EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure 6A Chitin-induced MAPK activation in a mapkkk5 mutant (Line 1) expressing MAPKKK56xA. MAPK activity was detected using immunoblots with α-pMAPK.B Chitin-induced callose deposition in the MAPKKK56xA plant (Line 1). Seedlings were analyzed at 18 hours after treatment with 10 μM chitin. Data are means ±SD from three independent biological replicates, where each biological replicate consists of two technical replicates. The asterisks indicate statistically significant differences from the WT controls by Student's t-test (P < 0.05).C Detection of MAPKKK5K375M -GFP and MAPKKK5K375M,6xA-GFP transiently expressed in Arabidopsis protoplasts.D Visualization of interaction between PBL27 and MAPKKK5K375M, 6xA by BiFC analysis in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Venus fluorescence indicates interaction between PBL27 and MAPKKK5K375M, 6xA. Scale bar=10µm.
Figure 7A PBL27 does not interact with MAPKKK5-KD:C in a yeast two-hybrid assay.B Addition of CERK1 to an in vitro kinase assay enhances phosphorylation of MAPKKK5-KDK375M:C by PBL27. Asterisks indicate artificial bands derived from CERK1:IC.C CERK1 does not phosphorylate the C-terminal domain of MAPKKK5 in vitro. The in vitro kinase assay was performed with recombinant proteins of GST-PBL27, MAPKKK5-C and the intracellular kinase domain of CERK1 (GST-CERK1:IC). The protein loading control was shown by staining with Coomassie Brilliant Blue. The in vitro phosphorylation reaction was carried out using [32P]γ-ATP, and the phosphorylated proteins were detected by autoradiography. Asterisks indicate artificial bands.D The alanine substitution mutations at the residues conserved in the activation loop of reduces the phosphorylation of PBL27 by CERK1:IC. The in vitro kinase assay was carried out with recombinant proteins of GST-PBL27K112E , GST-PBL27K112E, 3xA and CERK1-IC.E The kinase activity of GST-PBL273xA was analyzed by the in vitro kinase assay using [32P]γ-ATP.
Figure 8A Visualization of interaction between MAPKKK5K375M and MKK1 / MKK2 / MKK4 / MKK5 by BiFC analysis in Arabidopsis protoplasts. Venus fluorescence indicates interaction. Scale bar=10µm.B MAPKKK5-KD phosphorylates MKK4 and MKK5 in vitro. The in vitro phosphorylation reaction was carried out using [32P]γ-ATP, and the phosphorylated proteins were detected by autoradiography.C MAPKKK5-KD does not phosphorylate a T224A/S230A mutant of MKK4 or a T215A/S221A mutant of MKK5. The above experiments were performed three times with similar results.
Figure 2A, B Oil Red O staining of livers from WT and KO males after 25 weeks on NC or HFD, with quantification of relative stain intensity (n=3, 3 images each). Scale bar = 100 μm. Data information: values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; **** = p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).C Transcript levels for genes involved in lipid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in livers of WT and KO mice after 25 weeks on NC or HFD. Stearoyl-Coenzyme A desaturase (Scd1), fatty acid transporter (CD36), glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (Gpat), carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (Cpt1), peroxisome proliferator-activated gamma (PPARγ), pyruvate dehydrogenase acetyl-transferase (Pdk4), PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (Dgat), and facilitated glucose transporter (Glut4). (males, n=4-5). Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. Data information: values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; **** = p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).D-F Serum levels of free fatty acids (FAA), insulin, and leptin in WT and KO after 25 weeks on NC or HFD (males, n=8-10). Data information: values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; **** = p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).Glucose tolerance test (GTT) after 25 weeks on NC or HFD. GTT was performed following an overnight fast Data information: values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; **** = p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).Insulin tolerance test (ITT) after 25 weeks on NC or HFD. , ITT following a three hour fast (males, n=6). Data information: values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01; *** = p < 0.001; **** = p < 0.0001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).
