EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure 4Age-dependent levels of ATF4 (B), MTHFD2 (D) estimated by band densitometry normalized by GAPDH, in COX10 KO expressed relative to same age CTL set at 1. Representative western blot of muscle lysates from 200 days old mice separated by denaturing SDS-PAGE and probed for ATF4 (C), MTHFD2 (E) and GAPDH In panels data are presented as Mean ± SD. *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. same age CTL. For each age, COX10 KO (n=4), CTL (n-4).Age-dependent levels of ASNS (F), and HSP60 (H), estimated by band densitometry normalized by GAPDH, in COX10 KO expressed relative to same age CTL set at 1. Representative western blot of muscle lysates from 200 days old mice separated by denaturing SDS-PAGE and probed for ASNS (G), and HSP60 (I) and GAPDH In panels data are presented as Mean ± SD. *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. same age CTL. For each age, COX10 KO (n=4), CTL (n-4).(N) Levels of metabolites of trans-sulfuration pathway by LC-MS analysis in MERRF muscle and plasma expressed relative to CTL muscle and plasma. α-HB, α-hydroxybutyrate; GSH, glutathione. In panel N, data are presented as Mean ± SEM. Muscle: MERRF (n=10), CTL (n=15). Plasma: MERRF (n=9), CTL (n=25). * p<0.05 MERRF vs. CTL. Statistically significant differences between the two groups for all panels were estimated by unpaired two-tailed Student's test.
Figure 5(D-I) Age-dependent levels of HADH (D), ACOT2 (F), and ACOT9 (H), estimated by band densitometry normalized by GAPDH, in COX10 KO expressed relative to same age CTL set at 1. Representative western blot of muscle lysates from 200 days old mice separated by denaturing SDS-PAGE and probed for HADH (E), ACOT2 (G), ACOT9 (I), and GAPDH (E, G, I). In panels , data are presented as Mean ± SD. COX10 KO (n=4), CTL (n=4). *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. same age CTL.(K, L) Levels of acylcarnitine, 3-OH acylcarnitine, fatty acid and 3-OH fatty acid in MERRF muscle (K) and plasma (L) by LC-MS analysis, expressed relative to CTL. In panels data by LC-MS analysis are presented as Mean ± SEM. In panels A and C, 50, 100, 200d: COX10 KO (n=6), CTL (n=6). *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. same age CTL. In panels K and L, muscle: MERRF (n=10), CTL (n=15); plasma: MERRF (n=9), CTL (n=25). *, p<0.05 MERRF vs. CTL.
Figure 6Age-dependent muscle protein levels of P5CS (B), PYCR1 (D) estimated by band densitometry normalized by GAPDH, in COX10 KO expressed relative to same age CTL set at 1. Data are presented as Mean ± SD. *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. same age CTL. Representative western blots of muscle lysates from 170 days old mice separated by denaturing SDS-PAGE and probed for P5CS (C), PYCR1 (E) GAPDH In panels data are normalized to same age CTL set to 1. Data are presented as Mean ± SD. 50, 100, 200d: COX10 KO (n=4), CTL (n=4). *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. CTL.Age-dependent muscle protein levels of PYCR2 (F) OAT (H), estimated by band densitometry normalized by GAPDH, in COX10 KO expressed relative to same age CTL set at 1. Data are presented as Mean ± SD. *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. same age CTL. Representative western blots of muscle lysates from 170 days old mice separated by denaturing SDS-PAGE and probed for , PYCR2 (G), OAT (I), and GAPDH : In panels data are normalized to same age CTL set to 1. Data are presented as Mean ± SD. 50, 100, 200d: COX10 KO (n=4), CTL (n=4). *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. CTL.(M) MERRF plasma levels of 4-hydroxyl-L-proline by LC-MS analysis, expressed relative to CTL value set at 1.(N) PYCR1 protein levels, estimated by band densitometry normalized by GAPDH, in MERRF muscle expressed relative to CTL muscle. In panel N, data are presented as Mean ± SD. MERRF (n=4), CTL (n=4). *, p<0.05 MERRF vs. CTL. Statistically significant differences between the two groups for all panels were estimated by unpaired two-tailed Student's test.
