[ { "keywords": [ "Mines Eight Hours Bill", "eight-hour day" ], "sentence": "Continuing Lloyd George's work, Churchill introduced the Mines Eight Hours Bill, which legally prohibited miners from working more than an eight-hour day." }, { "keywords": [ "monsoon season", "Bengal", "Bihar", "severe cyclone" ], "sentence": "Counter-offensives were hampered by the monsoon season and by disordered conditions in Bengal and Bihar, as well as a severe cyclone which devastated the region in October 1942." }, { "keywords": [ "Ishir\u014d Honda", "Godzilla", "kaiju", "film" ], "sentence": "Ishir\u014d Honda's Godzilla became an international icon of Japan and spawned an entire subgenre of kaiju films, as well as the longest-running film franchise in history." }, { "keywords": [ "20th century", "loss of many early films", "British Film Institute", "Come Along, Do!", "Attack on a China Mission", "intertitle", "intertitles", "Robert W. Paul", "film" ], "sentence": "The first films to move from single shots to successive scenes began around the turn of the 20th century. Due to the loss of many early films, a conclusive shift from static singular shots to a series of scenes can be hard to determine. Despite these limitations, Michael Brooke of the British Film Institute attributes real film continuity, involving action moving from one sequence into another, to Robert W. Paul's 1898 film, Come Along, Do!. Only a still from the second shot remains extant today. Released in 1901, the British film Attack on a China Mission was one of the first films to show a continuity of action across multiple scenes. The use of the intertitle to explain actions and dialogue on screen began in the early 1900s. Filmed intertitles were first used in Robert W. Paul's film, Scrooge, or Marley's Ghost. In most countries, intertitles gradually came to be used to provide dialogue and narration for the film, thus dispensing the need for narration provided by exhibitors.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "symmetry", "conservation laws", "S-matrix theory" ], "sentence": "With these difficulties looming, many theorists began to turn away from QFT. Some focused on symmetry principles and conservation laws, while others picked up the old S-matrix theory of Wheeler and Heisenberg. QFT was used heuristically as guiding principles, but not as a basis for quantitative calculations.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Belgrade", "Italy", "Slovenia", "Bosnia", "Montenegro", "Bulgaria", "Kolubara", "Serbia", "Russia", "Austria-Hungary" ], "sentence": "Faced with Russia in the east, Austria-Hungary could spare only one-third of its army to attack Serbia. After suffering heavy losses, the Austrians briefly occupied the Serbian capital, Belgrade. A Serbian counter-attack in the Battle of Kolubara succeeded in driving them from the country by the end of 1914. For the first ten months of 1915, Austria-Hungary used most of its military reserves to fight Italy. German and Austro-Hungarian diplomats, however, scored a coup by persuading Bulgaria to join the attack on Serbia. The Austro-Hungarian provinces of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia provided troops for Austria-Hungary in the fight with Serbia, Russia and Italy. Montenegro allied itself with Serbia.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "selectively bred", "Dog breeds", "hunting", "herding", "pulling loads", "protection", "assisting police", "military", "companionship", "therapy", "aiding disabled people", "human\u2013canine bond", "sobriquet", "man's best friend" ], "sentence": "The dog has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Dog breeds vary widely in shape, size, and color. They perform many roles for humans, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and the military, companionship, therapy, and aiding disabled people. Over the millennia, dogs became uniquely adapted to human behavior, and the human\u2013canine bond has been a topic of frequent study. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet of \"man's best friend\".\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Billy Dee Williams", "Lando Calrissian" ], "sentence": "The overwhelming success, led to a 10-episode adaptation of The Empire Strikes Back debuted in 1983. Billy Dee Williams joined the other two stars, reprising his role as Lando Calrissian.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "The Children", "Rodeo FX", "Scanline VFX", "Image Engine", "Creative Arts Emmy Awards", "Outstanding Special Visual Effects", "Pixomondo", "visual effects", "Daenerys Targaryen", "HBO" ], "sentence": "HBO added German-based Mackevision to the project in season four. The season four finale, \"The Children\", won the 2014 Emmy Award for Visual Effects. Additional producers for season four included Canadian-based Rodeo FX, German-based Scanline VFX and US-based BAKED FX. The muscle and wing movements of the adolescent dragons in seasons four and five were based largely on those of a chicken. Pixomondo retained a team of 22 to 30 people focused solely on visualizing Daenerys Targaryen's dragons, with the average production time per season of 20 to 22 weeks. For the fifth season, HBO added Canadian-based Image Engine and US-based Crazy Horse Effects to its list of main visual-effects producers. Visual effect supervisor Joe Bauer said that the VFX team worked on more than \"10,000 shots of visual effects\" throughout all eight seasons. More than 300 artists worked on the show's visual effects team. The show won eight Creative Arts Emmy Awards for visual effects, winning for Outstanding Special Visual Effects in seven consecutive seasons.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "National Insurance Act 1911" ], "sentence": "In April, Lloyd George introduced the first health and unemployment insurance legislation, the National Insurance Act 1911, which Churchill had been instrumental in drafting." }, { "keywords": [ "typhoons" ], "sentence": "In late summer and early autumn, typhoons often bring heavy rain." }, { "keywords": [ "diagonal matrix", "main diagonal", "diagonalizable", "extending", "square-free", "polynomial", "characteristic polynomial", "matrix", "endomorphism", "field", "basis" ], "sentence": "If a basis exists that consists only of eigenvectors, the matrix of f on this basis has a very simple structure: it is a diagonal matrix such that the entries on the main diagonal are eigenvalues, and the other entries are zero. In this case, the endomorphism and the matrix are said to be diagonalizable. More generally, an endomorphism and a matrix are also said diagonalizable, if they become diagonalizable after extending the field of scalars. In this extended sense, if the characteristic polynomial is square-free, then the matrix is diagonalizable.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "systems", "methods", "decohere", "particles" ], "sentence": "Quantum systems can become entangled through various types of interactions. For some ways in which entanglement may be achieved for experimental purposes, see the section below on methods. Entanglement is broken when the entangled particles decohere through interaction with the environment; for example, when a measurement is made.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "GPUs" ], "sentence": "By 2019, graphic processing units (GPUs), often with AI-specific enhancements, had displaced CPUs as the dominant method of training large-scale commercial cloud AI." }, { "keywords": [ "1947 Constitution", "Meiji Constitution", "constitutional monarch" ], "sentence": "Nevertheless, Hirohito's status as a limited constitutional monarch was formalized with the enactment of the 1947 Constitution\u2013officially, an amendment to the Meiji Constitution. It defined the Emperor as \"the symbol of the state and the unity of the people,\" and stripped him of even nominal power in government matters. His role was limited to matters of state as delineated in the Constitution, and in most cases his actions in that realm were carried out in accordance with the binding instructions of the Cabinet.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "French and Belgian troops occupied", "Duisburg", "D\u00fcsseldorf", "Rhineland", "Ruhr area", "passive resistance", "German hyperinflation", "Dawes Plan", "government", "German", "Versailles", "Rhine" ], "sentence": "In March 1921, French and Belgian troops occupied Duisburg, D\u00fcsseldorf, and other areas which formed part of the demilitarized Rhineland, according to the Treaty of Versailles. In January 1923, French and Belgian forces occupied the rest of the Ruhr area as a reprisal after Germany failed to fulfill reparation payments demanded by the Versailles Treaty. The German government answered with \"passive resistance\", which meant that coal miners and railway workers refused to obey any instructions by the occupation forces. Production and transportation came to a standstill, but the financial consequences contributed to German hyperinflation and completely ruined public finances in Germany. Consequently, passive resistance was called off in late 1923. The end of passive resistance in the Ruhr allowed Germany to undertake a currency reform and to negotiate the Dawes Plan, which led to the withdrawal of French and Belgian troops from the Ruhr Area in 1925.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "media freedom", "Reporters Without Borders", "Press Freedom Index" ], "sentence": "In regards to media freedom, Russia was ranked 155th out of 180 countries in Reporters Without Borders' Press Freedom Index for 2022." }, { "keywords": [ "Akihito", "enthronement ceremony" ], "sentence": "The Emperor was succeeded by his eldest son, Akihito, whose enthronement ceremony was held on 12 November 1990.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Russo-Turkish Wars", "Ottoman Empire", "Crimean Khanate", "annexing Crimea", "to the Black" ], "sentence": "In the south, after the successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, by dissolving the Crimean Khanate, and annexing Crimea." }, { "keywords": [ "New Deal coalition", "New Deal", "South" ], "sentence": "Roosevelt's victory was enabled by the creation of the New Deal coalition, small farmers, the Southern whites, Catholics, big city political machines, labor unions, northern African Americans (southern ones were still disfranchised), Jews, intellectuals, and political liberals." }, { "keywords": [ "Poland", "German" ], "sentence": "Poland appeared so close to collapse that even Polish voters had cast their ballots for Germany\"." }, { "keywords": [ "Libya", "Italy" ], "sentence": "The northern portion of Libya was incorporated directly into Italy in 1939; however the region remained united as a colony under a colonial governor." }, { "keywords": [ "satellites", "U.S." ], "sentence": "The U.S. had 2,944 active satellites in space in December 2021, the highest number of any country." }, { "keywords": [ "Edward Grey" ], "sentence": "In November, Asquith called a War Council, consisting of himself, Lloyd George, Edward Grey, Kitchener, and Churchill." }, { "keywords": [ "geometry", "Ren\u00e9 Descartes", "Cartesian coordinates", "Cartesian geometry", "Cartesian coordinates", "three-dimensional space", "lines", "planes", "real numbers", "dimension", "coordinates", "sequences", "sequence", "linear equations", "systems of linear equations" ], "sentence": "There is a strong relationship between linear algebra and geometry, which started with the introduction by Ren\u00e9 Descartes, in 1637, of Cartesian coordinates. In this new (at that time) geometry, now called Cartesian geometry, points are represented by Cartesian coordinates, which are sequences of three real numbers (in the case of the usual three-dimensional space). The basic objects of geometry, which are lines and planes are represented by linear equations. Thus, computing intersections of lines and planes amounts to solving systems of linear equations. This was one of the main motivations for developing linear algebra.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "stochastic process", "multivariate normal distribution", "covariance function", "model", "random variables" ], "sentence": "A Gaussian process is a stochastic process in which every finite collection of the random variables in the process has a multivariate normal distribution, and it relies on a pre-defined covariance function, or kernel, that models how pairs of points relate to each other depending on their locations.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Grand Duke Nicholas", "Caucasus", "Russia" ], "sentence": "In 1917, Russian Grand Duke Nicholas assumed command of the Caucasus front." }, { "keywords": [ "Relativity: The Special and the General Theory", "theory", "theoretical physics" ], "sentence": "In the preface to Relativity: The Special and the General Theory, Einstein said \"The present book is intended, as far as possible, to give an exact insight into the theory of Relativity to those readers who, from a general scientific and philosophical point of view, are interested in the theory, but who are not conversant with the mathematical apparatus of theoretical physics. The work presumes a standard of education corresponding to that of a university matriculation examination, and, despite the shortness of the book, a fair amount of patience and force of will on the part of the reader. The author has spared himself no pains in his endeavour to present the main ideas in the simplest and most intelligible form, and on the whole, in the sequence and connection in which they actually originated.\"\n" }, { "keywords": [ "war memorial", "Arizona", "Oklahoma", "Utah", "target ship", "Nevada" ], "sentence": "Intensive salvage operations continued for another year, a total of some 20,000 man-hours under water. Arizona and the target ship Utah were too heavily damaged for salvage and remain where they were sunk, with Arizona becoming a war memorial. Oklahoma, while successfully raised, was never repaired and capsized while under tow to the mainland in 1947. The Nevada proved particularly difficult to raise and repair; two men involved in the operation died after inhaling poisonous gases that had accumulated in the ship's interior. When feasible, armament and equipment were removed from vessels too damaged to repair and put to use aboard other craft.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Franz von Papen", "Alfred Hugenberg", "de" ], "sentence": "The absence of an effective government prompted two influential politicians, Franz von Papen and Alfred Hugenberg, along with several other industrialists and businessmen, to write a letter to Hindenburg." }, { "keywords": [ "streaming media", "YouTube", "smartphones", "video games", "home entertainment", "internet", "video", "film" ], "sentence": "Since the late 2000s streaming media platforms like YouTube provided means for anyone with access to internet and cameras (a standard feature of smartphones) to publish videos to the world. Also competing with the increasing popularity of video games and other forms of home entertainment, the industry once again started to make theatrical releases more attractive, with new 3D technologies and epic (fantasy and superhero) films becoming a mainstay in cinemas.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Ernest Hemingway", "veterans", "Soldier's Home" ], "sentence": "Writers such as Ernest Hemingway wrote many stories on the experiences of veterans after the war, such as the short story Soldier's Home, about young veteran Harold Krebs trying to integrate back into society." }, { "keywords": [ "floral diagrams", "symmetry" ], "sentence": "The structure of a flower can also be expressed by the means of floral diagrams. The use of schematic diagrams can replace long descriptions or complicated drawings as a tool for understanding both floral structure and evolution. Such diagrams may show important features of flowers, including the relative positions of the various organs, including the presence of fusion and symmetry, as well as structural details.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Mesopotamia", "siege of Kut", "Baghdad", "Ottomans" ], "sentence": "In Mesopotamia, by contrast, after the defeat of the British defenders in the siege of Kut by the Ottomans (1915\u201316), British Imperial forces reorganised and captured Baghdad in March 1917." }, { "keywords": [ "John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough", "Viceroy of Ireland", "Dublin", "Jack", "Elizabeth Everest", "Jennie" ], "sentence": "In 1876, Churchill's paternal grandfather, John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough, was appointed Viceroy of Ireland, then part of the United Kingdom. Randolph became his private secretary and the family relocated to Dublin. Winston's brother, Jack, was born there in 1880. Throughout much of the 1880s, Randolph and Jennie were effectively estranged, and the brothers were mostly cared for by their nanny, Elizabeth Everest. When she died in 1895, Churchill wrote that \"she had been my dearest and most intimate friend during the whole of the twenty years I had lived\".\n" }, { "keywords": [ "China" ], "sentence": "The Konoye government collapsed the following month when the Japanese military rejected a withdrawal of all troops from China." }, { "keywords": [ "a pervasive personality cult", "socialism", "dissolution of the Soviet Union", "totalitarian", "mass political repression", "forced labour", "resettlements and deportations of ethnic minorities", "which killed millions", "superpower", "Leninist", "Soviet Union" ], "sentence": "Widely considered one of the 20th century's most significant figures, Stalin was the subject of a pervasive personality cult within the international Marxist\u2013Leninist movement, which revered him as a champion of the working class and socialism. Since the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Stalin has retained some popularity (particularly in Russia and his native Georgia) as an economic moderniser and wartime leader who cemented the Soviet Union's status as a superpower. Nevertheless, his regime has been widely described as totalitarian and is condemned by many for overseeing mass political repression, forced labour, resettlements and deportations of ethnic minorities, hundreds of thousands of executions, and famines which killed millions.