EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure legend: "After FST knockdown, serum FST level was also measured in MOLM-13-engrafted NSG mice at week 2 post injection (H, 3 mice for each group). Data information: data were presented as mean ± SEM. *P&lt;0.05, **P&lt;0.01 (Student's t-test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"FST: 14313"
Figure legend: "L Correlation between serum FST levels and leukemia blast percentage from FLT3/ITD-mutated AML at diagnosis. Correlation analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient) was performed by Graphpad Prism 6."
NCBI gene IDs:
"FLT3: 2322"
Figure legend: "(a) Atg7+/− mice were generated as described in the Methods. PCR was done employing genomic DNA and primers flanking the floxed Atg7 regions. Arrows indicate wild-type Atg7 band in Atg7+/+ mice, increased size of PCR band due to inserted flox sequence in Atg7F/+ mice and decreased size of PCR band due to Cre-mediated deletion in Atg7+/− mice, respectively."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Cre: 
Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(b) RT-PCR (left) and real-time RT-PCR (right) were performed using total RNA prepared from tissues of Atg7+/− or control Atg7+/+mice, and primers specific for Atg7 or β-actin sequence. Fold changes of the RT-PCR band intensities are shown (left). *P0.05, **P0.01, ***P0.001; Student's t-test, n=3."
NCBI gene IDs:
"β-actin: 
Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(c) Tissue lysate from fasted 12-week-old Atg7+/− and control Atg7+/+mice was subjected to immunoblot analysis using anti-LC3 or -p62 antibody. Fold changes of the immunoblot band intensities are shown (middle and right). **P0.01, ***P0.001; Student's t-test, n=3."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(d) Cell lysate of Atg7+/+, Atg7+/− and Atg7−/− MEFs was subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies specific for LC3 and p62 after rapamycin (Rap) or control solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide, DMSO) treatment for 3 h. Fold changes of the immunoblot band intensities are shown (middle and right). *P0.05, **P0.01, ***P0.001; Student's t-test, n=3."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(e) Sections of the liver and muscle tissues from fasted 12-week-old GFP-LC3+-Atg7+/+ and GFP-LC3+-Atg7+/− mice were subjected to fluorescent microscopy to examine GFP-LC3 puncta (left). The number of GFP-LC3 puncta was counted (right). Scale bars, 10 μm. *P0.05; Student's t-test, n=5."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(f) Tissue lysates were prepared from the liver of fasted Atg7+/+ and Atg7+/− mice 4 h after leupeptin administration, and immunoblotting was done. Fold changes of the immunoblot band intensities are shown (right). *P0.05; Student's t-test, n=3."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(a) Non-fasting blood glucose level was monitored weekly in Atg7+/+, Atg7+/−, Atg7+/+-ob/ob and Atg7+/−-ob/ob mice. ***P0.001; two-way ANOVA."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244
ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(e) Tissue lysates from Atg7+/+-ob/w, Atg7+/−-ob/w, Atg7+/+-ob/ob and Atg7+/−-ob/ob mice were prepared before and 7 min after injection of 5 U kg−1 regular insulin (Ins) into the tail vein, and subjected to immunoblot analysis using antibodies specific for phospho-Akt S473 and total Akt. Numbers below immunoblot bands indicate the fold changes normalized to control bands."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244
ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(d) Immunoblot analysis was performed using anti-phospho-p53 and -p53 antibodies. p21 and β-actin mRNA expression was evaluated by RT-PCR. Numbers below immunoblot bands indicate the fold changes normalized to control bands."
NCBI gene IDs:
"β-actin: 
p21: 12575"
Figure legend: "(b) Tissues of ob/w and ob/ob mice were subjected to EM, and the number of autophagosomes was counted. ***P0.001; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(d) Tissue lysates were prepared from the liver of fed ob/w or ob/ob mice 4 h after leupeptin administration, and immunoblotting was performed. Numbers below immunoblot bands indicate the fold changes normalized to control bands."
NCBI gene IDs:
"ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(f) Atg7+/+ and Atg7+/− primary MEFs were loaded with a mixture of the indicated concentrations of PA and OA for 48 h, and TG content was estimated by ORO staining. **P0.01, ***P0.001; two-way ANOVA, n=4."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(b) Total mRNA was extracted from each tissue, and RT-PCR was done using primers specific for Tnfa, Il6, F4/80 or pro-Il1b. The expression of pro-Il1b was determined using SVF fraction of WAT tissue."