Figure 7(A-C) Plasma levels of Leptin (A), soluble Leptin Receptor (LepR), (B) and Free Leptin Index (C) by ELISA, in 200 days old CTL and COX10 KO mice. In panels A-C, data are presented as Mean ± SD. COX10 KO (n=5), CTL (n=5). *, p<0.05 COX10 KO vs. CTL.(G) Levels of glucocorticoids in MERRF plasma by LC-MS analysis, expressed relative to CTL value set at 1. In panels G data are presented as Mean ± SEM. MERRF (n=9), CTL (n=25).(N) Age-dependent grip strength of COX10 KO mice treated with RU-486 and vehicle. The black arrow indicates the beginning of the treatment at 43 days. In panel data are presented as Mean ± SEM. Panel N: KO+RU486 (n=6), KO (n=4).(P) Visceral fat deposits of COX10 KO mice treated with RU-486 and vehicle at 100 days of age. In panel P, data are presented as Mean ± SD. KO+RU486 (n=6), KO (n=6). *, p<0.05 KO+RU486 vs. KO. Statistically significant differences between the two groups for all panels were estimated by unpaired two-tailed Student's test.
Figure 1(A) Immunoblot analysis of NRF1, NRF2-α and PGC1-α in mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 or treated with poly(I:C) or ISD for the indicated time points. ACTIN was used as a loading control. Ratios of target proteins versus loading control normalized to the 0-h time point of each condition.(B) qPCR analysis of Nrf1, Gabpa and Ppargc1a mRNA in mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 or treated with poly(I:C) or ISD for the indicated time points (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(C) Immunoblot analysis of NRF1 expression in mouse PMs transfected with p65-specific siRNA (si-p65) or control siRNA (si-NC) for 48 h, followed by infection with VSV or HSV-1 for 8 h. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Ratios of target proteins versus loading control normalized to the untreated sample of each condition.(E) Immunoblot analysis of mitochondrial proteins and autophagy marker LC3 in mouse PMs transfected with NRF1-specific siRNA (si-NRF1) or control siRNA (si-NC) for 48 h, followed by infection with VSV or HSV-1 for the indicated time points. ACTIN was used as a loading control. Ratios of target proteins versus loading control normalized to the untreated sample of each condition.(F) Mitochondrial mass determined by mtDNA/nuclear DNA (nDNA) ratio in mouse PMs transfected with NRF1-specific siRNA (si-NRF1) or control siRNA (si-NC) for 48 h, followed by infection with VSV or HSV-1 for the indicated time points (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.
Figure 2RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of gene expression in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs (n=3 biological replicates per group) infected with VSV for 8 h. (C) Pheatmap analysis showing downregulated DEGs encoding mitochondrial inner membrane proteins. TPM, transcripts per kilobase of exon model per million mapped reads.(D) Mitochondrial mass determined by mtDNA/nuclear DNA (nDNA) ratio in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 for the indicated time points (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments (D) and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(F and G) The representative curves of oxygen consumption rate (OCR) in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV (F) or HSV-1 (G) for 8 h (n=5 biological replicates per group). Oligomycin: 1 µM, FCCP: 4 µM, Rotenone: 1 µM. Quantification of basal and maximal OCR. Data information: Data are from at least three biological replicates and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(H and I) Electron micrographs of mitochondria in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 for 8 h. Scale bars, 500 nm (H). (I) Quantitative analysis of mitochondrial cristae (the ratio of cristae number to mitochondrial area) in (H) (20-30 mitochondria per group, biological replicates). Data information: Data are from at least three biological replicates and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.
