EMBO/sd-character-level-ner huggingface dataset:
Signal of 5′ P small RNA 5′ ends mapping to piRNA loci as a function of the distance to piRNA TSSs, after removal of reads corresponding to mature 21U-RNAs (see Methods). The signal is normalized to counts per million of non-structural mapped reads. A peak of 5′ P ends centered at +38 from piRNA TSSs is observed.
(B) Differentiated mouse brown adipocytes were pre-treated with β3-AR agonist CL316,243 for 4 hours, before cultured with medium containing 10 mM [U-13C]glucose for 2 hours with CHC or UK5099. Metabolic 13C enrichments in brown adipocytes were shown as m+3 glycolytic intermediates, m+2 and m+3 TCA cycle intermediates, n=3 biological replicates.
Cytokine and cytolytic granule production in CD8+ T cells. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells from healthy donators were stimulated with 5 μg/ml of phytohaemagglutinin for 2 days and then rested for 1 day. Cells were pretreated with DMSO, MB, 25 μg/ml of pembrolizumab (Pem) or 20 μg/ml of nivolumab (Niv) for 1 h and then seeded in a 96-well precoated with 10 μg/ml aCD3/aCD28, with media supplemented with 10 μg/ml of human PD-L1 Protein. Cytokine and cytolytic granule production were determined by intracellular flow cytometry by gating on CD8+ populations. Data information: Data are representative of three independent experiments, and were analyzed by unpaired t-test. Error bars denote s.e.m. **P < 0.01; ****P < 0.0001.
E Representative images of the proximity ligation assay (PLA) using Cos7 cells transfected with indicated vectors. PLA signals, granular dots of green color, were presented with DAPI images. Arrowheads, the plasma membrane. Scale bar, 10mm. F The box-and-whisker plot presentation of the PLA. A minimum of 10 cells per condition were counted from two independent experiments. P-values obtained by Student's t-tests and P < 0.05 was considered as statistically significant. * P < 0.05. Box-whisker plot represents the interquartile range (25th and 75th percentiles) as a box and the median as a line. The maximn and minimun values within 1.5 x interquartile range are shown as whiskers.
A: Representative confocal images of iPSC lineage specific differentiation into germ layers of endoderm derived hepatocytes with positive expression of ALBUMIN (red) and HNF4A (green) (a) (scale bar, 100 µm), mesodermal derived cardiomyocytes with positive expression of TNNT2 (red) (b) (scale bar, 100 µm) and ectodermal derived dopaminergic neurons with positive expression of TH (green) and MAP2 (red) (c) (scale bar, 10 µm). Nuclei are stained with DAPI (blue).
(J) Representation of IκBα (n=4) and H3K27me3 (n=2) distribution (from ChIP-sequencing) and expression levels (from RNA-sequencing) in the genomic region of Litaf.
siRNA knockdown efficiency of Hdac6 (F) in Ki67 FUCCI-CLESCs was evaluated real-time RT-PCR analysis. The results are in arbitrary values after normalization for GapDH
Visual comparison of [18F]FDG- and [68Ga]Pentixafor PET scansNumber of patients with visual positivity for the indicated PET tracer (total: n = 14).Number of patients (total n = 14) for whom imaging with [18F]FDG PET (FDG, n = 2) or [68Ga]Pentixafor PET (Pentixafor, n = 7) was superior, with comparable positivity (comparable, n = 3), and with dual imaging providing complementary visual information (complementary, n = 2).
(H) Cytoplasm-mitochondrial fractionation assay was performed to determine the subcellular location of WT or mitochondrial signal peptide deleted (dMSP) GDH1. The fractionation efficiency and GDH1 location were determined by WB using antibodies against VDAC1 (mitochondrial membrane marker) and GDH1. Tubulin was used as loading control.
(C) Immunofluorescence staining of the spinal cord from GW7, GW8, and GW10 for a dorsal marker (PAX7, green), neuronal precursor marker (ASCL1, red), and nuclei marker (DAPI, blue). Images show the neuronal differentiation process on the dorsal side of the spinal cord. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Genome-browser view of the Gata6 locus showing accessibility and chromatin mark changes in indicated mutants, and of ChIPseq signals of indicated TFs and H3K27ac in E6.5 VE and EPI. The grey area indicates enh-45.