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "or", "exclusive or" ], "sentence": "For example, in mathematics, \"or\" means \"one, the other or both\", while, in common language, it is either ambiguous or means \"one or the other but not both\" (in mathematics, the latter is called \"exclusive or\")." }, { "keywords": [ "League of Nations", "1919 Paris Peace Conference", "collective security", "naval disarmament" ], "sentence": "To prevent a future world war, the League of Nations was created during the 1919 Paris Peace Conference. The organisation's primary goals were to prevent armed conflict through collective security, military and naval disarmament, and settling international disputes through peaceful negotiations and arbitration.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "German Christian", "de", "Catholic" ], "sentence": "In a 1932 speech, Hitler stated that he was not a Catholic, and declared himself a German Christian." }, { "keywords": [ "Pearl Harbor" ], "sentence": "On November 26 in Japan, the day before the note's delivery, the Japanese task force left port for Pearl Harbor." }, { "keywords": [ "Vladimir the Great", "Yaroslav the Wise", "Golden Age", "the acceptance of", "Byzantium", "legal code", "Russkaya Pravda", "Kiev", "Orthodox Christianity", "East Slavic" ], "sentence": "The reigns of Vladimir the Great (980\u20131015) and his son Yaroslav the Wise (1019\u20131054) constitute the Golden Age of Kiev, which saw the acceptance of Orthodox Christianity from Byzantium, and the creation of the first East Slavic written legal code, the Russkaya Pravda." }, { "keywords": [ "Home Secretary", "political prisoners", "solitary confinement", "\"commuted\"", "\"capital\"" ], "sentence": "In February 1910, Churchill was promoted to Home Secretary, giving him control over the police and prison services; he implemented a prison reform programme. Measures included a distinction between criminal and political prisoners, with prison rules for the latter being relaxed. There were educational innovations like the establishment of libraries for prisoners, and a requirement for each prison to stage entertainments four times a year. The rules on solitary confinement were relaxed somewhat, and Churchill proposed the abolition of automatic imprisonment of those who failed to pay fines. Imprisonment of people aged between 16 and 21 was abolished except for the most serious offences. Churchill reduced (\"commuted\") 21 of the 43 death (\"capital\") sentences passed while he was Home Secretary.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Hitler" ], "sentence": "He began calling for a mutual defence pact among European states threatened by German expansionism, arguing that this was the only way to halt Hitler." }, { "keywords": [ "bank run", "Bank of United States", "United States" ], "sentence": "The crisis hit panic levels again in December 1930, with a bank run on the Bank of United States (privately run, no relation to the government)." }, { "keywords": [ "Assistant Secretary of the Navy", "Navy Department", "Josephus Daniels", "Navy" ], "sentence": "Roosevelt's support of Wilson led to his appointment in March 1913 as Assistant Secretary of the Navy, the second-ranking official in the Navy Department after Secretary Josephus Daniels who paid it little attention. Roosevelt had an affection for the Navy, was well-read on the subject, and was a most ardent supporter of a large, efficient force. With Wilson's support, Daniels and Roosevelt instituted a merit-based promotion system and made other reforms to extend civilian control over the autonomous departments of the Navy. Roosevelt oversaw the Navy's civilian employees and earned the respect of union leaders for his fairness in resolving disputes. No strikes occurred during his seven-plus years in the office, as he gained valuable experience in labor issues, wartime management, naval issues, and logistics.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "nearly taken Stalingrad", "street fighting", "Stalingrad", "German" ], "sentence": "By mid-November, the Germans had nearly taken Stalingrad in bitter street fighting." }, { "keywords": [ "statistically insignificant", "gestational age", "microencephaly", "anencephaly", "control group", "radiation", "National Academy of Sciences", "Kure", "Nagasaki", "birth defects", "hypocenter", "control", "Hiroshima" ], "sentence": "While the National Academy of Sciences raised the possibility that Neel's procedure did not filter the Kure population for possible radiation exposure which could bias the results, overall, a statistically insignificant increase in birth defects occurred directly after the bombings of Nagasaki and Hiroshima when the cities were taken as wholes, in terms of distance from the hypocenters. However, Neel and others noted that in approximately 50 humans who were of an early gestational age at the time of the bombing and who were all within about 1 kilometer (0.62\u00a0mi) of the hypocenter, an increase in microencephaly and anencephaly was observed upon birth, with the incidence of these two particular malformations being nearly 3 times what was to be expected when compared to the control group in Kure.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "trigonometry", "square roots", "integers", "floating point", "real numbers", "Boolean truth values", "Boolean logic", "AND", "OR", "XOR", "NOT", "conditional statements", "Boolean logic", "arithmetic", "program", "functions", "de" ], "sentence": "The ALU is capable of performing two classes of operations: arithmetic and logic. The set of arithmetic operations that a particular ALU supports may be limited to addition and subtraction, or might include multiplication, division, trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, etc., and square roots. Some can operate only on whole numbers (integers) while others use floating point to represent real numbers, albeit with limited precision. However, any computer that is capable of performing just the simplest operations can be programmed to break down the more complex operations into simple steps that it can perform. Therefore, any computer can be programmed to perform any arithmetic operation\u2014although it will take more time to do so if its ALU does not directly support the operation. An ALU may also compare numbers and return Boolean truth values (true or false) depending on whether one is equal to, greater than or less than the other (\"is 64 greater than 65?\"). Logic operations involve Boolean logic: AND, OR, XOR, and NOT. These can be useful for creating complicated conditional statements and processing Boolean logic.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "neural networks", "cerebral cortex" ], "sentence": "In August 2020 scientists reported that bi-directional connections, or added appropriate feedback connections, can accelerate and improve communication between and in modular neural networks of the brain's cerebral cortex and lower the threshold for their successful communication. They showed that adding feedback connections between a resonance pair can support successful propagation of a single pulse packet throughout the entire network.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "indigenous", "Tunguses", "Ostyak", "Kureika" ], "sentence": "In Kureika, Stalin lived among the indigenous Tunguses and Ostyak peoples, and spent much of his time fishing." }, { "keywords": [ "Daily Graphic" ], "sentence": "Churchill sent reports about the conflict to the Daily Graphic in London." }, { "keywords": [ "homeless persons in the U.S.", "U.S." ], "sentence": "There were about 582,500 sheltered and unsheltered homeless persons in the U.S. in 2022, with 60% staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program." }, { "keywords": [ "counter-offensive", "Wehrmacht" ], "sentence": "The Polish counter-offensive to the west halted the German advance for several days, but it was outflanked and encircled by the Wehrmacht." }, { "keywords": [ "Jeremy Bentham", "John Stuart Mill", "Princeton University", "preference utilitarian", "utilitarian", "Peter Singer" ], "sentence": "Nussbaum (2004) writes that utilitarianism, starting with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, has contributed more to the recognition of the moral status of animals than any other ethical theory. The utilitarian philosopher most associated with animal rights is Peter Singer, professor of bioethics at Princeton University. Singer is not a rights theorist, but uses the language of rights to discuss how we ought to treat individuals. He is a preference utilitarian, meaning that he judges the rightness of an act by the extent to which it satisfies the preferences (interests) of those affected.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "47 administrative prefectures", "eight traditional regions" ], "sentence": "Japan is divided into 47 administrative prefectures and eight traditional regions." }, { "keywords": [ "feudalism", "Rurik dynasty", "Rurik", "Kiev", "Kievan Rus'" ], "sentence": "The age of feudalism and decentralisation had come, marked by constant in-fighting between members of the Rurik dynasty that ruled Kievan Rus' collectively." }, { "keywords": [ "numbers", "natural numbers", "equations", "Diophantus" ], "sentence": "Diophantus solved some equations involving unknown natural numbers by deducing new relations until he obtained the solution." }, { "keywords": [ "Soviet Union" ], "sentence": "The American monopoly on nuclear weapons lasted four years before the Soviet Union detonated an atomic bomb in September 1949." }, { "keywords": [ "abstract objects", "reason", "prove", "abstractions", "axioms", "deductive rules", "theorems" ], "sentence": "Most mathematical activity involves the discovery of properties of abstract objects and the use of pure reason to prove them. These objects consist of either abstractions from nature or\u2014in modern mathematics\u2014entities that are stipulated to have certain properties, called axioms. A proof consists of a succession of applications of deductive rules to already established results. These results include previously proved theorems, axioms, and\u2014in case of abstraction from nature\u2014some basic properties that are considered true starting points of the theory under consideration.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "assassinated", "Alexander\u00a0III", "Alexander\u00a0II" ], "sentence": "The late 19th century saw the rise of various socialist movements in Russia. Alexander\u00a0II was assassinated in 1881 by revolutionary terrorists. The reign of his son Alexander\u00a0III (1881\u20131894) was less liberal but more peaceful.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "corporate trust", "Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC)", "feature films", "Thomas Edison", "film", "lost" ], "sentence": "In 1908, Thomas Edison spearheaded the creation of a corporate trust between the major film companies in America known as the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC) to limit infringement on his patents. Members of the trust controlled every aspect of the filmmaking process from the creation of film stock, the production of films, and the distribution to cinemas through licensing arrangements. The trust lead to increased quality filmmaking spurred by internal competition and placed limits on the amount of foreign films to encourage the growth of the American film industry, but it also discouraged the creation of feature films. By 1915, the MPPC had lost most of its hold on the film industry as the companies moved towards the wider production of feature films.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Particle accelerators", "Newtonian mechanics", "speed of light" ], "sentence": "Particle accelerators routinely accelerate and measure the properties of particles moving at near the speed of light, where their behavior is completely consistent with relativity theory and inconsistent with the earlier Newtonian mechanics. These machines would simply not work if they were not engineered according to relativistic principles. In addition, a considerable number of modern experiments have been conducted to test special relativity. Some examples:\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Duke of Wellington", "William Gladstone", "Operation Hope Not", "Westminster Hall", "St Paul's Cathedral", "River Thames", "Waterloo Station", "St Martin's Church, Bladon", "a state funeral", "Blenheim Palace", "Blenheim" ], "sentence": "Churchill suffered his final stroke on 12 January 1965 and died twelve days later on 24 January, the seventieth anniversary of his father's death. Like the Duke of Wellington in 1852 and William Gladstone in 1898, Churchill was given a state funeral. Planning for this had begun in 1953 under the code-name of \"Operation Hope Not\" and a detailed plan had been produced by 1958. His coffin lay in state at Westminster Hall for three days and the funeral ceremony was at St Paul's Cathedral on 30 January. Afterwards, the coffin was taken by boat along the River Thames to Waterloo Station and from there by a special train to the family plot at St Martin's Church, Bladon, near his birthplace at Blenheim Palace.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Boston Beer Company", "Samuel Adams", "beer", "brewpub", "craft breweries", "Brewers Association", "pub", "bar" ], "sentence": "In 1979, 89 breweries existed in the US\u2014the Brewers Association reports that in March 2013 a total of 2,416 US breweries were in operation, with 2,360 considered craft breweries (98 percent\u20141,124 brewpubs, 1,139 microbreweries, and 97 regional craft breweries). By 2015, the number of US craft breweries had grown to over 4,000. Additionally, craft brewers sold more than 15,600,000 US beer barrels (1.83\u00d710\u00a0L; 480,000,000\u00a0US\u00a0gal) of beer, which represented approximately 7.8% of the US market by volume. In 2007 the largest American craft brewery was the Boston Beer Company, makers of Samuel Adams. The West Coast has the most craft breweries and the Deep South has the fewest.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Hiroshima", "military" ], "sentence": "Hiroshima was a supply and logistics base for the Japanese military." }, { "keywords": [ "Wander Johannes de Haas" ], "sentence": "Einstein and Wander Johannes de Haas published two papers in 1915 claiming the first experimental observation of the effect." }, { "keywords": [ "Empire of Japan", "attack on Pearl Harbor", "Axis powers", "intern", "Japan", "Allies" ], "sentence": "A total of $50.1 billion (equivalent to $719\u00a0billion in 2021) worth of supplies was shipped in 1941\u20131945, or 17% of the total war expenditures of the U.S. On December\u00a07, 1941, the Empire of Japan launched a surprise attack on Pearl Harbor, prompting the United States to militarily join the Allies against the Axis powers, and in the following year, to intern about 120000 Japanese and Japanese Americans." }, { "keywords": [ "United States Pacific Fleet", "Pearl Harbor Naval Base", "Southeast Asia" ], "sentence": "Japan identified the United States Pacific Fleet based in Pearl Harbor Naval Base as the principal threat to its designs to invade and capture Southeast Asia." }, { "keywords": [ "League of Nations", "government" ], "sentence": "After the Belgian government reported this result, the League of Nations confirmed the change of status on 20 September 1920, with the line of the German-Belgian border finally fixed by a League of Nations commission in 1922." }, { "keywords": [ "Gotlands Bryggeri", "J\u00e4mtlands Bryggeri", "Helsingborgs Bryggeri", "Wermlands Brygghus", "Stefan Persson", "H&M" ], "sentence": "In Sweden, microbreweries have existed since around 1995. Today, the market is flourishing with many of the nation's regions and cities having their own breweries, such as Gotlands Bryggeri, J\u00e4mtlands Bryggeri, Helsingborgs Bryggeri and Wermlands Brygghus. Stefan Persson, the CEO of Swedish clothing chain H&M, has his own microbrewery on his estate in England.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "shchi", "borsch", "ukha", "solyanka", "okroshka" ], "sentence": "Flavourful soups and stews include shchi, borsch, ukha, solyanka, and okroshka." }, { "keywords": [ "population", "census", "Descriptive statistics", "mean", "standard deviation", "continuous data", "categorical data", "statisticians", "data" ], "sentence": "In applying statistics to a problem, it is common practice to start with a population or process to be studied. Populations can be diverse topics, such as \"all people living in a country\" or \"every atom composing a crystal\". Ideally, statisticians compile data about the entire population (an operation called a census). This may be organized by governmental statistical institutes. Descriptive statistics can be used to summarize the population data. Numerical descriptors include mean and standard deviation for continuous data (like income), while frequency and percentage are more useful in terms of describing categorical data (like education).\n" }, { "keywords": [ "John King Fairbank", "Alexander", "Caesar", "Charlemagne", "Napoleon", "Bismarck", "Lenin" ], "sentence": "John King Fairbank remarked, \"The simple facts of Mao's career seem incredible: in a vast land of 400 million people, at age 28, with a dozen others, to found a party and in the next fifty years to win power, organize, and remold the people and reshape the land\u2014history records no greater achievement. Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne, all the kings of Europe, Napoleon, Bismarck, Lenin\u2014no predecessor can equal Mao Tse-tung's scope of accomplishment, for no other country was ever so ancient and so big as China.