EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure legend: "(A) After randomized, 8-12 weeks old and sex-matched Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice  were administered with PBS  or LPS  (30 mg/kg) for 12 hours via intraperitoneal injection. Serum  was collected and ELISA  assays were used to detect the level of  IL-1β (n = 6, 10, 6, and 12 mice  for each group, respectively). Data presented as mean ± SEM. * p &lt; 0.05, ** p &lt; 0.01, **** p&lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(B) BMDMs  were extracted from  Phb1F/F or Phb1MyeKO mice  and stimulated by 20% culture supernatant  of L929  cells for 7 days. Differentiated BMDMs  were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes, the cells were lysed and the culture medium was collected. Western blotting (WB) assays were used to detect protein levels in whole cell lysates (Lys) and  culture medium (Sup)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(C) BMDMs  were extracted from  Phb1F/F or Phb1MyeKO mice and stimulated with 20% culture supernatant of L929  cells for 7 days. Differentiated BMDMs  were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. ELISA  assays were used to detect protein levels in the culture medium. Data of BMDMs  from the separate mice  (n = 6 mice  for each group) and are presented as mean ± SEM. *** p &lt; 0.001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(D) After randomized, 4 weeks old and sex-matched Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice  were administered with PBS  or LPS  (300 mg/kg) to induce septic  shock via intraperitoneal injection. The life span of  Phb1F/F mice  (n = 6) and Phb1MyeKO mice  (n = 7) was recorded."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(J) After  J774A.1 cells with Phb1  or Phb2  knockdown were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes, the cells were lysed, and the culture medium was collected. Protein levels in whole cell lysates (Lys) and culture medium (Sup) were detected by WB  assays."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Phb2: 12034"
Figure legend: "(K) After J774A.1 cells with Phb1  or Phb2  knockdown were stimulated with LPS (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes, the culture medium was collected. ELISA  assays were used to detect IL-1β  levels in the culture medium. Data are from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). n.s., no significance, **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Phb2: 12034"
Figure legend: "(A-B) GFP-expressing HeLa  cells with stable Phb1  knockdown were fixed and subjected to immunofluorescence  (IF) analysis to detect mitochondria  (MitoTracker, red; A) or ΔΨm  (TMRM, red; B). Images shown are representative of at least three independent experiments. White boxed regions in the panels in (A) are enlarged. Scale bar: 10 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"GFP: 
Phb1: 5245"
Figure legend: "(C)  Flow cytometric  analysis of ΔΨm  (TMRM). HeLa  cells with stable Phb1  knockdown were treated with CsA  (2 μM) for 30 minutes or FCCP  (4 μM) for 5 minutes."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 5245"
Figure legend: "(D) The mitochondrial  respiratory capacity of  J774A.1 cells with or without Phb1  knockdown was measured with a Seahorse XFe96 analyzer. Data are from at least three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). n.s., no significance. ** p &lt; 0.01, *** p &lt; 0.001, **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(E) HeLa  cells with stable PHB1  ablation were incubated with H2O2 (2 μM) and CsA  (2 μM) for 30 minutes. Flow cytometric analysis of intracellular ROS  levels (DHE)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"PHB1: 5245"
Figure legend: "(F-G) Confocal microscopy analyses of mitochondrial Ca2+ in time-series mode. HeLa  cells stably expressing 4mt-RCaMPh with or without Phb1  knockdown were treated with CsA  (2 μM) for 30 minutes. During acquisition of fluorescence images (F), cells were treated with histamine  (200 μM). Traces of mitochondrial Ca2+ (4mt-RCaMPh) dynamics are shown in (G) (mean ± SEM). n = 16, 16, 15, 16 (from the top to the bottom). Scale bar: 10 μm. * p &lt; 0.05 relative to Scramble group, # p &lt; 0.05 relative to shPHB1 group (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 5245
PHB1: 5245"
Figure legend: "(A) The  co-localization between mtDNA  (SG-ALK, green) and mitochondria  (MitoTracker, red) was examined in J774A.1 cells with or without knockdown of Phb1  or Phb2. White boxed regions in the panels are enlarged. The white arrows indicate mtDNA  outside mitochondria. Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of data from (A). Data are from ten, eight, and seven images from three independent experiments (left to right, respectively) (mean ± SEM). n.s., no significance, *** p &lt; 0.001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Phb2: 12034"