NCBI gene IDs:
"F4/80: 13733
Il1b: 16176
Il6: 16193
Tnfa: 21926"
Figure legend: "(a) Atg7+/− and control Atg7+/+ mice were fed HFD or normal chow diet (NCD), and non-fasting blood glucose levels were monitored. *P0.05, **P0.01; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244"
Figure legend: "(b) Imatinib (25 mg kg−1), trehalose (2 g kg−1) or PBS was injected intraperitoneally into 12-week-old diabetic Atg7+/−-ob/ob mice 3 times a week, and the blood glucose level was monitored. ***P0.001, ###P0.001; two-way ANOVA."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244
ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(c) IPGTT were performed after treatment of Atg7+/−-ob/ob mice with imatinib or trehalose for 8 weeks. #P0.05; ##P or **P0.01; ###P or ***P0.001; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244
ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(d) ITT were performed after treatment of Atg7+/−-ob/ob mice with imatinib or trehalose for 8 weeks. #P0.05; ##P or **P0.01; ###P or ***P0.001; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244
ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "(e) Regular insulin (Ins) was injected into the tail vein of Atg7+/−-ob/ob mice that were treated with imatinib or PBS for 8 weeks. Seven minutes later, tissue lysates were prepared and subjected to immunoblotting."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Atg7: 74244
ob: 16846"
Figure legend: "A. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in wild-type (WT) and Drp1-/- 293T cells transfected with empty vector (left panel) and Myc-hFis1 (right panel), stained with MitoTracker (red) followed by immunostaining with anti-Myc antibody (green)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "B. Quantitative analyses of fragmented mitochondria size (mean area (μm2) per mitochondrion) after Myc-hFis1 overexpression in WT and Drp1-/- 293T cells using Image J software (Particle analysis) in three independent experiments. In each cell, only dispersed individual mitochondria were analyzed. The total number of mitochondria (mito) analyzed is indicated for each condition."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "C. Quantitative analysis of mean mitochondria number per cell in WT and Drp1-/- 293T cells overexpressing Myc-hFis1 using Image J software (Particle analysis) in three independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "E. Percentages of cells with indicated mitochondrial morphologies in WT and Drp1-/- 293T cells transfected with empty vector (control), Myc-hFis1 and either Myc- or GFP-tagged mutants as indicated in three independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"GFP: 
Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "A. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in WT 293T cells treated with scrambled siRNA (control) and Dyn2 siRNA as indicated, followed by transfection with empty vector (left panel) and Myc-hFis1 (right three panels) as indicated. Cells were stained with MitoTracker (red) followed by immunostaining with anti-Myc antibody (green)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Dyn2: 1785
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "C. Percentages of cells with indicated mitochondrial morphologies in WT 293T cells treated with scrambled siRNA and Dyn2 siRNA as indicated, followed by transfection with empty vector or Myc-hFis1 in three independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Dyn2: 1785
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "D. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in Drp1-/- 293T cells treated with scrambled siRNA and Dyn2 siRNA as indicated, followed by transfection with empty vector (left panel) and Myc-hFis1 (right three panels). Cells were stained with MitoTracker (red) followed by immunostaining with anti-Myc antibody (green). Representative examples of tubular, fragmented and tubular cluster phenotypes are indicated."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
Dyn2: 1785
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "E. Western blot of Dyn2, Myc-hFis1 and GAPDH in Drp1-/- 293T cells collected from the experiments in (D)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059"
Figure legend: "F. Percentages of cells with indicated mitochondrial morphologies in Drp1-/- 293T cells treated with scrambled siRNA or Dyn2 siRNA, followed by transfection with empty vector or Myc-hFis1 as indicated in three independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
Dyn2: 1785
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "A. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in Drp1-/- 293T cells transfected with scrambled siRNA (control) or with hFis1-siRNA and then stained with MitoTracker (red)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "B. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in Drp1-/- 293T cells transfected with either Mfn1-Myc, Mfn2-Myc or OPA1-Myc, stained with MitoTracker (red) followed by immunostaining with anti-Myc antibody (green)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
Mfn1: 55669
Mfn2: 9927
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "C. Percentages (mean ± s.e.m.) of cells with indicated mitochondrial morphologies in Drp1-/- 293T cells transfected with either scrambled siRNA (Ctr), hFis1 siRNA, Mfn1-Myc, Mfn2-Myc or OPA1-Myc in three independent experiments for each condition (n represents the number of cells analyzed)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024
Mfn1: 55669
Mfn2: 9927
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "D. hFis1 interacts with Mfn1, Mfn2 and OPA1 as well as Drp1, but not with Dyn2 at endogenous levels following chemical crosslinking. Wild-type (WT) and Drp1-/- 293T cells were in vivo crosslinked with 1% formaldehyde (FA) and cell lysates were used for co-immunoprecipitation (IP) with Protein G beads bound to rabbit normal IgG (negative control) or rabbit anti-hFis1 antibody as indicated, followed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059"
Figure legend: "G, H. Interaction of hFis1 with Mfn1/2 and with OPA1 are independent events. WT 293T cells were treated with control, OPA1 (G) or Mfn1 plus Mfn2 (H) siRNA, followed by in vivo crosslinking with 1% FA. Cell lysates were used for co-IP with Protein G beads bound to rabbit normal IgG (negative control) or rabbit anti-hFis1 antibody as indicated, followed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Mfn1: 55669
Mfn2: 9927
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "I. Interactions between Mfn1/2 and OPA1 occur independent of hFis1. WT 293T cells were treated with control or hFis1 siRNA, followed by in vivo crosslinking with 1% FA. Cell lysates were used for co-IP with Protein G beads bound to mouse normal IgG (negative control) or mouse anti-OPA1 antibody as indicated, followed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies."
