using a one-way ANOVA (p < 0.0001) with Tukey HSD post-test. ***, p < 0.001. a.u., arbitrary intensity units.
A) Analysis of LC3-II and P-mTOR by western-blot in the motor cortex of control and treated animals. Proteins were detected by Western blotting using β-tubulin for calibration of sample loading. The protein bands were quantified by Image Multigauge v3.0 software. Immunoblots are representative of one of three experiments with similar results. These results were quantitated in arbitrary units and were represented in the accompanying graphs as mean ± SEM. *, ** Indicate differences of p-value <0.05 <0.01 with the control group, respectively. #, ### indicate differences of p-value <0.05 <0.001 with the group of animals treated with L-BMAA, respectively.
protein expression of UCP1 in the BAT of male OXGR1KO mice after 14-day resistance exercise (n = 4 per group).
B. A scatter plot showing the deviation from normal expression by highlighting the differentially expressed genes of newborn, 7-week- and 12-week- hearts (p<0.05 threshold, calculated by Deseq algorithm "R"). The expression level of s100a9 was higher in wa3 mice than in WT by 2.8 times. For the full list of genes see Tables S1 and S2, and functional analyses in Figures S3-S6.
(G) IFNγ (left) and Granzyme B (right) production by human T cells activated by anti-CD3/anti-CD28 Dynabeads cultured in CM from fused B16 melanoma cells or their parental non-fused cells. Percentages in parenthesis refer to change from parental non-fused cells. Data representative triplicate samples at the same time point repeated at least twice. Data are expressed as means ± SD.
(I) Summary of binding abilities of truncated or point-mutated TBC1D15 constructs. -, +, ++, and +++ indicates binding of recombinant GST-GABARAPL1 to less than 1%, 1-5%, 5-10%, and over 10%, respectively of the total YFP-TBC1D15 fragment. Yellow boxes indicate YFP tags.
N. qPCR relative expression of myokines (wt, n= 5; LowOXPHOS, n= 5). Red or blue color represents higher or lower % expression, respectively, compared to that in wt. SPARC, osteonectin; OSTN, musclin; LIF, interleukin 6 family cytokine; FKN, fractalkine; FSTL1, follistatin-like protein 1; FNDC5, irisin; ADIPOQ, adiponectin. Data information: Bars are the mean ± s.e.m. of the indicated (n) mice/genotype *p <0.05 when compared to wt by ANOVA or Student's t-test.
Schematic representation of the upstream region of myogenin and amplified regions by RT-PCR (top). RT-PCR for the novel transcripts at the upstream region of myogenin in C2C12 myotubes (bottom). The presence or absence of reverse transcriptase (RT) is shown by (+) or (-), respectively. The templates (cDNA or genomic DNA) are indicated by C or G, respectively.
A. Representative inward current traces elicited by 10μM AMPA in human oligodendrocyte MO3.13 progenitor cells in the absence or in the presence of 10μM DNQX. The concentration-dependent curve of AMPA (1-100 μM) on inward currents is showed at the bottom of panel A Data information: The values represent the mean ± S.E.M from 3 independent experimental sessions. Level of significance was determined by using: in A, one-way ANOVA P<0.001 followed by Bonferroni post hoc test, *P< 0.05 versus 1μM AMPA, n=3 biological replicate
ATG16L1-/- cells were reconstituted with ATG16L1WT- or ATG16L1LD-expression constructs and autophagy assessed during treatment with various stimuli followed by immunoblotting using the indicated antibodies. Glucose starvation (Glu starved) for 20 hr was used to induce mTORC1-independent autophagy. BafA1 was added to all conditions 2 hr prior to lysis.
