EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Fig 3Macrophages were infected with HIV and cells harvested at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection. (A) Cells were analyzed for endogenous LC3B and SQSTM1 by Western blotting. Left, a representative blot is shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 6.(B) Cells were harvested then subjected to flow cytometry analysis of saponin-resistant LC3B-II in macrophages. Representative histograms of cells displaying saponin-resistant LC3B-II are shown.(C) Cells were harvested, lysed then analyzed for CYP27B1 and VDR by Western blotting. Left, a representative blot is shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 6.
Fig 4(A) Macrophages were exposed to increasing concentrations of purified HIV for 24 h, harvested, lysed, fractionated for cytoplasmic and nuclear content, and analyzed for TFEB, ACTB and H3 histone by Western blotting. Top, a representative blot is shown. Bottom, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 3.(B) Macrophages were infected with HIV and at 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection cells were harvested, lysed and fractionated for cytoplasmic and nuclear content, and analyzed for TFEB, ACTB and H3 histone by Western blotting. Bottom, a representative blot is shown. Top, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 6.C) Representative fluorescence microscopy images of HIV-infected macrophages which were fixed, permeabilized then stained with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI; green) and antibody to TFEB (red) at the indicated times post-infection. Co-localization of TFEB and DAPI staining is represented in the image by orange pixels. Scale bars indicate 20 μm.(D) Macrophages were exposed to mock, infectious, AT-2-inactivated, or RNase/DNase I treated AT-2-inactivated iodixanol velocity gradient purified HIVBa-L for 24 h, harvested, lysed fractionated for cytoplasmic and nuclear content, and analyzed for TFEB, ACTB and H3 histone by Western blotting. Bottom, a representative blot is shown. Top, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 3.(E) Macrophages were transduced with non-specific scrambled shRNA (shNS), or TLR8 shRNA (shTLR8) and analyzed for TLR8 expression. Bottom, a representative blot is shown. Top, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(F) Macrophages transduced with shNS or shTLR8 from (E) were exposed to mock, infectious, AT-2-inactivated, or RNase/DNase I treated AT-2-inactivated purified HIV for 24 h. Cells were then harvested, lysed, fractionated for cytoplasmic and nuclear content, and analyzed for TFEB, ACTB and H3 histone by Western blotting. Top, a representative blot is shown. Bottom, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.
Fig 5(A) Macrophages transduced with non-specific scrambled shRNA (shNS), or TFEB shRNA (shTFEB) were infected with HIV for 10 days. Cells were lysed and analyzed for TFEB and ACTB content by Western blotting. Left, a representative blot is shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(B) At 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection cells from (A) were harvested, lysed, and analyzed for endogenous LC3B and SQSTM1 by Western blotting. Left, representative blots are shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(C) Macrophages transduced with non-specific cDNA (Control), or TFEB cDNA (TFEB) then exposed to HIV. Cells were lysed and analyzed for TFEB and ACTB content by Western blotting. Bottom, a representative blot is shown. Top, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(D) Transduced cells from (C) were exposed to purified HIV for the indicated time (minutes) harvested, lysed, and analyzed for endogenous LC3B and SQSTM1 by Western blotting. Left, representative blots are shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.
Fig 6(A) qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression of autophagy (UVRAG and ATG9B) and lysosomal (MCOLN1) genes 24 h post-exposure to mock, infectious, or RNase/DNase I treated AT-2-inactivated purified HIV. Data are reported as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4.(B) Macrophages were transduced with non-specific scrambled shRNA (shNS), or TLR8 shRNA (shTLR8) and analyzed for TLR8 expression. Bottom, a representative blot is shown. Top, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(C) Macrophages from (B) were exposed to mock, infectious, or RNase/DNase I treated AT-2-inactivated purified HIV for 24 h. Cells were harvested and qRT-PCR for UVRAG, ATG9B, MCOLN1 was performed. Data were normalized to the shNS mock infected control for each gene. Bar charts are reported as mean ± s.e.m., n = 4.
