EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure 3A. Fold enrichment values on all repeat masker classes and on Refseq genes, on the basis of all uniquely aligned reads, shown as mean and s.d., n=6 biological replicates. Dashed line represents an IP/Input ratio of 1, taken as a reference.C. Profiles of average RNAchIP signal as in Fig 2B over ±2kb centered on intragenic LINE, LTR, or SINE repeats annotated in Repeat masker database (n=34,000). All repeats are oriented in the same orientation (sense) relative to the overlapping annotated transcript, unless otherwise specified (antisense, shuffled), and as depicted by an oriented white box overlapping the transcript in 5' to 3' orientation (black line with arrowhead). D. Profiles of average RNAchIP signal, as in (C) centered on the 5 major families of intragenic SINE repeats. E. Proportions of the families of CACACA-containing SINE repeats within each family, as a percentage of total intragenic sense SINEs.F. Profiles of average RNAchIP signal, as in (D) centered on the subset of intragenic B4 SINEs containing a consensus CACACA motif.G. Genomic position of a B4 SINE repeat and CACACA consensus motifs at the location of the RNAchIP peakH. North-western blot assay showing direct association between the indicated bacterially expressed, purified GST-fusion proteins and in vitro transcribed, biotinylated RNA probes based on the sequence of the B4 SINE depicted in (G). Top panels, binding of a 256nt probe corresponding to the CACACA-containing B4 SINE sequence, was compared to an identical B4 SINE deleted of its CACACA by truncation of its 3' portion (B4 SINE-Δ3'). RNA probes hybridized on the membranes were detected by their Cy3 fluorescence. Total GST-fusion protein loading was visualized by Ponceau S staining. Representative of two independent experiments.
Figure 4A. Box plot showing the distribution of fold enrichment values per genes sorted by exon number, n= 66, 247, 389, and 574 genes with 1, 2, 3, and 4 exons, respectively. Dashed line represents an IP/Input ratio of 1, taken as a reference. B. Reads from input and IP counted in unstimulated and PMA stimulated triplicates give significant enrichment values of 1.4 and 0.7 on introns and exons, respectively, shown as mean and s.d., n=3 biological replicates. Dots represent individual data points. C. Box plot of reads belonging to spliced transcripts versus all reads in input or RNAchIP samples pooled between + and -PMA, calculated as a ratio between split reads and total reads, n=3 biological replicates. Dots represent individual data points. Data information: All box boundaries represent 25th and 75th percentiles; center line represents median; whiskers indicate ±1.5×IQR; points are values of outliers. All P-values are * P < 0.01, ** P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001; two-tailed Student's t-test.D, E. Average distribution profiles of the depicted hexameric motifs (D), or SINE and LINE repeats (E) on RefSeq genes, computed over exons (black box) and on ±0.7kb of surrounding introns (left panels), or over entire gene bodies including introns (pre-mRNA; middle panels), or as metagenes over exons only (Metagene mRNA; right panels).F. Box plot showing the distribution of fold enrichment values on series of introns of comparable size (4kb in average, ranging from 3 to 5kb) sorted by number of sense CACACA motifs per intron (2+, two or more motifs), n= 5782, 899, 960, and 3234 introns for all introns, 0, 1, and 2+ CACACA categories, respectively. R2, Linear regression coefficient between 0, 1, and 2+. Dashed line represents an IP/Input ratio of 1, taken as a reference. Data information: All box boundaries in Fig 4 represent 25th and 75th percentiles; center line represents median; whiskers indicate ±1.5×IQR; points are values of outliers. All P-values are * P < 0.01, ** P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001; two-tailed Student's t-test.G, H. Average read profiles on two groups of RefSeq genes, in the size-range 4 to 15kb, containing the highest (G) or lowest (H) CACACA motif density.