(B) PI4KB and c10orf76 form a stable complex. The complex of c10orf76-PI4KB eluted from a S200 superdex 10/300 GL increase gel filtration column (GE) at a volume consistent with a heterodimer (169 kDa), while c10orf76 alone eluted at a volume consistent with a monomer (79 kDa). Lines with MW values indicate elution of MW standards (158 kDa aldolase, 75 kDa conalbumin).
H Plasma insulin level (µU/mL) of diabetic mice transplanted with FI or PI+MVF and nondiabetic controls at 180 min after IPGTT (n = 4 each). Mean ± SD.
A. Quantitative RT-PCR detection of CAV1, CAV2 and CAVIN1 in primary human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) upon Notch blockade (dnMAML) and induction (NICD). n=3, data represent mean ± SEM, unpaired t-test.
A, B The resident/intruder experiment showed that the attack frequency (A) and duration (B) of the miR-200b/a+REST DKD mice were dramatically improved compared with those of the miR-200b/a KD mice [200 KD: miR-200b/a KD; (200+R) DKD: (miR-200b/a+REST) DKD; NC: n=10 mice, miR-200b/a KD: n=9 mice, miR-200b/a+REST DKD: n=13 mice; data represent the mean±SEM; A: F=10.62, B: F=10.54, ***p<0.001; one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni pairwise comparisons].
Whole-plant recordings of changes in CO2 assimilation (A) from self-grafted donor lines (WT/WT, stp1stp4/stp1stp4) and reciprocal grafting of shoot/root (WT/stp1stp4, stp1stp4/WT) plants. Data shown are means ± SEM; n = 3 per genotype.
Na+/K+ ratio contents in roots of TS-21 wild type and slhak20 mutants. Data are shown as means ± SD (n = 4).
(A-E) Cbl expression in germaria. (A) Immunostaining of wild-type germaria with anti-Cbl 8C4.
F, IF analysis of A549 cells transfected with a Myc-tagged wild-type USP7 (Myc-USP7-WT) or three Myc-tagged truncated mutants. Representative images are shown (magnification, ×40).
(C) Cells were transfected with siRNAs as indicated, followed by incubation in serum-starved media for 24 h, and immunostained for ARL13B (red). Scale bar, 10 μm. The bar graph represents the quantification of the percentage of ciliated cells. Data represent mean ± SD (n=3 experiments), 250 cells were scored per condition per experiment, *P < 0.05, Student's t-test.
D. Detection of ubiquitylated Sufuco-immunoprecipitated from HEK293T cells co-transfected with HA-tagged Sufu, Myc-ubiquitin (Ub) along with either Flag-tagged Fbxl17 wild type (WT) or a mutant lacking the F-box domain (Fbxl17ΔF). MG132 (10µM) was added in all samples.
(B) HeLa cells were starved or not starved for 2 h and immunostained for SNX18 and GM130. Panels to the right show enlarged views of the boxed regions.
(C) UV sensitivity assayed by 10-fold serial dilutions of different mutant combinations with rad3-102 allele on YPAD plates after exposure to the indicated UV-C doses. Four biological replicates have been performed.
(b) YAP/TAZ deficiency induced a reduction of ATF4 protein level and nuclear localization. HLE cells were transfected with siCtrl or siY/T, and ATF4 and YAP/TAZ were visualized by immunofluorescence microscopy. DAPI visualized nuclei. Scale bars, 50μm. Results represent three independent experiments.
D. Histograms reporting the percentage of ShtxB or ChTxB positive cells in each condition as in Fig. 1F (data are means ± SD of at least 3 independent experiments; *p <0.05, ***p <0.001 [Student's t-test]).
(E) Pie chart showing the outcomes of CAR T cell-tumor contacts. Contacts were classified into 3 categories: no calcium elevation in the target (no hit), transient calcium elevation (sublethal hit), prolonged calcium response in the target (putative lethal hit). Data were pooled from three independent experiments.
(d) Proteinase K protection assays performed in the presence or absence of Triton X-100 to disrupt peroxisomes on equal masses of peroxisome fractions (HEK293 cells) collected at the indicated time points. The lysates were immunoblotted for TSC2, TSC1, Rheb, catalase and PMP70. Uncropped images of western blots are shown in Supplementary Fig. S6.