A: Cal27 and JHU029 cells were transfected with control or ELDR siRNA and relative expression of miR-7 was analyzed by qRT-PCR. U47 was used as an internal control. n = 3 biological replicates. Data are represented as the mean ± SD,
D, PTPN3 and its catalytically inactive mutants PTPN3 (D811A) and PTPN3 (C842S) equally enhance TGF-β-induced reporter gene activity. HaCaT cells were transfected with expression plasmids for each PTPN3 variant and CAGA-luc reporter and Renilla-luc reporter. Cells were harvested for relative luciferase assay after TGF-β (2 ng/mL, 8 h) treatment. Data are shown as mean ± SEM; n = 3. Statistical analysis was performed using two-tailed Student's t-test. ***P < 0.001.
G-H Quantification of the number of germband macrophages in embryos from the controls and upon RNAi knockdown of the genes in E-F. Expression of different RNAis against Nrpl2, Iml1, and TSC1 in atos or pths-depleted macrophages rescues macrophage invasion into the germband while expression of lacZ does not. In (G) control (n=21 embryos) vs. atos RNAi (n=30) p<0.0001; control vs. atos RNAi rescued with Nrpl2 RNAi (n=32) p=0.019, with Iml1 RNAi (n=24) p=0.03, and with TSC1 RNAi (n=15) p=0.04. In (H) control (n=29 embryos) vs pths RNAi (n=26) p<0.0001; control vs. pths RNAi rescued with Nrpl2 RNAi (n=27) p=0.01, with Iml1 RNAi (n=17) p=0.02, and with TSC1 RNAi (n=18) p=0.02. Data information: Mean±SEM, ns=p>0.05, *p<0.05, ****p<0.0001. one-way ANOVA with Tukey
E In vivo ubiquitylation of XIAP in HeLa cells that were infected with the indicated expression constructs carrying FLAG-tagged XIAP and transfected with siRNA oligonucleotides as specified. Cells were synchronized in mitosis using sequential thymidine/nocodazole treatment, as indicated. Subsequent to treatment with MG132, whole cell extracts (WCE) were prepared and ubiquitylated XIAP was isolated by anti-FLAGimmunoprecipitation (IP) under denaturing conditions.
(D) Classification of lncRNA- and protein-coding gene pairs modulated by TLR ligands according to their biotypes. Pie charts show the proportion of each pair of genes classified as XH (antisense head-to-head), XT (antisense tail-to-tail), XI (antisense inside), XO (antisense outside), SD (sense downstream), and SU (sense upstream).
a, Distributions of cell cycle phase durations for RPE, U2OS, and H9 cells using single-cell measurements of phase duration Black curves represent fits to Erlang distribution.
A. Ovaries from control heterozygous Rpp3018.2 flies (left), homozygous Rpp3018.2 or transheterozygous Rpp3018.2/Rpp30PE flies (middle) and homozygous Rpp3018.2 carrying a copy of ubiRpp30GFP transgene (right). Scale bar, 100µm.
(D) Oligodendrocyte cell bodies stained with anti-CC1 (green) have a similar distribution and morphology in the cerebellarwhite matter of 70-d npc1−/− and wild-type mice. TOTO-3 (red) was used as a nuclear counterstain. Bar = 5 μm.
IHC synapses labelled with CtBP2 and the postsynaptic marker Shank1a in B6 wild-type and Otof-/- P6 and P14 organs of Corti. Maximum intensity projections of optical confocal sections. Scale bars: 5 µm. D Synapse numbers quantified from IHCs in apical cochlear turns (C) of B6 wild-type (P6: n= 53 IHCs; P14: n=73 IHCs) and B6 Otof-/- (P6: n=62 IHCs; P14: n=65 IHCs) mice at two different developmental stages (P6 and P14)
A. Surface representation of seed-only paired (left, PDB 4Z4D) and seed plus supplementary-paired (right) Ago2 structures illustrates opening of supplementary chamber. RNAs shown as sticks. Seed and supplementary chambers indicated.
D) Overview the catalytic efficiencies of PLpro. A fluorescence polarisation (FP) assay was used to derive the catalytic efficiencies (kcat/KM) of PLpro for the depicted substrates. Catalytic efficiencies were calculated from data shown in Appendix Fig S1A, as described in Methods. Substrate preference is indicated by x-fold activity relative to Ub-TAMRA cleavage.