Figure 5C. Box plot depicting the length of exon junctions found differentially regulated by MAJIQ between HP1γ (green) and KO (orange) in three categories as in Fig EV5A, all classified differential HP1γ/KO junctions, annotated alternative exon junctions, non-annotated de novo cryptic junctions detected in KO only; n, differential events. Box boundaries represent 25th and 75th percentiles; center line represents median; whiskers indicate ±1.5×IQR; points are values of outliers. Data information: All graphes represent mean and s.d. (** P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001; two-tailed Student's t-test).D. RNAchIP read density per kb on the indicated introns for input and IP in samples from both untreated and PMA stimulated cells, n=6 biological replicates, or 3-times randomized intervals, n=18 samples. Dots represent individual data points. HP1γ/KO introns are all 272 intronic intervals between exon junctions differentially detected in HP1γ and KO. Random introns are a matching library of random intronic intervals. E. RNAchIP read density per kb on the genes corresponding to the introns tested in (D), and analyzed as in (D), n=6 biological replicates, or 3-times randomized intervals, n=18 samples. Data information: All graphes represent mean and s.d. (** P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001; two-tailed Student's t-test).F. Reads from input and IP counted on the indicated features in combined unstimulated and PMA stimulated triplicate samples, n=6 biological replicates. Dots represent individual data points. Data information: All graphes represent mean and s.d. (** P < 0.005, ***P < 0.001; one-tailed Student's t-test).G. Average distribution profiles of sense SINE repeats on indicated exons and on ±0.7kb of surrounding introns.
Figure 6B. RT-PCR analysis of the RNAs produced in the splicing assay with the Prl3 wt or Prl3 CAmut constructs as depicted in A transfected into HP1γ or KO cell lines. The top 210bp and bottom 120bp amplicons correspond to the included form (beta globin with Prl exon, more included in lane1, blue arrow, compared to lane 2), and the skipped form (beta globin exons only) of RNA, respectively. Orange arrowheads, position of the HBGEX-F and HBGEX-R primers used in PCR analysis. C. Histogram showing the loss of inclusion of the Prl3 exon upon depletion of HP1γ (in KO) relative to inclusion in the presence of HP1γ with the Prl3 wt (red) or Prl3 CA mut (grey) reporters. Based on the quantitation of 4 experiments as the one depicted in B. Values represent the fold change relative to HP1γ as a reference (dashed line). Graph represents mean and s.d. (*** P < 0.001; two-tailed Student's t-test; n=4).
figf1(a) Electron micrographs of the IM (black arrowheads) associated with the ER (black arrows) from Atg4BC74A-expressing NIH 3T3 cells. The IM appears to expand between the two ER cisternae and forms an autophagosome. The white arrowhead indicates vesicular clusters visible in the vicinity of the IM. The white arrow indicates the autophagosome.(b) The ratio of ER-associated autophagic structures (ER-IM complexes) to total autophagic structures. Data are expressed as the mean ± s.d. of triplicates from representative experiments.(c) Localization of GFP-DFCP1 with Atg16L1 in both control and Atg4BC74A-expressing cells. Insets show enlarged images of boxed regions.(d-g) Gold-enhanced immunogold electron microscopy revealed that GFP-DFCP1 localized to ER-IM complexes in both control (d, e) and Atg4BC74A-expressing cells (f). Immunogold particles are indicated by small arrows. No specific labelling was observed on ER-IM complexes in cells expressing GFP (g). Large arrows and arrowheads indicate the ER and the IM, respectively. Scale bars, 200 nm in a and d-g, an d 10 μm in c.
figf2Atg4BC74A-expressing cells (for Atg16L1) or control cells (for PDI, COP II and β-COP) were labelled with specific antibodies against the indicated markers. The left and right anti-Atg16L1 and anti-PDI images are from two different ER-IM complexes. Arrows, arrowheads and open arrowheads indicate the ER, IMs and VTCs, respectively. Small arrows in the image from the anti-COP II experiment indicate immunogold particles. Scale bars, 200 nm.
figf3(e) Images show 1.5-nm tomographic slices of the boxed region in c, and depict the IM (black arrow), whose edge (red arrowhead) is connected to the associated ER (black arrowhead). Numbers indicate the depth of the tomographic slices. Scale bars, 200 nm in a, 100 nm in b and c, and 50 nm in d and e.
figf4A 2-nm tomographic slice of each ER-IM complex, reconstructed from a 200-nm thick section, and their 3D models are depicted in the left panels. Red arrows indicate sites at which an edge of the IM is connected to the ER. Boxed regions are enlarged in the right panels. 3D models of the boxed regions, shown in a different orientation, depict the connection between the IM and ER (red arrows). Tomographic slices of the boxed regions show the edge of the IM (red arrowheads) is connected to the ER. Numbers indicate the depth of the tomographic slices. Scale bars, 100 nm.