\" In China: A New History, Fairbank and Goldman assessed Mao's legacy: \"Future historians may conclude that Mao\u2019s role was to try to destroy the age-old bifurcation of China between a small educated ruling stratum and the vast mass of common people. We do not yet know how far he succeeded. The economy was developing, but it was left to his successors to create a new political structure.\"\n" }, { "keywords": [ "differential", "spatial" ], "sentence": "where dx = (dx1, dx2, dx3) are the differentials of the three spatial dimensions. In Minkowski geometry, there is an extra dimension with coordinate X derived from time, such that the distance differential fulfills\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Amplitude amplification", "Grover's algorithm", "algorithm", "amplitude amplification" ], "sentence": "Amplitude amplification is a technique that allows the amplification of a chosen subspace of a quantum state. Applications of amplitude amplification usually lead to quadratic speedups over the corresponding classical algorithms. It can be considered to be a generalization of Grover's algorithm.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "unconditional surrender", "Axis powers" ], "sentence": "Although Churchill expressed doubts on the matter, the so-called Casablanca Declaration committed the Allies to securing \"unconditional surrender\" by the Axis powers." }, { "keywords": [ "Ruanda and Urundi", "German South-West Africa", "German East Africa", "Belgium", "Africa" ], "sentence": "Ruanda and Urundi were allocated to Belgium, whereas German South-West Africa went to South Africa and Britain obtained German East Africa." }, { "keywords": [ "Germans" ], "sentence": "It has been acknowledged that British generals were often capable men facing difficult challenges and that it was under their command that the British army played a major part in the defeat of the Germans in 1918: a great forgotten victory." }, { "keywords": [ "formalism", "Velocity-addition formula" ], "sentence": "There is nothing special about the x direction in the standard configuration. The above formalism applies to any direction; and three orthogonal directions allow dealing with all directions in space by decomposing the velocity vectors to their components in these directions. See Velocity-addition formula for details.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Hiroshima" ], "sentence": "An alert was given and radio broadcasting stopped in many cities, among them Hiroshima." }, { "keywords": [ "omnivores", "extra copies of amylase", "saliva", "bile acid", "taurine", "vitamin D", "selenocysteine", "arginine", "histidine", "isoleucine", "leucine", "lysine", "methionine", "phenylalanine", "threonine", "tryptophan", "valine", "cats", "starch", "dog breeds" ], "sentence": "Dogs have been described as omnivores. Compared to wolves, dogs from agricultural societies have extra copies of amylase and other genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet. Similar to humans, some dog breeds produce amylase in their saliva and are classified as having a high starch diet. However, more like cats and less like other omnivores, dogs can only produce bile acid with taurine and they cannot produce vitamin D, which they obtain from animal flesh. \nOf the twenty-one amino acids common to all life forms (including selenocysteine), dogs cannot synthesize ten: arginine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine. \nAlso more like cats, dogs require arginine to maintain nitrogen balance. These nutritional requirements place dogs halfway between carnivores and omnivores.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Yoruba", "Hausa", "Igbo", "Itsekiri", "Edo", "Efik", "Ijaw", "Urhobo", "over 300 Nigerian languages", "pre", "post independent", "theatrical", "celluloid", "Hubert Ogunde", "Baba Sala", "Ade Love", "Nollywood", "English", "Nigeria", "cinema", "films", "Nigerian film industry", "Africa" ], "sentence": "Definition of which films are considered Nollywood has always been a subject of debate. Alex Eyengho defined Nollywood as \"the totality of activities taking place in the Nigerian film industry, be it in English, Yoruba, Hausa, Igbo, Itsekiri, Edo, Efik, Ijaw, Urhobo or any other of the over 300 Nigerian languages\". He further stated that \"the historical trajectory of Nollywood started since the pre and post independent Nigeria, with the theatrical (stage) and cinematic (celluloid) efforts of the likes of Chief Hubert Ogunde, Chief Amata, Baba Sala, Ade Love, Eddie Ugbomah and a few others\".\nThe Influence of the Nigerian movie industry often referred to informally as Nollywood has influence all Africa countries.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Fashionable Nonsense", "Sokal", "Bricmont", "complex systems", "or", "physics", "count", "sciences", "knowledge", "sine", "social sciences", "science", "fr" ], "sentence": "Even so, mathematization of the social sciences is not without danger. In the controversial book Fashionable Nonsense (1997), Sokal and Bricmont denounced the unfounded or abusive use of scientific terminology, particularly from mathematics or physics, in the social sciences. The study of complex systems (evolution of unemployment, business capital, demographic evolution of a population, etc.) uses elementary mathematical knowledge. However, the choice of counting criteria, particularly for unemployment, or of models can be subject to controversy.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "fast food", "U.S.", "largest" ], "sentence": "The American fast food industry, the world's first and largest, is often viewed as being a symbol of U.S. marketing dominance." }, { "keywords": [ "British Indian Army", "Government of India", "princely allies", "Western Front", "Europe", "Middle East", "Africa" ], "sentence": "In 1914, the British Indian Army was larger than the British Army itself, and between 1914 and 1918 an estimated 1.3\u00a0million Indian soldiers and labourers served in Europe, Africa, and the Middle East, while the Government of India and their princely allies supplied large quantities of food, money, and ammunition. In all, 140,000\u00a0soldiers served on the Western Front and nearly 700,000 in the Middle East, with 47,746 killed and 65,126 wounded.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Altair 8800", "front panel" ], "sentence": "With only 256 bytes of memory, an 8-bit word size, input and output restricted to lights and switches, and no apparent way to extend its power, the Kenbak-1 was most useful for learning the principles of programming but not capable of running application programs. Interestingly, 256 bytes of memory, 8 bit word size, and I/O limited to switches and lights on the front panel are also characteristics of the 1975 Altair 8800, whose fate was diametrically opposed to that of the Kenbak. The differentiating factor might have been the extensibility of the Altair, without which it was practically useless.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Central Powers" ], "sentence": "The other Central Powers on the German side signed separate treaties." }, { "keywords": [ "eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians", "isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands", "breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands", "neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk", "Caroline Islands", "retake Western New Guinea", "Japan", "Allies", "Guadalcanal", "Australia", "United States", "Rabaul", "New Zealand" ], "sentence": "After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific. In May 1943, Canadian and U.S. forces were sent to eliminate Japanese forces from the Aleutians. Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands. By the end of March 1944, the Allies had completed both of these objectives and had also neutralised the major Japanese base at Truk in the Caroline Islands. In April, the Allies launched an operation to retake Western New Guinea.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Mohammad Amin al-Husayni", "Grand Mufti of Jerusalem", "holy war" ], "sentence": "On 9 May 1941, Mohammad Amin al-Husayni, the Grand Mufti of Jerusalem associate of Ali and in asylum in Iraq, declared holy war against the British and called on Arabs throughout the Middle East to rise up against British rule." }, { "keywords": [ "metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor", "very-large-scale integration", "complementary MOS", "transistor counts", "digital electronics", "neural networks" ], "sentence": "The development of metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor (MOS) very-large-scale integration (VLSI), in the form of complementary MOS (CMOS) technology, enabled increasing MOS transistor counts in digital electronics. This provided more processing power for the development of practical artificial neural networks in the 1980s.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Italy", "Romania" ], "sentence": "Another British historian, Mark Axworthy, believes that Romania could even be considered to have had the second most important Axis army of Europe, even more so than that of Italy." }, { "keywords": [ "anti-Semitism", "de" ], "sentence": "The origin and development of Hitler's anti-Semitism remains a matter of debate." }, { "keywords": [ "Louis de Broglie", "Werner Heisenberg", "Max Born", "Pascual Jordan", "matrix mechanics", "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "wave mechanics", "Solvay Conference", "theory", "waves", "atom", "physics", "probabilistic", "wave function", "particles" ], "sentence": "In the mid-1920s quantum mechanics was developed to become the standard formulation for atomic physics. In 1923, the French physicist Louis de Broglie put forward his theory of matter waves by stating that particles can exhibit wave characteristics and vice versa. Building on de Broglie's approach, modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when the German physicists Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics and the Austrian physicist Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger invented wave mechanics. Born introduced the probabilistic interpretation of Schr\u00f6dinger's wave function in July 1926. Thus, the entire field of quantum physics emerged, leading to its wider acceptance at the Fifth Solvay Conference in 1927.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Republican", "New Deal", "Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937" ], "sentence": "With Roosevelt's influence on the wane following the failure of the Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937, conservative Democrats joined with Republicans to block the implementation of further New Deal programs." }, { "keywords": [ "de" ], "sentence": "Although he lost to Hindenburg, this election established Hitler as a strong force in German politics." }, { "keywords": [ "U.S. dollar", "international transactions", "reserve currency", "its military", "petrodollar", "eurodollar", "U.S. treasuries market", "use it as their official currency", "de facto currency", "New York City", "financial center", "largest", "New York Stock Exchange", "Nasdaq", "largest stock exchanges", "market capitalization", "trade volume", "intern", "military" ], "sentence": "The U.S. dollar is the currency most used in international transactions and is the world's foremost reserve currency, backed by the country's dominant economy, its military, the petrodollar system, and its linked eurodollar and large U.S. treasuries market. Several countries use it as their official currency and in others it is the de facto currency. New York City is the world's principal financial center, with the largest economic output, and the epicenter of the principal American metropolitan economy. The New York Stock Exchange and Nasdaq, both located in New York City, are the world's two largest stock exchanges by market capitalization and trade volume.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "cosmological constants", "particles", "cosmological", "curvature", "S-matrix", "curved spacetime" ], "sentence": "For non-zero cosmological constants, on curved spacetimes quantum fields lose their interpretation as asymptotic particles. Only in certain situations, such as in asymptotically flat spacetimes (zero cosmological curvature), can the notion of incoming and outgoing particle be recovered, thus enabling one to define an S-matrix. Even then, as in flat spacetime, the asymptotic particle interpretation depends on the observer (i.e., different observers may measure different numbers of asymptotic particles on a given spacetime).\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Drosophila melanogaster", "experimental models", "vaccines", "trabectedin", "toxins" ], "sentence": "Animals such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster serve a major role in science as experimental models. Animals have been used to create vaccines since their discovery in the 18th century. Some medicines such as the cancer drug trabectedin are based on toxins or other molecules of animal origin.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "photonic", "hardware accelerator", "wavelength", "multiplexing", "frequency combs", "integrated", "photonics" ], "sentence": "In 2021, J. Feldmann et al. proposed an integrated photonic hardware accelerator for parallel convolutional processing. The authors identify two key advantages of integrated photonics over its electronic counterparts: (1) massively parallel data transfer through wavelength division multiplexing in conjunction with frequency combs, and (2) extremely high data modulation speeds. Their system can execute trillions of multiply-accumulate operations per second, indicating the potential of integrated photonics in data-heavy AI applications.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Siberia" ], "sentence": "Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia." }, { "keywords": [ "A Song of Ice and Fire", "George R. R. Martin", "Seven Kingdoms", "Westeros", "Essos", "story arc", "war of succession", "Iron Throne", "scion", "legendary creatures" ], "sentence": "Game of Thrones is roughly based on the storylines of the A Song of Ice and Fire book series by George R. R. Martin, set in the fictional Seven Kingdoms of Westeros and the continent of Essos. The series follows several simultaneous plot lines. The first story arc follows a war of succession among competing claimants for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms, with other noble families fighting for independence from the throne. The second concerns the exiled scion's actions to reclaim the throne; the third chronicles the threat of the impending winter, as well as the legendary creatures and fierce peoples of the North.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "luminiferous aether" ], "sentence": "This paper also argued that the idea of a luminiferous aether\u2014one of the leading theoretical entities in physics at the time\u2014was superfluous." }, { "keywords": [ "model theory", "proof theory", "type theory", "computability theory", "computational complexity theory", "computers", "compiler", "program certification", "proof assistants", "computer science", "computational complexity", "logic", "mathematical logic" ], "sentence": "These problems and debates led to a wide expansion of mathematical logic, with subareas such as model theory (modeling some logical theories inside other theories), proof theory, type theory, computability theory and computational complexity theory. Although these aspects of mathematical logic were introduced before the rise of computers, their use in compiler design, program certification, proof assistants and other aspects of computer science, contributed in turn to the expansion of these logical theories.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Middle Ages", "bears", "forest" ], "sentence": "By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover." }, { "keywords": [ "Soviet Union", "Lithuania" ], "sentence": "On 28 September, Germany and the Soviet Union exchanged some of their newly conquered territories; Germany gained the linguistically Polish-dominated areas of Lublin Province and part of Warsaw Province while the Soviets gained Lithuania." }, { "keywords": [ "German" ], "sentence": "After this war, Finland sought protection and support from the United Kingdom and non-aligned Sweden, but was thwarted by Soviet and German actions." }, { "keywords": [ "Juergen Schmidhuber", "neural networks", "zero-sum game", "generative model", "probability distribution", "gradient descent" ], "sentence": "In 1991, Juergen Schmidhuber also published adversarial neural networks that contest with each other in the form of a zero-sum game, where one network's gain is the other network's loss. The first network is a generative model that models a probability distribution over output patterns. The second network learns by gradient descent to predict the reactions of the environment to these patterns. This was called \"artificial curiosity.\"\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Operation Dynamo", "we shall fight on the beaches", "Allied", "Dunkirk" ], "sentence": "Operation Dynamo, the evacuation of 338,226 Allied servicemen from Dunkirk, ended on Tuesday, 4 June when the French rearguard surrendered. The total was far in excess of expectations and it gave rise to a popular view that Dunkirk had been a miracle, and even a victory. Churchill himself referred to \"a miracle of deliverance\" in his \"we shall fight on the beaches\" speech to the Commons that afternoon, though he shortly reminded everyone that: \"We must be very careful not to assign to this deliverance the attributes of a victory. Wars are not won by evacuations\". The speech ended on a note of defiance coupled with a clear appeal to the United States:\n" }, { "keywords": [ "complex number", "Born rule", "Max Born", "electron", "wave function", "probability density function", "Schr\u00f6dinger equation", "theory", "probability amplitudes" ], "sentence": "A fundamental feature of the theory is that it usually cannot predict with certainty what will happen, but only give probabilities. Mathematically, a probability is found by taking the square of the absolute value of a complex number, known as a probability amplitude. This is known as the Born rule, named after physicist Max Born. For example, a quantum particle like an electron can be described by a wave function, which associates to each point in space a probability amplitude. Applying the Born rule to these amplitudes gives a probability density function for the position that the electron will be found to have when an experiment is performed to measure it. This is the best the theory can do; it cannot say for certain where the electron will be found. The Schr\u00f6dinger equation relates the collection of probability amplitudes that pertain to one moment of time to the collection of probability amplitudes that pertain to another.