Figure 3(A) Luciferase activity of IFN-β, NF-κB and ISRE promoter reporter in HEK293T cells transfected with empty vector or plasmids encoding incremental NRF1-Myc for 24 h followed by infection with VSV for 8 h (n=4 biological replicates per group).(B and C) Immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated and total TBK1, p65 and STAT1 in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 (B) or stimulated with poly(I:C) or ISD (C) for the indicated time points. GAPDH was used as a loading control. Ratios of phosphorylated proteins versus total proteins normalized to the 0-h or 4-h time point of each wild-type sample.(D) qPCR analysis of Ifnb1, Il6, Tnfa and Cxcl10 mRNA in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 or stimulated with poly(I:C) or ISD for the indicated time points (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ND, not detectable, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(E) ELISA quantification of IFN-β, IL6 and TNF-α secretion in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs treated as in (D) (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ND, not detectable, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.
Figure 4(A) 8-week-old Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice (n=3 for PBS treatment and n=6 for virus treatment) were intravenously infected with VSV (4×107 PFU/mouse) or HSV-1 (1×107 PFU/mouse). After 24 h, ELISA quantification of IFN-β, IL6 and TNF-α in sera. Data information: Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test were used to measure significance. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.(B) qPCR analysis of Ifnb1, Il6 and Tnfa mRNA in the lung of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice infected with VSV as in A (n=6 per group). Data information: Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test were used to measure significance. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.(C) qPCR analysis of VSV mRNA and plaque assay of VSV titers in the lungs of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice infected with VSV as in A (n=6 per group). Data information: Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test were used to measure significance. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.(E) qPCR analysis of Ifnb1, Il6 and Tnfa mRNA in the brains of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice infected with HSV-1 as in (A) (n=6 per group). (F) qPCR analysis of HSV-1 UL30 mRNA and plaque assay of HSV-1 titers in the brain of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice infected with HSV-1 as in (A) (n=6 per group). Data information: Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. Two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test were used to measure significance. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.(G) Survival of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice (n=10 per group) at various times after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection with HSV-1 (2×107 PFU per mouse). Data information: Data are presented as mean ± s.e.m. log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (G) were used to measure significance. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.
Figure 5(A) mtROS levels measured by MitoSOX staining and flow cytometry in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV (left) or HSV-1 (right) for the indicated time points. MFI, mean fluorescence intensity (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(B) DNA was isolated from digitonin extracts of wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV (left) or HSV-1 (right) for the indicated time points. Cytosolic translocation of mtDNA was quantified via qPCR using the indicated primer sets. 18S rRNA served as a control (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(C and D) Wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs infected with VSV (8 h) or HSV-1 (4 h) were imaged by confocal microscope after staining with anti-DNA (DNA) and anti-Prohibitin (Mito) antibodies. Scale bars, 5 µm (C). (D) The number of cytosolic mtDNA puncta per cell was quantitated by ImageJ (n=30 cells per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments or representative data (C) and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(E) ELISA quantification of IFN-β (left) and IL6 (right) in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs pretreated with or without EtBr (450 ng/ml, 72 h), followed by infection with VSV or HSV-1 for 8 h (n=3 biological replicates per group). (F) ELISA quantification of IFN-β (left) and IL6 (right) in wild-type and NRF1-KO mouse PMs pretreated with or without MitoQ (100 nM, 2 h), followed by infection with VSV or HSV-1 for 8 h (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.(H) qPCR analysis of Ifnb1 and Il6 mRNA in the lungs of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice pretreated with MitoQ as in (G) and 1 h later infected i.p. with VSV (5×108 PFU/mouse) for 24 h (n=6 per group). (I) qPCR analysis of Ifnb1 and Il6 mRNA in the brains of Nrf1F/F and Nrf1MyeKO mice pretreated with MitoQ as in (G) and 1 h later infected i.p. with HSV-1 (1×107 PFU/mouse) for 24 h (n=6 per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, using a two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test.
