EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure 3Measurements of tumour volume of the respective cohorts (n = 6 animals per cohort). SM represents Birinapant. Error bars represent SD. Statistical analysis was performed with an unpaired t-test, * P ≤ 0.05, *** P ≤ 0.001.The addition of SM to the standard-of-care treatment ILP-TNF/Mel significantly prolonged survival compared to either modality alone (n = 6 rats per cohort). Statistical analysis was performed with a log-rank test, ** P ≤ 0.01.Median TNF/Mel is 0.4472 and TNF/Mel/SM is 1.154. TNF/Mel 25th percentile limit 0.02887 and 75th percentile limit 0.7627. TNF/Mel/SM 25th percentile limit 1.136 and 75th percentile limit 1.67. TNF/Mel Min error bar -0.2389 and Max 0.7687. TNF/SM/Mel Min error bar 1.12 and Max 1.813. Error bars represent SD. Statistical analysis was performed with an unpaired t-test, ** P ≤ 0.01.DEVDase activity assay of parental BN175 cells and drug-tolerant tumour cell lines isolated from ILP-TNF/Mel/SM treated animals (124, 133, 136), treated with the indicated drugs for 6 hrs (n = 4 biological repeats). DMSO (Unt), Mel (3.3 µM), TNF (10 ng/ml) and SM (100 ng/ml).Cell viability analysis using CellTiter-Glo of BN175 parental and 124, 133 and 136 cells treated with the indicated drugs for 24 hrs (n = 3 biological repeats). DMSO (Unt), Mel (3.3 µM), TNF (10 ng/ml) and SM (100 ng/ml). SM represents SM-164. Error bars represent SD. Statistical analysis was performed with a one-way Anova, ns=not significant.Cell viability analysis using CellTiter-Glo of BN175 CRISPR/Cas9 Ripk1 and Casp-8 KO cells treated with the indicated agents for 24 hrs (n = 3 biological replicates). Cell viability values are displayed as a percentage of the relative untreated control. DMSO (Unt), SM (100 ng/ml) and Riboxxol (1 µg/ml). SM represents SM-164. Error bars represent SD and a one-way Anova was performed to compare the mean value of each treatment to the treated BN175 CRISPR/Cas9 control (Ctrl), **** P ≤ 0.0001.
Figure 4Flow cytometry analysis of tumours collected on Day 10 following treatment (n = 3 animals per group). ILP with TNF/Mel/SM significantly increased infiltration by CD3+ lymphocytes (B) and CD3-CD161+ NK cells (C).Flow cytometry analysis of tumours collected on Day 10 following treatment (n = 3 animals per group). While ILP treatment with TNF/Mel significantly reduced Granzyme B positive NK cells (D), the numbers of Granzyme B positive NK cells were restored to normal levels upon co-treatment with SM (TNF/Mel/SM).Flow cytometry analysis of tumours collected on Day 10 following treatment (n = 3 animals per group). Importantly, ILP-mediated treatment with TNF/Mel/SM significantly increased the numbers of CD3+CD8+ cytotoxic T cells (E).Flow cytometry analysis of tumours collected on Day 10 following treatment (n = 3 animals per group). ILP-TNF/Mel/SM significantly upregulated Granzyme B in CD3+CD8+CD161- cytoxtoxic T cellsILP-TNF/Mel/SM significantly reduced infiltration by CD3+CD4+Foxp3- T cells whilst (G) increasing infiltrations by CD3+CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells (H).A non-significant increase in T regulatory cell ICOS expression was also noted (I).
Figure 5Measurements of tumour volume of the respective cohorts (n = 6 animals per cohort). SM represents Birinapant. Error bars represent SD.The addition of either anti-CTLA-4 or anti-PD-1 antibodies prolonged survival in comparison to ILP-TNF/Mel/SM alone (n = 6 animals per cohort). SM represents Birinapant. Statistical analysis was performed with a log-rank test, * P ≤ 0.05.Tumours were collected 4 days after the ILP procedure and analysed by flow cytometry (n = 3 per cohort). The addition of anti-CTLA-4 antibodies led to a significant increase in CD4+ Foxp3- helper T cells (C) accompanied by a depletion of CD4+ Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (D). SM represents Birinapant.Tumours were collected 4 days after the ILP procedure and analysed by flow cytometry (n = 3 per cohort). The addition of anti-PD-1 antibodies led to an increase in Granzyme B (GzmB) expression on NK cells (E). SM represents Birinapant.