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "attack on Pearl Harbor", "Pearl Harbor" ], "sentence": "Senior American officials were aware that war was imminent, but they did not expect an attack on Pearl Harbor." }, { "keywords": [ "Steyr", "Realschule" ], "sentence": "He enrolled at the Realschule in Steyr in September 1904, where his behaviour and performance improved." }, { "keywords": [ "personal digital assistant", "Microsoft", "Windows Mobile", "operating system", "operating system", "NetBSD", "Linux", "PCs", "applications", "freeware", "GPS receivers", "barcode", "RFID", "Windows", "desk" ], "sentence": "A pocket PC is a hardware specification for a handheld-sized computer (personal digital assistant, PDA) that runs the Microsoft Windows Mobile operating system. It may have the capability to run an alternative operating system like NetBSD or Linux. Pocket PCs have many of the capabilities of desktop PCs. Numerous applications are available for handhelds adhering to the Microsoft Pocket PC specification, many of which are freeware. Microsoft-compliant Pocket PCs can also be used with many other add-ons like GPS receivers, barcode readers, RFID readers and cameras.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "due process", "internment of Japanese Americans", "concentration camps", "World War II", "World War I", "Mexican Americans" ], "sentence": "The deprival of due process for Mexican Americans is cited as a precedent for Roosevelt's internment of Japanese Americans in concentration camps during World War II." }, { "keywords": [ "Locarno Treaties" ], "sentence": "The problems that arose from the treaty would lead to the Locarno Treaties, which improved relations between Germany and the other European powers." }, { "keywords": [ "pure mathematics in Ancient Greece", "pure mathematics" ], "sentence": "However, a notable exception occurred with the tradition of pure mathematics in Ancient Greece." }, { "keywords": [ "Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger", "Lev Landau", "Evgeny Lifshitz", "gravitation" ], "sentence": "Einstein argued that this is true for a fundamental reason: the gravitational field could be made to vanish by a choice of coordinates. He maintained that the non-covariant energy momentum pseudotensor was, in fact, the best description of the energy momentum distribution in a gravitational field. While the use of non-covariant objects like pseudotensors was criticized by Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger and others, Einstein's approach has been echoed by physicists including Lev Landau and Evgeny Lifshitz.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Novaya Uda", "Balagansk", "frostbite", "Proletariatis Brdzola", "Filipp Makharadze", "Marxist internationalism", "Vladimir Lenin", "Bolsheviks", "Julius Martov", "Mensheviks", "Chiatura", "Siberia", "Bolshevik", "Georgia", "Batumi" ], "sentence": "Stalin left Batumi in October, arriving at the small Siberian town of Novaya Uda in late November 1903. There, he lived in a two-room peasant's house, sleeping in the building's larder. He made two escape attempts: On the first, he made it to Balagansk before returning due to frostbite. His second attempt, in January 1904, was successful and he made it to Tiflis. There, he co-edited a Georgian Marxist newspaper, Proletariatis Brdzola (\"Proletarian Struggle\"), with Filipp Makharadze. He called for the Georgian Marxist movement to split from its Russian counterpart, resulting in several RSDLP members accusing him of holding views contrary to the ethos of Marxist internationalism and calling for his expulsion from the party; he soon recanted his opinions. During his exile, the RSDLP had split between Vladimir Lenin's \"Bolsheviks\" and Julius Martov's \"Mensheviks\". Stalin detested many of the Mensheviks in Georgia and aligned himself with the Bolsheviks. Although he established a Bolshevik stronghold in the mining town of Chiatura, Bolshevism remained a minority force in the Menshevik-dominated Georgian revolutionary scene.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "special relationship", "Soviet Union" ], "sentence": "The essence of his view was that, though the Soviet Union did not want war with the western Allies, its entrenched position in Eastern Europe had made it impossible for the three great powers to provide the world with a \"triangular leadership\". Churchill's desire was much closer collaboration between Britain and America. Within the same speech, he called for \"a special relationship between the British Commonwealth and Empire and the United States\", but he emphasised the need for co-operation within the framework of the United Nations Charter.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Bockscar" ], "sentence": "He also noted its \"Victor\" number as 77, which was that of Bockscar." }, { "keywords": [ "Kyoto" ], "sentence": "Groves attempted to restore Kyoto to the target list in July, but Stimson remained adamant." }, { "keywords": [ "logic", "or", "set", "theorems", "prove", "area" ], "sentence": "Another approach for defining mathematics is to use its methods. So, an area of study can be qualified as mathematics as soon as one can prove theorems\u2014assertions whose validity relies on a proof, that is, a purely-logical deduction. Others take the perspective that mathematics is an investigation of axiomatic set theory, as this study is now a foundational discipline for much of modern mathematics.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Mikkeller", "beer" ], "sentence": "Following the introduction of American microbrews in 2012, the popularity of craft beer bars in Thailand\u2014primarily Bangkok\u2014increased fairly rapidly and in January 2014, the fourth global location of Danish microbrewery Mikkeller was launched in Bangkok. The brand partnered with an already established beer distribution company and seeks to capitalize on the higher earning capacity of Thai people in the second decade of the 21st century, as well as tourists. At the opening, one of the owners explained: \"... and we thought it was about time to elevate the level of craft beer available in Thailand and, hopefully, expand throughout Southeast Asia.\" A total of 30 beers are served at the venue, including two microbrews exclusive to Thailand.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "de", "Germany" ], "sentence": "While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, and \u2013 by his own account \u2013 upon receiving this news, suffered a second bout of blindness." }, { "keywords": [ "Industrial production", "hard coal", "steel", "iron ore" ], "sentence": "Industrial production fell significantly: in 1932 hard coal production was down 27% compared to 1928, steel production was down 61%, and iron ore production noted a 89% decrease. On the other hand, electrotechnical, leather, and paper industries noted marginal increases in production output. Overall, industrial production decreased by 41%. A distinct feature of the Great Depression in Poland was the de-concentration of industry, as larger conglomerates were less flexible and paid their workers more than smaller ones.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "backpropagation" ], "sentence": "The original goal of the neural network approach was to solve problems in the same way that a human brain would. Over time, attention focused on matching specific mental abilities, leading to deviations from biology such as backpropagation, or passing information in the reverse direction and adjusting the network to reflect that information.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Petrograd", "Bolsheviks", "Russia" ], "sentence": "On 1\u20134 May 1917, about 100,000 workers and soldiers of Petrograd, and after them, the workers and soldiers of other Russian cities, led by the Bolsheviks, demonstrated under banners reading \"Down with the war!\"" }, { "keywords": [ "deflation" ], "sentence": "Fisher's debt-deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt-deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group (debtors) to another (creditors). Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "his own poetry" ], "sentence": "Although he got into many fights, Stalin excelled academically, displaying talent in painting and drama classes, writing his own poetry, and singing as a choirboy." }, { "keywords": [ "Yugoslavia", "Slovakia", "Hungary", "Romania" ], "sentence": "In addition to the three major Axis powers, six other countries signed the Tri-Partite Pact as its member states. Of the additional countries, Romania, Hungary, Bulgaria, the Independent State of Croatia, and Slovakia participated in various Axis military operations with their national armed forces, while the sixth, Yugoslavia, saw its pro-Nazi government overthrown earlier in a coup merely days after it signed the Pact, and the membership was reversed.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "World War II", "Charles Lindbergh", "William Borah", "Neutrality Act", "cash-and-carry", "Winston Churchill", "Prime Minister of the United Kingdom", "World War I" ], "sentence": "When World War II began in September 1939 with Germany's invasion of Poland and Britain and France's subsequent declaration of war upon Germany, Roosevelt sought ways to assist Britain and France militarily. Isolationist leaders like Charles Lindbergh and Senator William Borah successfully mobilized opposition to Roosevelt's proposed repeal of the Neutrality Act, but Roosevelt won Congressional approval of the sale of arms on a cash-and-carry basis. He also began a regular secret correspondence with Britain's First Lord of the Admiralty, Winston Churchill, in September 1939\u2014the first of 1,700 letters and telegrams between them. Roosevelt forged a close personal relationship with Churchill, who became Prime Minister of the United Kingdom in May 1940.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "genetic disorders", "inborn errors of metabolism", "metabolism", "genetic tests", "animal models", "parasitic infestations", "kidney disease", "thyroid disease", "arthritis", "Vaccinations", "mammals", "domestic", "mammal" ], "sentence": "About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn errors of metabolism. The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human diseases. Diseases affecting domestic cats include acute infections, parasitic infestations, injuries, and chronic diseases such as kidney disease, thyroid disease, and arthritis. Vaccinations are available for many infectious diseases, as are treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms, ticks, and fleas.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "independent component analysis", "autoencoders", "matrix factorization", "clustering", "matrix", "dictionary learning" ], "sentence": "Examples include dictionary learning, independent component analysis, autoencoders, matrix factorization and various forms of clustering." }, { "keywords": [ "Hundred Days Offensive", "offensive" ], "sentence": "The resulting counter-attack, which started the Hundred Days Offensive, marked the first successful Allied offensive of the war." }, { "keywords": [ "Hull note", "China" ], "sentence": "The American counter-proposal of November 26 (November 27 in Japan), the Hull note, required Japan completely evacuate China without conditions and conclude non-aggression pacts with Pacific powers." }, { "keywords": [ "neutrons", "higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed", "Hiroshima", "hypocenter" ], "sentence": "Contrast this to the environment within 1500 meters of the hypocenter at Hiroshima, where the in-utero dose depended more on the absorption of neutrons which have a higher biological effect per unit of energy absorbed." }, { "keywords": [ "Romania", "Hungary", "Tripartite Pact" ], "sentence": "The Tripartite Pact was signed by Germany, Italy, and Japan on 27 September 1940, in Berlin. The pact was subsequently joined by Hungary (20 November 1940), Romania (23 November 1940), Slovakia (24 November 1940), and Bulgaria (1 March 1941).\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Manhattan Project", "Roosevelt" ], "sentence": "Some say that as a result of Einstein's letter and his meetings with Roosevelt, the US entered the \"race\" to develop the bomb, drawing on its \"immense material, financial, and scientific resources\" to initiate the Manhattan Project." }, { "keywords": [ "stab-in-the-back myth", "home front", "Marxists", "armistice", "de", "German nationalist" ], "sentence": "Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchsto\u00dflegende (stab-in-the-back myth), which claimed that the German army, \"undefeated in the field\", had been \"stabbed in the back\" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists, and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting\u2014later dubbed the \"November criminals\"." }, { "keywords": [ "Polish United Workers' Party", "vote rigging" ], "sentence": "In Poland, the Soviets merged various socialist parties into the Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR), and vote rigging was used to ensure that the PZPR secured office." }, { "keywords": [ "or" ], "sentence": "Extrinsic factors such as feedback motivation by teachers, parents, and peer groups can influence the level of interest in mathematics." }, { "keywords": [ "Gauleiters", "Albert Forster", "Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia", "Arthur Greiser", "Reichsgau Wartheland", "Germanise" ], "sentence": "Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland, to Germanise their areas, with \"no questions asked\" about how this was accomplished." }, { "keywords": [ "security", "information" ], "sentence": "Computer security is a branch of computer technology with the objective of protecting information from unauthorized access, disruption, or modification while maintaining the accessibility and usability of the system for its intended users.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "ethnic cleansing", "genocide", "Armenian", "Ottoman Empire" ], "sentence": "The ethnic cleansing of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian population, including mass deportations and executions, during the final years of the Ottoman Empire is considered genocide." }, { "keywords": [ "gueules cass\u00e9es", "trenches" ], "sentence": "Among the soldiers mutilated and surviving in the trenches, approximately 15,000 sustained horrific facial injuries, causing them to undergo social stigma and marginalisation; they were called the gueules cass\u00e9es." }, { "keywords": [ "Brussels style", "Brutalism", "Czech", "World War I", "Soviet", "Czechoslovakia" ], "sentence": "After World War II and the Communist coup in 1948, art in Czechoslovakia became Soviet-influenced. The Czechoslovak avant-garde artistic movement is known as the Brussels style came up in the time of political liberalization of Czechoslovakia in the 1960s. Brutalism dominated in the 1970s and 1980s.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Regent", "Sessh\u014d" ], "sentence": "After returning to Japan, Hirohito became Regent of Japan (Sessh\u014d) on 25 November 1921, in place of his ailing father, who was affected by mental illness. In 1923 he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in the army and Commander in the navy, and army Colonel and Navy Captain in 1925.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "beer", "brewpub", "craft breweries", "craft brewing", "Brewers Association", "pub", "bar" ], "sentence": "The Brewers Association defines four markets within American craft brewing: microbreweries, with an annual production less than 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000\u00a0L; 460,000\u00a0US\u00a0gal); brewpubs, which sell 25% or more of their beer on site; regional craft breweries, which make between 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000\u00a0L; 460,000\u00a0US\u00a0gal) and 6,000,000 US beer barrels (700,000,000\u00a0L; 190,000,000\u00a0US\u00a0gal), of which at least 50% is all malt or contains adjuncts that are used only to enhance flavor; and contract brewing companies, which hire other breweries to make their beer.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "diatomaceous earth", "unfiltered", "yeast", "microorganism", "hops", "sterile", "beer", "filtered" ], "sentence": "There are several forms of filters; they may be in the form of sheets or \"candles\", or they may be a fine powder such as diatomaceous earth (also called kieselguhr), which is added to the beer to form a filtration bed which allows liquid to pass, but holds onto suspended particles such as yeast. Filters range from rough filters that remove much of the yeast and any solids (e.g., hops, grain particles) left in the beer, to filters tight enough to strain colour and body from the beer. Filtration ratings are divided into rough, fine, and sterile. Rough filtration leaves some cloudiness in the beer, but it is noticeably clearer than unfiltered beer. Fine filtration removes almost all cloudiness. Sterile filtration removes almost all microorganisms.