Figure 6(A) Immunoblot analysis and Phos-tag SDS-PAGE analysis of mouse PMs infected with VSV or HSV-1 for the indicated time points.(C) Interaction between TBK1 and NRF1 in HEK293T cells was detected by co-immunoprecipitation of differentially tagged proteins.(G) Endogenous phospho-NRF1 S318 signal was detected in wild-type and NRF1 S318A mouse PMs after the infection with different viruses for 8 h. The red arrows indicate phosphorylated signals for NRF1.(J) ELISA quantification of IFN-β and IL6 secretion in wild-type and NRF1 S318A mouse PMs treated as in (I) (n=3 biological replicates per group). Data information: Data are from three independent experiments and presented as mean ± s.e.m. ns, not significant (p > 0.05), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Two-tailed, unpaired Student's t test were used to measure significance.(L) Survival of wild-type and NRF1 S318A mice (n=10 per group) at various times after intraperitoneal infection with HSV-1 (2×107 PFU per mouse). Data information: log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test (L) were used to measure significance.
Figure 1C Subcellular fractionation of the WT and NLS-deficient FolSrpk1-GFP proteins. N, nucleus; C, cytosol. The amount of nuclear FolSrpk1-GFP was set as 1. Data information: For C, each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times. The fractionation controls were Fol histone H1 (nucleus), Actin (cytosol) and Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining.D Quantitative measurement of H2O2 in tomato roots after infection by the WT and FolSrpk1p::FolSrpk1-GFP strains at 0-5 days post incubation (dpi). Data are presented as mean ± SD. The presence of different letters above the mean values of three replicates indicates a significant difference between different samples (P < 0.05, ANOVA).E Subcellular fractionation of FolSrpk1-GFP during the early infection stage. Total proteins were extracted from tomato roots at 0 (conidia), 1, 3 and 5 dpi. Equal amount of total, nuclear and cytoplasm proteins was separated by SDS-PAGE, and FolSrpk1 was detected using anti-GFP. The amount of total and nuclear FolSrpk1-GFP at 0 dpi was each set as 1. Data information: For E, each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times. The fractionation controls were Fol histone H1 (nucleus), Actin (cytosol) and Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining.F Association of FolSrpk1 with FolAha1 under ROS stress. After treatment with 10 mM H2O2 for 0, 1 and 2 h, proteins pulled down with GFP-Trap beads were probed with anti-GFP and anti-Flag (top). Input proteins were shown by Western blotting with anti-GFP and anti-FLAG antibodies (bottom). The amount of immunoprecipitated FolSrpk1-Flag and FolAha1-GFP at 0 h was each set as 1. Data information: For , F each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times.G Fluorescence microscopy analysis of FolSrpk1-GFP in mycelia of the FolSrpk1p::FolSrpk1-GFP strain treated with 10 mM H2O2 for 0, 1 and 2 h. Arrows indicate the nucleus. Scale bars = 5 µm.I Subcellular fractionation analysis of FolSrpk1-GFP in mycelia of the FolSrpk1p::FolSrpk1-GFP strain treated with 10 mM H2O2 for 0, 1 and 2 h. The amount of nuclear FolSrpk1-GFP at 0 h was set as 1. Data information: For I, each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times. The fractionation controls were Fol histone H1 (nucleus), Actin (cytosol) and Coomassie brilliant blue (CBB) staining.
Figure 2Co-IP (C) analyses showing the association of WT and mutant FolSrpk1 proteins with FolAha1. The amount of immunoprecipitated FolSrpk1-Flag and FolAha1-GFP in the first line was each set as 1. Data information: For C, each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times.Y2H (D) analyses showing the association of WT and mutant FolSrpk1 proteins with FolAha1.F Fluorescence microscopy of FolSrpk1-GFP and its mutant forms. Arrows indicate the nucleus. Bars = 5 µm. G Quantification of FolSrpk1-GFP distribution in F. The calculation was from three independent replicates with three hyphae per replicate and three cells per hyphae. Different letters indicate statistically significant differences according to one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). The whiskers of the boxplots indicate the upper and lower quartiles, the boxes indicate the interquartile range, and the plus sign indicates the mean.H Subcellular fractionation of FolSrpk1-GFP and its mutant forms. The fractionation controls were Fol histone H1 (nucleus), Actin (cytosol) and CBB staining. The amount of nuclear FolSrpk1-GFP was set as 1. Data information: For H, , each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times.I K304 acetylation of WT and mutant FolSrpk1 proteins in the indicated strains after treatment with 10 mM H2O2 for 0, 1 and 2 h. The amount of acetylated and total FolSrpk1-GFP at 0 h was each set as 1. Data information: For each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out at least three times.