HEK293T cells stably overexpressing wild type ATF6α or a D564G mutant were treated with 10 mM DTT as indicated to induce ER stress in the presence of the S1P inhibitor. Cell lysates were prepared, separated by SDS-PAGE and then probed with anti-ATF6α. Blot reveals the presence of O-linked glycan modified Golgi-translocated ATF6 (designated G), which is absent for the D564G mutant, confirming a lack of ER to Golgi trafficking.
(E) Macrophages were treated for 24 h with CL097, ssRNA40, and rapamycin in the presence of 45 nmol/L or 100 nmol/L 25D3 and lysed. Immunoblots of LC3B isoforms and SQSTM1 using antibody to LC3B, SQSTM1 or β-actin. Bar charts are reported as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4. * p<0.05.
(B) Cross-presentation experiments to exclude release of NeoR and re‐uptake as exogenous protein. EBV‐B1.25 cells transfected with the neoR expression plasmid pINCO‐NeoR, were co‐cultured for 24 h with the same number of untransfected EBV‐B1.11 cells, or vice versa. Then, T cells were added and co‐cultured with the cells for additional 24 h. To test for NeoR release by neoR‐transfected EBV‐B1.11 cells, total supernatant (200 μl) of 1×105 EBV‐B1.11 cells was harvested 48 h post transfection by centrifugation, and was used as culture media for 1×105 untransfected EBV‐B1.11 cells. After 48 h, 1×105 20-4/A4 T cells were added and GM‐CSF concentration determined after additional 24 h.
(C) Immunofluorescent staining of cleaved APPC586 (red) and Aβ (green) in cerebral cortex of brains from colonic-injected PBS, colonic-injected AD brain extracts, and pre-Vagotomy colonic injected AD brain extracts 3xTg mice. (D) Quantitative analysis of cleaved APP C586 positive cells and Aβ positive cells, respectively. The density of both cleaved APP C586 positive cells and Aβ positive cells were significantly increased by colonic-injection of AD brain extracts and decreased through vagotomy before colonic-injection. Representative data of three samples, data are shown as mean ± SEM. ****P<0.0001, one-way ANOVA.
(D) Volcano plot of differentially phosphorylated proteins in gas-1(fc21) mutants compared to wt. Cutoffs: 20% FDR and |log2(foldchange)| >0.345 (in red).
C. Morphological observation of the number of embryoid bodies in the PGC in vitro induction model after the overexpression and interference of gga-mir-12211. BMP4 induction was regarded as control. Scale bar: 60 µm (n = 3 independent experiments).
(C, D) Parental (WT) RPE1-hTERT p53-/- Cas9, RNF8-/-, and RNF168-/- cells were treated with either a non-targeting siRNA pool (CTRL) or a pool targeting RAP80. 48 h post-transfection cells were irradiated (2 Gy) and processed for immunofluorescence 1 h post-IR treatment using antibodies against BRCA1 and γH2AX. Quantitation of the percentage of cells with > 10 BRCA1 foci that colocalize with γH2AX is shown in (C). A minimum of 100 cells per replicate were analyzed and the bars represent the mean ± S.D. (n=3 biological replicates). Representative micrographs are shown in (D). All scale bars are 5 μm.
A Schematic setup of the screen for PD-L1 regulators in the presence and absence of IFN-γ. RKO reporter cells expressing PD-L1-eGFP fusion protein (blue) were mutagenized with an sgRNA/Cas9 library. PD-L1low cells were enriched by FACS and sgRNA target genes were identified by deep sequencing. An enrichment analysis determined frequencies of different sgRNAs and their target genes.
(I, J and K) Polyphenols inhibits the virulence levels and in planta growth of Psph in bean plants. Bacterial virulence levels were estimated by inoculating Psph strains with or without polyphenols onto host bean plants. Disease symptoms were recorded 5 days after inoculation. Leaf disks (1 cm2) were removed 5 days after inoculation and diluted in sterile water to count bacterial CFUs. The experiment was repeated three times. Data information: , * indicate significant differences between mock group and strains under the different test conditions as indicated. (Student's t test. *, P ≤ 0.05, **, P ≤ 0.01, and ***, P ≤ 0.001). Error bars represent standard deviations (n=3 biological replicates).
