EMBO/SourceData huggingface dataset:
Figure legend: "Studies show that Opa1 interacts with MICOS complex, promoting closure of CJs. Thus, we tested whether Opa1 was required to maintain the difference in ΔΨm between cristae and IBM. Live-cell Airyscan images of MEF control (top row) vs. Opa1 KO (bottom row), co-stained with NAO and TMRE. Arrowheads indicate decreased intensity of TMRE FI at cristae compared to IBM. Note the more even distribution of TMRE staining, indicating the cristae and IBM are relatively equipotential. Scale bar = 500 nm. Quantification of G, showing Opa1-KO MEFs have significantly decreased ΔΨCr-IBM. N = 3 independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Opa1: 74143"
Figure legend: "Live-cell Airyscan images of laser-induced depolarization time series of Mic10 KO Hap1 cell stained with TMRE. Mitochondrion exposed to rapid, high 2-photon laser power in region of white box, arrow (~0.3 sec); large, hyperpolarized vesicle (arrowhead) remains polarized after the rest of the mitochondrion loses ΔΨm, indicating electrochemical discontinuity between hyperpolarized vesicles and the rest of the mitochondrion, including the IBM. Scale bar = 500 nm. N = 2 independent experiments."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Mic10: 440574"
Figure legend: "Live-cell Airyscan image of time series showing hyperpolarized vesicles (arrowheads; region cropped from dashed white box) inside mitochondria lacking both Opa1 and Drp1. Scale bar = 500 nm. N = 2 independent experiments. Free movement of hyperpolarized vesicles within the matrix indicate their detachment from the IBM, representing an extreme case of cristae independency within one mitochondrion (see Movie EV 1 for time series)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Drp1: 74006
Opa1: 74143"
Figure legend: "A. Mutations in the kinase motif abolished the yeast toxicity of MavQ. S. cerevisiae was transformed with plasmids expressing Flag-tagged wild-type MavQ or the indicated MavQ mutants under the galactose-inducible promoter. Yeast cells were spotted on synthetic medium supplemented with glucose or galactose for 3 days before image acquisition."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Flag: 
MavQ: 57036982"
Figure legend: "A. Representative immunofluorescence images of the association of MavQ with the LCV. BMDM cells infected with wild-type or Dot/Icm-deficient (dotA-) L. pneumophila were sequentially stained with antibodies against L. pneumophila and MavQ. Images were taken under a fluorescence microscope. Insets represent 3x magnification of regions defined by dash lines. Scale bar, 5 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"dotA: 57036686"
Figure legend: "D. Co-expression of SidP with MavQ in HeLa cells does not influence the production of PtdIns3P caused by MavQ. The association of the fluorescence probe GFP-2xFYVEHrs with vesicle-like structures was used to indicate the distribution of PtdIns3P in cells. At least 100 cells were scored in each sample (n≥100) (left panel). Wort, wortmannin. Expression of MavQ and SidP in the samples were shown in the right panel. EV represents empty vector."
NCBI gene IDs:
"SidP: 
MavQ: 57036982"
Figure legend: "E. Deletion of sidP does not impact the association of SidC with the LCV. BMDMs infected with the indicated L. pneumophila stains were stained and the association of SidC with bacterial phagosomes was similarly determined (n≥100) (left panel). Representative images of infected cells harboring bacterial phagosomes were also shown (right panel). Insets represent 3x magnification of regions defined by dash lines. Scale bar, 5 μm."