Figure 1A, B Intracellular NAD levels and NAD/NADH ratio in DC and age-matched healthy control fibroblasts. All values are presented as mean ± SD of four and eight replicates in A and B, respectively. Student's t test was performed on DC cells vs controls.Immunoblots of the expression of NAD synthesis and consuming proteins, and their activities in DC and control cells. Protein levels are normalized to GAPDH.E Immunoblots of the expression of NAD synthesis and consuming proteins Quantification values are presented as mean ± SD of four controls versus five DC samples as shown in D. Student's t test was performed on DC cells vs controls. Con: control fibroblasts.F Effects of NR and NAM supplementation (24 hours) on the NAD levels in DC fibroblasts. All values are presented as mean ± SD of four replicates. One-Way ANOVA was performed on DC cells in indicated conditions.
Figure 2Quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblots of the expression of CD38 and SARM1 in DC and age-matched health control fibroblasts. All values are presented as mean ± SD of three replicates in quantitative RT-PCR. Protein levels are normalized to GAPDH, and mean (± SD) quantification values of 4 controls vs 5 DC samples are shown. Student's t test was performed on DC cells vs controls. Irrelevant intervening lanes have been removed for clarity (full blots are available online as Source Data).Immunoblots and quantification of indicated proteins in DC fibroblasts treated with DMSO and with 2 μM ATM inhibitor, KU-55933 for 48 hours. Mean (± SD) quantification values of three DC lines with and without ATMi treatment are shown. P values on the basis of Student's t test.The efficacy of CD38 shRNA (sh-1 and sh-2) was verified by quantitative RT-PCR in DC fibroblasts and by RT-PCR and immunoblots in A549 cells. The relative CD38 mRNA values in the CD38 knockdown cells were normalized to the scrambled shRNA. All values are presented as mean ± SD of three replicates. Student's t test was performed on DC and A549 cells in indicated conditions.Intracellular NAD levels in the scramble and CD38 knockdown DC fibroblasts. The CD38 knockdown DC fibroblasts were treated with the PARP1 inhibitor Olaparib (400nM) and the SIRT1 inhibitor EX 527 (1 μM) for 24 hours. Data are representative four replicates. All values are presented as mean ± SD of four replicates. One-way ANOVA was performed on DC cells in indicated conditions.immunoblots of the expression of indicated proteins in the scramble and CD38 knockdown DC fibroblasts. The CD38 knockdown DC fibroblasts were treated with the PARP1 inhibitor Olaparib (400nM) and the SIRT1 inhibitor EX 527 (1 μM) for 24 hours. Data are representative four replicates. All values are presented as mean ± SD of four replicates. One-way ANOVA was performed on DC cells in indicated conditions.
Figure 3Intracellular NAD levels in brain tissues from 6-month- old G1 and G3 Tert-/- female mice.immunoblots of the expression of NAD consuming related proteins and their activities in brain tissues from 6-month- old G1 and G3 Tert-/- female mice. The CD38 antibody was validated using the CD38-/- mouse brain tissues.C Quantification of immunoblots from the indicated proteins in B. Data information: All values are presented as mean ± SD of G1 Tert-/- mouse brain tissues versus G3 Tert-/- mouse brain tissues. n=4 in each group. P values on the basis of Student's t test.D NADase activity in G1 and G3 Tert-/- mouse brain lysate was determined at various time points during the reaction. NADase activity was not detectable in the extracts treated with the CD38 inhibitor, 78c, at a concentration of 50nM.
Figure 4A Representative immunoblots of the expression of PGC1-1α in DC cells treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. Quantification of the indicated proteins is from three immunoblots.B-D Cellular and mitochondrial ROS in DC and age-matched healthy control cells supplemented with vehicle and NR were measured by flow cytometry from three replicates.Cellular and mitochondrial ROS in DC and age-matched healthy control cells in the scramble and CD38 knockdown DC cells (D) were measured by flow cytometry from three replicates.E Representative images captured by transmission electron microscopy of DC1 cells treated with vehicle or NR. White arrows: mitochondria. Yellow arrow: autophagosome-like structures with engulfed mitochondria. Enlarged image within white frame is shown. F-H Quantifications of percentage of damaged mitochondria per cell (F), mitochondrial length (G), and mitochondrial diameter (H). A minimum of 200 mitochondria counted per group.