Figure 6Tumour volumes at the time of surgery following ILP-TNF/Mel or ILP-TNF/Mel/SM (n=6 animals per cohort). SM represents Birinapant. Error bars represent SD. Statistical analysis was performed with an unpaired t-test, ****, P ≤ 0.0001.Individual growth curves following surgery indicated improved control following ILP-TNF/Mel/SM (n=6 animals per cohort).Tumour volume on re-challenge with BN175 sarcoma on contralateral limb of long-term survivors following ILP-TNF/Mel or ILP-TNF/Mel/SM (n=3 animals per TNF/Mel cohort and n=5 per TNF/Mel/SM cohort). Unless otherwise stated, SM represents Birinapant. Error bars represent S.D.ILP-TNF/Mel/SM significantly delayed growth leading to prolonged survival on re-challenge (n=3 animals per TNF/Mel cohort and n=5 per TNF/Mel/SM cohort). SM represents Birinapant. Statistical analysis was performed with a log-rank test, * P ≤ 0.05.
Figure 1Impaired wound closure in αSMA-TK mice. (A) IHC for αSMA+ cells in wound tissue sections at day 6 post-wounding. Representative images are shown. Scale bar, 50 µm. Black boxes denote zoomed regions displayed in bottom panels. (B) Quantification of αSMA+ cells at day 6 post-wounding. WT, N=6; TK, N=5 biological replicates. Two-tailed non-parametric Mann-Whitney test performed.(F) Expression levels of ACTA2 in normal and diabetic human wound tissue. RNA-seq reads are derived from (Davis et al., 2020, Data ref: Davis et al, 2020). Normal, N=3; diabetic, N=4 biological replicates. Data are presented as a box and whisker plot of min to max values. Unpaired t-test performed.(J-O) Impaired granulation tissue formation and angiogenesis in αSMA-TK mice. (J) Representative H&E images of wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. Granulation areas are marked by black lines, triangles (open: incomplete closure, filled: closed wounds) denote the epithelial tongues. Epi, epidermis; derm, dermis regions denoted. Scale bar: 200 μm. (K) Granulation tissue thickness measured on digital images and normalized to the average values in the WT control (set to 100%). NA (not assessed) reflects the lack of granulation in αSMA-TK mice. WT, N=5; TK, N=4 biological replicates. (L) Immunofluorescent staining for CD31 (red) and nuclei (blue) on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 100 μm. (M) Quantification of CD31+ cells per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=3; TK, N=5 biological replicates. (N) IHC for hypoxyprobe (brown) on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. Black boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 100 μm. (O) Quantification of hypoxyprobe area per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=5; TK, N=6 biological replicates.