NCBI gene IDs:
"sidP: "
Figure legend: "c, MSN cultures at DIV11 were treated for 2h with either 10 µM of the D1-agonist SKF-38393 (SKF) alone or with SKF and 10 µM of the selective D1-antagonist SCH-23390 (SCH). qPCR was performed to determine the relative mRNA levels of the immediate early genes cFos  and Arc. Mean + SEM; one-way ANOVA with Holm-Sidak post-hoc correction; p** &lt; 0.01, p**** &lt; 0.0001; n = 3 independent cultures as biological replicates."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Arc: 11838
cFos: 14281"
Figure legend: "g, Differential induction of Npas4 through HiK and not forskolin in hiPSC-derived forebrain organoids. Organoids were treated with HiK (55 mM) or the PKA activator forskolin plus TTX  (Fsk, 10 µM; TTX  1 µM) for 1h before  qPCR analysis was performed to assess mRNA levels of Npas4  and Arc. Mean + SEM; n = 7  organoids in control condition, n = 5 organoids for  HiK, n = 5 organoids for  Fsk/TTX. One-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test, ns = not significant, p* &lt; 0.05, p***&lt;0.001."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Arc: 23237
Npas4: 266743"
Figure legend: "MSN cultures were stimulated with HiK (55 mM) for 1h in the presence of various pharmacologicals to dissect the  synapse-to-nucleus cascades mediating transcription of Npas4, Fosb  and Arc. Values were normalized to the induced condition to compare for differences in induction between treatments. Mean + SEM and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction were used in all experiments. p* &lt; 0.05, p** &lt; 0.01, p***&lt;0.001, p****&lt;0.0001. n-number indicated in each panel. a, co-incubation with the NMDA receptor blocker APV  (100 mM, applied 5min before) reveals that all IEG inductions through HiK in  MSNs depend on NDMA receptor   activity. Mean + SEM; n = 4 independent cultures as biological replicates. b, blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels through verapamil (30 µM, 5min before) and  TTX  (1 µM, 5min, to prevent verapamil-induced bursting) leads to significant reduction in gene-inductions for Npas4 and Fosb. Mean + SEM; n =4 independent cultures as biological replicates. c, inhibition of ERK1/2 through  UO126 (10 µM, 20min before) leads to significant blockade of mRNA induction for Arc and Fosb, but not Npas4. Mean + SEM; n = 3 independent cultures as biological replicates. d, inhibition of p38alpha and  p38beta through SB203580 or SB202190 respectively (both 10 µM and 20min before) leads to significant reductions in mRNA induction for Arc and Fosb, but not Npas4. Mean + SEM; n = 3 independent cultures as biological replicates. e, blockade of PKA activity through H-89  (10 µM, 20min before) leads to reduced induction of Arc, unaffected induction of Fosb  and a superinduction of Npas4. Mean + SEM; n = 3 independent cultures as biological replicates. f, inhibition of calcineurin through co-application of Cyclosporin and FK506 (1 µM each, 20min before) leads to unaffected induction of mRNAs for Arc and Fosb, but significantly reduced levels of Npas4. Mean + SEM; n = 3 independent cultures as biological replicates."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Arc: 11838
Fosb: 14282
Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "MSN  cultures were stimulated with  HiK (55 mM) for 1h in the presence of various pharmacologicals to dissect the synapse-to-nucleus cascades mediating transcription of  Npas4, Fosb  and Arc. Values were normalized to the induced condition to compare for differences in induction between treatments. Mean + SEM and one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc correction were used in all experiments. p* &lt; 0.05, p** &lt; 0.01, p***&lt;0.001, p****&lt;0.0001. n-number indicated in each panel. g, blockade of  CaMKII/IV through application of KN-93  (1 µM, 20min before) leads to significantly reduced mRNA inductions of Arc, Fosb and Npas4. Mean + SEM; n = 4 independent cultures as biological replicates. h, co-application of HiK and SKF reveals synergistic effects on mRNA induction of Fosb but not Arc  or Npas4, Mean + SEM; n = 6 independent cultures as biological replicates. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"Arc: 11838
Fosb: 14282
Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "investigating the role of  nuclear calcium signaling in mRNA induction of Arc, Fosb and Npas4. k,  immunohistochemical analysis  of MSNs infected with mCherry-NLS as control or the competitive  nuclear Ca2+/CaM antagonist CaMBP4-mCherry. Infection on DIV4, fixation on DIV11. D32 = anti-Darpp-32. scale bar = 10 µm. l, MSNs expressing rAAV-mCherry-control or CaMBP4   (BP4) were treated with 55mM HiK for 1h and qPCR analysis was performed for the indicated IEGs. Mean + SEM; two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test, ns = not significant, p****&lt;0.0001. n = 5 independent cultures as biological replicates. m, immunohistochemical analysis of MSNs infected with mCherry-NLS as control or the nuclear Ca2+-buffer Parvalbumin-NLS-mCherry. Infection on DIV4, fixation on DIV11. D32 = anti-Darpp-32. n, MSNs expressing rAAV-mCherry-control or PV-NLS were treated with 55mM HiK  for 1h and  qPCR analysis was performed for the indicated IEGs. Mean + SEM; two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test, p* &lt; 0.05, p** &lt; 0.01, p****&lt;0.0001. n = 3 independent cultures as biological replicates."
