EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure legend: "(e) DPDO cannot facilitate Nix binding to TR3. Top, the structure of DPDO. Middle, DPDO binding could not form the interacting surface for Nix, unlike THPN. The structures of Arg563 and Ser553 are the same as those in the native structure. Bottom, DPDO does not enhance the interaction between TR3 and Nix. Different plasmids were transfected into A375 cells as indicated, and cells were treated with DPDO (20 μM, 3 h). The TR3 interaction with Nix was determined by co-immunoprecipitation. Images of full blots are shown in Supplementary Figure 7. IP, immunoprecipitation; HA, hemagglutinin."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Nix: 665"
Figure legend: "(b) Effects of different plasmids on the THPN-induced dissipation of ΔΨm. Top, endogenous TR3 was knocked down by shRNA, and the siRNA-resistant version of TR3, TR3-NLS, TR3-ΔNLS or TAD (Supplementary Fig. 2c) were separately transfected into the cells as indicated. Bottom, similarly, the siRNA-resistant version of Nix or ΔTM were separately transfected into Nix knockdown cells. Transfected cells were treated with THPN (20 μM, 12 h), and their ΔΨm was assessed by flow cytometry. Ctrl, control."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Nix: 665
TR3: 3164"
Figure legend: "(c) ANT1 and VDAC1 are required for the THPN-induced autophagy. The ANT1 and VDAC1 shRNA-expressing plasmids, which also encoded EGFP for evaluating the transfection efficiency, were separately transfected into cells; mCherry-LC3 was cotransfected to display autophagy. Green cells are those transfected with ANT1 or VDAC1 shRNA, and the cells with red cytoplasmic puncta are autophagic cells (top; scale bars, 10 μm)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"LC3: 440738///81631///84557
ANT1: 291
VDAC1: 7416"
Figure legend: "(d) ANT1 and VDAC1 are required for the THPH-induced dissipation of ΔΨm and cell death. Endogenous ANT1 or VDAC1 was separately knocked down by shRNA, and the dissipation of ΔΨm was determined after THPN (20 μM, 12 h) treatment (left). ANT1 and VDAC1 knockdown abolishes the THPN-induced (20 μM, 48 h) cell death (right). All of the data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments. **P 0.01."
NCBI gene IDs:
"ANT1: 291
VDAC1: 7416"
Figure legend: "(b) Knockdown of Tom40 and Tom70 blocks TR3 transit to MIM. Endogenous Toms were separately knocked down by their corresponding shRNAs, and the TR3 expression of mitochondrial fractions was detected as described above. Ctrl, control."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Tom70: 855602
Tom40: 10452"
Figure legend: "(c) Tom40 and Tom70 are required for the THPN-associated dissipation of ΔΨm (left), conversion of LC3-I to LC3-II (right and top) and cell death (right and bottom). Endogenous Toms were separately knocked down by the corresponding shRNAs. ΔΨm, LC3-II and cell death were detected as described above. Images of full blots are shown in Supplementary Figure 7."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Tom70: 855602
Tom40: 10452"
Figure legend: "(d) The mitochondria were markedly eliminated after treatment with THPN for 24 h. Right, endogenous Tom40 and Tom70 were knocked down, and the amount of mitochondria was measured by the fluorescence intensity of Tom20 (green). Left, the volume of mitochondria from five randomly picked regions was quantified by ImageJ software. All of the data are presented as the mean ± s.e.m. of three independent experiments. *P 0.05, **P 0.01, ***P 0.001; NS, not significant."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Tom70: 855602
Tom40: 10452"
Figure legend: "(a) THPN inhibits the formation of tumors in the liver and lung in a TR3-dependent manner. B16 cells transfected with either control shRNA, TR3 shRNA or ATG7 shRNA (5 × 105) were separately injected into the lateral tail vein of 6-week-old C57BL/6J mice (n = 7). THPN were administered 3 d after inoculation. The tumors formed in the lung and liver are indicated (top; scale bars, 5 mm) and were counted (bottom). Ctrl, control."