Serum-starved HaCaT cells were infected with HSV-1 (MOI=0.5) +/- FGF7 (10 ng/ml), added at the indicated time points 12 h after infection, , DNA samples were analyzed by qPCR for Glyc-B DNA relative to ACTB (C),
(D) Cells were treated as described in (A) and cell extracts were applied to size exclusion chromatography and the ferritin content, in selected fractions, was determined by ELISA. Error bars represent the standard deviation from three different experiments in duplicate.
A) Mfn2protein expression was measured in gastrocnemius muscle from young (6-month-old) and old (22-month-old) mice (n= 11-13 mice per group, *p<0.05) Data were normalized by tubulin and expressed as relative values of young mice.
Genes down-regulated in nuclear RNA-seq after CDK12 inhibition have higher relative occupancy of P-Ser2 in their gene bodies. Metagene analyses of P-Ser2 ChIP-seq data Each transcript was divided into two parts with fixed length (transcription start site (TSS) -3kb to +1.5kb and transcription termination site (TTS) -1.5kb to +3kb) and a central part with variable length corresponding to the rest of gene body (shown in %). Each part was binned into a fixed number of bins (90/180/90) and average coverage for each bin was calculated for each transcript in each sample. The curve for each transcript was normalized to a sum of one and then averaged first across genes and second across samples. Dotted lines indicate: TSS, 1500 nucleotides downstream of TSS, 1500 nucleotides upstream of TTS and TTS. The color track at the bottom of each subfigure indicate the significance of paired Wilcoxon tests comparing the normalized transcript coverages for each bin between untreated (CTRL) cells and cells treated with 3-MB-PP1. P-values are adjusted for multiple testing with the Bonferroni method within each subfigure; color code: red=adjusted p-value≤10-15, orange=adjusted p-value≤10-10, yellow=adjusted p-value≤10-3.
C. The L. monocytogenes EGD-e wild-type strain (WT), the ΔinlK mutant (ΔinlK) and the complemented strain (ΔinlK+pPL2 inlK) 104 CFU were inoculated i.v into BALB/c mice. Animals were euthanized 24 h, 48 h, 72 h or 96 h after infection and organs were recovered, homogenized, and homogenates serially plated on BHI. The number of bacteria able to colonize liver (left panel) and spleen (right panel) is expressed as log10 CFU. Four animals per bacterial strain, per time points and per experiment were used. Statistical analyses were performed on the results of 3 independent experiments using the Student t test. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically different and are labeled here as *.
J. Representative axons. MB puncta are indicated (white arrows). Dashed white lines delineate axons. Abbreviations: MB, molecular beacon. Scale bars: 5µm.
IdU track lengths and percentage of origin firing (mean+SD) from U2OS cells transfected or not with GFP-Polη. >180 (track length) and >400 (origin frequency) DNA fibers obtained from 2 independent experiments were measured for each condition.
Results of the ELISAs used to determine IL6 (B) secretion in PMA-differentiated THP-1 cells transfected with siCtrl, siRNF34-1, siRNF34-2 or siRNF34-3 oligos and infected with VSV for the indicated times. ELISA data are presented as means ± SEM. Two-tailed Student's t-test was used for statistical analyses: *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; and ***, P < 0.001.
A Cartoon of constructs containing ChHFR1 or AtHFR1 under the HFR1 promoter of A. thaliana (pAtHFR1) used to complement hfr1-5 mutant of A. thaliana (At hfr1-5).
Three-four months old BL/6 mice were treated with an acute dose of LPS (4 µg/g body) or vehicle (saline). Microglia (pool of 2 mice per group per replicate; 1 female and 1 male) were FACS-sorted 24 hours later. Representative multicolour flow cytometry analysis of 5 independent experiments showing CD11b and CD45 positive populations in single viable cells in saline or LPS-injected mouse brains.
Western-blot analysis of p-AKT, p-S6, and p-p70S6K in total protein lysates from GSC#9 treated for 1 hour with vehicle (DMSO) or 20 μM of phenothiazine compounds (MPZ, FLU, CHLO, and CYA). Total AKT, total S6 and total p70S6K served as loading controls.