NCBI gene IDs:
"mCherry: 
Arc: 11838
BP4: 12326
CaMBP4: 12326
Fosb: 14282
Npas4: 225872
PV: 19293"
Figure legend: "e, Npas4  controls activity-dependent upregulation of genes for glutamatergic synapse  formation and  Ca2+ channels. MSNs were infected with rAAVs expressing shRNA-scrambled (control) or shNpas4 (Npas4 knockdown) on DIV5. On DIV 12, cultures were stimulated with HiK (55 mM) for 1h or 6h and mRNA levels were analysed by qPCR. mRNA level = fold change in mRNA compared to shscrambled unstimulated control. Mean + SEM; two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-hoc test, p* &lt; 0.05, p***&lt;0.001. n = 5 independent cultures as biological replicates."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "e, Confocal images of  tdTomato-labelled D1-MSNs expressing shscr-GFP or shNpas4-GFP (left panels; scale bar: 20 µm). 3D volume-renderings of MSN dendrites  from the NAc shell (right panels; scale bar: 2 µm)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"GFP: 
Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "g, Confocal images of tdTomato-labelled  D2-MSNs expressing shscr-GFP or shNpas4-GFP (left panels; scale bar: 20 µm). 3D volume-renderings of MSN dendrites from the NAc shell (right panels; scale bar: 2 µm)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"GFP: 
Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "a-d, Scatter plot of passive and active  membrane  properties of MSNs in ex vivo slice preparations from shRNA-AAV-infected  mice, plotted for MSNs as D1-positive (D1+), D1-negative (D1-) and those two populations pooled (all). a, rheobase; mean ± SEM. b, firing rate  estimated at twice the value of the rheobase; mean ± SEM. c, input/output gain values recorded in shscr- or shNpas4-injected mice, mean ± SEM. The increased rheobase  and lower input-output gain indicate a lower excitability for MSNs in the  Npas4-knockdown group. d, facilitation at corticostriatal synapses examined in  MSNs with paired-pulse stimulation at 20 and 4 Hz. Representative current traces and scatter plots of paired-pulse experiments illustrate a potent facilitation in MSNs in mice  injected with scr-shRNA and a significant decrease of the facilitation in mice injected with shNpas4, with a stronger effect in D1-negative MSNs. Mean ± SEM. Data information: For n-numbers, please see Table EV1. Mann-Whitney-Test, p*&lt;0.05, p**&lt;0.01. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "b, cocaine-induced hyperlocomotion is attenuated by Npas4-knockdown while locomotor behaviour after saline injection is unaffected on all days. Mean + SEM; two-way ANOVA followed by Bonferroni post hoc test. p* &lt; 0.05, p** &lt; 0.01, ns = not significant. n = 12 - 16 animals per condition."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Npas4: 225872"
Figure legend: "E Irf1  expression in human blastocysts. Integrated  single cell RNA-seq  data from blastocysts  collected at or cultured to indicated time points. Data is derived from a total of 16 embryos  which passed quality control metrics."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Irf1: 3659"
Figure legend: "A Western Blot  analysis of  Irf1-/- in ESC  and EpiLC, probed with antibodies against IRF1  and VINCULIN  as loading control. Shown are two independent clonal cell lines."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Irf1: 16362"
Figure legend: "A. Genes involved in innate immunity are significantly upregulated in nuo-6 and isp-1 worms. Gene expression changes in the mitochondrial mutants were determined by RNA sequencing and compared to wild-type N2 worms. Results represent counts per million (CPM) expressed as a percentage of wild-type of six biological replicates per strain. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test"
NCBI gene IDs:
"isp-1: 177609
nuo-6: 172438"
Figure legend: "B. Upregulation of innate immunity genes is dependent on the  p38-mediated innate immune signaling pathway including  NSY-1, SEK-1, PMK-1 and ATF-7. Gene expression changes were examined by quantitative RT-PCR of three biological replicates per strain. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001. Statistical significance was determined using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test"
NCBI gene IDs:
"ATF-7: 175587
NSY-1: 24104671
PMK-1: 191743
SEK-1: 181043"
Figure legend: "C. Using a fluorescent reporter strain for the innate immunity gene T24B8.5 confirms that innate immunity genes are upregulated in the long-lived mitochondrial  mutants and that components of the  p38-mediated innate immune signaling pathway are required for their upregulation. Scale bar indicates 250 µM. Three biological replicates per strain were quantified. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. *p&lt;0.05, **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001. Statistical significance was determined using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni post-test"