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Four Policemen", "Big Three", "Winston Churchill", "Joseph Stalin", "Chiang Kai-shek", "Eastern front", "Operation Torch", "United States", "Allied", "World War I", "World War II", "Soviet Union", "Lend-Lease" ], "sentence": "Roosevelt coined the term \"Four Policemen\" to refer to the \"Big Four\" Allied powers of World War II, the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, and China. The \"Big Three\" of Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, together with Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, cooperated informally on a plan in which American and British troops concentrated in the West; Soviet troops fought on the Eastern front; and Chinese, British and American troops fought in Asia and the Pacific. The United States also continued to send aid via the Lend-Lease program to the Soviet Union and other countries. The Allies formulated strategy in a series of high-profile conferences as well as by contact through diplomatic and military channels. Beginning in May 1942, the Soviets urged an Anglo-American invasion of German-occupied France in order to divert troops from the Eastern front. Concerned that their forces were not yet ready for an invasion of France, Churchill and Roosevelt decided to delay such an invasion until at least 1943 and instead focus on a landing in North Africa, known as Operation Torch.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Czechoslovakia", "Poland", "territory", "annexation" ], "sentence": "These sharpening ethnic conflicts would lead to public demands to reattach the annexed territory in 1938 and become a pretext for Hitler's annexations of Czechoslovakia and parts of Poland." }, { "keywords": [ "free education", "constitution", "education" ], "sentence": "It grants free education to its citizens by constitution." }, { "keywords": [ "Soviet Union", "Inner Mongolia", "Mongol" ], "sentence": "Several of the young princes of Inner Mongolia began to agitate for greater freedom from the central government, and it was through these men that Japanese saw their best chance of exploiting Pan-Mongol nationalism and eventually seizing control of Outer Mongolia from the Soviet Union." }, { "keywords": [ "Skywalker Saga", "nominated", "Academy Awards", "Rogue One", "Solo", "third-highest-grossing film franchise" ], "sentence": "All nine films, collectively referred to as the \"Skywalker Saga\", were nominated for Academy Awards, with wins going to the first two releases. Together with the theatrical live action \"anthology\" films Rogue One (2016) and Solo (2018), the combined box office revenue of the films equated to over US$10\u00a0billion, making Star Wars the third-highest-grossing film franchise of all time.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "English" ], "sentence": "While many languages are spoken in the United States, English is the most common." }, { "keywords": [ "spacetime", "special relativity", "general relativity", "Euclid", "Euclidean space", "space" ], "sentence": "In particular, spacetime of special relativity is a non-Euclidean space of dimension four, and spacetime of general relativity is a (curved) manifold of dimension four." }, { "keywords": [ "India", "Kollywood", "Bollywood", "Hindi cinema", "cinema", "Indian cinema", "Telugu cinema", "Tamil cinema", "box office", "films", "Tollywood" ], "sentence": "By 1986, India's annual film output had increased from 741 films produced annually to 833 films annually, making India the world's largest film producer. As of 2014, Bollywood represents 45% of Indian net box office revenue, while Tamil and Telugu cinemas together represent 36%, and the rest of the regional film industries constitute 21% of Indian cinema. By 2021, Telugu cinema (Tollywood) has overtaken both Hindi cinema (Bollywood) and Tamil cinema (Kollywood), emerged as the largest film industry in India in terms of box-office.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Stalin's death", "arrest" ], "sentence": "That month featured a surge in arrests for \"anti-Soviet agitation,\" as those celebrating Stalin's death came to police attention." }, { "keywords": [ "Mary" ], "sentence": "He now anticipated defeat by Labour and Mary later described the lunch as \"an occasion of Stygian gloom\"." }, { "keywords": [ "U-27", "Q-ship", "HMS\u00a0Baralong" ], "sentence": "On 19 August 1915, the German submarine U-27 was sunk by the British Q-ship HMS\u00a0Baralong." }, { "keywords": [ "Poland", "Danzig", "Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact", "invaded Poland", "European Theatre of the Second World War", "Soviet invasion of Poland", "Baltic countries", "Winter War", "Narvik", "Phoney War", "art", "Finland", "Soviet Union", "Kingdom", "Romania", "France", "Germany" ], "sentence": "With tensions mounting between Germany and Poland over the future of Danzig, the Germans turned to the Soviets and signed the Molotov\u2013Ribbentrop Pact, which allowed the Soviets to invade the Baltic states and parts of Poland and Romania. Germany invaded Poland on 1 September 1939, prompting France and the United Kingdom to declare war on Germany on 3 September, opening the European Theatre of the Second World War. The Soviet invasion of Poland started on 17 September and Poland fell soon thereafter. On 24 September, the Soviet Union attacked the Baltic countries and, on 30 November, Finland, the latter of which was followed by the devastating Winter War for the Red Army. The British hoped to land at Narvik and send troops to aid Finland, but their primary objective in the landing was to encircle Germany and cut the Germans off from Scandinavian resources. Around the same time, Germany moved troops into Denmark. The Phoney War continued.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "dissolution of the Soviet Union", "post-Soviet states", "Soviet Union" ], "sentence": "On 25 December 1991, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, along with contemporary Russia, fourteen other post-Soviet states emerged." }, { "keywords": [ "metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor", "MOSFETs", "RCA", "General Microelectronics", "self-aligned gate", "Donald Klein", "silicon-gate", "self-aligned gates", "Federico Faggin", "MOSFET", "integrated circuit", "transistor", "Bell Labs", "Fairchild Semiconductor", "semiconductor", "electronic", "transistors", "silicon", "de", "fabricated" ], "sentence": "Modern monolithic ICs are predominantly MOS (metal\u2013oxide\u2013semiconductor) integrated circuits, built from MOSFETs (MOS transistors). The earliest experimental MOS IC to be fabricated was a 16-transistor chip built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at RCA in 1962. General Microelectronics later introduced the first commercial MOS IC in 1964, developed by Robert Norman. Following the development of the self-aligned gate (silicon-gate) MOS transistor by Robert Kerwin, Donald Klein and John Sarace at Bell Labs in 1967, the first silicon-gate MOS IC with self-aligned gates was developed by Federico Faggin at Fairchild Semiconductor in 1968. The MOSFET has since become the most critical device component in modern ICs.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "diaspores", "parthenocarpy", "sporangia", "gametophytes" ], "sentence": "Some flowers produce diaspores without fertilization (parthenocarpy). Flowers contain sporangia and are the site where gametophytes develop.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "F\u00fchrerbunker", "de" ], "sentence": "On 20 April, his 56th\u00a0birthday, Hitler made his last trip from the F\u00fchrerbunker (F\u00fchrer's shelter) to the surface." }, { "keywords": [ "convoys" ], "sentence": "Convoys slowed the flow of supplies since ships had to wait as convoys were assembled." }, { "keywords": [ "African", "Africa" ], "sentence": "The rhythmic and lyrical styles of African-American music have significantly influenced American music at large." }, { "keywords": [ "mathematically", "specification", "verification", "hardware", "life-critical systems", "security", "theoretical computer science", "logic", "formal languages", "automata theory", "program semantics", "type systems", "algebraic data types", "formal methods", "software engineering", "problems", "software", "algebra" ], "sentence": "Formal methods are a particular kind of mathematically based technique for the specification, development and verification of software and hardware systems. The use of formal methods for software and hardware design is motivated by the expectation that, as in other engineering disciplines, performing appropriate mathematical analysis can contribute to the reliability and robustness of a design. They form an important theoretical underpinning for software engineering, especially where safety or security is involved. Formal methods are a useful adjunct to software testing since they help avoid errors and can also give a framework for testing. For industrial use, tool support is required. However, the high cost of using formal methods means that they are usually only used in the development of high-integrity and life-critical systems, where safety or security is of utmost importance. Formal methods are best described as the application of a fairly broad variety of theoretical computer science fundamentals, in particular logic calculi, formal languages, automata theory, and program semantics, but also type systems and algebraic data types to problems in software and hardware specification and verification.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "sciences", "modeling", "perihelion precession of Mercury", "Einstein", "general relativity", "Newton's law of gravitation", "or", "Newton", "concepts", "predictions", "science" ], "sentence": "Mathematics is used in most sciences for modeling phenomena, which then allows predictions to be made from experimental laws. The independence of mathematical truth from any experimentation implies that the accuracy of such predictions depends only on the adequacy of the model. Inaccurate predictions, rather than being caused by invalid mathematical concepts, imply the need to change the mathematical model used. For example, the perihelion precession of Mercury could only be explained after the emergence of Einstein's general relativity, which replaced Newton's law of gravitation as a better mathematical model.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "U-41" ], "sentence": "On 24 September, Baralong destroyed U-41, which was in the process of sinking the cargo ship Urbino. According to Karl Goetz, the submarine's commander, Baralong continued to fly the US flag after firing on U-41 and then rammed the lifeboat carrying the German survivors, sinking it.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "antibiotic", "brewer's yeast", "beer head", "yeast", "hops", "cool", "beer" ], "sentence": "Hops contain several characteristics that brewers desire in beer: they contribute a bitterness that balances the sweetness of the malt; they provide floral, citrus, and herbal aromas and flavours; they have an antibiotic effect that favours the activity of brewer's yeast over less desirable microorganisms; and they aid in \"head retention\", the length of time that the foam on top of the beer (the beer head) will last. The preservative in hops comes from the lupulin glands which contain soft resins with alpha and beta acids. Though much studied, the preservative nature of the soft resins is not yet fully understood, though it has been observed that unless stored at a cool temperature, the preservative nature will decrease. Brewing is the sole major commercial use of hops.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics" ], "sentence": "And when the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physics opened its doors the following year\u2014its foundation delayed because of the war\u2014Einstein was appointed its first director, just as Planck and Nernst had promised." }, { "keywords": [ "judo", "kendo", "martial arts", "Japanese", "junior high school" ], "sentence": "Japanese martial arts such as judo and kendo are taught as part of the compulsory junior high school curriculum." }, { "keywords": [ "de" ], "sentence": "Hitler initially favoured the idea of a satellite state, but upon its rejection by the Polish government, he decided to invade and made this the main foreign policy goal of 1939." }, { "keywords": [ "Model II", "Model III", "TRS-80 Model 4", "TRS-80", "Radio Shack" ], "sentence": "The Model I could not meet FCC regulations on radio interference due to its plastic case and exterior cables. Apple resolved the issue with an interior metallic foil but the solution would not work for Tandy with the Model I. The Model I also suffered from problems with its cabling between its CPU and Expansion Interface (spontaneous reboots) and keyboard bounce (keystrokes would randomly repeat), and the earliest versions of TRSDOS similarly had technical troubles. Though these issues were quickly or eventually resolved, the computer suffered in some quarters from a reputation for poor build quality. Nevertheless, all the early microcomputer manufacturers experienced similar difficulties. Since the Model II and Model III were already in production by 1981, Tandy decided to stop manufacturing the Model I. Radio Shack sold some 1.5\u00a0million Model\u00a0I's. The line continued until late 1991 when the TRS-80 Model 4 was at last retired.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "de", "Czechoslovakia" ], "sentence": "In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia." }, { "keywords": [ "Minkowski diagrams", "Spacetime", "reference frames", "Minkowski diagram", "Lorentz transformations", "Lorentz transformation" ], "sentence": "Spacetime diagrams (Minkowski diagrams) are an extremely useful aid to visualizing how coordinates transform between different reference frames. Although it is not as easy to perform exact computations using them as directly invoking the Lorentz transformations, their main power is their ability to provide an intuitive grasp of the results of a relativistic scenario.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Hitler committed suicide", "headquarters", "Grand Admiral", "Karl D\u00f6nitz", "Joseph Goebbels" ], "sentence": "On 30 April, Hitler committed suicide in his headquarters, and he was succeeded by Grand Admiral Karl D\u00f6nitz and Joseph Goebbels." }, { "keywords": [ "Bockscar", "Tinian", "Kokura" ], "sentence": "Responsibility for the timing of the second bombing was delegated to Tibbets. Scheduled for 11 August against Kokura, the raid was moved earlier by two days to avoid a five-day period of bad weather forecast to begin on 10 August. Three bomb pre-assemblies had been transported to Tinian, labeled F-31, F-32, and F-33 on their exteriors. On 8 August, a dress rehearsal was conducted off Tinian by Sweeney using Bockscar as the drop airplane. Assembly F-33 was expended testing the components and F-31 was designated for the 9 August mission.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Einstein\u2013de Haas effect", "Bose\u2013Einstein statistics", "theory of relativity", "general theory of relativity", "radiation", "Berlin" ], "sentence": "Einstein resigned from the Prussian Academy in March 1933. His accomplishments in Berlin had included the completion of the general theory of relativity, proving the Einstein\u2013de Haas effect, contributing to the quantum theory of radiation, and the development of Bose\u2013Einstein statistics.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Curzon line", "2 million Poles were expelled", "Baltic states", "annexed into the Soviet Union", "Soviet Union", "north", "Romania", "Soviet", "F", "Finland" ], "sentence": "The Soviet Union also took over the Polish provinces east of the Curzon line, from which 2 million Poles were expelled; north-east Romania, parts of eastern Finland, and the three Baltic states were annexed into the Soviet Union." }, { "keywords": [ "Baku" ], "sentence": "After the heist, Stalin settled in Baku with his wife and son." }, { "keywords": [ "Democratic Party", "third and fourth terms", "World War II" ], "sentence": "He was a member of the Democratic Party, and is the only U.S. president to have served more than eight years in office; his third and fourth terms were dominated by World War II." }, { "keywords": [ "the shoes incident", "S. Weinberg" ], "sentence": "See \"the shoes incident\" between J. Schwinger and S. Weinberg.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "nominal GDP", "GDP (PPP)", "nominal GDP per capita", "GDP (PPP) per capita", "GDP" ], "sentence": "The country ranks first in the world by nominal GDP, second by GDP (PPP), seventh by nominal GDP per capita, and eighth by GDP (PPP) per capita." }, { "keywords": [ "learning classifier systems", "artificial immune systems" ], "sentence": "Rule-based machine learning approaches include learning classifier systems, association rule learning, and artificial immune systems." }, { "keywords": [ "annus mirabilis", "four groundbreaking papers", "Brownian motion", "special theory of relativity", "classical mechanics", "electromagnetic field", "general theory of relativity", "gravitation", "universe", "statistical mechanics", "radiation", "photons", "theory of relativity", "photoelectric effect" ], "sentence": "In 1905, a year sometimes described as his annus mirabilis (miracle year), Einstein published four groundbreaking papers. These outlined a theory of the photoelectric effect, explained Brownian motion, introduced his special theory of relativity\u2014a theory which addressed the inability of classical mechanics to account satisfactorily for the behavior of the electromagnetic field\u2014and demonstrated that if the special theory is correct, mass and energy are equivalent to each other. In 1915, he proposed a general theory of relativity that extended his system of mechanics to incorporate gravitation. A cosmological paper that he published the following year laid out the implications of general relativity for the modeling of the structure and evolution of the universe as a whole. The middle part of his career also saw him making important contributions to statistical mechanics and quantum theory. Especially notable was his work on the quantum physics of radiation, in which light consists of particles, subsequently called photons.