Fig 7(A) Macrophages transduced with non-specific scrambled shRNA (shNS), or BECN1 shRNA (shBECN1) were infected with HIV for 10 days. Cells were lysed and analyzed for BECN1 and ACTB content by Western blotting. Left, a representative blot is shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(B) At 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection cells from (A) were harvested, lysed and analyzed for endogenous LC3B, SQSTM1, and ACTB by Western blotting. Left, a representative blot is shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(C) At 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection cells from (A) were harvested, lysed, fractionated for cytoplasmic and nuclear content, and analyzed for TFEB, ACTB and H3 histone by Western blotting. Left, a representative blot is shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.
Fig 8(A) Macrophages were infected with HIVNL(AD8) or HIVNL(AD8)ΔNef. At 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection cells were harvested, lysed and analyzed for endogenous LC3B, SQSTM1, and ACTB by Western blotting. Left, representative blots are shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.(B) Macrophages were infected with HIVNL(AD8) or HIVNL(AD8)ΔNef. At 1, 3, 5, 7, and 10 days post-infection cells were harvested, lysed, fractionated for cytoplasmic and nuclear content, and analyzed for TFEB, ACTB and H3 histone by Western blotting. Left, representative blots are shown. Right, densitometric analysis of immunoblots from independent donors presented as means ± s.e.m., n = 4.
Figure 1B Flow cytometry based on CD49f and EpCAM staining separates lineage-negative breast tissue cells into stromal (CD49f-EpCAM-) and epithelial cells, which includes basal (CD49f+EpCAMlo/-), luminal progenitor (LP) (CD49f+EpCAM+) and mature luminal (ML) (CD49f-EpCAM+) cells.C t-SNE plot of the integrated scRNA-seq profiles of epithelial cells from 11 reduction mammoplasties. Cell colors correspond to tissue specimens. D Same t-SNE plot as (C) but separated by hormonal status of the donor (8 premenopausal and 3 postmenopausal).
Figure 2A t-SNE map of combined scRNA-seq transcriptomes of total tissue cells from 13 reduction mammoplasties. Cell colors correspond to tissue specimens. B Same t-SNE map as (A) but colored by cell cluster (with cluster resolution 0.05). C Ternary plot positioning each cell according the proportion of basal, LP or ML signature genes expressed by that cell. The plot shows the same cells and cell colors as for (B).D Re-clustered EPCAM-negative non-epithelial cells revealed seven clusters (resolution 0.05) representing immune and stromal cell lineages. E Multidimensional scaling plot showing expression profile distances between the pseudo-bulk samples. Each dot corresponds to aggregated expression for a cell cluster for one patient. Cluster colors are overlaid from (D, right panel). Distances on the plot correspond to leading log2-fold-change, defined as the average log2-fold-change for the 500 most differential genes between each pair of profiles. F Heat map of pseudo-bulk samples showing marker genes for each non-epithelial cluster. The top 20 marker genes were identified for each cluster by differential expression analysis of the pseudo-bulk read counts. Color bars at the top of the plot indicate the cluster and menopausal status (blue/yellow for pre/post menopause) of each sample. G Same t-SNE map of non-epithelial cells as in (D) but colored by menopausal status. Barplot shows relative cluster sizes (percentage of total cells) for each status condition. Clusters 1 and 2 have significantly different sizes in post-menopause samples after allowing for inter-patient variability (P = 0.040 and P=0.032 by quasi-binomial F-test). Sizes are not significantly different for other clusters (P > 0.15). H Relative cluster sizes as for (G) but by individual patients. Cluster colors correspond to (D). by cluster. A quasi-multinomial F-test was used to test for differences in cluster frequencies between pre- and post-menopausal samples (P = 0.007). I Bar plots showing percentage of cells expressing selected immune and endothelial cell markers for pre- and post-menopausal samples and the cell clusters identified in Fig 2D.