NCBI gene IDs:
"T24B8.5: 188838"
Figure legend: "A-D. Resistance to bacterial pathogens was tested by exposing  worms to Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PA14 in a slow kill assay. Both  nuo-6 and isp-1  long-lived  mitochondrial  mutants show increased resistance compared to wild-type worms (A). Disruption of components of the  p38-mediated innate immune signaling pathway (nsy-1, sek-1, pmk-1, atf-7) markedly decreases resistance to PA14 in wild-type (B), nuo-6 (C) and isp-1 (D) worms. All strains were tested in a single parallel experiment. Two biological replicates per strain were performed with a total of at least 175 animals per strain. Data information: ***p&lt;0.001. Statistical significance for survival plots was determined with the log-rank test. Significance is indicated between the strain listed on top and all other strains. Data from panel A is repeated in panels B, C, and D for direct comparison."
NCBI gene IDs:
"atf-7: 175587
isp-1: 177609
nsy-1: 24104671
nuo-6: 172438
pmk-1: 191743
sek-1: 181043"
Figure legend: "A-H. To examine the role of the  p38-mediated innate immune signaling pathway in the long-lifespan of the nuo-6 and  isp-1 mitochondrial  mutants, we crossed the long-lived mitochondrial mutants to  worms with mutations in nsy-1, sek-1, pmk-1  and atf-7(gof). In each case, mutation of genes involved in p38-mediated innate immunity signaling markedly reduces the lifespan of the long-lived  mitochondrial mutant but have little or no impact on wild-type  lifespan. In panel G, we utilized pmk-1 RNAi instead of the pmk-1  mutation because of the close proximity of isp-1 and pmk-1  on the same chromosome. EV indicates empty vector. The  lifespan results for panels A, B, D, E, F, and H were performed in a single parallel experiment. Results are from a minimum of three biological replicates per strain. Data information: Statistical significance for survival  plots was determined with the log-rank test. p-values indicate significance between red and purple lines. Control strains are shown in multiple panels for direct comparison. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"atf-7: 175587
isp-1: 177609
nsy-1: 24104671
nuo-6: 172438
pmk-1: 191743
sek-1: 181043"
Figure legend: "A,B. To determine the extent to which the  p38-mediated innate immunity pathway is activated in nuo-6 and isp-1 mutants, we measured the ratio of phosphorylated PMK-1/p38 to total PMK-1/p38 by  Western blotting. Representative blots are shown (A). There is no difference in the ratio of phosphorylated to total PMK-1/p38 in the long-lived mitochondrial  mutants compared to wild-type (B). Eight biological replicates of wild-type worms and nine of mitochondrial mutants were quantified. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. ***p&lt;0.001. NS = not significant. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test"
NCBI gene IDs:
"isp-1: 177609
nuo-6: 172438"
Figure legend: "F. Constitutive activation of  atfs-1 is sufficient to decrease food consumption to the same level as in long-lived mitochondrial mutants. Three biological replicates per strain were measured, each including at least three technical replicates. atfs-1(lof) allele is gk3094, atfs-1(gof) allele is et17. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. ***p&lt;0.001. NS = not significant. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test "
NCBI gene IDs:
"atfs-1: 179922"
Figure legend: "A. A deletion of daf-16 completely abolishes the increased resistance to bacterial pathogens in isp-1  mutants. p-value indicates the significance of difference between red and purple lines. Three biological replicates per strain were performed. Data information: Statistical significance was assessed using log-rank test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"daf-16: 172981
isp-1: 177609"
Figure legend: "B,C. While daf-16 RNAi effectively decreases the expression of DAF-16 target genes (B, sod-3, dod-3, mtl-1, ftn-1, icl-1,  sodh-1), it does not affect the expression of any of the innate immunity genes (C, T24B8.5, K08D8.5, F55G11.8, clec-65, clec-67, dod-22, Y9C9A.8 and C32H11.4). This indicates that DAF-16 is not required for expression of innate immune signaling pathway target genes in isp-1 mutants. daf-16 expression was knocked down using RNAi beginning at the L4 stage of the parental generation. RNA was isolated from six biological replicates at the young adult stage of the experimental generation. RNA from the six biological replicates was pooled for RNA sequencing."