Figure 6A PCR amplification efficiency at the telomere in the mock- and FPG-treated DC and age-matched healthy control fibroblasts supplemented with vehicle or 3 mM NR. All values are presented as mean ± SD of three replicates. The relative telomere PCR amplification in each sample was normalized to the 36B4 reference gene.B Telomere restriction fragment analysis in DC and control fibroblasts treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. Genomic DNA was isolated from the indicated cell lines at 0 d or 14 d, with or without 3 mM NR treatment. At left, DNA molecular mass markers, in kilobase pairs (Kb).C, D Representative images of γH2AX (green), telomere immuno-FISH (red) in DC cells treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. White arrows: co-localization of γH2AX foci and telomeric DNA (or TIF). Enlarged views of co-localizing foci are shown at the right panel and in Figure EV1. Percentage of DC and control cells with indicated TIFs per nuclei. ~ 100 cells per condition were scored.
Figure 7A Cumulative population doubling analysis of the proliferation of representative scramble and CD38 knockdown DC fibroblasts or DC fibroblasts treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. Each data point is represented as mean ± SD of three replicates.B, C Representative images of BrdU (red) and DAPI (blue) staining of DC and age-matched healthy control fibroblasts treated with vehicle or NR. Percentage of BrdU -positive cells per condition. Each dot represents the percentage of cells with BrdU staining per image. ~400 cells were counted per condition. All values are presented as mean ± SD.D, E Representative images of SPiDER-β-gal (green) and DAPI (blue) staining of DC and age-matched healthy control cells treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. Percentage of SA-β-gal-positive cells per condition. Each dot represents the percentage of cells with SA-β-gal staining per image. ~400 cells were counted per condition. All values are presented as mean ± SD.F The levels of IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 in both supernatant and cell lysate of indicated DC fibroblasts treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. All values are represented as mean ± SD of three replicates.G, H Representative immunoblots of p21 and p16 in DC fibroblasts treated with vehicle or 3 mM NR. Quantification of the indicated proteins are presented as mean ± SD from three immunoblots.
Figure 1Immunofluorescence staining of LN229, U87and SNB19 tumor cells with primary antibodies against αv, β3 or β5 integrin subunits. Scale bars, 20μm for LN229 and SNB19, and 50μm for U87.Targeted gene delivery into LN229, U87 and SNB19 cells by RGD4C/AAVP-Luc carrying the Luc reporter gene. Cells were seeded in 48 well plates before transduction. Non-targeted/AAVP-Luc was used as negative control for targeted transduction. Results represent the average Relative Luminescence Units (RLU)/1μg protein. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=3.Western blot analysis of the endogenous Grp78 protein expression levels in LN229, U87 and SNB19 cells following treatment with increasing concentrations of TMZ. Grp78 level was normalized to GAPDH. Data shown in right panel are representative of two experiments, n=3.Induction of Grp78 promoter activity by TMZ in RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78-Luc cells. LN229, U87 and SNB19 cells stably transduced with RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78-Luc or RGD4C/AAVP-CMV-Luc were grown in the presence of TMZ for the indicated times. Results represent the average RLU/1μg protein. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=3. Two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction (GraphPad Prism 6) was used for data analysis.
Figure 2TMZ induction of phospho-eIF2α and ATF6-p90 expression. Human glioblastoma cells transduced with RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78 were analyzed by Western blot following treatment with TMZ (100 μM for LN229 and SNB19, 60 μM for U87). GAPDH was used as a control.RT-PCR analysis of constitutive expression and splicing of XBP1 in glioblastoma cells transduced with RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78, in the presence of TMZ. Sizes of the PCR products were 289 bp for unspliced XBP1 and 263 bp for spliced XBP1, the lower size band is not specific. Time points were selected among those tested in the Western blot in (A), subsequently the image containing 0, 1 and 2 hours was juxtaposed to images of 6, 12 and 24 hours. A white line has been added between the gel pieces that have been juxtaposed.Tumor cell killing in vitro by the HSVtk/GCV approach. Glioblastoma cells stably transduced with RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78-HSVtk or RGD4C/AAVP-CMV-HSVtk were treated with either GCV (10 μM) or TMZ (100 μM for LN229 and SNB19, 60 μM for U87) or combination of both GCV and TMZ. Cells were stained with MitoSOX and analyzed by FACS at day 4 post-treatment. Data shown are representative of three experiments, n=3. Two-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test (GraphPad Prism 6) was used for data analysis.