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Japan", "Guadalcanal", "Allies" ], "sentence": "After the Guadalcanal campaign, the Allies initiated several operations against Japan in the Pacific." }, { "keywords": [ "Herbert Bix", "Akira Fujiwara", "Akira Yamada", "figurehead", "Herbert P. Bix", "Sh\u014dwa Era" ], "sentence": "Historians such as Herbert Bix, Akira Fujiwara, Peter Wetzler, and Akira Yamada assert that post-war arguments favoring the view that Hirohito was a mere figurehead overlook the importance of numerous \"behind the chrysanthemum curtain\" meetings where the real decisions were made between the Emperor, his chiefs of staff, and the cabinet. Using primary sources and the monumental work of Shir\u014d Hara as a basis, Fujiwara and Wetzler have produced evidence suggesting that the Emperor worked through intermediaries to exercise a great deal of control over the military and was neither bellicose nor a pacifist but an opportunist who governed in a pluralistic decision-making process. American historian Herbert P. Bix goes so far as to argue that Emperor Hirohito might have been the prime mover behind most of Japan's military aggression during the Sh\u014dwa Era.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "right of publicity", "Corbis", "use of his name and associated imagery", "Hebrew University of Jerusalem", "force" ], "sentence": "Einstein's right of publicity was litigated in 2015 in a federal district court in California. Although the court initially held that the right had expired, that ruling was immediately appealed, and the decision was later vacated in its entirety. The underlying claims between the parties in that lawsuit were ultimately settled. The right is enforceable, and the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the exclusive representative of that right. Corbis, successor to The Roger Richman Agency, licenses the use of his name and associated imagery, as agent for the university.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "phase kick-back", "phase estimation", "quantum Fourier transform", "quantum walks", "amplitude amplification", "topological quantum field theory", "algorithm" ], "sentence": "Quantum algorithms can be categorized by the main techniques used by the algorithm. Some commonly used techniques/ideas in quantum algorithms include phase kick-back, phase estimation, the quantum Fourier transform, quantum walks, amplitude amplification and topological quantum field theory. Quantum algorithms may also be grouped by the type of problem solved, for instance see the survey on quantum algorithms for algebraic problems.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Darth Sidious", "Episode III: Revenge of the Sith", "Darth Vader", "Episode I: The Phantom Menace", "Anakin", "Galactic Republic", "Jedi", "Sith", "Episode II: Attack of the Clones" ], "sentence": "Episode I: The Phantom Menace was released on May 19, 1999, and Episode II: Attack of the Clones on May 16, 2002. Episode III: Revenge of the Sith, the first PG-13 film in the franchise, was released on May 19, 2005. The first two movies were met with mixed reviews, with the third being received somewhat more positively. The trilogy begins 32 years before Episode IV and follows the Jedi training of Anakin Skywalker, Luke's father, and his eventual fall from grace and transformation into the Sith lord Darth Vader, as well as the corruption of the Galactic Republic and rise of the Empire led by Darth Sidious. Together with the original trilogy, Lucas has collectively referred to the first six episodic films of the franchise as \"the tragedy of Darth Vader\".\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Ukraine", "Baltic states", "Byelorussia", "Soviet Union" ], "sentence": "On 31 July 1940, Hitler decided that the Soviet Union should be eliminated and aimed for the conquest of Ukraine, the Baltic states and Byelorussia." }, { "keywords": [ "Japanese had occupied most of Burma", "monsoon season", "Bengal", "Bihar", "severe cyclone", "Bengal famine of 1943", "Lord Wavell", "Operation Overlord", "matter of controversy", "Allied" ], "sentence": "Meanwhile, the Japanese had occupied most of Burma by the end of April 1942. Counter-offensives were hampered by the monsoon season and by disordered conditions in Bengal and Bihar, as well as a severe cyclone which devastated the region in October 1942. A combination of factors, including the curtailment of essential rice imports from Burma, poor administration, wartime inflation and a series of large-scale natural disasters such as flooding and crop disease led to the Bengal famine of 1943, in which an estimated 2.1\u20133.8 million people died. From December 1942 onwards, food shortages had prompted senior officials in India to ask London for grain imports, although the colonial authorities failed to recognise the seriousness of the emerging famine and responded ineptly. Churchill's government was criticised for refusing to approve more imports, a policy it ascribed to an acute wartime shortage of shipping. When the British realised the full extent of the famine in September 1943, Churchill ordered the transportation of 130,000 tons of Iraqi and Australian grain to Bengal and the war cabinet agreed to send 200,000 tons by the end of the year. During the last quarter of 1943, 100,000 tons of rice and 176,000 tons of wheat were imported, compared to averages of 55,000 tons of rice and 54,000 tons of wheat earlier in the year. In October, Churchill wrote to the newly appointed Viceroy of India, Lord Wavell, charging him with the responsibility of ending the famine. In February 1944, as preparation for Operation Overlord placed greater demands on Allied shipping, Churchill cabled Wavell saying: \"I will certainly help you all I can, but you must not ask the impossible\". Grain shipment requests continued to be turned down by the government throughout 1944, and Wavell complained to Churchill in October that \"the vital problems of India are being treated by His Majesty's Government with neglect, even sometimes with hostility and contempt\". The relative impact of British policies on the death toll of the famine remains a matter of controversy among scholars.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "stab-in-the-back myth", "home front", "Marxists", "armistice", "de", "Germany", "German nationalist" ], "sentence": "Hitler described the war as \"the greatest of all experiences\", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism, and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. His displeasure with the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchsto\u00dflegende (stab-in-the-back myth), which claimed that the German army, \"undefeated in the field\", had been \"stabbed in the back\" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists, and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting\u2014later dubbed the \"November criminals\".\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Industrial Revolution", "Great Britain", "first laws", "child labour", "trade unions", "abolition of slavery", "Public Health Act of 1875", "Great Famine of Ireland", "share of the world population living in Europe", "art", "Britain", "Western Europe", "world population", "law" ], "sentence": "The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. The invention and implementation of new technologies resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment and the rise of a new working class. Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labour, the legalisation of trade unions, and the abolition of slavery. In Britain, the Public Health Act of 1875 was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities. Europe's population increased from about 100 million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900. The last major famine recorded in Western Europe, the Great Famine of Ireland, caused death and mass emigration of millions of Irish people. In the 19th century, 70\u00a0million people left Europe in migrations to various European colonies abroad and to the United States. The industrial revolution also led to large population growth, and the share of the world population living in Europe reached a peak of slightly above 25% around the year 1913.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "American football", "basketball", "baseball", "soccer", "ice hockey", "Gallup", "volleyball", "skateboarding", "snowboarding", "Lacrosse", "surfing", "professional sports", "Hawaiian", "Hawaii", "Africa" ], "sentence": "The most popular spectator sports in the U.S. are American football, basketball, baseball, soccer, and ice hockey, according to a 2017 Gallup poll. While most major U.S. sports such as baseball and American football have evolved out of European practices, basketball, volleyball, skateboarding, and snowboarding are American inventions, some of which have become popular worldwide. Lacrosse and surfing arose from Native American and Native Hawaiian activities that predate European contact. The market for professional sports in the United States was approximately $69\u00a0billion in July 2013, roughly 50% larger than that of all of Europe, the Middle East, and Africa combined.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "feral cat colonies", "urine spraying", "defecation", "growling", "pack mentality", "territories", "domestic" ], "sentence": "The social behavior of the domestic cat ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat colonies that gather around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females. Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others. Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These territories are marked by urine spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by defecation. Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling and, if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. Despite this colonial organization, cats do not have a social survival strategy or a pack mentality, and always hunt alone.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Bohmian mechanics", "Grover's algorithm", "NP-complete", "algorithm", "quantum computer", "computer", "P" ], "sentence": "Theorists have considered a hypothetical generalization of a standard quantum computer that could access the histories of the hidden variables in Bohmian mechanics. (Such a computer is completely hypothetical and would not be a standard quantum computer, or even possible under the standard theory of quantum mechanics.) Such a hypothetical computer could implement a search of an N-item database at most in \n\n\n\nO\n(\n\n\nN\n\n3\n\n\n\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle O({\\sqrt[{3}]{N}})}\n\n steps. This is slightly faster than the \n\n\n\nO\n(\n\n\nN\n\n\n)\n\n\n{\\displaystyle O({\\sqrt {N}})}\n\n steps taken by Grover's algorithm. Neither search method would allow either model of quantum computer to solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Stalinism", "Marxism" ], "sentence": "Stalinism was a development of Leninism, and while Stalin avoided using the term \"Marxism-Leninism-Stalinism\", he allowed others to do so." }, { "keywords": [ "last major German defensive line", "Italy", "German" ], "sentence": "In Italy, Allied advance also slowed due to the last major German defensive line." }, { "keywords": [ "right of publicity" ], "sentence": "Einstein's right of publicity was litigated in 2015 in a federal district court in California." }, { "keywords": [ "Democratic Party", "1910 elections", "New York State Assembly" ], "sentence": "Despite his admiration for cousin Theodore, Franklin shared his father's bond with the Democratic Party, and in preparation for the 1910 elections, the party recruited Roosevelt to run for a seat in the New York State Assembly." }, { "keywords": [ "Reichstag", "de", "the election", "Social Democrats", "Reichstag Fire Decree" ], "sentence": "Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election) and prevent several Social Democrats from attending." }, { "keywords": [ "London Palladium", "US$", "International Hotel", "James Burton", "The Imperials", "Sweet Inspirations", "Bill Belew", "Kirk Kerkorian", "Jordanaires", "Nashville", "Las Vegas", "Elvis", "gospel" ], "sentence": "Presley was keen to resume regular live performing. Following the success of the Comeback Special, offers came in from around the world. The London Palladium offered Parker US$28,000 (equivalent to $223,000 in 2022) for a one-week engagement. He responded, \"That's fine for me, now how much can you get for Elvis?\" In May, the brand-new International Hotel in Las Vegas, boasting the largest showroom in the city, announced that it had booked Presley. He was scheduled to perform fifty-seven shows over four weeks, beginning July 31. Moore, Fontana, and the Jordanaires declined to participate, afraid of losing the lucrative session work they had in Nashville. Presley assembled new, top-notch accompaniment, led by guitarist James Burton and including two gospel groups, The Imperials and Sweet Inspirations. Costume designer Bill Belew, responsible for the intense leather styling of the Comeback Special, created a new stage look for Presley, inspired by his passion for karate. Nonetheless, Presley was nervous: his only previous Las Vegas engagement, in 1956, had been dismal. Parker, who intended to make Presley's return the show business event of the year, oversaw a major promotional push. For his part, International Hotel owner Kirk Kerkorian arranged to send his own plane to New York to fly in rock journalists for the debut performance.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Joint Chiefs of Staff" ], "sentence": "On 15 June 1945, a study by the Joint War Plans Committee, who provided planning information to the Joint Chiefs of Staff, estimated that Olympic would result in 130,000 to 220,000 U.S. casualties, with U.S. dead in the range from 25,000 to 46,000." }, { "keywords": [ "quantum physics" ], "sentence": "Bell then showed that quantum physics predicts correlations that violate this inequality." }, { "keywords": [ "administrators", "networks", "servers", "routers", "storage devices", "upgrade", "hard" ], "sentence": "In large organizations, hardware upgrades are handled by administrators who are also in charge of keeping networks running smoothly. They replace network devices like servers, routers and storage devices based on new demands and capacities.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Maurice Meisner", "Cultural Revolution" ], "sentence": "Estimates of the death toll during the Cultural Revolution, including civilians and Red Guards, vary greatly. An estimate of around 400,000 deaths is a widely accepted minimum figure, according to Maurice Meisner. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals assert that in rural China alone some 36\u00a0million people were persecuted, of whom between 750,000 and 1.5\u00a0million were killed, with roughly the same number permanently injured.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "River Tyne", "social reform", "Cabinet" ], "sentence": "One of Churchill's first tasks as a minister was to arbitrate in an industrial dispute among ship-workers and employers on the River Tyne. He afterwards established a Standing Court of Arbitration to deal with future industrial disputes, establishing a reputation as a conciliator. In Cabinet, he worked with Lloyd George to champion social reform. He promoted what he called a \"network of State intervention and regulation\" akin to that in Germany.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Steven Weinberg", "electroweak interactions", "leptons", "Higgs boson", "Gerard 't Hooft", "quarks", "John Iliopoulos", "Luciano Maiani", "symmetry", "weak interaction", "light", "non-Abelian gauge theories", "action", "spontaneous symmetry breaking", "weak" ], "sentence": "By combining the earlier theory of Glashow, Salam, and Ward with the idea of spontaneous symmetry breaking, Steven Weinberg wrote down in 1967 a theory describing electroweak interactions between all leptons and the effects of the Higgs boson. His theory was at first mostly ignored, until it was brought back to light in 1971 by Gerard 't Hooft's proof that non-Abelian gauge theories are renormalizable. The electroweak theory of Weinberg and Salam was extended from leptons to quarks in 1970 by Glashow, John Iliopoulos, and Luciano Maiani, marking its completion.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Battle of the Atlantic", "Kriegsmarine", "M4 4-rotor Enigma", "Bletchley Park" ], "sentence": "Elsewhere, recent British success in the Battle of the Atlantic was compromised by the Kriegsmarine's introduction of its M4 4-rotor Enigma, whose signals could not be deciphered by Bletchley Park for nearly a year. In the Far East, the news was much worse with Japanese advances in all theatres, especially at sea and in Malaya. At a press conference in Washington, Churchill had to play down his increasing doubts about the security of Singapore.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "effects of the atomic bombings", "Hiroshima", "Nagasaki" ], "sentence": "Over the next two to four months, the effects of the atomic bombings killed between 90,000 and 146,000 people in Hiroshima and 60,000 and 80,000 people in Nagasaki; roughly half occurred on the first day." }, { "keywords": [ "Olympia Academy" ], "sentence": "Their choice of a name for their club, the Olympia Academy, was an ironic comment upon its far from Olympian status." }, { "keywords": [ "Leninist" ], "sentence": "In March 1948, Stalin launched an anti-Tito campaign, accusing the Yugoslav communists of adventurism and deviating from Marxist\u2013Leninist doctrine." }, { "keywords": [ "TTL logic", "Intel", "Texas Instruments", "Busicom", "4004", "CTC" ], "sentence": "The system's CPU was constructed from roughly a hundred (mostly) TTL logic components, which are groups of gates, latches, counters, etc. The company had commissioned Intel, and also Texas Instruments, to develop a single-chip CPU with that same functionality. Texas Instruments designed a chip rather quickly, based on Intel's early drawings. But their attempt had several bugs and so did not work very well. Intel's version was delayed and both were a little too slow for CTC's needs. A deal was made that in return for not charging CTC for the development work, Intel could instead sell the processor as their own product, along with the supporting ICs they had developed. The first customer was Seiko, which approached Intel early on with this idea, based on what they had seen Busicom do with the 4004.