EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure 1A. Representative images of IHC staining of PCIF1 in three CRC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. Scale bar, 50 μm (left). Analysis of the PCIF1 protein expression in normal and CRC tissues. Each dot represents one sample (right). Data are the mean ± SEM. **P < 0.01, by Student's t-test.B. Kaplan-Meier plots of overall survival of 27 CRC patients with low tumor PCIF1 expression (0-4.5 staining score, n = 18) or high tumor PCIF1 expression (4.6-9.0 staining score, n = 9). Data are the mean ± SEM. ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.C. Western blot analysis of PCIF1 in normal colon cells (CCD841CON) and various CRC cell lines. GAPDH served as a loading control.D. qRT-PCR analysis of PCIF1 mRNA in the indicated cell lines. Levels were normalized to GAPDH expression. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.E. Representative immunofluorescence images of HT29 and HCT116 cells stained for endogenous PCIF1 protein (green). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar, 30 μm.F. Western blot analysis of PCIF1 in whole extract (W), cytosolic (C), and nuclear (N) fractions of HCT116 and HT29 cells. Tubulin and lamin A/C served as cytosolic and nuclear markers, respectively.
Figure 2A. Western blot analysis of PCIF1 in HT29 and HCT116 cells depleted of PCIF1 using four different sgRNAs. GAPDH served as a loading control.Matrigel invasion assay (B), of the indicated control and PCIF1-depleted CRC cell lines. Representative images and quantification of cells are shown at the left and right, respectively, of each panel. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 replicates/condition. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.fibronectin adhesion assay (C), of the indicated control and PCIF1-depleted CRC cell lines. Representative images and quantification of cells are shown at the left and right, respectively, of each panel. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 replicates/condition. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.colony formation assay (D) of the indicated control and PCIF1-depleted CRC cell lines. Representative images and quantification of cells are shown at the left and right, respectively, of each panel. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 replicates/condition. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.wound healing migration assay (E) of the indicated control and PCIF1-depleted CRC cell lines. Representative images and quantification of cells are shown at the left and right, respectively, of each panel. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 replicates/condition. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.F. Growth of the indicated HCT116 tumors after subcutaneous injection into athymic nude mice. Tumor volume was recorded on the indicated days. Data are the mean ± SEM of the number of mice/group indicated on each panel. n, the numbers of mice. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by Student's t-test.G. Survival analysis of mice injected bearing the indicated HCT116 tumors. Data are the mean ± SEM of the number of mice/group indicated on each panel. n, the numbers of mice. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.
Figure 3A. LC-MS/MS identification and quantification of m6Am or m6A levels in mRNA from control and PCIF1-depleted HCT116 cells. Data are presented as the enrichment of methylated vs unmethylated mRNA. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. **P < 0.01 by Student's t-test.B. Metagene plots analysis of m6Am enrichment around the transcription start site (TSS) of all expressed genes in control and PCIF1-depleted HCT116 cells.E. Western blot analysis of FOS and PCIF1 in control and PCIF1-depleted HCT116 and HT29 cells. GAPDH served as a loading control.F. Genome browser views of FOS with m6Am sites. Read coverage of input sample and IP sample are shown in blue and red, respectively, and green rectangle indicates the m6Am peaks located near the TSS.G. m6Am-exo-qPCR analysis of m6Am enrichment in FOS mRNAs from the indicated HCT116 cells. GAPDH served as a negative control. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. **P < 0.01 by Student's t-test.H. qRT-PCR analysis of FOS mRNA stability in control and PCIF1-depleted HCT116 and HT29 cells treated with actinomycin D for the indicated times. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by Student's t-test.I. Growth of tumors after subcutaneous injection of the indicated HCT116 cells into athymic nude mice. Tumor volumes were recorded on the indicated days. Data are the mean ± SEM of n=5. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test.
Figure 4A. Western blot analysis of FOS in control and FOS-depleted HCT116 and HT29 cells. GAPDH served as a loading control.MTS cell proliferation assay (B), of control and FOS-depleted HCT116 cells. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.wound healing migration assay (C), of control and FOS-depleted HCT116 cells. Representative images and quantification of colonies are shown to the left and right, respectively. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.colony formation assay (D) of control and FOS-depleted HCT116 cells. Representative images and quantification of colonies are shown to the left and right, respectively. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.E. Growth of control and FOS-depleted HCT116 tumors after subcutaneous injection into athymic nude mice. Tumor volume was recorded on the indicated days. Data are the mean ± SEM of n=10 mice/group. **P < 0.01 by Student's t-test.F. Survival analysis of mice bearing control and FOS-depleted HCT116 tumors. Data are the mean ± SEM of n= 5 mice/group. *P < 0.05 by Student's t-test.G. Positive correlation between FOS and PCIF1 protein levels in tumors from 29 patients with CRC (R2 =0.6902, P < 0.001).