Figure 2(D) Representative FACS plots of digested skin from bone marrow (BM) transplanted αSMA-RFP mice 17 days post-wounding. (E) FACS quantification of αSMA-RFP+ cells in wounds of BM transplanted mice. αSMA-RFP with αSMA-RFP BM, N=2; WT with αSMA -RFP BM, N=3; αSMA-RFP with WT BM, N=4 biological replicates. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's multiple comparison test performed comparing WT with αSMA-RFP BM and αSMA-RFP with WT BM to αSMA-RFP with αSMA-RFP BM. ((H-J) Multispectral imaging of changes in fibroblast subsets during wound repair. (H) Representative images (20x magnification) of orthogonal wound tissue sections at day 6 post-wounding displaying αSMA, FAP, and FSP1 overlaid with DAPI in the wound bed. Subcutaneous (subq), dermis (derm), epidermis (epi), and scar regions are denoted. Individual αSMA, FAP, and FSP1 channel images overlaid with DAPI. Scale bar, 50 µm. (I) Analysis of multiplex immunostaining of full thickness skin wounds performed at indicated time points. Data are presented as the fractional area of each image positive for the indicated markers and negative for CD31. Day 0, N=2; Day 6, N=4; Day 9, N=3; Day 14, N=3; Day 21, N=3; Day 32, N=4 biological replicates. One-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test performed. (J) Percent overlap of αSMA with FAP and FSP1 throughout wound healing. αSMA+ denotes cells positive for αSMA but not FAP or FSP1. Day 0, N=2; Day 6, N=4; Day 9, N=3; Day 14, N=3; Day 21, N=3; Day 32, N=4 biological replicates.(L) Representative H&E images of wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. Granulation areas are marked by black lines. Scale bar, 200 μm. (M) Granulation tissue thickness measured on digital images and normalized to the average values in the WT control. WT, N=3; FAP-TK, N=3; WT, N=17, FSP1-TK, N=9 biological replicates. (N) Immunofluorescent staining for CD31 (red) and nuclei on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 100 μm. (O) Quantification of CD31+ cells per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=4; FAP-TK, N=4; WT, N=3; FSP1-TK, N=3 biological replicates. (P) IHC for hypoxyprobe (brown) on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. Black boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 100 μm. (Q) Quantification of hypoxyprobe area per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=3; FAP-TK, N=3; WT, N=3; FSP1-TK, N=4 biological replicates. (R) W
Figure 3(C) Enrichment plot of genes in αSMA C1 (left panel). Violin plots for genes enriched in αSMA C1 (right panels). (D) Enrichment plot of genes in αSMA C2 (left panel). Violin plots for genes enriched in αSMA C2 (right panels). (E) Enrichment plot of genes in αSMA C3 (left panel). Violin plots of enriched genes in the αSMA C3 cluster (right panels). Raw scRNA-seq data are derived from (Haensel et al., 2020, Data ref: Haensel et al 2020). Da
Figure 4(A) IHC for collagen I on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding (brown stain). Black boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar: 50 μm. (B) Quantification of collagen I positive area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=5; TK, N=5 biological replicates. (C) Polarized light images of picrosirius red stained wound tissues at day 17 post-wounding. Red: collagen fibers. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar, 50 µm. (D) Quantification of collagen fiber (picrosirius red) percent area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=3; TK, N=3 biological replicates. (E-(E-H) Reduced collagen deposition in Col1α1cKO wounds. (E) IHC for collagen I on wound tissue sections at day 14 post-wounding (brown stain). Black boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar: 25 μm. (F) Quantification of collagen I positive area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=7; Col1α1cKO, N=4 biological replicates. (G) Polarized light images of picrosirius red stained wound tissues at day 14 post-wounding. Red: collagen fibers. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in bottom panels. Scale bar, 50 µm. (H) Quantification of collagen fiber percent area and fiber width normalized to the average area and width, respectively, in WT controls. WT, N=4; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates.(J-M) Reepithelization and vascularization in WT and Col1α1cKO mice. (J) Representative images of keratin 5 (Krt5, red) stained wounds at day 14 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 500 µm. (K) Quantification of epidermal thickness. WT, N=6; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates. (L) Immunofluorescent staining for CD31 (red) and nuclei (blue) on wound tissue sections at day 14 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 20 μm. (M) Quantification of CD31+ area per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=6; Col1α1cKO, N=5 biological replicates.