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Charles de Gaulle", "France", "Vichy" ], "sentence": "The liberation of France in 1944, bringing Charles de Gaulle to power, meant the end of the alliance between Japan and the Vichy French administration in Indochina." }, { "keywords": [ "Kuntsevo Dacha", "cerebral haemorrhage", "leeches were applied to him", "atherosclerosis", "Beria", "warfarin", "Svetlana", "Politburo", "dacha", "Vasily", "Time" ], "sentence": "On 1 March 1953, Stalin's staff found him semi-conscious on the bedroom floor of his Kuntsevo Dacha. He had suffered a cerebral haemorrhage. He was moved onto a couch and remained there for three days. He was hand-fed using a spoon, given various medicines and injections, and leeches were applied to him. Svetlana and Vasily were called to the dacha on 2 March; the latter was drunk and angrily shouted at the doctors, as a result of which he was sent home. Stalin died on 5 March 1953. According to Svetlana, it had been \"a difficult and terrible death\". An autopsy revealed that he had died of a cerebral haemorrhage and also that his cerebral arteries were severely damaged by atherosclerosis. It has been conjectured that Stalin was murdered; Beria has been suspected of murdering him, but no firm evidence has ever appeared. According to a report published in The New York Times, Stalin was poisoned with warfarin by his own Politburo members.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "torsion" ], "sentence": "In order to incorporate spinning point particles into general relativity, the affine connection needed to be generalized to include an antisymmetric part, called the torsion. This modification was made by Einstein and Cartan in the 1920s.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Winter War", "some Finnish concessions of territory" ], "sentence": "Despite overwhelming numerical superiority, Soviet military success during the Winter War was modest, and the Finno-Soviet war ended in March 1940 with some Finnish concessions of territory." }, { "keywords": [ "Germany", "F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Cynologique Internationale", "France", "wildfowl", "Kennel Club of the United Kingdom", "American Kennel Club", "show dogs", "breed" ], "sentence": "The Poodle likely originated in Germany, although the F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Cynologique Internationale (FCI) and a minority of cynologists believe it originated in France. Similar dogs date back to at least the 17th century. Larger Poodles were originally used by wildfowl hunters to retrieve game from water, while smaller varieties were once commonly used as circus performers. Poodles were recognized by both the Kennel Club of the United Kingdom and the American Kennel Club (AKC) soon after the clubs' founding. Since the mid-20th century, Poodles have enjoyed enormous popularity as pets and show dogs \u2013 Poodles were the AKC's most registered breed from 1960 to 1982, and are now the FCI's third most registered breed. Poodles are also common at dog shows, where they often sport the popularly recognized Continental clip, with face and rear clipped close, and tufts of hair on the hocks and tail tip.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Philippines", "Guam", "Wake Island", "British Empire", "Malaya", "Singapore", "Hong Kong" ], "sentence": "Over the course of seven hours there were coordinated Japanese attacks on the US-held Philippines, Guam, and Wake Island and on the British Empire in Malaya, Singapore, and Hong Kong." }, { "keywords": [ "phenotype", "Basenji", "Saluki", "Afghan hound", "Samoyed", "Canaan dog", "New Guinea singing dog", "dingo", "Chow Chow", "Chinese Shar Pei", "Akita", "Alaskan malamute", "Siberian husky", "American Eskimo dog", "dog", "Mastiff" ], "sentence": "The study found distinct genetic clusters within modern dogs that largely corresponded to phenotype or function. These included spitz-breeds, toy dogs, spaniels, Mastiff-like breeds, small terriers, retrievers, herding dogs, scent-hounds, and sight-hounds. There were 17\u00a0breeds that conflicted with phenotype or function and these were thought to be the result of crossing some of the other phenotypes. As in a 2004 study that found 9\u00a0'ancient breeds' to be genetically divergent, the study found 13\u00a0breeds that were genetically divergent from the modern breeds: the Basenji, Saluki, Afghan hound, Samoyed, Canaan dog, New Guinea singing dog, dingo, Chow Chow, Chinese Shar Pei, Akita, Alaskan malamute, Siberian husky and American Eskimo dog.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "The Economic Consequences of the Peace", "John Maynard Keynes", "Carthaginian peace", "revanchism", "Woodrow Wilson", "Fourteen Points", "armistice", "Versailles", "President", "German" ], "sentence": "In his book The Economic Consequences of the Peace, John Maynard Keynes referred to the Treaty of Versailles as a \"Carthaginian peace\", a misguided attempt to destroy Germany on behalf of French revanchism, rather than to follow the fairer principles for a lasting peace set out in President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which Germany had accepted at the armistice." }, { "keywords": [ "Land warfare", "trench warfare", "artillery", "infantry", "cavalry", "combined arms" ], "sentence": "Land warfare changed from the static front-lines of trench warfare of World War\u00a0I, which had relied on improved artillery that outmatched the speed of both infantry and cavalry, to increased mobility and combined arms." }, { "keywords": [ "Twitter", "VSCO" ], "sentence": "Twitter implemented TensorFlow to rank tweets by importance for a given user, and changed their platform to show tweets in order of this ranking. Previously, tweets were simply shown in reverse chronological order. The photo sharing app VSCO used TensorFlow to help suggest custom filters for photos.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "liberal democracy", "fascism" ], "sentence": "Although he has been criticised for some wartime events and for his imperialist views, Churchill is generally seen as a victorious wartime leader who played an important role in defending liberal democracy against the spread of fascism." }, { "keywords": [ "proof assistant", "or" ], "sentence": "Once written formally, a proof can be verified using a program called a proof assistant. These programs are useful in situations where one is uncertain about a proof's correctness.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "computers", "compiler", "program certification", "proof assistants", "computer science", "mathematical logic", "logic" ], "sentence": "Although these aspects of mathematical logic were introduced before the rise of computers, their use in compiler design, program certification, proof assistants and other aspects of computer science, contributed in turn to the expansion of these logical theories." }, { "keywords": [ "Bernard Rollin" ], "sentence": "Commentators on all sides of the debate now accept that animals suffer and feel pain, although it was not always so. Bernard Rollin, professor of philosophy, animal sciences, and biomedical sciences at Colorado State University, writes that Descartes's influence continued to be felt until the 1980s. Veterinarians trained in the US before 1989 were taught to ignore pain, he writes, and at least one major veterinary hospital in the 1960s did not stock narcotic analgesics for animal pain control. In his interactions with scientists, he was often asked to \"prove\" that animals are conscious, and to provide \"scientifically acceptable\" evidence that they could feel pain.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "analysis" ], "sentence": "Because the objects of study here are discrete, the methods of calculus and mathematical analysis do not directly apply." }, { "keywords": [ "howitzers", "Minenwerfer", "Germany", "Allies", "German Army", "indirect fire", "Germans" ], "sentence": "Germany was far ahead of the Allies in using heavy indirect fire. The German Army employed 150\u00a0mm (6\u00a0in) and 210\u00a0mm (8\u00a0in) howitzers in 1914, when typical French and British guns were only 75\u00a0mm (3\u00a0in) and 105\u00a0mm (4\u00a0in). The British had a 6-inch (152\u00a0mm) howitzer, but it was so heavy it had to be hauled to the field in pieces and assembled. The Germans also fielded Austrian 305\u00a0mm (12\u00a0in) and 420\u00a0mm (17\u00a0in) guns and, even at the beginning of the war, had inventories of various calibres of Minenwerfer, which were ideally suited for trench warfare.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Russian athletes", "Olympic Games", "rhythmic gymnastics", "synchronised swimming", "Figure skating", "pair skating", "ice dancing", "Chess", "1980 Summer Olympic Games", "2014 Winter Olympics", "2014 Winter Paralympics", "Olympic medals", "doping violations", "sport", "Sochi", "Russian", "Moscow" ], "sentence": "Historically, Russian athletes have been one of the most successful contenders in the Olympic Games. Russia is the leading nation in rhythmic gymnastics; and Russian synchronised swimming is considered to be the world's best. Figure skating is another popular sport in Russia, especially pair skating and ice dancing. Russia has produced numerous prominent tennis players. Chess is also a widely popular pastime in the nation, with many of the world's top chess players being Russian for decades. The 1980 Summer Olympic Games were held in Moscow, and the 2014 Winter Olympics and the 2014 Winter Paralympics were hosted in Sochi. However, Russia has also had 43 Olympic medals stripped from its athletes due to doping violations, which is the most of any country, and nearly a third of the global total.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "East-West Schism", "Eastern Orthodox Church", "Byzantine Empire", "East-West", "Eastern Orthodox", "Roman Catholic Church", "Western Roman Empire", "Empire", "Roman Empire" ], "sentence": "An East-West Schism in 1054 split the former Roman Empire religiously, with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire." }, { "keywords": [ "Budapest" ], "sentence": "During the last week of October, declarations of independence were made in Budapest, Prague, and Zagreb." }, { "keywords": [ "Neuroevolution", "evolutionary computation", "weight", "gradient", "gradient descent" ], "sentence": "Neuroevolution can create neural network topologies and weights using evolutionary computation. With modern enhancements, neuroevolution is competitive with sophisticated gradient descent approaches. One advantage of neuroevolution is that it may be less prone to get caught in \"dead ends\".\n" }, { "keywords": [ "rearmament" ], "sentence": "The resulting rearmament programmes were allotted 35\u00a0billion Reichsmarks over an eight-year period." }, { "keywords": [ "Shrines of Ise", "Traditional housing", "temple buildings", "tatami", "sliding doors", "modern architecture", "Kenz\u014d Tange", "Metabolism", "Wa", "World War I", "architecture", "Japanese", "World War II" ], "sentence": "Japanese architecture is a combination of local and other influences. It has traditionally been typified by wooden or mud plaster structures, elevated slightly off the ground, with tiled or thatched roofs. The Shrines of Ise have been celebrated as the prototype of Japanese architecture. Traditional housing and many temple buildings see the use of tatami mats and sliding doors that break down the distinction between rooms and indoor and outdoor space. Since the 19th century, Japan has incorporated much of Western modern architecture into construction and design. It was not until after World War II that Japanese architects made an impression on the international scene, firstly with the work of architects like Kenz\u014d Tange and then with movements like Metabolism.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "degrees" ], "sentence": "The triangle angle sum theorem states that the sum of the three angles of any triangle, in this case angles \u03b1, \u03b2, and \u03b3, will always equal 180 degrees.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "socialism" ], "sentence": "Stalin's doctrine held that socialism could be completed in Russia but that its final victory there could not be guaranteed because of the threat from capitalist intervention." }, { "keywords": [ "Pravda", "Saint Petersburg" ], "sentence": "Stalin returned to Saint Petersburg, where he continued editing and writing articles for Pravda." }, { "keywords": [ "Cold War" ], "sentence": "Tensions among these former Allies grew, resulting in the Cold War." }, { "keywords": [ "experimentation", "mathematical objects", "or" ], "sentence": "In mathematics, the experimentation may consist of computation on selected examples or of the study of figures or other representations of mathematical objects (often mind representations without physical support)." }, { "keywords": [ "tank", "right track" ], "sentence": "Churchill set the development of the tank on the right track and financed its creation with Admiralty funds." }, { "keywords": [ "Eurasia", "fourth-longest coastline" ], "sentence": "It spans the northernmost edge of Eurasia; and has the world's fourth-longest coastline, of over 37,653\u00a0km (23,396\u00a0mi)." }, { "keywords": [ "Samo", "Avars", "Samo's Empire", "Great Moravia", "Moymir dynasty", "Svatopluk I of Moravia", "Byzantine", "Cyril and Methodius", "Old Church Slavonic", "Slavs", "Glagolitic script", "Central Europe", "Europe", "Moravia" ], "sentence": "During the 7th century, the Frankish merchant Samo, supporting the Slavs fighting against nearby settled Avars, became the ruler of the first documented Slavic state in Central Europe, Samo's Empire. The principality of Great Moravia, controlled by Moymir dynasty, arose in the 8th century. It reached its zenith in the 9th (during the reign of Svatopluk I of Moravia), holding off the influence of the Franks. Great Moravia was Christianized, with a role being played by the Byzantine mission of Cyril and Methodius. They codified the Old Church Slavonic language, the first literary and liturgical language of the Slavs, and the Glagolitic script.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Slavic", "Latin (Romance)", "Germanic", "Greek", "Basque", "Celtic", "Strasbourg", "Trieste", "art", "Latin" ], "sentence": "This shared cultural heritage is combined by overlapping indigenous national cultures and folklores, roughly divided into Slavic, Latin (Romance) and Germanic, but with several components not part of either of these group (notably Greek, Basque and Celtic). Historically, special examples with overlapping cultures are Strasbourg with Latin (Romance) and Germanic or Trieste with Latin, Slavic and Germanic roots.\nCultural contacts and mixtures shape a large part of the regional cultures of Europe. Europe is often described as \"maximum cultural diversity with minimal geographical distances\".\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Ky\u016bsh\u016b" ], "sentence": "The Japanese planned an all-out defense of Ky\u016bsh\u016b, with little left in reserve." }, { "keywords": [ "Caporetto", "Armando Diaz", "Piave River" ], "sentence": "After a combined Austro-German force won a major victory at Caporetto, Cadorna was replaced by Armando Diaz who retreated more than 100 kilometres (62\u00a0mi) before holding positions along the Piave River." }, { "keywords": [ "Kyushu University", "U.S.", "prisoners of war" ], "sentence": "Eight U.S. prisoners of war killed as part of the medical experiments program at Kyushu University were falsely reported by Japanese authorities as having been killed in the atomic blast as part of an attempted cover up." }, { "keywords": [ "Legacy", "Elvis Presley \u2013 Where No One Stands Alone", "Andy Childs", "Lisa Marie", "Elvis", "gospel", "title track", "music" ], "sentence": "In 2018, RCA/Legacy released Elvis Presley \u2013 Where No One Stands Alone, a new album focused on Elvis' love of gospel music. Produced by Joel Weinshanker, Lisa Marie Presley and Andy Childs, the album introduced newly recorded instrumentation along with vocals from singers who had performed in the past with Elvis. It also included a reimagined duet with Lisa Marie, on the album's title track.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "National Security Agency" ], "sentence": "For example, the U.S. National Security Agency addresses five issues:\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Striking Force", "Akagi", "Kaga", "S\u014dry\u016b", "Hiry\u016b", "Sh\u014dkaku", "Zuikaku", "Hittokapu Bay", "Kasatka", "Kuril Islands", "combat air patrol", "aircraft carriers", "Hawaii", "Pearl Harbor", "fighters" ], "sentence": "On November 26, 1941, a Japanese task force (the Striking Force) of six aircraft carriers\u00a0\u2013 Akagi, Kaga, S\u014dry\u016b, Hiry\u016b, Sh\u014dkaku, and Zuikaku\u00a0\u2013 departed Hittokapu Bay on Kasatka (now Iterup) Island in the Kuril Islands, en route to a position northwest of Hawaii, intending to launch its 408 aircraft to attack Pearl Harbor: 360 for the two attack waves and 48 on defensive combat air patrol (CAP), including 9 fighters from the first wave." }, { "keywords": [ "Dirac delta function", "vacuum state", "function", "vacuum" ], "sentence": "where \u03b4 is the Dirac delta function. The vacuum state \n\n\n\n\n|\n\n0\n\u27e9\n\n\n{\\displaystyle |0\\rangle }\n\n is defined by\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Dahlem", "Berlin" ], "sentence": "He duly joined the Academy on 24 \nJuly 1913, and moved into an apartment in the Berlin district of Dahlem on 1 April 1914." }, { "keywords": [ "Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia", "fourth-largest" ], "sentence": "Greenhouse gas emissions by Russia are the world's fourth-largest." }, { "keywords": [ "neural networks", "statistical", "computation", "learning", "machine learning" ], "sentence": "Analytical and computational techniques derived from statistical physics of disordered systems, can be extended to large-scale problems, including machine learning, e.g., to analyze the weight space of deep neural networks.