Figure 3A Microenvironment t-SNE map separated by menopausal status and colored by expression (red=high expression, grey=undetectable) of selected fibroblast markers (upper panel). The dotted lines indicate the pericyte subsets. Bottom panel shows percentage of cells expressing the markers for the cell clustersB Co-immunofluorescence staining of pre- versus post-menopausal tissue for E-cadherin (cyan), PDGFRβ (yellow) and F-actin (pink). DAPI is shown in grey. The arrowheads in (v) depict fibroblasts in direct contact with the myoepithelial layer. For 2D and 3D confocal imaging: n=13 premenopausal and n=10 postmenopausal specimens. Scale bars: wholemount and optical sections:100 μm (panels i-iv); enlargements, 30 μm (panel v).C t-SNE plot of the integrated scRNA-seq profiles of fibroblasts from pre-and post-menopausal tissue Cell colors correspond to tissue specimens. D Same t-SNE plot as in (C) showing 5 distinct clusters (clusters 3 and 5 were specific to one patient).F Heat map of same cells as (D) showing expression of the top 20 marker genes in each cluster. Color bars at the top of the plot show cluster membership (colors as in (D)) and pre- or post-menopausal status (blue and yellow, respectively).
Figure 4A t-SNE map of combined scRNA-seq profiles of total cells isolated from pathologically normal preneoplastic tissue from BRCA1 mutation carriers (BRCA1; n=4) and non-BRCA premenopausal women (n=8) with no family history of breast cancer. Cell colors represent individual samples. B Same t-SNE map as in (A) but colored by cluster (cluster resolution 0.12). C Epithelial clusters were identified by EPCAM expression and the non-epithelial cells were re-clustered to reveal immune and stromal cell populations (cluster resolution 0.08). Lineage identity was determined by hierarchical clustering according to top marker genesD t-SNE plot showing the combined single-cell transcriptomes of total tissue cells from BRCA1 preneoplastic tissue and TNBCs (n=4 for each), colored according to individual patients (B1 = preneoplastic BRCA1+/- tissue; TN-B1= BRCA1-associated TNBCs). E Same t-SNE map as (D) but colored by cluster (cluster resolution 0.15). F Expression of epithelial markers indicated on the combined t-SNE plot as in (D, E) for BRCA1 preneoplastic and BRCA1-associated tumor cells. G Epithelial clusters were identified by EPCAM expression and non-epithelial cells are indicated by the dotted line. H Same t-SNE map as in (D, E) but colored according to cancerous state: preneoplastic tissue (blue) and BRCA1-associated TNBCs (yellow). I Box plots of signature expression scores for the 13 cell clusters in (D, E) according to human breast epithelial and stromal gene signatures. Cluster 1 corresponds to tumor cells, while clusters 6, 9 and 10 represent adjacent normal LP, basal and ML cells, respectively. Box plots show quartiles, minimum and maximum.
Figure 5A Reclustered EPCAM-negative cells (excluding clusters 1, 6, 9 and 10 revealed immune/stromal cells in the microenvironment, identified using lineage markers. B Combined t-SNE plot as in (A) of the single-cell transcriptomes of immune and stromal cells from preneoplastic tissue of BRCA1 mutation carriers (blue; preneo) and BRCA1-associated TNBCs (yellow; tumor). C t-SNE plots showing expression profiles of cardinal markers of immune and stromal cells. D Bar plots showing the percentage of cells expressing typical immune cell (including Treg) genes for clusters in (A) by preneoplastic vs tumor. E Left panel, same t-SNE map as in (A) but separated into cells from preneoplastic (blue) and tumor specimens (yellow). Endothelial cell (endo), fibroblast cell (fibro) and pericytes (peri) clusters are marked. Right panel, proportion of clusters as in (A) according to tissue type. F Relative cluster sizes as in (E) but by individual patient.G Co-immunofluorescence of tissue stained for the epithelial marker (cytokeratin 19; yellow) and the tumor-associated macrophage marker CX3CR1 (magenta). DAPI is shown in white (n=2 preneoplastic samples; n=2 tumors). Scale bar, 100 μm.H Heat map of top differentially expressed genes in the major immune/stromal cell clusters, identified in (A). BRCA1+/- preneoplastic cells, blue; BRCA1-associated tumor cells, yellow.