NCBI gene IDs:
"C32H11.4: 178244
clec-65: 174928
clec-67: 177151
daf-16: 172981
DAF-16: 172981
dod-22: 178247
dod-3: 178737
F55G11.8: 186340
ftn-1: 179138
icl-1: 178583
isp-1: 177609
K08D8.5: 178243
mtl-1: 179060
sod-3: 181748
sodh-1: 179627
T24B8.5: 188838
Y9C9A.8: 177261"
Figure legend: "A. To examine the role of the ATFS-1 transcription factor and the mitoUPR response in the enhanced bacterial pathogen resistance in nuo-6  mutants, we examined the effect of disrupting atfs-1 in nuo-6  mutants. Loss of  atfs-1  completely abolishes the increased resistance to bacterial pathogens in nuo-6 worms. p-value indicates significance of difference between red and purple lines. nuo-6;  atfs-1 contains the gk3094 deletion allele. Three biological replicates per strain were measured. B. To examine the role of ATFS-1 in the upregulation of innate immunity genes in nuo-6  mutants, we compared gene expression  between nuo-6 and nuo-6; atfs-1 mutants with wild-type worms and  atfs-1  mutants as controls. Deletion of atfs-1  significantly decreases the  expression  of genes involved in innate immunity in nuo-6 worms  but does not decrease the  expression  of these genes in wild-type worms. Gene expression changes were determined by RNA sequencing of six biological replicates of each genotype. Results represent counts per million (CPM) expressed as a percentage of wild-type. Worms in a wild-type background (control) are shown with white bars, while worms  with atfs-1 deletion are shown with blue bars. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001. Statistical significance in panel A was assessed using log-rank test. Statistical significance in panel B was assessed using a two-way ANOVA with Bonferroni posttest. "
NCBI gene IDs:
"atfs-1: 179922
ATFS-1: 179922
nuo-6: 172438"
Figure legend: "A. Examination of mRNA levels of genes involved in innate immunity in two constitutively active  atfs-1  mutants (et15 and et17) revealed that innate immunity genes are upregulated when ATFS-1  is activated. This indicates that activation of the  mitoUPR can cause activation of genes that are regulated by the p38-mediated innate immune pathway. Gene expression changes were determined by RNA sequencing of six biological replicates of each genotype. Results represent counts per million (CPM) expressed as a percentage of wild-type. Data information: Error bars indicate SEM. *p&lt;0.05 **p&lt;0.01, ***p&lt;0.001. NS = not significant. Statistical significance was assessed using a one-way ANOVA with Dunnett's multiple comparison test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"atfs-1: 179922
ATFS-1: 179922"
Figure legend: "Western blot analysis (B) of DCLK1  in aortas  of LFD  and HFD-fed ApoE-/- mice.  β-actin was used as the loading control (n=10 biological replicates)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"ApoE: 11816"
Figure legend: "(J-K) Protein (J) and mRNA (K) levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6  in serum  and aortas. The values of mRNA levels were normalized to Rn18s  (n=10 biological replicates). Data information: Data were shown as mean ± SEM; *, P &lt; 0.05; ns, not significant, two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Rn18s: 19791"