Figure 5(C) IF for β1 integrin (red) and αSMA (green) on wound tissue sections at day 17 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar: 20 μm.(F-K) Reepithelization, granulation tissue formation, and vascularization in WT and Itgb1cKO mice. (F) Representative images of keratin 5 (Krt5, red) stained wounds at day 14 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 500 µm. (G) Quantification of epidermal thickness. WT, N=4; Itgb1cKO, N=6 biological replicates. (H) Immunofluorescent staining for CD31 (red) and nuclei (blue) on wound tissue sections at day 14 post-wounding. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 20 μm. (I) Quantification of CD31+ area per visual field normalized to WT mice. WT, N=6; Itgb1cKO, N=6 biological replicates. (J) Polarized light images of picrosirius red stained wound tissues at day 14 post-wounding. Red: collagen fibers. White boxes denote zoomed regions depicted in right panels. Scale bar, 50 µm. (K) Quantification of collagen fiber percent area normalized to the average area in WT controls. WT, N=6; Itgb1cKO, N=6 biological replicates. (L) Quantification of collagen fiber width normalized to the average width in WT controls. WT, N=6; Itgb1cKO, N=6 biological replicates. D
Figure 1Neurosphere assays were performed using mouse E14.5 primary neural progenitors transduced with a retroviral vector expressing Ttyh1XTT assays were performed using mouse E14.5 primary neural progenitors transduced with a retroviral vector expressing Ttyh1Neurosphere assays were performed using mouse E14.5 primary neural progenitors transduced with a short hairpin RNA specific to Ttyh1 (shTtyh1)XTT assays were performed using mouse E14.5 primary neural progenitors transduced with a short hairpin RNA specific to Ttyh1 (shTtyh1)Ttyh1-expressing cells in E15.5 embryonic brains that were intraventricularly electroporated at E13.5 were immunostained using an anti-GFP primary (reporter gene) and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibodies. GFP immunofluorescence (green) was merged with DAPI-counterstained images (blue). VZ, ventricular zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; IZ, intermediate zone; CP, cortical plate. Scale bar: 100 μm. Quantification of (E)Double-immunolabeling of E15.5 brain sections electroporated in utero with Ttyh1-expressing plasmid at E13.5 using anti-GFP (green) and Sox2 (red) antibodies, and Alexa Fluor 488- and 555-conjugated secondary antibodies. Scale bar: 50 μm.Double-immunolabeling of E15.5 brain sections electroporated in utero with Ttyh1-expressing plasmid at E13.5 using anti-GFP (green) and Sox2 (red) antibodies, and Alexa Fluor 488- and 555-conjugated secondary antibodies. Scale bar: 50 μm. Quantification of (G) (n = 3).Immunolabeling of E14.5 brain sections electroporated in utero with shTtyh1 alone or in combination with a shTtyh1-resistant Ttyh1 (Ttyh1res) expression vector at E13.5 using anti-GFP and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibodies. The DAPI nuclear counterstain is shown in blue. Scale bar: 100 μm. Quantification of (I)
Figure 2Two days after E14.5 primary neural progenitor cells were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing (A) Ttyh1 mRNA expression levels of each indicated Notch target gene were measured by qPCRTwo days after E14.5 primary neural progenitor cells were transduced with shTtyh1, mRNA expression levels of each indicated Notch target gene were measured by qPCREffects of dominant negative MAML1 (dnMAML1) on Ttyh1-enhanced Notch target gene expression were tested by qPCR using E14.5 primary neural progenitors at 2 days posttransduction (n = 4).The dnMAML1 plasmid was introduced with the Ttyh1 vector into embryonic brains at E13.5 and cell localization was analyzed at E15.5 by anti-GFP immunostaining. GFP and DAPI signals are shown in green and blue, respectively. VZ, ventricular zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; IZ, intermediate zone; CP, cortical plate. Scale bar: 100 μm. E Quantification of GFP+ cell positions in (D) (n = 3). The NICD plasmid was electroporated with the Ttyh1 knockdown vector (shTtyh1) into embryonic brains at E13.5 and cell localization was analyzed at E14.5 by anti-GFP immunostaining. Scale bar: 100 μm. G Quantification of GFP+ cell positions in (F) (n = 3).