Figure 6A-C t-SNE plots of combined scRNA-seq profiles of total cells from 8 TNBC tumors, 6 HER2+ tumors and 13 ER+ tumors respectively. Integration and cluster sizes for the same cells Cells colored by cluster (top left panels), EPCAM expression (top right), cancer subtype marker (bottom left) or MKI67 expression (bottom right). Dotted lines delineate epithelial cells (top panels) and cycling epithelial cells (bottom panels). Normal epithelial subsets (normal) are also demarcated by dotted lines in the upper-right panels of B and C. D InferCNV plots to map inferred copy number variation (CNV) for the combined tumor scRNA-seq expression data for the epithelial clusters indicated in panels A-C. scRNA-seq data from normal breast epithelial cells (N-1105-epi) served as a reference for normalization. Each row represents a gene and each column cells from a cluster in a single tumor. The tumor clusters are color-coded as in A-C. Amplifications (red) and deletions (blue) are inferred from the gene expression. Tumor cells were distinguished from normal (N) cells by abundance of CNV.H Combined t-SNE transcriptome profiles of two distinct ER+ tumors isolated from the same breast of a patient: ER-0029-7C (blue) and ER-0029-9C (yellow). The corresponding t-SNE cell clusters are shown in the middle panel and expression of EPCAM is shown in the right-hand panel.
Figure 7A-C t-SNE maps of reclustered EPCAM-negative non-epithelial cells Cluster resolutions 0.136, 0.1 and 0.1 respectively. The major cell clusters within the microenvironment were identified based on expression of lineage-specific genes. Heat maps of pseudo-bulk samples show marker genes for each cluster. The top 30 marker genes were identified for each cluster by differential expression analysis of the pseudo-bulk read counts. Cluster 9 in HER2+ tumors (B) expressed myeloid and luminal epithelial markers, suggesting phagocytosis of the latter by macrophages. Color bars at the top of the heat map indicate the cluster of each sample; top genes that mark each cluster are indicated.
Figure 8A, B Image quantification showing number of CD8+Ki67+ cells (A) or CD68+Ki67+ cells (B) per mm2 of tissue from TNBC, HER2+ and ER+ tumors, either within the tumor region (K8/18+) or the stroma (defined as >5 μm from tumor border). Error bars represent s.e.m. CD8/Ki67: n=11 for TNBC, n=12 for ER+, n=5 for HER2+. CD68/Ki67: n=6 for TNBC, n=8 for ER+, n=5 for HER2+.C-F Representative confocal images of ER+ (ER-0032) and triple negative tumors ( TN-0066) immunolabeled for K8/18 (yellow), CD68 (green) and Ki67 (red) (C, E) or K8/18 (yellow), CD8 (green) and Ki67 (red) (D, F). DAPI is shown in blue. Arrows depict proliferative T cells (CD8+Ki67+) or macrophages (CD68+Ki67+). Enlargements on shown in the right-hand panels. Scale bars, 200 µm for large tilescans; 50 µm for enlargements and smaller tilescans.
Figure 9C Immunostaining of tumor and LN from patient ER-0064 for expression of ER, PR and pan-cytokeratin. Insets show sections stained with control isotype antibodies. PR, progesterone receptor. Scale bar, 100 μm.
Figure 1C HEK293 FT cells were transfected with expression plasmids for the indicated proteins. The cells were lysed and subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-Flag antibodies, and then the immunoprecipitates and aliquots of lysate were examined by Western blotting as indicated.
Figure 2C Proteins were prepared by in vitro translation using reticulocyte lysates and analyzed by αFlag western blotting.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs (E, Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs F, Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.
Figure 3In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs. Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs. Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs. Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs. Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein.J In vitro translation (IVT)/biotinylation reactions using Hela cell lysates and the indicated constructs. Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated protein. Bottom, the indicated proteins were prepared by in vitro translation using Hela cell lysates and analyzed by αFlag western blotting.
Figure 4C-F Mouse kidney was lysed, treated with or without RNase I, and RNA was isolated. The RNA was reverse transcribed with the indicated primers for (C,E) Hifa and (D,F) Xbp1u mRNA, and then analyzed by Real Time PCR for disomes using the indicated primers. ∆CT = (∆CT = CT-RNase - CT+RNase). Biological replicates (from three males), with mean ± SD are shown. * P < 0.05, ** P < 0.01, by unpaired two-tailed t-test.