NCBI gene IDs:
"ATG7: 74244
TR3: 15370"
Figure legend: "(b) Crossed Tyr:NRasQ61K;Ink4a/Arf−/−;TR3+/+ and Tyr:NRasQ61K;Ink4a/Arf−/−;TR3−/− mice (n = 12) were treated topically with DMBA to initiate cutaneous melanocytic neoplasms, and mice were treated with THPN as described in Online Methods. The representative images of dorsal melanomas (top) and the tumor numbers (bottom) are presented."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Arf: 12578
Ink4a: 12578
TR3: 15370
NRas: 18176"
Figure legend: "(c) The survival curves of crossed Tyr:NRasQ61K;Ink4a/Arf−/−;TR3+/+ and Tyr:NRasQ61K;Ink4a/Arf−/−;TR3−/− mice are shown (n &gt; 16)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Arf: 12578
Ink4a: 12578
TR3: 15370
NRas: 18176"
Figure legend: "(a) Induction of GFP+ dots in differentiated THP-1 cells stably expressing GFP-LC3, left untransfected or transfected for 6 h with poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml), then exposed to control antibody (Control Ab), antibody to neutralize IL-1β (Anti-IL-1β), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) or 3-MA (5 mM); results are presented as quantification of GFP-LC3+ dots (top) and images of individual cells (middle). Scale bars, 10 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(b) Expression of AIM2 and beclin-1 in cells transfected with control siRNA or siRNA targeting AIM2 or beclin-1; numbers below lanes indicate band intensity (ratio of cells transfected with targeting siRNA to those transfected with control siRNA)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"AIM2: 9447
beclin-1: 8678"
Figure legend: "(c) Induction of GFP+ dots in differentiated THP-1 cells stably expressing GFP-LC3 and treated with various siRNAs (below graph), quantified 6 h after transfection with poly(dA:dT) (+) or no transfection (-)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(d) Immunoblot analysis of the expression of LC3-I and LC3-II (above) in wild-type (WT) and Aim2−/− BMDMs left untransfected or transfected for 6 h with poly(dA:dT); numbers below lanes indicate division of the ratio of induced LC3-I to induced LC3-II by the ratio of basal LC3-I to basal LC3-II (band intensities). Below, immunoblot analysis of IL-1β in supernatants after overnight culture."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): 
Aim2: 383619"
Figure legend: "(e) Immunoblot analysis of LC3-I and LC3-II in or wild-type, ASC-deficient (Pycard-/-; called 'Asc-/-' here) or caspase-1-deficient (Casp1-/-) BMDMs primed with LPS (20 ng/ml) and then left untransfected or transfected with poly(dA:dT) or left untreated or treated with nigericin for 4 h; numbers below lanes as in d. Actin serves as a loading control throughout. NS, not significant; *P 0.05 and **P 0.01 (unpaired t-test). Data are from three individual experiments"
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): 
Casp1: 12362
caspase-1: 12362
ASC: 66824
Asc: 66824
Pycard: 66824"
Figure legend: "(c) Confocal microscopy of differentiated GFP-LC3+ THP-1 cells sham-transfected with no poly(dA:dT) (Control) or transfected with poly(dA:dT), then fixed and immunostained for ASC (red). Insets (bottom right), 5× enlargement of areas indicated by arrowheads at left. Scale bars, 10 μm (top) or 20 μm (bottom)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(d) Confocal microscopy of differentiated THP-1 cells transfected with poly(dA:dT) and immunostained for LAMP-1 and ASC; below, z-axis projections. Scale bars, 10 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(f) Electron microscopy of differentiated THP-1 cells stimulated with LPS and ATP (left) or transfected with poly(dA:dT) (right) for 2 h and immunostained for ASC, visualized with 15-nm gold-conjugated protein A. Red arrows indicate ASC immunostaining. Right image in each pair, 4.5× enlargement of outlined area at left. Scale bars, 500 nm. Data are representative of three experiments (a,c) or two experiments (b,d-f)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(a) Confocal microscopy of differentiated GFP-LC3+ THP-1 cells left untransfected (Control) or transfected for 2 h with poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml), then immunostained for endogenous AIM2"
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(b) Confocal microscopy of differentiated THP-1 cells transfected for 3 h with poly(dA:dT), then immunostained for LAMP-1 and AIM2."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(a) Immunoblot analysis of AIM2, ASC and LC3-II in lysates of differentiated THP-1 cells left untransfected or transfected with poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml) and left untreated or treated with 3-MA, rapamycin or amino-acid starvation, then separated into an inflammasome-enriched fraction (top) or an autophagosome-enriched fraction (middle). Bottom, immunoblot analysis of total cell lysates."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(a) Immunoblot analysis of ASC immunoprecipitates (IP; left) and total lysates (right) of differentiated THP-1 cells left untransfected or transfected for 2 h with poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml), probed for beclin-1 and ASC (below), then stripped and reprobed for p62 (above)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(d) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of cells transfected twice with siRNA with scrambled sequence (−) or siRNA specific for beclin-1 or p62; numbers below lanes indicate band intensity (as in Fig. 1b)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"beclin-1: 8678