Figure 7B. mRNA expression of PCIF1 was quantified by qRT-PCR in the HCT116 cells transfected with gradient amount of control and PCIF1 siRNAs. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.C. Western blot analysis of PCIF1 in HCT116 cells with control and PCIF1 siRNAs. GAPDH served as a loading control.D. Cell viability assays were performed in in the HCT116 cells transfected with 100pmol control and PCIF1 siRNAs. Data are the mean ± SD of n=3 biological replicates. ***P < 0.001 by Student's t-test.F. Tumor growth of HCT116 cells treated with 1mg/kg control and PCIF1 LNP-siRNAs starting on day 9 and mice were intratumorally treated twice a week. Data are the mean ± SEM of n=5 mice/group. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 by Student's t-test.G. Immunoblots of PCIF1 and FOS were carried out from the indicated tumors in four replicates with GAPDH as a loading control.
Figure 1(b-c) Western blot for p53 and select p53 targets post-radiation in (b) oscillatory and (c) rising conditions. Actin is shown as a loading control.(d-e) Average levels of (d) mRNA quantified by RNAseq (red) or qRT-PCR (grey) or (e) protein quantified by mass spectrometry (light green) or western blot (grey) for select p53 target genes under oscillatory p53. Data information: , n=2 biological replicates, error bars represent std dev.(f-g) Average levels of (f) mRNA quantified by RNAseq (blue) or qRT-PCR (grey) or (g) protein quantified by mass spectrometry (dark green) or western blot (grey) for select p53 target genes under rising p53. Data information: n=2 biological replicates, error bars represent std dev.
f1a, Pancreatic sections stained with Atg7, LC3 and p62 showing Atg7−/− next to Atg7+/+ regions after Pdx-Cre-mediated recombination. Right-side images are cropped and magnified regions (boxed) from left-side images. The magnification is × 2.5.b, Haematoxylin and eosin (HE), p53 and caspase-3 staining of exocrine tissue in Atg7+/+ and Atg7−/− pancreases.c, Quantification (median, s.e.m.) of p53 and caspase-3 activation in Atg7-deficient acinar tissue.d, Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing overall survival of mice either wild type (blue) or Atg7−/− (red) in the pancreas. Mantel-Cox test was used for statistics. 'n/a', 14/16 mice were killed >500 days when completely healthy.e, Biochemical analysis of endocrine function in moribund Atg7−/− or age-matched healthy control mice. Detailed information about the mice is tabulated. A Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistics. Scale bars: 50 µm. **P 0.01 and ***P 0.001.
f2a, Alcian blue/PAS (AB/PAS) staining in pancreases from 150-day-old Atg7-proficient or Atg7-deficient KrasG12D/+ mice (wild-type mice with expression of KrasG12D in their pancreases).b, Quantification of PanIN from mice of the indicated genotype and age. Fold increase and male/female ratios are shown. Box plots express the first (Q1) and third (Q3) quartiles set by the upper and lower limits of the box, whereas the median is shown by the horizontal line inside the box. The whiskers extend upward and downward to the highest or lowest observation within the upper (Q3 + 1.5 × the interquartile range) and lower (Q1 − 1.5 × interquartile range) limits. Values outside the upper and lower limits are 'outliers' and are shown by individual symbols.c, d, Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing overall survival (c) or PDAC-free survival (d) of Atg7+/+ (blue) or Atg7−/− (red) KrasG12D/+ mice.c, d, Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing overall survival (c) or PDAC-free survival (d) of Atg7+/+ (blue) or Atg7−/− (red) KrasG12D/+ micee, PanIN grading of pancreases from 150-day-old Atg7+/+ or Atg7−/− Pdx-Cre KrasG12D/+ mice. Values are mean and error bars are s.d. b, e, A Mann-Whitney U-test was used for statistics.f, Representative p53 staining from 150-day-old mice of both genotypes.g, PDAC-free survival of autophagy-proficient (blue) and Atg5-deficient (red) KrasG12D/+ mice. d, g, Median survival ± s.d. and male/female (m/f) ratio are provided. 'n/a', no animals succumbed to PDAC. A log-rank test (Mantel-Cox) was used for statistics. a, f, Scale bars: 500 µm (a), 50 µm (f). *P  0.05, **P  0.01; NS, not significant.