Figure 3Oxygen consumption (VO2) of 10-12 week old WT and KO mice on normal chow were measured using the CLAM metabolic cage system (males, n=6). Bar graphs show the average value of metabolic measurements made within the 60 minutes flanking 6AM or 6PM. Data information: values shown are average ±SD. *** = p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons). carbon dioxide production (VCO2) of 10-12 week old WT and KO mice on normal chow were measured using the CLAM metabolic cage system (males, n=6). Bar graphs show the average value of metabolic measurements made within the 60 minutes flanking 6AM or 6PM. Data information: values shown are average ±SD. *** = p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons). respiratory exchange ratio VCO2/VO2 (RER) of 10-12 week old WT and KO mice on normal chow were measured using the CLAM metabolic cage system (males, n=6). Bar graphs show the average value of metabolic measurements made within the 60 minutes flanking 6AM or 6PM. Data information: values shown are average ±SD. *** = p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).physical activity of 10-12 week old WT and KO mice on normal chow were measured using the CLAM metabolic cage system (males, n=6). Bar graphs show the average value of metabolic measurements made within the 60 minutes flanking 6AM or 6PM. Data information: values shown are average ±SD. *** = p < 0.001 (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons).
Figure 4Transcript levels for Rcan1.1 and Rcan1.4 during differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes, measured at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 24 hours following the addition MDI as well as at 3, 7 and 10 days as indicated (n=3). * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, student's t-test, unpaired, vs 0 time point. Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SDB Western blot for RCAN1.1, RCAN1.4 and tubulin (TUB) in whole cell extracts of 3T3-L1 adipocytes transfected with a control si-RNA or ones targeting either Rcan1.4 or Rcan1.1 (20 μg per lane).C Representative images of 3T3-L1 adipocytes transfected with the indicated si-RNAs prior to differentiation and stained with Oil Red O on day 10. Scale bar = 100 μm.D Western blot for adiponectin (ADPOQ) released into the media during differentiation by 3T3-L1 adipocytes transfected with the indicated si-RNAs. Ponceau stained image provides loading control.E Transcript levels for Pgc1-α, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes transfected with the indicated si-RNAs and assayed over 10-days of differentiation (n=3). Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SDRepresentative bright-field images showing lipid accumulation at 10-days differentiation of Ing-svf cells treated with the indicated siRNA. Scale bar = 50 μm.G Transcript levels for Adrenoceptor beta 3 (Adrb3), uncoupling protein 1 (Ucp1), PPARγ coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α), and deiodinase type II (Dio2) Ing-svf cultures transfected with control siRNA (C) or one targeting Rcan1 (KD) then maintained in growth media (G), or differentiated for ten-days (D) with and without the addition of 100 mM isoproterionol for 6 hours prior to harvesting (D+ISO) (n=2 in triplicate). * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons. Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SDH, I Transcript levels for the indicated panel of genes relevant to adipocyte differentiation in Platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-positive (PDGFRα+) and lineage-negative (Lin-) stromal vascular cells isolated by FACS sorting from sWAT of WT (black bars) and KO (red bars). In H, isolated cells were maintained in growth media. In I, cultures were treated with MDI then differentiated for 10 days. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01, student's t-test, unpaired, WT vs. KO. Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD
Figure 5A Representative H&E histological sections of sWAT from WT and KO mice probed with anti-UCP1 antibodies. Mice were either maintained at 24°C (RT) or housed at 6°C for 5 days. Scale bar = 200 μm.Transcript levels of Pgc1α and Ucp1 in sWAT of male and female WT and KO mice after 24 hours at RT or 4°C (n= Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisonsC Transcript levels of Ucp1, Pgc1α, Adrb3, retinoblastoma 1 (Rb1), zinc finger protein 423 (Zfp423), and PR domain containing 16 (Prdm16) were quantified in sWAT of WT and KO mice after 25 weeks on a HFD (n=4-5). Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. ; unpaired student's t-testD Transcript levels of Pgc1α-1b and Pgc1α-1a isoforms in sWAT of WT and KO 8 week old females maintained at 24°C (RT) or housed at 4°C for 24 hours (n=5). Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisonsE. Western blot for RCAN1 in various skeletal muscle groups. Each lane was loaded with 20 μg of total protein from plantaris (PL), soleus (SOL), extensor digitorum longus (EDL), tibialis anterior (TA), red gastrocnemius (RG), white gastrocnemius (WG), white vastus lateralis (WV), heart ventricle (HT), atria, diaphragm (Dia), and Tong. The lane containing brain extract was loaded with 10 μg of protein. Antibody specificity was validated by running 20 μg of protein from the heart of an Rcan1-KO animal (HT-KO). The asterisks * indicate the location of putative proteolytic fragments of RCAN1.1.F Transcript levels of Sln in skeletal muscle (tibialis anterior) of 8-10 week old WT and KO mice housed at RT. (n=4-5 each gender). G Transcript levels of Sln in skeletal muscle (tibialis anterior ) of 8-10 week old male WT and KO animals housed at RT. (n=5).Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons F, ; unpaired student's t-test in G.H Representative western blot showing SLN protein in soleus muscle of 8-10 week old WT and KO animals housed at RT. GAPDH was used as a loading control.J Activity of the Sln-Luc reporter in C2C12 myoblasts transiently transfected with an empty control vector or ones expressing constitutively active calcineurin (CnA*) and Rcan1. Luciferase activity was normalized to beta-galactosidase activity from a co-transfected vector. (n=3, assayed in duplicate). Data information: Transcript levels were normalized to 18S. All values shown are mean ±SD. * = p < 0.05; ** = p < 0.01. (two-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons
Figure 6A Correlation of Rcan1 expression in liver and gonadal adipose tissue with HOMA-IR, using male mice from over 100 strains from the hybrid mouse diversity panel. Regression line (red), r = biweight midcorrelation, p = p-value.B, C Correlation of Rcan1 expression in gonadal adipose and liver with body weight, plasma insulin and plasma triglycerides, in a data set comparing backgrounds susceptible (BTBR background) or resistant (C57BL/6 background) to diabetes when carrying the leptinob/ob (ob) mutation. Measures are reported as the ratio of the mean log10 intensity (ml ratio). Regression line (black), r = linear regression, p = p-value.
Figure 1A) Live confocal imaging of liver stage P. berghei expressing UIS4‐mCherry and cytoplasmic GFP reveals different morphologies of the LS‐TVN: elongated membrane clusters (left), vesicles in the host cell cytoplasm (center), and a thin tubule protruding from the PVM (right). Live imaging was performed 20 h after infection of hepatoma cells. Features are marked with white arrowheads.B) The UIS4‐ and IBIS1‐positive tubules rapidly extend from and retract to the PVM. Confocal time‐lapse imaging of a UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing parasite at 22 h (top) and an IBIS1‐mCherry‐expressing parasite at 26 h (bottom) after infection of hepatoma cells. Tubules are indicated with a yellow arrow, and the time is shown in minutes and seconds.C) Imaging of IBIS1‐mCherry‐expressing P. berghei reveals similar features of the LS‐TVN, i.e. elongated membrane cluster (left), vesicles in the host cell cytoplasm (center), and a membrane tubule (right). Infected cells were fixed 26 h post‐infection and imaged by epifluorescence microscopy. Features are indicated with a yellow arrowhead. Scale bars, 10 µm.D) Quantification of the distinct UIS4‐ and IBIS1‐positive membranous structures in fixed infected hepatoma cells at three different time points: 6 h after infection (the period of sporozoite transformation into exo‐erythrocytic forms), 24 h after infection (onset of parasite replication and growth), and 48 h after infection (mature liver stages). Values are shown as mean (± SD) from three separate wells (n = 100 per well) of one experiment and are representative of two experimental repetitions.
Figure 2Hepatoma cells infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasites were fixed and stained with anti-UIS4 and anti-HSP70 A) Some UIS4‐positive vesicles are tethered to the PVM as 'beads‐ona‐string'. Infected cell fixed 24 h post‐infection.B) The UIS4‐mCherry features we detect in live imaging of UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing P. berghei, i.e. elongated membrane clusters (left), vesicles (center) and tubules (right) are also apparent in fixed wildtype parasites stained with anti‐UIS4 antibody. Infected cells 24 h post‐infection. Scale bars, 10 µm.Hepatoma cells infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA parasites were fixed and stained with anti-UIS4. C) Often the LS‐TVN is a composite of vesicles, tubules and membrane clusters. Infected cell 22 h post‐infection.D) The LS‐TVN detectable in primary hepatocytes infected with UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing P. berghei also consists of elongated membrane clusters (yellow arrowhead), vesicles (white arrow) and tubules (yellow arrow). Infected cell 18 h post‐infection.E) Dynamic tubules (yellow arrow) are detectable with UIS4‐mCherry in infected primary hepatocytes 24 h post‐infection. Location of parasite is marked with a yellow asterisk. Scale bars, 10 µm.