Figure legend: "(C)  J774A.1 cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were lysed, and DNA was extracted. qPCR  assays were used to detect the mtDNA  levels (D-loop) in the cytosol  relative to nuclear  DNA levels (Tert) in the whole cell lysates. Data are from six independent experiments (mean ± SEM). **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Tert: 21752"
Figure legend: "(D) BMDMs  isolated from Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice  were fixed and subjected to IF  analysis to detect the co-localization between mitochondria  (MitoTracker, red) and mtDNA (SG-ALK, green). White boxed regions in the panels are enlarged. The white arrows indicate mtDNA  outside mitochondria. Scale bar: 10 μm. (E) Quantitative analysis of data from (D). Data are from ten and eight images from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). ** p &lt; 0.01 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(F) PBMCs  were extracted from Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice. Cells were lysed, and DNA was extracted. qPCR  assays were used to detect the levels of mtDNA (D-loop) in the cytosol  relative to the levels of nuclear  DNA levels (Tert) in the whole cell lysates. Data of PBMC  are from seven  Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice, respectively (mean ± SEM). ** p &lt; 0.01 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Tert: 21752"
Figure legend: "(G) HeLa  cells expressing TFAM-FLAG  with or without Phb1  knockdown were incubated with CsA  (2 μM) for 30 minutes. Cells were fixed and subjected to IF  analysis to detect the  co-localization between mitochondria  (anti-TOMM20, red) and TFAM-FLAG  (anti-FLAG, green). White boxed regions in the panels are enlarged. The white arrows indicate mtDNA  outside mitochondria. The yellow arrows indicate mtDNA  inside mitochondria. Scale bar: 10 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"FLAG: 
Phb1: 5245
TFAM: 7019"
Figure legend: "(I) HeLa  cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were incubated with H2O2 (5 mM) for 20 minutes and CsA  (4 μM) for 12 hours. Cells were lysed, and DNA was extracted. qPCR assays were used to detect mtDNA  levels (ND1) in the cytosol  and nuclear  DNA levels (18S) in the whole cell lysates. Data are from four independent experiments (mean ± SEM). ** p &lt; 0.01, *** p &lt; 0.001, **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"18S: 
ND1: 4535
Phb1: 5245"
Figure legend: "HeLa  cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were incubated with VBIT-4 (10 μM) for 1 hour and subsequently lysed, and DNA was extracted. qPCR  assays were used to detect mtDNA  levels (ND1  in HeLa  cells in the cytosol  relative to nuclear  DNA levels (TERT  in HeLa  cells in the whole cell lysates. Data are from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). n.s., no significance, * p &lt; 0.05, ** p &lt; 0.01, *** p &lt; 0.001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"ND1: 4535
Phb1: 5245
TERT: 7015"
Figure legend: "J774A.1 cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were incubated with VBIT-4 (10 μM) for 1 hour and subsequently lysed, and DNA was extracted. qPCR  assays were used to detect mtDNA  levels D-loop  in J774A.1 cells) in the cytosol  relative to nuclear  DNA levels Tert  in J774A.1  cells) in the whole cell lysates. Data are from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). n.s., no significance, * p &lt; 0.05, ** p &lt; 0.01, *** p &lt; 0.001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Tert: 21752"
Figure legend: "(L)  J774A.1  cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were lysed. The whole cell lysates were immunoprecipitated  by IgG or anti-ASC  antibody and the resulting proteins were detected by WB  assay."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(M) BMDMs  isolated from  Phb1F/F mice  and  Phb1MyeKO mice  were incubated with MCC950  (50 nM) for 30 mins and were subsequently stimulated by LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. Protein levels in whole  cell lysates and culture medium  were detected by WB  assay."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(A) BMDMs  isolated from  Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice  were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. Cells were fixed and subjected to IF  analysis to detect the co-localization between NLRP3  (anti-NLRP3, red) and mtDNA  (PicoGreen, green). White boxed regions in the panels are enlarged. The white arrows indicate mtDNA co-localized with NLRP3. Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of data from (A). Data are from at least 14 images from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(C) J774A.1  cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. Cells were fixed and subjected to IF  analysis to detect the co-localization  between NLRP3  (anti-NLRP3, red) and mtDNA  (PicoGreen, green). White boxed regions in the panels are enlarged. The white arrows indicate mtDNA co-localized  with NLRP3. Scale bar: 10 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(E) J774A.1 cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. After cells were lysed, NLRP3  was immunoprecipitated  by anti-NLRP3  antibody. mtDNA  levels (D-loop) from immunoprecipitants were detected by qPCR in J774A.1 cells with or without Phb1  knockdown. Data are from five independent experiments (mean ± SEM). ** p &lt; 0.01, **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(F) J774A.1 cells with Phb1  knockdown were incubated with EtBr  (150 ng/ml) for 3 days, followed by LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. WB  was used to detect the protein levels in whole cell lysates  and culture medium."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(G) BMDMs  isolated from Phb1F/F mice  and Phb1MyeKO mice were treated with NAC  (2 mM) for 8 hours, LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. WB  assay was used to detect the protein levels in whole cell lysates and in the culture medium."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "HeLa  cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were lysed. The whole cell lysate was immunoprecipitated  by IgG, anti-AFG3L2  antibody or anti-SPG7  antibody. The respective levels of precipitated SPG7  or AFG3L2  were examined by WB."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 5245"
Figure legend: "J774A.1  cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were lysed. The whole cell lysate was immunoprecipitated  by IgG, anti-AFG3L2  antibody or anti-SPG7  antibody. The respective levels of precipitated SPG7  or AFG3L2  were examined by WB."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(A) J774A.1 cells with knockdown of Phb1  alone, Afg3l2  alone, Spg7  alone, Phb1   + Afg3l2, or Phb1  + Spg7  were fixed and subjected to IF  analysis to assess the  co-localization  between mitochondria  (MitoTracker, red) and mtDNA  (PicoGreen, green). White boxed regions in the panels are enlarged. The white arrows indicate mtDNA  outside mitochondria. Scale bar: 10 μm. (B) Quantitative analysis of the data from (A). Data are from at least 12 images from three independent experiments (mean ± SEM). ** p &lt; 0.01, **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Afg3l2: 69597
Phb1: 18673
Spg7: 234847"
Figure legend: "(C) J774A.1 cells with knockdown of Phb1  alone, Afg3l2  alone, Spg7  alone, Phb1  + Afg3l2, or Phb1  + Spg7  were lysed, and DNA was extracted. qPCR  was used to detect the mtDNA  levels (D-loop) in the cytosol  relative to the nuclear  DNA levels (Tert) in the whole cell lysate. Data are from six independent experiments (mean ± SEM). **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Afg3l2: 69597
Phb1: 18673
Spg7: 234847
Tert: 21752"
Figure legend: "(D)  J774A.1 cells with knockdown of Phb1  alone, Afg3l2  alone, Spg7  alone, Phb1 + Afg3l2, or Phb1  + Spg7  were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. The culture medium was collected and ELISA  assays were used to detect IL-1β levels in culture medium. Data are from four independent experiments (mean ± SEM). **** p &lt; 0.0001 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Afg3l2: 69597
Phb1: 18673
Spg7: 234847"
Figure legend: "(E)  J774A.1 cells with Phb1  knockdown, Spg7  knockdown, or combined Phb1  and Spg7  knockdowns were stimulated with LPS  (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP  (4 mM) for 45 minutes. WB  assay was used to detect the protein levels in whole cell lysates and culture medium."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673
Spg7: 234847"
Figure legend: "(F) J774A.1   cells with Phb1   knockdown, Afg3l2   knockdown, and combined Phb1   and Afg3l2   knockdowns were stimulated with LPS   (200 ng/ml) for 6 hours and ATP   (4 mM) for 45 minutes. WB   assay was used to detect the protein levels in whole  cell lysates  and culture medium."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Afg3l2: 69597
Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "(H) J774A.1 cells with or without Phb1  knockdown were lysed. The whole cell lysates were immunoprecipitated  by IgG or anti-SPG7  antibody. WB  was used to detect the CYPD  and VDAC  levels in the precipitated products."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Phb1: 18673"
Figure legend: "A. SDS-PAGE analysis of the D391N DIS3L2-RNA complexes. RNAs were radioactively labeled at the 5' end and DIS3L2-bound RNAs were detected by autoradiography. The negative control was performed with HEK293T-Rex cells (Control)"
NCBI gene IDs:
"DIS3L2: 129563"
Figure legend: "F. Secondary structure of pre-hsa-let-7i, with both 5p and 3p mature products highlighted in bold. The intramolecular ligation position is indicated in dash line between nt 28 and 61. It corresponds to cleavage positions of RNaseT1, which leaves 3'-terminal guanosine residues."