Figure 3Effects of Ttyh1 expression on the generation of NICD at 2 days posttransduction of E14.5 neural progenitor cells were analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-NICD antibody. Quantification of band intensitiesEffects of Ttyh1 knockdown (C) on the generation of NICD at 2 days posttransduction of E14.5 neural progenitor cells were analyzed by Western blotting using an anti-NICD antibody. (B, D) Quantification of band intensitiesTtyh1-transduced E14.5 neural progenitors were incubated with DAPT for 2 days, then cells were harvested and lysates were used for luciferase assay (n = 3).Effects of Ttyh1-knockdown on γ-secretase activity was also assessed using E14.5 neural progenitor cellsTtyh1-transduced E14.5 neural progenitors were incubated for 2 days in the presence or absence of DAPT, and samples were prepared for Western blotting using anti-NICD antibodyTtyh1-transduced E14.5 neural progenitors were incubated for 2 days in the presence or absence of DAPT, and samples were prepared for qPCR for Notch target genes (I)The indicated plasmids were electroporated into E13.5 brains, and brain samples were harvested at E15.5 for anti-GFP immunolabeling. GFP and DAPI signals are shown in green and blue, respectively. Quantification of GFP+ cell localization in (J) dnPS1, dominant negative presenilin 1; VZ, ventricular zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; IZ, intermediate zone; CP, cortical plate. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 4Effects of the ion selectivity-perturbing R371Q mutation in Ttyh1 E14.5 neural progenitor cells were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing each indicated gene, and 2 days posttransduction, cells were harvested for qPCR analyses of Notch target mRNAs (n = 3).Effects of the ion selectivity-perturbing R371Q mutation in other Ttyh family members on Notch-dependent transcription. E14.5 neural progenitor cells were transduced with retroviral vectors expressing each indicated gene, and 2 days posttransduction, cells were harvested for qPCR analyses of Notch target mRNAs (n = 3).Immunolabeling of E15.5 brain sections electroporated in utero with indicated plasmids at E13.5 using anti-GFP and Alexa Fluor 488-conjugated secondary antibodies. GFP immunofluorescence (green) was merged with DAPI-counterstained images (blue). (D) Quantification of GFP+ cell localization in (C) (n = 3). VZ, ventricular zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; IZ, intermediate zone; CP, cortical plate. Scale bar: 100 μm.series of Ttyh1 mutants with deletions in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail region , and (F) their effects on cell distribution assessed by intraventricular in utero electroporation at E13.5 followed by immunolabeling at E15.5 using anti-GFP antibody. Scale bar: 100 μm.
Figure 5Representative Western blots showing coimmunoprecipitation (coIP) of HA-tagged Rer1 with Myc-tagged Ttyh1 using the HEK293T cell line. WCL, whole-cell lysates.Venus fluorescent protein-based bimolecular fluorescence complementation analysis of Ttyh1 and Rer1 interaction (green) in living COS-7 cells by fluorescence microscopy. Ttyh1 and Rer1 were tagged with N- and C-terminal fragments of the Venus fluorescent protein (VN and VC), respectively. DsRed2-ER was cotransfected to label the endoplasmic reticulum (ER, red). Scale bar: 25 μm.CoIP assays were performed with anti-Ttyh1 and anti-Rer1 antibodies to show endogenous interaction between Ttyh1 and Rer1 in U373MG cells.Western blot analyses of endogenous Rer1 proteins were performed at 2 days posttransduction using E14.5 primary neural progenitor cells transduced with retroviral vectors expressing (D) Ttyh1 Quantification of relative band intensitiesD-G Western blot analyses of endogenous Rer1 proteins were performed at 2 days posttransduction using E14.5 primary neural progenitor cells transduced with retroviral vectors expressing shTtyh1. Quantification of relative band intensitiesCell extracts from primary neural progenitor cells transduced with Ttyh1 retroviruses in the presence of DMSO vehicle or a proteasome inhibitor lactacystin (10 μM), were immunoblotted with an antibody to Rer1.HEK293T cells were transfected with Ttyh1-Myc and Rer1-HA expression plasmids, and after 24 h, cells were treated with cycloheximide (CHX) (100 μg/ml) and then harvested at the indicated time intervals. Cell lysates were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-HA antibody. (J) Quantification of band intensities in (I) (n = 3).γ-secretase-dependent luciferase activity was measured using primary neural progenitor cells transduced with Ttyh1 with or without Rer1 retroviral vectors at 2 days posttransduction (n = 3).Effects of Rer1 expression on Ttyh1 activity in vivo were examined by in utero electroporation into E13.5 brains and subsequent GFP immunofluorescence of E15.5 brain sections. GFP and DAPI signals are shown in green and blue, respectively. (M) Distribution of GFP+ cells in each brain layer in (L) was quantified (n = 3). VZ, ventricular zone; SVZ, subventricular zone; IZ, intermediate zone; CP, cortical plate. Scale bar: 100 μm.