Figure 5A HEK293 FT cells were transfected with expression plasmids for the indicated proteins. The cells were lysed and subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-Flag antibodies, and then the immunoprecipitates and aliquots of lysate were examined by Western blotting as indicated. ZFmut = C36S/C42S.B In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and the indicated constructs. Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated substrate. Bottom, the indicated proteins were prepared by in vitro translation using reticulocyte lysates and analyzed by αFlag western blotting.C HEK293 FT cells were transfected with expression plasmids for the indicated proteins. Tib = Tibetan. The cells were lysed and subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-Flag antibodies, and then the immunoprecipitates and aliquots of lysate were examined by Western blotting as indicated.E In vitro translation/biotinylation reactions using reticulocyte lysates and construct 1 (left) or construct 7 (right). Streptavidin far western (FW) assesses biotinylation. Anti-HA western blot (WB) measures translated substrate. Bottom, the indicated proteins were prepared by in vitro translation using reticulocyte lysates and analyzed by αFlag western blotting.
Figure 1C, Olaparib and ETC-159 synergize to prevent the growth of HPAF-II xenografts in mice. NSG mice with established HPAF-II subcutaneous xenografts were randomized into four groups. Mice were gavaged daily with ETC-159 (10 mg/kg), Olaparib (50 mg/kg) or a combination of ETC-159 (10 mg/kg) and Olaparib (50 mg/kg). Treatment was initiated after HPAF-II tumors were established. (C) Tumor volumes were measured starting from day 0 and during the course of treatment as shown. Data points represent the mean ± SD. n = 7-8 tumors/group. p-values indicate significant difference compared to the vehicle group.
Figure 2DNA repair genes involved in HR and FA pathways were differentially expressed over time in response to PORCN inhibition in HPAF-II orthotopic xenografts. Comparison of log2 fold change (FDR < 10%) in the expression of Wnt-activated genes over time across multiple DNA repair pathways shows that genes regulating HR and FA pathways have higher fold changes compared to genes regulating BER, NER or other pathways. BER: base excision repair; HR: homologous recombination; FA: Fanconi anemia; MMR: mismatch repair; NER: nucleotide excision repair; NHEJ: non-homologous end joining; TLS: translesion DNA synthesis. The horizontal line represents median of 4-6 replicates with the upper and the lower edges of the box representing the 75th and 25th percentile of the data respectively and the whiskers representing 1.5 x interquartile range.H, I. Wnt inhibition reduces the expression of HR and FA pathway genes in a RNF43-mutant pancreatic cancer patient-derived xenograft and AsPC-1 cells. (H) Pancreatic canc­er PDX with G371fs RNF43 mutation treated with vehicle or ETC-159 (30 mg/kg) for 21 days were analysed for changes in the expression of the indicated genes measured by qRT-PCR. Each data point represents an individual tumor. The horizontal lines represent mean of 3 tumors/group. (I) AsPC-1 cells were seeded in low adherence plates, treated with DMSO or ETC-159 (100 nM) for 72 hours and the expression of indicated genes was measured by qRT-PCR.
Figure 3Olaparib and ETC-159 combination is more effective in preventing the growth of PaTu8988T xenografts in mice. NSG mice with established PaTu8988T orthotopic xenografts were randomized into four groups. Mice were gavaged daily with ETC-159 (30 mg/kg), olaparib (50 mg/kg) or a combination of ETC-159 and olaparib. Treatment was initiated after the tumors were established. Tumor weights in the respective groups at the end of the 18 days treatment are shown. Each dot represents an individual tumor and the horizontal lines represent the mean. p-values were calculated with Mann-Whitney U test.Wnt inhibition through ETC-159 does not change the expression of HR and FA pathway genes in Panc 08.13 cells. Panc 08.13 cells were cultured in low adherence plates and treated with ETC-159 for 72 hours. Total RNA was then isolated and expression of indicated genes was measured by qRT-PCR. The horizontal lines represent mean of replicates.