p62: 8878"
Figure legend: "(e) Immunoblot analysis of the inflammasome and autophagosome fractions and total lysates of differentiated THP-1 cells transfected as in d, with poly(dA:dT) included in the second transfection; lysates were prepared 4 h after the final transfection."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(a) Immunoblot analysis of ASC immunoprecipitates of differentiated THP-1 cells transfected for 2h with poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml), probed for ubiquitin (Ub), then stripped and reprobed for K63-linked ubiquitin (Ub-K63), then stripped and reprobed for ASC."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(c) Confocal microscopy of differentiated THP-1 cells transfected for 2 h with poly(dA:dT), immunostained for ASC (red) and polyubiquitin (green). PolyUb, polyubiquitination. Scale bars, 10 μm. Brackets (right margins in a,b) indicate smear of ubiquitinated proteins. Data are representative of three (a,c) or two (b) experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(a) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of human monocytes-macrophages primed with LPS (10 ng) and then transfected with poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml) or treated with nigericin (4 μM) for 6 h (numbers below lanes as in Fig. 1d)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(b) Immunoblot analysis of processed caspase-1 and IL-1β (top) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay of IL-1β (middle) in supernatants of monocytes-macrophages treated for 6 h with various combinations (bottom) of poly(dA:dT) (b) or nigericin (c), plus 3-MA and amino-acid starvation. *P 0.01 (unpaired t test)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(d) Confocal microscopy of LPS-primed human monocytes-macrophages transfected for 3 h with poly(dA:dT) (top), treated for 3 h with nigericin (middle) or left unstimulated (bottom), immunostained for p62 (green) and ASC (red); arrows indicate colocalized proteins. Second row, three-dimensional volume rendering reconstructed from confocal z-stack images. Scale bars, 10 μm. Data are representative of at least two experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(a) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of LPS (20 ng/ml)-primed mouse BMDMs exposed to LPS (500 ng/ml) and ATP (3 μM), poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml) or uric acid crystals (50 μg/ml), detecting GTP-bound RalB (collected by RaBP1-agarose affinity purification) and RalB in total lysates."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(b) Immunoblot analysis of lysates and supernatants of mouse BMDMs transfected with control or RalB-specific siRNA on 2 sequential days, then primed with LPS and exposed for 6 h to poly(dA:dT) (1.5 μg/ml), probed for RalB, LC3 and IL-1β; supernatants were collected after overnight culture in serum-free medium (numbers below lanes as in Fig. 1d). Nonsp, nonspecific band."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): 
RalB: 64143"
Figure legend: "(c) Immunoblot analysis of lysates of wild-type and Aim2−/− mouse BMDMs transfected with control or AIM2-specific siRNA on 2 sequential days, primed for 2 h with LPS and then exposed for 1 h to poly(dA:dT) (numbers below lanes as in Fig. 1d)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): 
Aim2: 383619"
Figure legend: "(d) Immunoblot analysis of ASC immunoprecipitates from LPS-primed mouse BMDMs left untreated or transfected for 1 h with poly(dA:dT) and treated for 30 min with LPS and ATP. Mock, immunoprecipitation with control antibody."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "(e) Confocal microscopy of LPS-primed mouse BMDMs left untransfected or transfected for 30 min with poly(dA:dT), immunostained for RalB and AIM2 (left three columns); RalB and ASC (middle columns); and beclin-1 and AIM2 (right two columns). Bottom row, 3× electronic enlargement of areas outlined above. Scale bars, 10 μm. Data are representative of at least two experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"poly(dA:dT): "
Figure legend: "Adult Swiss mice (n = 11 Veh; 15 AβOs) received a single i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 10 pmol AβOs and were assessed in a glucose tolerance test (2 g glucose/kg body weight, i.p.) 7 days after injection. Blood levels of glucose were measured at several time points following glucose administration. Bar graph represents areas under the curves in the time course plot. Data are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. Left panel: ***P = 0.0006, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test; right panel: *P = 0.0207, Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Insulin tolerance test (1 IU insulin/kg body weight, i.p.) (n = 7 Veh; 8 AβOs). Blood levels of glucose were measured at several time points following insulin administration. Bar graph represents the kinetic constants for glucose disappearance (Kitt) calculated from the time course plot. Data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results. Left panel: *P = 0.0456 and ***P = 0.0007, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test; right panel: **P = 0.0033, Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Glucose tolerance test (2 g glucose/kg body weight, i.p.) in mice 7 days after a single intracaudal (C; n = 8 animals/group) or intraperitoneal (D; n = 13 animals/group) injection of AβOs (10 pmol) or vehicle."