Figure 3Immuofluorescent staining for αv integrin expression in brain sections including intracranial tumor (T) and the surrounding healthy brain (B). Scale bar, 100μm.Co-staining of CD31 (red) and phage (green) in brain sections comprising tumor and healthy brain. Scale bar, 100μm. A high-magnification view from the low-magnification insert of the tumor section is shown. Scale bar, 25 μm.Quantification of the relative homing ability of RGD4C/AAVP-Grp78-HSVtk to brain tumors, brain tissue and pancreas after intravenous administration. The data were normalized both to non-targeted vector and to tissue weight then expressed as relative TU. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=5. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test (GraphPad Prism 6) was used for data analysis.
Figure 4In vivo BLI of Luc expression for evaluation of tumor viability and tumor size of representative tumor-bearing mice from all experimental groups before initiation of therapy (day 9 post intracranial cell implantation) and at the end of treatments (day 27 post intracranial cell implantation).Individual tumor Luc intensities before (filled circles) and after therapy (open circles), on days 9 and 27 post cell implantation, respectively. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=5.Average tumor Luc activity showing glioblastoma progression in each experimental group. Pre-treatment day 9 was set at 100%. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=5.Survival benefit for tumor-bearing mice from all treatment groups. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=5. Statistical significance was determined by Kaplan-Meier method (Kaplan-Meier survival fractions). Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used.
Figure 5Hematoxylin and eosin staining (H&E) and immunostaining for the proliferation marker protein Ki67 of representative tumor sections from all experimental groups, Scale bars, 200 μm for H&E and 100 μm for Ki67. T, tumor; B, brain. The low-magnification inserts represent negative controls with the secondary antibody alone on serial sections used for both Ki67 and caspase-3 immunostainings.Blood vessel staining with CD31 (red). DAPI staining of the sections is shown in blue. Scale bar, 200 μm. T, tumor; B, brain. The low-magnification inserts represent negative controls with the secondary antibody alone on serial sections used for both Ki67 and caspase-3 immunostainings.Tumor immunostaining for apoptosis using an anti- caspase-3 antibody. Scale bar, 100 μm.
Figure 6Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis with antibodies against Sox-2, Nestin and CD133 stem cell markers.Immunofluorescent staining for αv, β3 or β5 integrins in primary HSJD-GBM-001 and G26 GBM cells.Targeted transduction of HSJD-GBM-001 and G26 cells, over a time course, by RGD4C/AAVP-Luc. Non-targeted/AAVP-Luc was used as negative control. Results represent RLU/1μg protein of triplicate wells. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=3. Scale bar, 100 μm.
Figure 7Immunofluorescent staining for αv, β3 or β5 integrins in human normal astrocytes, chondrocytes, skin and lung fibroblasts.Treatment of chondrocytes, astrocytes, lung and skin fibroblasts with RGD4C/AAVP-Luc vector, alone or in the presence of TMZ. Non-targeted/AAVP-Luc was used as negative control. Results represent RLU/1μg protein. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=3. Scale bars, 160 μm for chondrocytes and 80 μm for all other cells.
Figure 8BLI of luciferase of representative tumor-bearing mice from all experimental groups at day 19 post therapy initiation.Survival benefit for tumor-bearing mice from all treatment groups. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=6. Statistical significance was determined by Kaplan-Meier method (Kaplan-Meier survival fractions). Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used.H&E staining, Ki67 immunostaining, and evaluation of apoptosis in tumors by using an anti- caspase-3 antibody staining of representative tumor sections from all experimental groups. The low-magnification inserts represent negative controls with the secondary antibody alone on serial sections used for both Ki67 and caspase-3 immunostainings. Arrow points to apoptotic cells.Immunostaining of tumors with an antibody against CD133. Scale bars, 100 μm.
Figure 9Immunostaining analysis for αv, β3 or β5 integrins in GL261 cells. Scale bar, 50 μm.BLI of Luc of representative tumor-bearing mice from all experimental groups at day 34 post treatment.Total tumor Luc intensities in each experimental group before treatment, on day 10 post cell implantation, and after therapy, on day 34 post cell implantation. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=6. Data analysis was done by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple comparison test.Survival benefit for tumor-bearing mice from all treatment groups. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=6. Statistical significance was determined by Kaplan-Meier method (Kaplan-Meier survival fractions). Log-rank (Mantel-Cox) test was used.Weights of C57BL/6J mice bearing intracranial GL261 tumors, from all experimental groups, before and after treatment. Data shown are representative of two experiments, n=6.