f1(b,c) Effects of miR-212 and miR-132 precursors and inhibitors (anti) on cardiomyocyte cell size as compared with the effects of scrambled (Scr) controls (n=5-13). Representative images used for quantification of cardiomyocyte cell size are shown in c.(d) Effects of various pro-hypertrophic stimuli on miR-212 and miR-132 expression in neonatal cardiomyocytes (n=6-10).(e) miR-212 and miR-132 expression levels during pressure-induced left ventricular hypertrophy 3 and 21 days after transaortic constriction (TAC) surgery of mice (n=4).(f) Cardiomyocyte diameters after Sham operation or 3, 14 and 35 days after TAC (n=4 per group).(g,h) miR-212 and miR-132 expression (normalized to sno-202 levels) in fractionated cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts derived from adult mice after 3 and 35 days of TAC. All values represent mean±s.e.m. *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.005. Scale bar in c represents 50 μm. ACTN2, α-cardiac actinin; Ang II, angiotensin-2; a.u., arbitrary unit; d, day; DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; FC, fold change; NS, no significant difference; P/I, phenylephrine/isoprenaline.
f2(b) Expression levels of miR-212 and miR-132 in heart samples of individual wild-type (WT) and miR-212/132 transgenic (TG) mice as assayed by RT-PCR analysis against the mature forms of corresponding microRNAs. Rnu6b was used as housekeeping control.(c) Survival rate of two different miR-212/132 TG mouse families (TG-Fam23, TG-Fam43) versus WT controls was analysed by Kaplan-Meier survival assay (n=87, 65 and 53 for WT, TG-Fam23 and TG-Fam43, respectively).(d) Morphology of explanted hearts from TG and WT mice at 10 weeks after birth. Scale bar, 1 cm.(e,f) Heart-to-body-weight ratios (e) and cardiomyocyte diameter (f) in 8-week-old α-MHC-miR-212/132 transgenic mice compared with their wild-type littermates (n=5-7). Scale bar, 50 μm.(g-i) Echocardiography analysis of cardiac dimensions and function for α-MHC-miR-212/132 TG mice and WT controls (n=16-18) (g) end-systolic area, (h) end-diastolic area, (i) fractional shortening. All values in e-i represent mean±s.e.m. *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.005. DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; WGA, wheat germ agglutinin (membrane stain).
f3(a) Heart-to-body-weight ratios for 12-week-old miR-212/132 null (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice (n=5-6).(b) Cardiomyocyte cell size of neonatal miR-212/132 null and WT mice (n=5-6 isolations).(c-f) Heart-to-body-weight ratios (c) in Sham-operated WT mice and miR-212/132 null and WT mice3 weeks after TAC surgery (n=4-7). Scale bar, 50 μm.(c-f) cardiomyocyte diameter (d), cardiac fibrosis (e) in Sham-operated WT mice and miR-212/132 null and WT mice3 weeks after TAC surgery (n=4-7). Scale bar, 50 μm.(c-f) lung wet weight (f) in Sham-operated WT mice and miR-212/132 null and WT mice 3 weeks after TAC surgery (n=4-7). Scale bar, 50 μm.(g-i) Echocardiography analysis of cardiac dimensions and function in Sham-operated WT mice and miR-212/132 null and WT mice 3 weeks after TAC (n=4-11). (g) End-diastolic area, (h) end-systolic area and (i) fractional shortening. All values represent mean±s.e.m. *P0.05; **P0.01; ***P0.005; #P0.05 compared with WT TAC; ###P0.005 compared with WT TAC; PSR, picrosirius red (collagen stain). DAPI, 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; WGA, wheat germ agglutinin.