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Glucose tolerance test (2 g glucose/kg body weight, i.p.) in 8- to 13-month-old APP/PS1 mice (E; n = 9 animals/group) or 6-month-old 3xTg-AD male mice (F; n = 10 WT; 9 3xTg), or their corresponding wild-type littermates. Bar graph represents areas under the curves in the time course plots. In (E), left panel: *P = 0.0466, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test; right panel: &amp;amp;amp;amp;P = 0.072, Student's t-test. In (F), left panel: *P = 0.0171 and #P = 0.0781, two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test; right panel: *P = 0.0101, Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"APP: 351
PS1: 5663"
Figure legend: "Epididymal fat mass was analyzed in mice (n = 6 animals/group) 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs. Data are representative of three independent experiments with similar results. *P = 0.0255."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Relative expression of leptin (C), TNF-α (D) and IL-6 (E), respectively, in white adipose tissue of mice (n = 7 Veh; 9 AβOs) 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs. In (C), *P = 0.0394; in (D), **P = 0.0038; in (E), *P = 0.0305; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351
IL-6: 16193
leptin: 16846
TNF-α: 21926"
Figure legend: "p-JNK (F; n = 5 animals/group) and IRS-1pSer312 (G; n = 6 animals/group) levels (normalized by total JNK and total IRS-1, respectively) in skeletal muscle of mice 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs. In (F), *P = 0.0464; in (G), *P = 0.0081; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative images of GLUT-4 immunofluorescence in insulin-stimulated skeletal muscle from mice that were i.c.v.-injected with vehicle (Veh) or 10 pmol AβOs. Bar graphs show quantification of GLUT-4 surface immunoreactivity in skeletal muscle of mice that received intraperitoneal injections of PBS or insulin (1 IU/kg body weight) 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs, as indicated (n = 5 animals/group). Scale bar = 25 μm. *P = 0.0144, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "GLUT-4 mRNA (n = 4 animals/group) and total protein levels (normalized to actin levels; n = 5 Veh; 6 AβOs) were unchanged in skeletal muscle of Swiss mice injected with vehicle (Veh) or 10 pmol AβOs."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351
GLUT-4: 20528"
Figure legend: "Plasma levels of insulin (K; n = 12 animals/group), leptin (L; n = 11 Veh; 12 AβOs), cholesterol (M; n = 8 Veh; 6 AβOs), triglycerides (N; n = 8 Veh; 6 AβOs) or noradrenaline (O; n = 7 Veh; 8 AβOs) measured 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle (Veh) or 10 pmol AβOs. In (O), *P = 0.0361, Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative immunocytochemistry images of mature hypothalamic neurons in culture exposed to vehicle (Veh) or AβOs (500 nM) for 3 h. Binding of AβOs was detected using anti-oligomer monoclonal antibody NU4 (red). Neurons were double-labeled using MAP-2 antibody (green). Images represent typical results from experiments with three independent hypothalamic cultures (three coverslips/experimental condition per independent experiment). Scale bar = 30 and 10 μm for main panels and insets, respectively."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative immunocytochemistry image of mature hypothalamic culture exposed to AβOs (500 nM) and immunolabeled with anti-GFAP (green) and NU4 (red) antibodies. Insets show AβOs binding to neuronal dendrites, whereas no binding was detected to GFAP-positive cells."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative DCFfluorescence images from hypothalamic neuronalcultures exposed to vehicle or AβOs (500 nM, 4 h). Insets show optical zoom images of the indicated areas. Scale bars = 100 and 50 μm for main panels and insets, respectively. Graph shows integrated DCFfluorescence intensities (relative units; see Materials and Methods) (n = 3 independent hypothalamic cultures; three wells/experimental condition per experiment; three images acquired per well). Bars represent means ± SEM. #P = 0.0604, one-sample t-test compared with a fixed value of 100 RUs."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "LDH activity (IU/l) in culture media of hypothalamic cultures exposed to vehicle or AβOs (500 nM, 3 h)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative immunofluorescence images of eIF2α-P in hypothalamic cultures exposed to vehicle or AβOs (500 nM, 3 h) in the absence or presence of infliximab (1 μg/ml). Scale bar = 30 μm. Graph represents integrated immunofluorescence intensities of eIF2α-P levels from three independent hypothalamic cultures (three coverslips/experimental condition per experiment, 20 images per coverslip). Bars represent means ± SEM. *P = 0.0489, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test comparing AβO-treated versus vehicle-treated cultures."