Figure legend: "(L) mRNA levels of proinflammatory chemokines and adhesion molecules in aortas  (n=10 biological replicates). The values were normalized to Rn18s. Data information: Data were shown as mean ± SEM; *, P &lt; 0.05; ns, not significant, two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Rn18s: 19791"
Figure legend: "(A-B) Mouse primary peritoneal macrophages (MPMs) isolated from DCLK1f/f and  DCLK1MCKO mice  were challenged with oxLDL  (50 μg/mL) for 24 h. Protein levels of TNF-α  (A) and  IL-6 (B) were analyzed using ELISA  (n=3 biological replicates). Data information: Data were shown as mean ± SEM; *, P &lt; 0.05; ns, not significant, two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"DCLK1: 13175"
Figure legend: "(C-D) MPMs  isolated from DCLK1f/f and DCLK1MCKO mice  were challenged with oxLDL (50 μg/mL) for 6 h. mRNA levels of Tnf-α  (C) and  Il-6 (D) were determined via RT-qPCR (n=3 biological replicates). The values were normalized to β-actin. Data information: Data were shown as mean ± SEM; *, P &lt; 0.05; ns, not significant, two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"β-actin: 11461
DCLK1: 13175
Il-6: 16193
Tnf-α: 21926"
Figure legend: "(B) 293T  cells were transfected with Flag-DCLK1  plasmid for 24 h. Control cells were transfected with empty vector (EV). Levels of Flag  were measured by Western blot (n=3 biological replicates). Data information: Data were shown as mean ± SEM; *, P &lt; 0.05; ns, not significant, two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Flag: 
DCLK1: 9201"
Figure legend: "(D) Co-immunoprecipitation of DCLK1  and IKKβ  in 293T  cells transfected with Flag-DCLK1. Flag-DCLK1  was immunoprecipitated  by anti-Flag  antibody. IgG, immunoglobulin G. (E) Co-immunoprecipitation of DCLK1  and IKKβ  in MPMs  challenged with oxLDL  (50 μg/mL) for 1 h. DCLK1  was immunoprecipitated  by anti-DCLK1  antibody."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Flag: 
DCLK1: 9201"
Figure legend: "293T  cells were co-transfected with Flag-DCLK1  and si-IKKβ  for 24 h. Western blot analysis (H) of IκBα, p-IKKβ  and p-p65. GAPDH, IKKβ  and p65  were used as loading controls (n=3 biological replicates)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Flag: 
DCLK1: 9201
IKKβ: 3551"
Figure legend: "(K-N) Protein (K-L) and mRNA (M-N) levels of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α  and IL-6 in serum  and aortas. The values of mRNA levels were normalized to Rn18s  (n=10 biological replicates). Data information: Data were shown as mean ± SEM; *, P &lt; 0.05, two-tailed unpaired Student's t-test."
NCBI gene IDs:
"Rn18s: 19791"
Figure legend: "(a-d) Degradation of long-lived proteins in MEFs from wild-type (18Q-htt) and mutant huntingtin knock-in (111Q-htt) mice. (a,b) Rates of protein degradation after serum removal (a)"
NCBI gene IDs:
"htt: 3064
huntingtin: 3064"
Figure legend: "(a-d) Degradation of long-lived proteins in MEFs from wild-type (18Q-htt) and mutant huntingtin knock-in (111Q-htt) mice. (a,b) Rates of protein degradation after treatment with rapamycin (rapam) or thapsigargin (thapsig) (b)."
NCBI gene IDs:
"htt: 3064
huntingtin: 3064"
Figure legend: "(e) Degradation of long-lived proteins in striatal cells from wild-type (7Q-htt) and mutant huntingtin knock-in mice (111Q-htt) in response to different autophagic stimuli."
NCBI gene IDs:
"htt: 3064
huntingtin: 3064"