N. JunD overexpression in PIME cells suppressed Pbk protein levels (M, Lane 2 vs Lane 1), but did not affect Pbk expression in menin-null PIME cells (M, Lane 4 vs Lane 3).
HeLa cells were transfected and treated The immunofluorescence intensity ratios of centromeric EGFP-TOP2A/ACA (D), centromeric EGFP-TOP2A/arm EGFP-TOP2A (E), and arm EGFP-TOP2A/DNA (F), were determined on around 160 chromosomes in 8 cells. Data information: Means and error bars representing S.D. are shown unpaired t-test).
(D) CCM1 incompatibility is symmetric between S. cerevisiae and S. bayanus. The CCM1 ORF in S. bayanus was replaced by either Sc-CCM1 (Sb+Sc-CCM1) or Sb-CCM1 (Sb+Sb-CCM1, as a control) coding regions. Only the Sb+Sc-CCM1 strain exhibited respiration defects and the defect could not be rescued even when a whole set of S. cerevisiae chromosomes were provided (Sb+Sc-CCM1 x Sc-ρ⁰).
(A) Quantitative RT-PCR of Chrne, Musk, Lrp4, and Ctgf in C2C12 myotubes treated with 10 ng/ml BSA or recombinant human CTGF.
, MARCKS (C) expressions were quantified in cells stably expressing dCas9/KRAB/BFP and the NC or sgRNAs.
A Regulation of svh-2 expression in response to axon injury. Axon injury initiates cAMP signaling and the Ca2+-p38 MAPK pathway, which together function to induce the formation of an ETS-4-CEBP-1 transcription factor complex. This complex binds to the svh-2 promoter to induce svh-2 expression. MXL-1 forms a complex with MDL-1.
AAV-eGFP (eGFP) or AAV-hTau-eGFP (hTau) (1.13×1013 v.g./ml) or AAV-Y701F-STAT1 (5×1012 v.g./ml) or AAV-Y701F-STAT1 (5×1012 v.g./ml) plus hTau was stereotaxically injected into hippocampal CA3 of 3-month-old C57 mice. After one month, learning and memory were detected by MWM test. (C-E) Overexpression of Y701F-STAT1 mitigated hTau-induced spatial memory impairment shown by the decreased latency to reach the platform (C), the increased crossing time in the platform site (D) and time spent in the target quadrant (E) measured at day 6 by removed the platform (n=7-10 each group). Data information: Data were presented as mean ± s.e.m , two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Bonferroni' s post hoc test *, p<0.05, **, p<0.01, ***, p<0.001 vs eGFP or hTau; #, p<0.05, ##, p<0.01 vs hTau.
(H, I) Mtb growth rates of C3H BMDMs transfected with miR-342-3p mimic (H), or B6 BMDMs transfected with miR-342-3p inhibitor (I) after Mtb infection. Data are shown as the mean ± s.e.m. of n = 3 biological replicates.
(A) tRNA level measured by RT-qPCR in asynchronous (async.) culture and after 90 min on HU in the indicated strains. Expression is normalized to ACT1. The repression is expressed as a ratio of HU treated/asynchronous cells in percent.
Immunohistochemistry images and quantifications of Ki67 in OVCAR4 xenografts in mock (N = 4), carboplatin (N = 4) and carboplatin+BI-D1870 (N = 5) treated mice. Scale bars: 100 μm.
B. DNI of ΔPrP with a deletion in the C-terminal part of H1∼H2. Δ171-175 (see Fig. 7A) was transiently expressed in N2a cells (left panel) and DNI efficiency evaluated in 22L-ScN2a cells (right panel) (mAb 3F4). Despite the much shorter deletion size, Δ171-175 exerted only inefficient DNI, similar to Δ159-175 (right panel).