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative images of hypothalamic cultures exposed to AβOs (500 nM, 3 h) and double-labeled with NU4 (oligomer-sensitive) and eIF2α-P antibodies. Arrow points to a neuron presenting high levels of eIF2α-P in the absence of AβO binding. Nuclear staining (DAPI) is shown in blue. Scale bar = 30 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative images of hypothalamic neurons labeled with NU4 antibody exposed to AβOs (500 nM, 3 h) in the absence or presence of infliximab (1 μg/ml). Similar patterns of AβO binding were observed in both conditions. Scale bar = 20 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Western blot analysis of eIF2α-P levels in the hypothalamus of mice 4 h (A; n = 4 animals/group) or 7 days (B; n = 6 Veh; 5 AβOs) after a single i.c.v. injection of vehicle (Veh) or 10 pmol AβOs. Graphs show densitometric data normalized by total eIF2α levels. *P = 0.0213."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Western blot analysis of ATF4 levels in the hypothalamus of mice 4 h after i.c.v. injection of vehicle (Veh) or 10 pmol AβOs; graph shows densitometric data normalized by β-actin (n = 7 Veh; 8 AβOs). #P = 0.0731; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Western blot analysis of hypothalamic phospho-IKKβ levels in the hypothalamus of mice 4 h (C; n = 6 animals/group) or 7 days (D; n = 4 Veh; 5 AβOs) after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 10 pmol AβOs. Graphs show densitometric data normalized by total IKKβ levels. In (D), *P = 0.0437; in (E), *P = 0.0444; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Western blot analysis of IκBα (F; n = 6 animals/group) and cytoplasmic phospho-p65-NF-κB (G; n = 4 Veh; 5 AβOs) in the hypothalamus of mice 4 h after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 10 pmol AβOs. Graphs show densitometric data normalized by actin (F) or total NF-κB levels (G). *P = 0.0207."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Nuclear NF-κB levels in the hypothalamus 6 h after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 10 pmol AβOs in mice. Graphs show NF-κB levels normalized by nuclear marker, lamin B (n = 6 animals/group). **P = 0.0024; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "IRS-1pSer636 (I; n = 4 animals/group) and pTyr465 (J; n = 6 Veh; 4 AβOs) levels in the hypothalamus 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs in mice. Graphs show IRS-1pSer or IRS-1pTyr levels normalized by total IRS-1. In (I), *P = 0.0043; in (J), *P = 0.0275; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Twelve-hour food intake after a single i.c.v. infusion of insulin (200 mU) in mice. Experiment was performed 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs (n = 5 PBS; 5 Veh + Insulin; 9 AβOs + Insulin), data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results. ***P &lt; 0.0001, one-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test comparing Veh-Insulin versus PBS groups."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative images of AβO immunoreactivity (detected using anti-oligomer monoclonal antibody NU4) in the hypothalamus of control, sham-operated adult cynomolgus macaques (Sh; n = 3) or macaques that received i.c.v. injections of AβOs (n = 3; see Materials and Methods). Nuclear staining (DAPI) is shown in blue. Insets show optical zoom images of the areas indicated by white dashed rectangles in the main panels. Scale bars = 100 and 20 μm for main panels and insets, respectively."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Representative images showing eIF2α-P (B), phospho-IKKβ (C) and IκBα (D) immunoreactivities in the hypothalamus of cynomolgus macaques that received i.c.v. injections of AβOs or control (sham-operated; Sh) macaques (n = 3 animals/group). Graphs show immunolabeling optical density analysis from three images acquired in the hypothalamus of each macaque (three control versus three AβO-injected animals). In (B), #P = 0.0523; in (C) #P = 0.1123; unpaired Student's t-test with Welch's correction for unequal variances; AβO-injected monkeys compared to sham-operated monkeys. Scale bars = 50 μm"
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Accumulated chow intake (normalized by body weight) measured during 7 days following a single i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 10 pmol AβOs in mice (n = 13 Veh; 10 AβOs; data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results). ***P &lt; 0.0001; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Daily body weight measured during 7 days after i.c.v. injection of vehicle or AβOs (n = 7 animals/group; data are representative of two independent experiments with similar results)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Aβ: 351"
Figure legend: "Adult Swiss mice received a single i.c.v. injection of vehicle or 10 pmol AβOs, and hypothalamic levels of mRNA for AgRP (C; n = 6 Veh; 5 AβOs), NPY (D; n = 6 Veh; 5 AβOs) and POMC (E; n = 7 animals/group) were analyzed 7 days after injection. In (C), *P = 0.0191; in (D), *P = 0.0115; Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"AgRP: 11604
Aβ: 351
NPY: 109648
POMC: 18976"