f3a, Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing PDAC-free survival in Atg7+/+ (blue) or Atg7−/− (red) KrasG12D/+ p53−/− mice.b, Pancreatic tumours of indicated genotypes stained for Atg7, LC3 and p62. Insets are magnified crops from the same images to show specifics of LC3 and p62 staining. The magnification is × 4.c, Tumour incidence and tumour weight (median, s.e.m.) in mice from indicated genotypes, killed at 21, 29 and 38 days of age. Numbers in the incidence diagram represent tumour-bearing mice versus all mice. Significance was assessed with Fisher's exact test (incidence) and Mann-Whitney U-test (weight).d, Representative haematoxylin and eosin stainings of pancreases from indicated time points and genotypes.e, Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing PDAC-free survival of Atg5+/+ (blue) or Atg5−/− (green) KrasG12D/+ p53−/− mice.f, Kaplan-Meier analysis comparing PDAC-free survival of KrasG12D/+ p53−/− mice that were chloroquine-treated (CQ, red), vehicle-treated (PBS, black) or untreated (blue). a, e, f, The blue curve in all Kaplan-Meier plots represents the same colony of mice (KrasG12D/+, p53−/−, Atg7+/+, Atg5+/+). A Mantel-Cox test was used for statistics. b, d, Scale bars: 100 µm (b), 200 µm (d). *P 0.05, **P 0.01.
f4a, LC3 staining of representative pancreatic tumours from mice of indicated genotypes. Scale bars: 50 µm.b, Western blotting for LC3, p53 and Atg7 in cell lines derived from individual tumours which developed in the absence or presence of p53.c, d, Average oxygen consumption rate (OCR, c) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR,c, d, Average oxygen consumption rate (OCR, c) and extracellular acidification rate (ECAR, d) of eight Atg7+/+ and seven Atg7−/− cell lines revealed increased ECAR in autophagy-deficient cells. Error bars are s.e.m.e, Treatment with 2-deocyglucose (2-DG) reduces ECAR and abrogates the difference between cell lines from Atg7+/+ and Atg7−/− tumours. Values are the average of three biological replicates. Error bars are s.e.m., g, LC-MS analysis revealed increased glucose consumption from medium (f) and extracellular lactate accumulation (g) in Atg7-null cell lines. Values are the average of eight (Atg7+/+) and seven (Atg7−/−) biological replicates.h, LC-MS analysis shows increased accumulation of 2-DG and its metabolite 2-DG-6-phosphate in Atg7-deficient cell lines. Values are averages of five biological replicates for each genotype.i, Background levels of 18F-FDG uptake in brain and heart can be seen in sagittal and coronal views (middle and right panels, respectively) of wild-type Atg7 mice (top row). In contrast, intense 18F-FDG uptake is seen in pancreatic tumours of Atg7 deficient mice (bottom row).j, LC-MS of intracellular glycolytic and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates shows enhanced accumulation in Atg7−/− tumour cell lines. Values are average of eight (Atg7+/+) and six (Atg7−/−) biological replicates. f-h, j, Error bars are s.e.m. a, f-h, j, A Mann-Whitney U-test was used to ascertain significance. *P  0.05, **P  0.01.
Figure 1(f) A549-ACE2 or control A549-Venus cells were pretreated with Tubercidin or vehicle (DMSO) 3h prior to infection with SARS-CoV-2 at MOI 0.1. After 24 hours, abundances of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (N), ACE2, Venus and β-actin (ACTB, loading control) were visualized using Western blotting. Presented data is representative of 3 independent repeats.
Figure 3(i) NHBEs derived from three independent donors were pretreated for 6 h with indicated concentrations of DZNep or vehicle and infected with SARS-CoV-2 for 24 h. Cells were fixed and the abundance of SARS-CoV-2 N was quantified by immunofluorescent staining. Shown are vehicle-normalized integrated anti-N fluorescent intensity and cell confluence, error bars represent mean +/- sd of n=3 donors.