Figure 3A K304 acetylation (top) and amount (middle) of FolSrpk1-GFP and FolSrpk1K304Q-GFP in WT and FolArd1-OE strains treated with 10 mM H2O2 for 2 h. The over-expressed FolArd1-Flag was detected by anti-Flag (bottom). The amount of acetylated and total FolSrpk1 in the WT was each set as 1. Data information: each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out three times.C FolArd1 directly acetylates FolSrpk1 in vitro. Purified GST-FolSrpk1 or its K304Q isoform (50 ng) was incubated with or without 50 ng of purified FolArd1 and then analyzed by immunoblotting using anti-K304ac or anti-GST antibody. Anti-GST immunoblotting was used to show equal loading. The amount of acetylated and total GST-FolSrpk1 in the first lane was each set as 1. Data information: each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out three times.E Subcellular fractionation analysis of FolSrpk1-GFP in WT, ΔFolSir2, and FolSir2-OE strains. The amount of nuclear FolSrpk1-GFP in the WT was set as 1. Data information: each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out three times. The fractionation controls were Fol histone H1 (nucleus), Actin (cytosol) and CBB staining.G, H Expression profile of FolArd1 (G) and FolSir2 (H) during the infection stage. Total RNA extracted from host roots at 0 (conidia) and 1-5 dpi was reverse transcribed. The expression levels were normalized to that of the Fol actin gene. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The presence of different letters above the mean values of three replicates indicates a significant difference between different samples (P < 0.05, ANOVA).
Figure 4A Relative expression level of six antioxidant enzymes during the infection stage. The experiments were carried out as in Fig 3. Data are presented as mean ± SD. The presence of different letters above the mean values of three biological replicates indicates a significant difference between different samples (P < 0.05, ANOVA).B Secretion of the FOXG_17180-GFP, FOXG_15294-GFP and FOXG_13788-GFP proteins. The proteins extracted from mycelia (M) and culture supernatants (S) were analyzed by Western blotting with anti-GFP and anti-Actin. Each gel shown is a representative experiment carried out three times. The loading controls were Fol Actin and CBB staining.F qRT-PCR analysis of Fol EF-1α transcript levels in tomato roots 14 days after infection by the indicated strains. The expression of tomato RCE1 was used as a control to ensure the use of equal amounts of RNA for RT-PCR. Data information: For F, the presence of different letters above the mean values of four replicates indicates a significant difference between different samples (P < 0.05, ANOVA). The whiskers of the boxplots indicate the upper and lower quartiles, the boxes indicate the interquartile range, and the plus sign indicates the mean.
Figure 5B Relative growth reduction of the indicated strains representing the reduction in colony diameters between normal and stress conditions normalized to colony diameters under normal conditions (four biological replicates). Data information: For B, the presence of different letters above the mean values of four replicates indicates a significant difference between different samples (P < 0.05, ANOVA). The whiskers of the boxplots indicate the upper and lower quartiles, the boxes indicate the interquartile range, and the plus sign indicates the mean.C Determination of H2O2 content in tomato roots infected by the indicted strains at 0-5 dpi. The experiments were carried out as in Fig 1. Data are presented as mean ± SD of three biological replicates.F qRT-PCR analysis of Fol EF-1α transcript levels in tomato roots 14 days after infection by the indicated strains. The experiments (four biological replicates) Data information: For F, the presence of different letters above the mean values of four replicates indicates a significant difference between different samples (P < 0.05, ANOVA). The whiskers of the boxplots indicate the upper and lower quartiles, the boxes indicate the interquartile range, and the plus sign indicates the mean.