Figure 3A) Confocal microscopy images show a tubule (upper panel) labeled with UIS4 and IBIS1 (white arrowheads), an elongated membrane cluster (middle panel) in which both proteins are present, and vesicles (bottom panel) that are often labeled with both UIS4 and IBIS1 (yellow arrow) and frequently labeled with only one protein (yellow arrowheads).B) Epifluorescence microscopy of IBIS1 and UIS4 reveals that while most tubules are labeled with both proteins as above (white arrowhead), some are labeled exclusively with UIS4 (upper panel) or IBIS1 (bottom panel). Single‐labeled tubules were highlighted with white arrows and their frequency in infected cells with tubules is indicated in percent (± SD), which was calculated from two separate wells 30 h post‐infection (n > 150 infected cells per well).
Figure 4A‐C) Time‐lapse imaging of hepatoma cells infected with UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing Plasmodium berghei was used to determine the velocities of the UIS4‐positive features, e.g., a tubule (A), elongated membrane cluster (B) and vesicle (C) were tracked over time. Measured speeds of the dynamic features indicated with white arrows are depicted graphically to the right. Scale bars, 10 µm.D) The velocities of several UIS4‐ or IBIS1‐positive features [tubules (left), elongated membrane clusters (center) and vesicles (right)] were measured over time, and the peak velocity of each was plotted. Plotted data was derived from multiple imaged infected cells: For IBIS1‐positive tubules data is derived from three infected cells and for UIS4‐positive tubules from 13 infected cells. Elongated membrane cluster speeds were analyzed in at least five infected cells for both UIS4 and IBIS1, and vesicle speeds were analyzed in at least 12 different cells for both protein markers.
Figure 5B) Cells infected with UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing parasites were treated with nocodazole for 1.5 h (top) or cytochalasin D for 30 min (bottom) and imaged by confocal microscopy. Imaging occurred 29 and 24 h post‐infection, respectively. UIS4‐positive tubules, static (top) and dynamic (bottom), are indicated with white arrowheads. Displayed cells are representative of five imaged parasites from at least two different experiments.B) Cells infected with UIS4‐mCherry‐expressing parasites were treated with nocodazole for 1.5 h (top) or cytochalasin D for 30 min (bottom) and imaged by confocal microscopy. Imaging occurred 29 and 24 h post‐infection, respectively. UIS4‐positive tubules, static (top) and dynamic (bottom), are indicated with white arrowheads. Displayed cells are representative of five imaged parasites from at least two different experiments.C) No colocalization between host microtubules and UIS4‐positive tubules is detectable. Infected cells were fixed 25 h post‐infection and stained with antibodies against UIS4 and Tubulin. Scale bars, 10 µm.
Figure 6A and B) The bleach was applied to elongated membrane clusters of the LS‐TVN approximately 27 h post‐infection. The UIS4‐mCherry signal typically did not recover in the bleached area (A), although it was found to recover in some elongated membrane clusters (B).C) When the bleach was applied to the PVM at 25 h post‐infection, the signal recovered rapidly in the bleached region. Upon the application of additional bleach pulses in the same area, the bleached area (region #1 measured graphically) repeatedly recovered, and the remaining PVM‐associated UIS4‐mCherry signal depleted (region #2) although the LS‐TVN‐associated signal remained (region #3). When a region of the LS‐TVN was subsequently bleached (yellow arrow, region #4), no recovery was observed. The times are shown in minutes and seconds. Scale bars, 10 µm.
Figure 7A and B) A phase‐contrast image containing the infected cell of interest (A) was used for comparison to the EM grid after fixation and preparation of the cells for TEM (B). Green outlining of the cells in the phase‐contrast image was used as a tool for comparison and alignment. The insets defined in white are shown in the right panels merged with the fluorescent image of the UIS4‐mCherry signal acquired immediately prior to fixation. Scale bars, 10 µm.C) Detection of the UIS4‐mCherry signal by widefield fluorescence microscopy in the cell of interest immediately prior to fixation. The location of the parasite is marked with an asterisk, and UIS4‐positive features are highlighted with arrowheads.D) Thirty‐six TEM sections of this sample were prepared and imaged (Movies S4 and S5). Features corresponding to the UIS4‐positive tubule (white arrowhead) were found in sections 10-16 and to the UIS4‐positive signal adjacent to the PVM (yellow arrowhead) were found in Sections 16-29. Sections 11 (top) and 20 (bottom) are displayed to highlight these two features. Scale bars, 1 µm.