Figure 4Mass spectrometry based analysis of cells treated with DZNep and infected with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. (b) Number of significantly up- or downregulated proteins in indicated comparisons according to (a).Mass spectrometry based analysis of cells treated with DZNep and infected with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. (c) Donor-normalized LFQ abundances of viral nucleoprotein (N) and spike (S) in the indicated conditions. Error bars represent mean +/- sd of n=4 donors (NHBE) or n=4 independently infected A549-ACE2 cultures. Statistics were calculated using Student's two-sided t-test as indicated.(d) Expression patterns according to (a) of a selection of genes related to the disease-relevant pathways as annotated.(e) NHBEs (6 independent donors) were pretreated for 6 h with 0.75 μM DZNep or vehicle and infected with SARS-CoV or SARS-CoV-2 at MOI 3. 24 h later, accumulation of IL-6 and IP-10 was measured in the supernatant by ELISA. Donor-wise IL-6 and IP-10 secretion, normalized to vehicle treated uninfected controls (as further described in materials and methods) is shown.
Figure 1 B An Integrative Genomics Viewer (IGV) screenshot of the Notch de novo TE insertion site from sample P47 (clonal neoplasia) and its head control, sample P48. Bars represent sequencing reads. Reads supporting the TE insertion are colored according to homology to a specific TE insertion sequence. Multiple colors at a putative insert site frequently indicate homology to different reference copies of the same TE family. Two types of supporting reads can be seen: soft-clipped reads - spanning the insertion site and mapping partially to the reference genome and partially to the TE, and mate pair support reads - flanking the insertion site and mapping to the reference genome but with mates (not seen) mapping to the TE.  D PCR validation of 4 somatic, neoplasia-specific TE insertions. Primers were designed to target regions flanking the insertion sites. Yellow arrowheads indicate PCR products containing an insertion amplified in the clonal DNA but not in the neighboring gut tissue (non-clonal), head or thorax for the same fly. Short wild-type amplicon was detectable in all samples. Thorax DNA sample was not available for sample P15.
Figure 2 D TSD length distribution for somatic insertions of most frequent TE families. Insertions from both genotypes were pooled.
Figure 3 C The distribution of somatic insertions with estimated cell fraction higher or lower than Notch-inactivating mutations for the most represented LTR-elements (rover and copia) and LINE-like I-elements. (p-values were calculated with Fisher's exact test, two-tailed, n= number of insertions)
Figure 4 A Heatmaps representing normalized TE expression levels (in log2(TPM), transcripts per million) and mobility (log2(insertion counts)) in Pros>2xGFP midguts. TEs with TPM values below 0.05 (log2(TPM)< -4.3) are not depicted. Crossed out cells represent no somatic insertions of that family identified.  B Normalized read coverage over the full-length canonical sequence of selected TE families.  C Normalized expression levels of siRNA pathway genes.  D The size distribution of sense and antisense reads from gut small RNA fractions mapping to all TEs (upper panel) or selected TE families mobilizing in the gut. R1 and R2 are two biological replicates.  E Scatter plot of normalized transcript (mRNA) levels and antisense, 21nt siRNA levels for all TE families. Transposons generating somatic insertions are highlighted in red (LTR-elements) or blue (LINE-like), with a symbol size reflecting the somatic insertion counts.
Figure 5 B TE families with tissue-specific, singleton TSD-bearing insertions detected in pooled gut or head DNA.
Figure 6 B Somatic TE insertion sites of rover LTR elements were depleted from intergenic and exonic sequences and enriched in introns and 3'UTR regions of the fly genome. Insertions of copia LTR elements were also enriched in introns.  D Correlations of somatic insertion sites of the three most represented TE families (rover, copia and I-element) with modENCODE tracks for adult fly tissues.  E Correlations of somatic insertion sites of the three most represented TE families (rover, copia and I-element) with DamID tracks for adult fly intestinal stem cells (ISC).