NCBI gene IDs:
"hsa-let-7i: 406891"
Figure legend: "G. D391N DIS3L2 overexpression does not cause abundance changes of CLIPed uridylated RNAs. Scatter plot of transcript abundances estimated from RNA-seq from the cell line overexpressing D391N DIS3L2 and control HEK293T-Rex cells. CLIPed transcripts are marked in white."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DIS3L2: 129563"
Figure legend: "B. U+ read coverage in downstream regions of mature U12 snRNA, Vault1 and 7SL ncRNAs. The full dark box is representing mature ncRNA, the thin line indicates the region downstream of the mature 3' end (extension)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"U12: 26823"
Figure legend: "C. Quantification of DIS3L2 D391N RIP analysis of U12 and U5D snRNAs showing number of snRNA clones with mature (Mat), extended (ext) or trimmed (Trim) 3' end. +U is number of clones with untemplated 3' oligo(U) ends. For more details see Figure S2. (D) An example of hybrid reads (produced by intra-strand ligation of RNaseT1 products during CLIP protocol) for RNU5D snRNA."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DIS3L2: 129563
U12: 26823
RNU5D: 100873841///26830
U5D: 100873841///26830"
Figure legend: "C. Northern blot analysis of RNAs immunoprecipitated with Flag-tagged WT (DIS3L2) and D391N (MUT) DIS3L2, AGO2 and DIS3, respectively. The blots were probed with radioactively labeled probes for 5' and 3' ends of mature tRNAVal, respectively."
NCBI gene IDs:
"AGO2: 27161
DIS3: 22894
DIS3L2: 129563"
Figure legend: "C. The uridylated aberrant RNAs are stabilized in cells with nonfunctional DIS3L2. Small RNAs were modified with 3' end linker, and linker-specific primer was used for cDNA synthesis. Uridylated RNAs were PCR amplified in a semi-quantitative way with the same amount of input RNA used for RT reaction. We used a combination of the gene- and linker-specific primers, -RT ctrl is RT-PCR control, where no reverse transcriptase was added; PCR control is a reaction with no cDNA added. The graph on the right summarizes the percentage of uridylated and nonuridylated 5' fragments of OAT mRNA in HEK293T-Rex cells (Ctrl) and cells overexpressing mutant DIS3L2 (D391N)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DIS3L2: 129563
OAT: 4942"
Figure legend: "D. DIS3L2-bound uridylated RNAs are degraded by DIS3L2 in vivo. RT-PCR amplification of 5'mRfs of OAT and RPL12 genes and 3' extended forms of U12 snRNA (RNU12 ext) from HEK293T cell lines with modified expression of DIS3L2 (as marked on top) was performed as described in C. Regions of mature 5S rRNA and 7SL RNA were used as loading controls. DIS3L2 KO is a DIS3L2 knock-out cell line. DIS3L2 rescue is DIS3L2 KO cells with stably integrated mutant (D391N) and wild type (WT) DIS3L2 expressing constructs, respectively. Bands marked with * are unspecific primer-dimer PCR products."
NCBI gene IDs:
"5S: 
7SL: 
DIS3L2: 129563
OAT: 4942
RNU12: 26823
U12: 26823
RPL12: 6136"
Figure legend: "E. Metagene analysis of the position of DIS3L2 D391N clipped U+ reads peak maximum around mRNA transcription start sites (TSS) and of the ChIP-seq data for RNAP II."
NCBI gene IDs:
"RNAP II: "
Figure legend: "F. U+5'mRfs and aberrant forms of U12 snRNA are highly enriched in the cytoplasm. RT-PCR detection of 5'mRfs of the OAT and RPL12 and aberrant form of U12 snRNA was performed as described in C with RNA isolated from nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions, respectively. The RT-PCR amplification of the body of 5S rRNA was used as a positive control for RNA isolation and RT reaction in both fractions. The identity and uridylation status of cytoplasmic OAT U+5'mRfs was confirmed by sequencing (shown on the bottom). In red are untemplated nucleotides, in green region corresponding to the first intron of OAT pre-mRNA. The efficiency of the subcellular fractionation was monitored by western blot (right panel, WB). DDX5 is nucleoplasmic, ACO2 is mitochondrial, and DIS3L2 and TUBa are cytoplasmic markers."