Figure 8A) Hepatoma cells infected with UIS4−mCherry−expressing Plasmodium berghei parasites were fixed 22 h post−infection and stained with antibodies against host cell protein markers of distinct organelles: anti−EEA1 to label early endosomes, anti−CD63 and anti−LAMP1 to label late endosomes and lysosomes, anti−Calnexin to label the endoplasmic reticulum, and anti−Golgin97 to label the Golgi. In all samples, either anti−mCherry or anti−UIS4 was used to amplify the UIS4−mCherry signal. Imaging was carried out by epifluorescence microscopy. In the right panels, fluorescence is merged, and selected regions with areas of interest are shown enlarged. At least 20 infected cells possessing LS−TVN features were visually examined for each condition, and representative images of UIS4−positive elongated membrane clusters (left) and UIS4−positive tubules (right, and indicated with yellow arrows) are displayed. Scale bars, 10 µm.B) Profiling of the red (UIS4) and green (CD63, left or LAMP‐1, right) signals along the indicated line within the insets from the images in (A) above.
Figure 9LC3 colocalizes with UIS4 on the Plasmodium liver stage PVM and TVNHepatoma cells infected with Plasmodium berghei expressing UIS4‐mCherry (top) or IBIS1‐mCherry (bottom) were fixed 22 h or 48 h post‐infection, respectively, and stained with anti‐LC3 to label autophagic membranes. In the right panels, fluorescence is merged, and selected areas of interest are shown enlarged. Scale bars, 10 µm.
Figure 1(A) Quantification of AURKB transcripts in non-IPF lung derived resident-fibroblasts treated with indicated mitogens for 16hrs. *P < 0.05, ***P < 0.0005, and ****P < 0.00005, 1-way ANOVA, (n=4).(B) Quantification of AURKB gene transcripts in isolated fibroblasts from non-IPF and IPF lung stromal cell cultures. **P < 0.005, unpaired t-test, (n=6).(C) IPF and non-IPF lung sections were immunostained using AURKB antibody (n=4). Representative images were obtained at 40X magnification. Scale bar: 40µm. Dotted area: black; myofibroblastic core, blue; active fibrotic front. Arrows indicate AURKB positive cells.(D) Immunoblots of Aurkb and Aurka in total lung lysates of normal (CCSP/-) and fibrotic (CCSP/TGFα) mice fed with Dox for 6wks. Quantification was performed using phosphor imager software and normalization was done using loading control GAPDH. *P < 0.05, unpaired t-test, (n=4).(E) Immunostaining was performed using AURKB antibody in lung sections of control (CCSP/-) and TGFα (CCSP/TGFα) mice on Dox for 6wks (n=6). Representative images were obtained at 20X (low; Scale bar: 100µm) and 63X (high; Scale bar: 30µm) magnification. Dashed box indicates area of the section showing in high magnification.(F) Western blot analysis of Aurkb in total lung lysates from saline and bleomycin treated mice. Quantification was performed using phosphor imager software and normalization was done using loading control Gapdh. **P < 0.005, unpaired t-test, (n=4-5).
Figure 2(A) Human IPF lung fibroblasts were transiently transfected with control or WT1 siRNA for 72hrs and AURKB transcripts were quantified. ****P < 0.00005, unpaired t-test, (n=4).(B) Lung-resident fibroblasts from TGFα mice on Dox for 4 wks were transiently transfected with control or WT1 siRNA for 72hrs and AURKB transcripts were quantified. ****P < 0.00005, unpaired t-test, (n=4).(C) Immunoblot analysis of AURKB and WT1 in the lysates of non-IPF fibroblasts transduced with control or WT1-adenoviral particles for 72hrs. **P < 0.005, unpaired t-test, (n=3).(D) Quantification of AURKB transcripts in primary fibroblasts from IPF lung treated with either control or WT1 siRNA and stimulated with media or TGFα (100ng/mL) for 16hrs. ****P < 0.00005, unpaired t-test, (n=4).(E) Primary lung-resident fibroblasts were isolated from stromal cultures of TGFα mice placed on Dox for 8 wks. Cell lysates were prepared, and the ChIP assay was performed with anti-WT1 antibody or normal rabbit IgG as a negative control using AURKB gene promoter-specific PCR primers. Non-immunoprecipitated DNA is represented as input DNA (product size, 104 bp). ***P < 0.0005, unpaired t-test, (n=2).(F) AURKB-promoter luciferase activity was measured in HEK293 cells transfected with control or WT1 overexpressing (OE) vector. ****P < 0.00005, one-way-ANOVA, (n=6).