Figure 1[Ca2+]i changes in individual BMDMs were measured (A) using fura-2 during frustrated phagocytosis (n = 46-113) and (B) by dropping beads onto adherent cells loaded with Calbryte 520 (n = 64-159), in 1.8 mM extracellular Ca2+ (+Ca2+o) or Ca2+-free medium containing 100 μM EGTA (-Ca2+o) with or without prior loading with 25 μM EGTA/AM or 25 μM BAPTA/AM. The maximum fura-2 ratio changes (∆ 350/380) or fluorescence changes normalized to initial fluorescence (∆ F/F0) are plotted.FcγR-mediated phagocytosis was monitored using beads conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 (in green). External beads were differentially labelled with anti-IgG (in red) and distinguished by their dual labelling (in yellow). Cytochalasin D (10 μM, Cyt D) prevented bead internalization.Bead uptake in 15 min, under conditions as in (A, B), n = 80-91 cells with representative images of individual cells delineated by a dotted line.Experiments conducted in -Ca2+o: (F) 1 μM thapsigarin (Tg) or 10 μM CPA pre-treatment, all but eliminated the 1 μM ionomycin (iono) response; single-cell Ca2+ traces and mean ∆ F/F0, n = 450-603 cells. (G) FcγR activation (as in B) evoked Ca2+ oscillations that were blocked with Tg or CPA treatment, whilst bead phagocytosis was not affected (H), n = 312-428 cells. (I) 1 μM bafilomycin A1 (Baf) for 3h, or Ca2+- binding dextran (Cal520-dx) and non-Ca2+-binding dextrans (FITC-dx and Texas red-dx) trafficked to lysosomes, minimally affected global Ca2+ signals evoked by FcγR activation (J); in parallel, bead uptake was only reduced by bafilomycin A1 or by chelating Ca2+ within the lysosome with Cal520-dx (K), n = 100-162 cells. All cells are WT BMDM and all beads are 3-μm IgG-opsonized.
Figure 2 The Ca2+ signal elicited by frustrated phagocytosis was significantly reduced in Ned-19 (10 μM)-treated WT and in all TPC-KO BMDMs; maximum Ca2+ amplitude, expressed as a percentage of WT control (n = 314-641 cells). Phagocytosis of opsonized 3-µm (B and C) and 6-μm (D) beads was inhibited by Ned-19 (B) and in BMDMs from Tpcn-/- mice compared to WT (n = 134-280 cells).(E) Phagocytosis of 3-µm beads was unchanged in MCOLN1-/- BMDMs, but was impaired using 6-µm beads (F), n = 89-157.Heterologous expression of mouse TPCs tagged with TagRFP-T (in red) rescues the phagocytic defect of Tpcn1-/- and Tpcn2-/- BMDM, but a pore-dead TPC2-mutant (N257A) does not, n = 39-94. Images taken 40 min post- 3-μm bead addition.Raising cytosolic Ca2+ with ionomycin (1 μM) rescues the Tpcn1-/- and Tpcn2-/- phagocytic defect, whilst UTP (100 μM) and ML-SA1 (50 μM) only weakly rescue (n = 84-192 cells).
Figure 3Internalization of bacteria is reduced in Tpcn-/- BMDM, as assessed by single-cell imaging of BMDM allowed to internalise M. smegmatis tagged with mCherry (in red) for 1 h. Internalization of bacteria assessed discontinuously in BMDM populations: (B) The resultant growth of bacteria colonies on agar plates following lysis of BMDM infected with M. smegmatis and (C) quantification of colony forming units (CFU) expressed as a percentage of WT control (n = 12);Real-time internalization of fluorescent bacteria into BMDM populations: (D) Relative Fluorescence Units (RFU) of internalised mCherry-tagged M. smegmatis (E) and mCherry-tagged BCG over time, read using a plate reader (n = 8).
Figure 4BMDMs were co-loaded with 2 µM Calbryte590/AM (50 min) and 200 nM Lysotracker Green (LTG, 5 min) and, at room temperature, presented with 3-µm opsonized beads labelled with Alexa Fluor 647 (blue). A three-channel image was recorded every 10 s. The LTG brightness has been enhanced post hoc to visualize the dimmer, peripheral lysosomes. Time Zero is defined as the frame when the first Ca2+ signal was observed. (A) Images represent Ca2+ responses or an overlay of LTG and bead fluorescence. Times of each image are relative to the first Ca2+ spike. (B) Enlargement of the first contact point between lysosomes and bead (red arrow) as depicted by the dashed box, 80 s post-Ca2+. (C) Whole-cell Ca2+ responses from the cell in A. (D) Collation of the post-Ca2+ contact time, displayed as a scatter plot of individual cells and the mean ± S.E.M. (n = 27 cells).RAW246.7 cells were transfected with either TPC1-TagRFP-T or TPC2-TagRFP-T (red) and presented with 3-µm opsonized beads labelled with Alexa Fluor 647 (blue). Acute time-series of bead engagement were collected. Contact between TPCs and beads are depicted in the time-stamped micrographs, where time is arbitrary after the start of the image stack (E,F) i.e. 110 s is still prior to engagement. The spatial relationship between TPCs and beads was quantified using a target graticule of 0.5-µm bands centred on the engulfed bead; the mean fluorescence within each band was normalized to the fluorescence of the maximum band and plotted against this radial distance (G,H); n = 35-36 cells.