NCBI gene IDs:
"hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "J. Interaction between Mfn1 and Mfn2 is not affected by hFis1 overexpression. 293T cells were transfected with empty vector or Myc-hFis1, followed by in vivo crosslinking with 1% FA. Cell lysates were used for co-IP with Protein G beads bound to mouse normal IgG or mouse anti-Mfn1 antibody, followed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "B. Interaction of different hFis1 mutants with Mfns and OPA1. hFis1-/- 293T cells were transfected with the full-length and the truncated hFis1 mutants as indicated, followed by in vivo crosslinking with 1% FA. Cell lysates were used for co-IP with anti-Myc or anti-GFP agarose beads and the immunoprecipitates were analyzed by Western blotting with indicated antibodies."
NCBI gene IDs:
"hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "A, B. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in WT 293T polykaryons in cultures subjected to the PEG-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of exogenous hFis1. WT 293T cells stably expressing mitoGFP or mitoRFP were co-cultured, subsequently transfected with empty vector (control) or with Myc-hFis1 as indicated and then treated with PEG for cell fusion. Mitochondrial fusion is indicated by co-localization of mitoGFP and mitoRFP (i.e. yellow mitochondria). Left panel: empty vector transfected; right panel: Myc-hFis1transfected. Insets represent magnification of the boxed areas in upper panel (A). Quantitative analysis of the extent of mitochondrial fusion in individual hybrid cells was performed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) in three independent experiments for each condition and data summarized in (B)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "C, D. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in WT 293T cells assessed by the mito-PAGFP-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of exogenous hFis1. WT 293T cells co-transfected with mito-PAGFP (0.5 µg), mito-DsRed (0.2 µg), and either empty vector (0.5 µg, the upper panel) or hFis1 (0.5 µg, the lower panel) were photoactivated in a small region of interest (ROI) (white circle, 3 µm diameter) in preactivation images of mitochondria seen by mito-DsRed (red). After photoactivation, sequential Z-stack images with photoactivated GFP (green) and mitochondrial marker (mito-DsRed) were collected at indicated time points using series of Z-sections from the top to the cell bottom with intervals between sections set to 0.5-0.75 μm (C). Mitochondrial fusion was quantified by analyzing changes in fluorescence intensity of photoactivated mito-PAGFP in ROIs at 40 sec, 15, 30, 45 min after photoactivation. The dilution rates (percentage) of the GFP fluorescence intensity at different time points were normalized by the fluorescence intensity at 40 sec after photoactivation (D)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DsRed: 
PAGFP: 
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "E, F. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in WT 293T polykaryons in cultures subjected to the PEG-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of endogenous hFis1. Both WT 293T cells stably expressing mitoGFP or mitoRFP were transfected with scrambled siRNA (control siRNA) or hFis1-siRNA as indicated and then co-cultured and fused using PEG treatment. Left panel: control siRNA transfected; right panel: hFis1-siRNA transfected (E). Quantitative analysis of the mitochondrial fusion in individual hybrid cells was performed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient in three independent experiments and data summarized in (F)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "G, H. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in WT 293T cells assessed by the mito-PAGFP-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of endogenous hFis1. Scrambled siRNA or hFis1 siRNA treated cells were co-transfected with mito-PAGFP and mito-DsRed and were subsequently photoactivated (G) as described in (C). Mitochondrial fusion was quantified (H) as described in (D)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DsRed: 
PAGFP: 
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "A, B. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in Drp1-/- 293T polykaryons in cultures subjected to the PEG-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of exogenous hFis1. Drp1-/- cells stably expressing mitoGFP or mitoRFP were co-cultured, subsequently transfected with empty vector (control) or Myc-hFis1 as indicated and then stimulated with PEG treatment for cell fusion, followed by immunostaining with anti-Myc antibody (green). Mitochondrial fusion was indicated by co-localization of mitoGFP and mitoRFP (i.e. yellow mitochondria). Left panel: empty vector transfected; right panel: Myc-hFis1 transfected. Insets represent magnification of the boxed areas in upper panel (A). Quantitative analyses for measuring the extent of mitochondrial fusion in individual hybrid cells were performed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) in three independent experiments and summarized in (B)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "C, D. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in Drp1-/- 293T cells assessed by the mito-PAGFP-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of exogenous hFis1. Drp1-/- cells co-transfected with mito-PAGFP, mito-DsRed, and either empty vector (the upper panel) or hFis1 (the lower panel) were photoactivated in a small region of interest (ROI) (white circle, 3 µm diameter) as indicated in preactivation images of mitochondria seen by mito-DsRed (red). After photoactivation, Z-stack images with photoactivated GFP (green) and mitochondrial marker (mito-DsRed) were collected at times 40 sec, 15, 30, 45 min as indicated (C). Mitochondrial fusion was quantified by analysis of changes in the fluorescence intensity of photoactivated mito-PAGFP in ROIs at 40 sec, 15, 30, 45 min after photoactivation. The dilution rates (percentage) of the GFP fluorescence intensity at different time points were normalized by the fluorescence intensity at 40 sec after photoactivation (D)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DsRed: 
PAGFP: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "E, F. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in Drp1-/- 293T polykaryons in cultures subjected to the PEG-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of endogenous hFis1. Drp1-/- cells stably expressing mitoGFP or mitoRFP were transfected with scrambled siRNA (control siRNA) or with hFis1-siRNA as indicated and then co-cultured and fused by PEG treatment. Left panel: control siRNA transfected; right panel: hFis1-siRNA transfected (E). Quantitative analysis of extent of mitochondrial fusion in individual hybrid cells was performed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient (PCC) in three independent experiments and summarized in (F)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "G, H. Representative confocal images of mitochondrial fusion in Drp1-/- 293T cells monitored by the mito-PAGFP-based fusion assay in the presence or absence of endogenous hFis1. Scrambled siRNA or hFis1 siRNA treated cells were co-transfected with mito-PAGFP and mito-DsRed and were subsequently photoactivated (G) as described in (C). Mitochondrial fusion was quantified by analysis of changes in the fluorescence intensity of photoactivated mito-PAGFP (H) as described in (D)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DsRed: 
PAGFP: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024"
Figure legend: "A, B. GTP hydrolysis activities of Mfn1, Mfn2, Mfn2K109A and OPA1 in the presence or absence of recombinant GST-hFis1 or GST (negative control) were determined by measuring the concentration of free phosphate (Pi) released from GTP. Myc-tagged Mfn1, Mfn2, Mfn2K109A and OPA1 were transiently expressed separately in 293T cells and immunopurified by anti-Myc agarose beads. GTPase activities of immunopurified Myc-tagged Mfn1, Mfn2, Mfn2K109A and OPA1 were determined after treatment with or without recombinant GST-hFis1 or GST protein (A). The input levels of immunopurified Mfn1-Myc, Mfn2-Myc and OPA1-Myc (left panel) as well as recombinant GST-hFis1 (~42 kDa) and GST (~26 kDa) (right panel) were assessed by immunoblotting with indicated antibodies (B)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Mfn1: 55669
Mfn2: 9927
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "C, D. GTP hydrolysis activities of Drp1 in the presence or absence of recombinant GST-hFis1 or GST (negative control) were determined as described in (A). Untagged WT Drp1 and Drp1Q34A were transiently expressed in Drp1-/- 293T cells and immunopurified by protein G beads pre-incubated with Drp1 antibody. GTPase activities of immunopurified Drp1 and Drp1Q34A were determined after treatment with or without recombinant hFis1 or GST protein (C). The input levels of immunopurified Drp1 and Drp1Q34A were assessed by immunoblotting with anti-Drp1 antibody (D)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059"
Figure legend: "E, F. GTP hydrolysis activities of Dyn2 in the presence or absence of recombinant GST-hFis1 or GST (negative control) were determined as described in (A). Endogenous Dyn2 in Drp1-/- 293T cells was immunopurified by protein G beads pre-incubated with anti-Dyn2 antibody. GTPase activity of immunopurified Dyn2 was determined after treatment with or without recombinant GST-hFis1 or GST protein (E). The input levels of immunopurified Dyn2 were assessed by immunoblotting with anti-Dyn2 antibody (F)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059"
Figure legend: "G. Summary of the effects of pro-fusion GTPases (Mfns and OPA1) on hFis1-induced mitochondrial fragmentation in Drp1-/- cells. Percentages (mean ± s.e.m.) of cells with indicated mitochondrial morphologies in Drp1-/- 293T cells co-expressing Myc-hFis1 and either empty vector, Mfn1-Myc, Mfn2-Myc or OPA1-Myc in three independent experiments. n represents the number of cells analyzed. Corresponding confocal images shown in Fig EV4."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024
Mfn1: 55669
Mfn2: 9927
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "A. Ablation of OPA1 using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing in Drp1-/- 293T cells was confirmed by Western blotting analysis."