NCBI gene IDs:
"5S: 
OAT: 4942
U12: 26823
RPL12: 6136"
Figure legend: "C, D. Scatter plots showing individual recordings of pairs of uninfected and infected neurons in slices expressing shRNA against GSK3α at −60 mV (AMPAR-mediated EPSCs; C) or at +40 mV (NMDAR-mediated EPSCs; D). Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. E. Quantification of individual (open circles) and average (grey bars) AMPA/NMDA ratios of neurons from uninfected and GSK3α shRNA lentivirus infected slices, where AMPAR-mediated current is taken as the peak response at −60 mV, and NMDAR-mediated current is measured at +40 mV at a latency of 60 ms following stimulation. Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney U test. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"GSK3α: 606496"
Figure legend: "Scatter plots showing individual recordings of pairs of uninfected and infected neurons in slices at −60 mV (AMPAR-mediated EPSCs; C) or at +40 mV (NMDAR-mediated EPSCs; D). Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Quantification of individual (open circles) and average (grey bars) AMPA/NMDA ratios of neurons from uninfected and infected slices, where AMPAR-mediated current is taken as the peak response at −60 mV, and NMDAR-mediated current is measured at +40 mV at a latency of 60 ms following stimulation. Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney U test. F, G. As C, D, for GSK3β. Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. H. As E, for GSK3β. Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney U test. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"GSK3β: 56637"
Figure legend: "C. Time course of the peak AMPAR-mediated synaptic response to Schaffer collateral stimulation before, during, and after the induction of LTD by LFS (300 pulses at 1 Hz), in control (uninfected) and GSK3α (blue) or GSK3β (orange) shRNA-expressing neurons. Error bars represent SEM. D. Quantification of average synaptic depression from the last 5 minutes of the time course shown in C. Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney U test. E. Cumulative frequency distribution of the ESPC values plotted in D. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"GSK3α: 50686
GSK3β: 84027"
Figure legend: "B. Representative traces for C-F, showing evoked AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated EPSCs (collected at −60 mV and +40 mV, respectively) in paired uninfected (black traces) and EGFP-GSK3α- or EGFP-GSK3β -expressing neurons (green traces)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"EGFP: 
GSK3α: 50686
GSK3β: 84027"
Figure legend: "C, D. Scatter plots showing individual recordings of pairs of uninfected and infected neurons at −60 mV (AMPAR-mediated EPSCs) in slices expressing EGFP-GSK3α (C) or EGFP-GSK3β (D). Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. E, F. Scatter plots showing individual recordings of pairs of uninfected and infected neurons at +40 mV (NMDAR-mediated EPSCs) in slices expressing EGFP-GSK3α (E) or EGFP-GSK3β (F). Error bars represent SEM. Statistical significance was calculated according to the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"EGFP: 
GSK3α: 50686
GSK3β: 84027"
Figure legend: "A. Representative confocal images from EGFP-GSK3α FRAP experiments in organotypic slices cultured from C57 wild-type mice. Upper left panel ('Baseline') shows EGFP-GSK3α expression in a dendrite and dendritic spine. The spine was bleached ('Bleach'; yellow dashed circle) and its fluorescence partially recovered 90 s later ('Recovery'). Single dendritic spines were imaged once per second for 10 seconds prior to, and for 90 seconds following, spine photobleaching. Such single FRAP experiments were performed on different spines during basal conditions ('basal'; upper panels), immediately after cLTD induction with 20 µM NMDA for 5 minutes ('cLTD'; middle panels), and immediately following 10 minutes of washout ('washout'; lower panels). Scale bars = 1 µm. B. Time course of fluorescence recovery during FRAP experiments described in A. White circles ('basal') show the average spine/dendrite fluorescence of FRAP on EGFP-GSK3α-expressing spines in wild-type mouse slices prior to cLTD induction. Pink circles ('cLTD') show fluorescence in spines in which cLTD had been induced using 20 µM NMDA. Green circles ('washout ') represent the average of spine fluorescence after NMDA washout for 10 minutes. Recovery trajectories for the three conditions are fitted with two-phase exponential curves (red lines). C, D. As A, B but in slices cultured from C57 tauKO mice. Scale bars = 1 µm. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"tau: 17762"
Figure legend: "E. Quantification of last 10 seconds of fluorescence recovery (90-100 seconds) in B and D. Error bars represent SEM and statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney U test. N = 13, 11 and 12 spines for wt baseline, cLTD and recovery and 9, 7 and 5 spines for tauKO baseline, cLTD and recovery groups, respectively."
NCBI gene IDs:
"tau: 17762"
Figure legend: "F. Spine/dendrite ratios showing enrichment of EGFP-GSK3α in wild-type or tauKO slices in 'baseline', 'cLTD' or 'recovery' conditions. Error bars represent SEM and statistical significance was calculated according to the Mann-Whitney U test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"tau: 17762"
Figure legend: "B. Representative traces for C-F, showing evoked AMPAR- and NMDAR-mediated EPSCs (collected at −60 mV and +40 mV, respectively) in paired uninfected (black traces) and EGFP-GSK3α-expressing neurons (green traces) in C57 wt or tauKO slices."
NCBI gene IDs:
"EGFP: 
GSK3α: 606496
tau: 17762"