A: PAI-1 immunohistochemistry (upper panels) and quantification of PAI-1-positive glomeruli (lower panel) in kidneys of PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice at 22 months of age. Original magnification X400. Scale bar = 20 μm. n = 4 for PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice, respectively. B: Morphology (PAS staining, upper panels) and quantification of glomerular lesions (lower panel) of kidneys from PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice at 22 months of age. Original magnification X400. Scale bar = 20 μm. n = 12 for PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice, respectively. C: TUNEL assay (upper panels) and quantification of TUNEL-positive glomeruli (lower panel) in kidneys from PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice at 22 months of age. Original magnification X400. Scale bar = 20 μm. n = 6 for PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice, respectively. D: WT1 immunostaining (upper panels) and quantification of WT1-positive glomerular cells (lower panel) in kidneys from PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice at 22 months of age. Original magnification X400. Scale bar = 20 μm. n = 4 and n = 6 for PAI-1flox and PAI-1∆endo mice, respectively. Data information: Data are means ± SEM. Statistical analysis: t-student test: PAI-1∆endo versus PAI-1flox mice.
(C) Cellular thermal shift assay (CETSA) of different targets of the 144DG11hetero-assembly (B). Only LAMP1 was significantly protected by 144DG11 from heat-mediated denaturation (see right shift in its Tm in the lower panel) suggesting its specific interaction with 144DG11. n=3 biological replicates. Error bars represent S.D.
(B) Two representative biological functions of ZBTB7B: 1) changing target gene expression; 2) recruiting target proteins for ubiquitination. CUL3: Cullin3, E2: ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme, SUB: substrate.
Gene expression arrays were performed in 6 week old Foxd1Cre::Pdgfrb+/J mice compared to wt mice. Listed are genes with log2 fold changes higher or lower than 0.6. Out of these 46 genes, 17 are IFN-regulated genes, 5 are involved in autophagy and 5 in matrix remodeling and fibrosis. Same genes were analysed in microdissected glomeruli (G) and tubulointerstitium (T) of patients with diabetic (DN, G: n=14, T: n=18), hypertensive (HT, G: n=15, T: n=21) nephropathy and living donors (LD, G: n=42, T: n=42) as controls, revealing a similar expression profile.
(b) Left: electron microscopy of starved C38 and IB3-1 cells. The right-hand images are higher magnifications showing areas enriched in autophagosomes in C38 cells (arrows) and perinuclear mitochondria in IB3-1 cells. N, nucleus. Scale bar, 250 nm. Right: numbers of autophagosomes per cell counted in 20 cells per experiment. Means ± s.d. for three independent experiments. Asterisk, P 0.001 versus C38 cells; ANOVA.
A DNA accessibility (ATAC-sequencing) and chromatin marks (ChIP-seq) signals in the Celf2 region (+/- 50kb) using the UCSC genome browser. ATAC-seq peaks called in the two conditions are reported below each track. The differential peaks specific for one of the two conditions are reported in the tracks ATACseq_specific peaks_WT and ATACseq_specific peaks_GS∆44. ChIP-seq signals for H3K4me3, H3K27ac and H3K27me3 in WT and GSΔ44 myoblasts (WT myoblasts in light orange; GSΔ44 myoblasts in light blue). ChIP-seq for MyoD in control cells was obtained from (MacQuarrie et al, 2013) (GSM1218849). Orange boxes highlight the regions containing the first exon of each isoform (a, b and c).
HepG2 cells were transfected with lentivirus vectors expressing shRNA targeting KLF10 or negative control (Ctrl). n=3. Results represent three independent experiments. (C) CD36 protein expression the plasma membrane fractions, and its normalization to ATP1a1. Data information: ** P < 0.01. Results are shown as mean ± SD. Student's t test C).
A. Scheme representing the strategy used to identify protein interacting with BAZ2A on chromatin (Chromatin-IP).
(a) Genomic deletion of Atg7 in H-2Db-gp33+ T cells and in total activated (CD44hiCD62Llo) CD8+ T cells from Atg7fl/fl mice (Cre −) and Atg7fl/flGzmb-Cremice (Cre +) at day 8 after infection with LCMV Armstrong strain; results are presented relative to those of Atg7fl/fl mice, set as 100%. Each symbol represents an individual mouse; small horizontal lines indicate the mean (±s.e.m.).
(N) Sum of TLC-separated FFA of 5-day old animals (n=5 biological replicates). (O) Quantification of individual FFA detected after TLC separation in 5-day-old gas-1(fc21) and gas-1(fc21); cest-2.2 O/E mutant nematodes (n=5 biological replicates, n.d.= not detected). Data information: bars represent mean ±SEM ; Across experiments, p value summary is ns= not significant, *p<0.05, **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001, ****p<0.0001.