NCBI gene IDs:
"CRISPR: 
Drp1: 10059
OPA1: 4976
Cas9: 901176"
Figure legend: "B. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in Drp1-/- (left panel) and Drp1/OPA1DKO 293T (right panel) cells. (Aggr/frag: aggregation/fragmentation of mitochondria; Bulb/tubular: bulb-like/tubular mitochondria)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "C. Confocal images of mitochondrial morphology in Drp1/OPA1DKO 293T cells treated with the indicated siRNAs, combinations of siRNAs or with Myc-hFis1 plasmid (lower three panels) compared to mitochondrial morphology in Drp1-/- 293T cells overexpressing Myc-hFis1 or not (upper panel)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "D. Percentages (mean ± s.e.m.) of cells with indicated mitochondrial morphologies in Drp1-/- 293T cells transfected with empty vector or Myc-hFis1 plasmid, and in Drp1/OPA1DKO 293T cells treated with the indicated siRNA, combinations of siRNA or Myc-hFis1 plasmid. The data were collected from three independent experiments. Total cell numbers (n) used for statistical analysis are indicated for each condition."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Myc: 
Drp1: 10059
hFis1: 51024
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "E. Knockdown of the indicated proteins by siRNA in Drp1/OPA1DKO 293T cells was confirmed by Western blotting analysis."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 10059
OPA1: 4976"
Figure legend: "(B, Angiogenic capacity of  Oxct1  knockout cells in response to  ketone body treatment was analyzed using a spheroid-based sprouting assay. Spheroids were treated with media containing 30 mM D-β-hydroxybutyrate (βOHB), 30 mM acetoacetate (AcAc) or the respective controls (final concentration of reagents is diluted to approximately 10 %) for 48 hours. The average number of  sprouts per spheroid was quantified. Data are presented as mean ± SD. n=4; *, p&lt;0.05; **, p&lt;0.01; unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Oxct1: 67041"
Figure legend: "(a) Expression levels of Tcfeb mRNA in tissues isolated from 24-h-fasted (24 h starved) 6-week-old mice. Values are expressed as fold change relative to Tcfeb expression in mice fed ad libitum (Fed). Bars represent mean ± s.d. for n = 5 mice; *P≤0.05; **P≤0.01; ***P≤0.001."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Tcfeb: 21425"
Figure legend: "(b) Representative β-gal staining of liver and kidney frozen sections isolated from fed and 24-h-fasted heterozygous Tcfeb- β-gal mice."
NCBI gene IDs:
"β-gal: "
Figure legend: "c) Time-course expression analysis of TFEB in wild-type HeLa cells, MEFs and hepatocytes after the addition of starvation media (time 0). Data represent mean ± s.d. for n = 3 independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"TFEB: 7942"
Figure legend: "(d) Expression levels of transfected hTFEB-FLAG, Tcfeb- β-gal fusion transcript and endogenous Tcfeb mRNAs in MEFs isolated from control (+/+) and heterozygous Tcfeb- β-gal/+ mice. Data represent mean ± s.d. for n = 3 mice; *P≤0.05."
NCBI gene IDs:
"β-gal: 
Tcfeb: 21425
TFEB: 7942"
Figure legend: "(e) Time-course expression analysis of TFEB mRNA in control (Ctrl) or TFEB-overexpressing HeLa cells during fasting and re-feeding. Primers specific for the endogenous TFEB were used. Data represent mean ± s.d. for n = 3."
NCBI gene IDs:
"TFEB: 7942"
Figure legend: "(f) Time-course expression analysis of Tcfeb mRNA in heterozygous Tcfeb- β-gal/+ or control MEFs during fasting and re-feeding. Specific primers for the endogenous Tcfeb were used. Data represent mean ± s.d. for n = 3 mice."
NCBI gene IDs:
"β-gal: 
Tcfeb: 21425"