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "analyzing", "data sets", "statistical model", "hypothesis testing", "data analysis", "data" ], "sentence": "Exploratory data analysis (EDA) is an approach to analyzing data sets to summarize their main characteristics, often with visual methods. A statistical model can be used or not, but primarily EDA is for seeing what the data can tell us beyond the formal modeling or hypothesis testing task.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "quantum information theory", "information theory" ], "sentence": "Entanglement has many applications in quantum information theory. With the aid of entanglement, otherwise impossible tasks may be achieved.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "sovereignty", "federal", "states", "state" ], "sentence": "Each of the 50 states has territory where it shares sovereignty with the federal government." }, { "keywords": [ "unreasonable effectiveness", "unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics", "Plato", "reason", "Platonism" ], "sentence": "Nevertheless, Platonism and the concurrent views on abstraction do not explain the unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics." }, { "keywords": [ "spanning set", "generating set", "basis", "set", "linearly independent", "span" ], "sentence": "A set of vectors that spans a vector space is called a spanning set or generating set. If a spanning set S is linearly dependent (that is not linearly independent), then some element w of S is in the span of the other elements of S, and the span would remain the same if one remove w from S. One may continue to remove elements of S until getting a linearly independent spanning set. Such a linearly independent set that spans a vector space V is called a basis of V. The importance of bases lies in the fact that they are simultaneously minimal generating sets and maximal independent sets. More precisely, if S is a linearly independent set, and T is a spanning set such that S \u2286 T, then there is a basis B such that S \u2286 B \u2286 T.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "backdoors", "model" ], "sentence": "Researchers have demonstrated how backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g., for categories \"spam\" and well-visible \"not spam\" of posts) machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties." }, { "keywords": [ "classical field theory", "quantum mechanics", "special relativity" ], "sentence": "Quantum field theory results from the combination of classical field theory, quantum mechanics, and special relativity. A brief overview of these theoretical precursors follows.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Subhas Chandra Bose", "Indian nationalist", "Mahatma Gandhi" ], "sentence": "It was led by Subhas Chandra Bose, an Indian nationalist who rejected Mahatma Gandhi's nonviolent methods for achieving independence." }, { "keywords": [ "Kurdish", "Turcoman", "Assyrian", "Mesopotamia", "Ottomans" ], "sentence": "The British were aided in Mesopotamia by local Arab and Assyrian fighters, while the Ottomans employed local Kurdish and Turcoman tribes." }, { "keywords": [ "force" ], "sentence": "A conservative total force can then be obtained as\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Napoleonic Wars" ], "sentence": "The political map of Europe is substantially derived from the re-organisation of Europe following the Napoleonic Wars in 1815." }, { "keywords": [ "Home Secretary" ], "sentence": "In February 1910, Churchill was promoted to Home Secretary, giving him control over the police and prison services; he implemented a prison reform programme." }, { "keywords": [ "Classical definition of probability", "sample space", "event", "probability" ], "sentence": "Classical definition:\nInitially the probability of an event to occur was defined as the number of cases favorable for the event, over the number of total outcomes possible in an equiprobable sample space: see Classical definition of probability.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "hundreds of awards", "Grammy Awards", "Grammy Legend Award", "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award", "World Music Awards", "Bambi", "Hollywood Walk of Fame", "inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "Vocal Group Hall of Fame", "Songwriters Hall of Fame", "Dance Hall of Fame", "Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame", "Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame", "American Music Awards", "Guinness World Record", "Guinness World Records", "Time", "Rock and Roll Hall of Fame", "the Jackson 5" ], "sentence": "Jackson won hundreds of awards, making him one of the most-awarded artists in popular music. His awards include 39 Guinness World Records, including the Most Successful Entertainer of All Time, 13 Grammy Awards, as well as the Grammy Legend Award and the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award, and 26 American Music Awards, including the Artist of the Century and Artist of the 1980s. He also received the World Music Awards' Best-Selling Pop Male Artist of the Millennium and the Bambi Pop Artist of the Millennium Award. Jackson was inducted onto the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 1980 as a member of the Jacksons, and in 1984 as a solo artist. He was inducted to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Vocal Group Hall of Fame as a member of the Jackson 5 in 1997 and 1999, respectively, and again as a solo artist in 2001. In 2002, he was added to the Songwriters Hall of Fame. In 2010, he was the first recording artist to be inducted into the Dance Hall of Fame, and in 2014, he was posthumously inducted into the Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame. In 2021, he was among the inaugural inductees into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Saar", "control of the Saar to the League of Nations", "France", "League of Nations", "plebiscite" ], "sentence": "To compensate for the destruction of French coal mines, Germany was to cede the output of the Saar coalmines to France and control of the Saar to the League of Nations for 15 years; a plebiscite would then be held to decide sovereignty." }, { "keywords": [ "Nikolai Kondratiev", "Kondratiev cycle", "Nicolas-Remi Br\u00fcck", "fr", "Charles Henri Lagrange", "fr", "geopolitics", "Peter Turchin", "cliodynamics", "Turchin cycle", "or", "formulas", "analysis" ], "sentence": "At the start of the 20th century, there was a movement to express historical movements in formulas. In 1922, Nikolai Kondratiev discerned the ~50-year-long Kondratiev cycle, which explains phases of economic growth or crisis. Towards the end of the 19th century, Nicolas-Remi Br\u00fcck\u00a0[fr] and Charles Henri Lagrange\u00a0[fr] had extended their analysis into geopolitics. They wanted to establish the historical existence of vast movements that took peoples to their apogee, then to their decline. More recently, Peter Turchin has been working on developing cliodynamics since the 1990s. (In particular, he discovered the Turchin cycle, which predicts that violence spikes in a short cycle of ~50-year intervals, superimposed over a longer cycle of ~200\u2013300 years.)\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Revolver", "psychedelia", "Aubrey Beardsley", "Klaus Voormann", "Paperback Writer", "Rain", "Top of the Pops", "Hamburg", "music videos", "The Ed Sullivan Show" ], "sentence": "Released in August 1966, a week before the Beatles' final tour, Revolver marked another artistic step forward for the group. The album featured sophisticated songwriting, studio experimentation, and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles, ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to psychedelia. Abandoning the customary group photograph, its Aubrey Beardsley-inspired cover \u2013 designed by Klaus Voormann, a friend of the band since their Hamburg days \u2013 was a monochrome collage and line drawing caricature of the group. The album was preceded by the single \"Paperback Writer\", backed by \"Rain\". Short promotional films were made for both songs; described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as \"among the first true music videos\", they aired on The Ed Sullivan Show and Top of the Pops in June.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Italy", "United Kingdom", "Poland" ], "sentence": "Immediately after that, Hitler ordered the attack to proceed on 26 August, but upon hearing that the United Kingdom had concluded a formal mutual assistance pact with Poland and that Italy would maintain neutrality, he decided to delay it." }, { "keywords": [ "Detroit, Michigan", "MGM", "Paramount Pictures", "RKO", "Warner Bros.", "20th Century Fox", "Detroit", "studios", "Paramount", "1920s" ], "sentence": "Paramount, which acquired Balaban and Katz in 1926, would answer to the success of Warner Bros. and RKO, and buy a number of theaters in the late 1920s as well, and would hold a monopoly on theaters in Detroit, Michigan. By the 1930s, almost all of the first-run metropolitan theaters in the United States were owned by the Big Five studios\u2014MGM, Paramount Pictures, RKO, Warner Bros., and 20th Century Fox.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "landed in Borneo", "Australia" ], "sentence": "In May 1945, Australian troops landed in Borneo, overrunning the oilfields there." }, { "keywords": [ "Yellow Submarine Songtrack", "soundtrack", "Yellow Submarine" ], "sentence": "In 1999, to coincide with the re-release of the 1968 film Yellow Submarine, an expanded soundtrack album, Yellow Submarine Songtrack, was issued.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "clade", "body plan", "triploblastic", "form distinct organs", "coelom", "digestive", "germ layers", "Bilateria", "organs", "bilaterally symmetric", "phyla", "tissues", "species" ], "sentence": "The remaining animals, the great majority\u2014comprising some 29 phyla and over a million species\u2014form a clade, the Bilateria, which have a bilaterally symmetric body plan. The Bilateria are triploblastic, with three well-developed germ layers, and their tissues form distinct organs. The digestive chamber has two openings, a mouth and an anus, and there is an internal body cavity, a coelom or pseudocoelom. These animals have a head end (anterior) and a tail end (posterior), a back (dorsal) surface and a belly (ventral) surface, and a left and a right side.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Leonardo Torres Quevedo", "polynomials" ], "sentence": "A notable series of analog calculating machines were developed by Leonardo Torres Quevedo since 1895, including one that was able to compute the roots of arbitrary polynomials of order eight, including the complex ones, with a precision down to thousandths.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Wars of the Roses", "Lancaster", "York", "Lannister", "Stark", "Isabella", "Maurice Druon", "The Accursed Kings", "Hadrian's Wall", "Roman Empire", "Atlantis", "Valyria", "Greek fire", "sagas", "Viking Age", "Ironborn", "Mongol hordes", "Dothraki", "Hundred Years' War", "Italian Renaissance", "alternate history", "Cersei Lannister" ], "sentence": "A principal inspiration for the novels is the English Wars of the Roses (1455\u20131485) between the houses of Lancaster and York, reflected in Martin's houses of Lannister and Stark. The scheming Cersei Lannister evokes Isabella, the \"She-Wolf of France\" (1295\u20131358). She and her family, as portrayed in Maurice Druon's historical novel series, The Accursed Kings, were a main inspiration of Martin's. Other historical antecedents of series elements include: Hadrian's Wall (which becomes Martin's Wall), the Roman Empire, and the legend of Atlantis (ancient Valyria), Byzantine Greek fire (\"wildfire\"), Icelandic sagas of the Viking Age (the Ironborn), the Mongol hordes (the Dothraki), the Hundred Years' War, and the Italian Renaissance. The series's popularity has been attributed, in part, to Martin's skill at fusing these elements into a seamless, credible version of alternate history.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Bombay" ], "sentence": "Having left the Hussars, he sailed from Bombay on 20 March 1899, determined to launch a career in politics." }, { "keywords": [ "chamomile", "tisanes", "tea", "rose", "Japanese honeysuckle", "jasmine", "chrysanthemum" ], "sentence": "Flowers such as chrysanthemum, rose, jasmine, Japanese honeysuckle, and chamomile, chosen for their fragrance and medicinal properties, are used as tisanes, either mixed with tea or on their own.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Treaty of Brest-Litovsk", "Russian SFSR", "Russian", "indemnity", "marks", "Russia", "German" ], "sentence": "Furthermore, he claimed, it was \"hardly a slap on the wrist\" when contrasted with the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk that Germany had imposed on a defeated Russian SFSR in March 1918, which had taken away a third of Russia's population (albeit mostly of non-Russian ethnicity), one-half of Russia's industrial undertakings and nine-tenths of Russia's coal mines, coupled with an indemnity of six billion marks." }, { "keywords": [ "apple pie", "fried chicken", "doughnuts", "french fries", "macaroni and cheese", "ice cream", "pizza", "hamburgers", "hot dogs" ], "sentence": "Characteristic American dishes such as apple pie, fried chicken, doughnuts, french fries, macaroni and cheese, ice cream, pizza, hamburgers, and hot dogs derive from the recipes of various immigrants." }, { "keywords": [ "European Defence Community", "Korea", "British Empire", "imperialism" ], "sentence": "He enjoyed a good relationship with Truman but difficulties arose over the planned European Defence Community (EDC), by which Truman hoped to reduce America's military presence in West Germany; Churchill was sceptical about the EDC. Churchill wanted US military support of British interests in Egypt and the Middle East, but that was refused. While Truman expected British military involvement in Korea, he viewed any US commitment to the Middle East as maintaining British imperialism. The Americans recognised that the British Empire was in terminal decline and had welcomed the Attlee government's policy of decolonisation. Churchill believed that Britain's position as a world power depended on the empire's continued existence.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Committee of Kosovo", "Serbia", "Albania", "Bulgaria" ], "sentence": "According to the Committee of Kosovo, 50,000 Albanians were killed by Bulgarian forces and around 200,000 Albanians were killed by Serbian and Montenegrin forces." }, { "keywords": [ "static", "Kerr solution", "stationary", "linear momentum", "angular momentum", "black hole uniqueness theorem", "ergosphere", "Schwarzschild solution", "time", "global geometry", "gravitation", "momentum", "geometry", "gravitational waves", "energy", "Einstein's equations", "black holes", "metric", "mass" ], "sentence": "Early studies of black holes relied on explicit solutions of Einstein's equations, notably the spherically symmetric Schwarzschild solution (used to describe a static black hole) and the axisymmetric Kerr solution (used to describe a rotating, stationary black hole, and introducing interesting features such as the ergosphere). Using global geometry, later studies have revealed more general properties of black holes. With time they become rather simple objects characterized by eleven parameters specifying: electric charge, mass\u2013energy, linear momentum, angular momentum, and location at a specified time. This is stated by the black hole uniqueness theorem: \"black holes have no hair\", that is, no distinguishing marks like the hairstyles of humans. Irrespective of the complexity of a gravitating object collapsing to form a black hole, the object that results (having emitted gravitational waves) is very simple.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "invaded", "Soviet Union", "Lend-Lease" ], "sentence": "When Germany invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt agreed to extend Lend-Lease to the Soviets." }, { "keywords": [ "European Neolithic", "Greece", "Balkans", "Anatolia", "Near East" ], "sentence": "The European Neolithic period\u2014marked by the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock, increased numbers of settlements and the widespread use of pottery\u2014began around 7000 BCE in Greece and the Balkans, probably influenced by earlier farming practices in Anatolia and the Near East." }, { "keywords": [ "radio telegraphy", "spark-gap transmitters", "German South West Africa", "Nauen transmitter station", "Kamina", "Lom\u00e9", "Togo", "radio station in Windhoek", "Africa" ], "sentence": "The introduction of radio telegraphy was a significant step in communication during World War\u00a0I. The stations utilised at that time were spark-gap transmitters. As an example, the information of the start of World War\u00a0I was transmitted to German South West Africa on 2\u00a0August 1914 via radio telegraphy from the Nauen transmitter station via a relay station in Kamina and Lom\u00e9 in Togo to the radio station in Windhoek.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Allies" ], "sentence": "The Axis were united in their far-right positions and general opposition to the Allies, but otherwise lacked comparable coordination and ideological cohesion." }, { "keywords": [ "reconnaissance", "contributed", "blimps" ], "sentence": "Thus, the reconnaissance value of blimps and balloons contributed to the development of air-to-air combat between all types of aircraft, and to the trench stalemate, because it was impossible to move large numbers of troops undetected." }, { "keywords": [ "ecoregions", "subtropical moist broadleaf forests", "Bonin Islands", "temperate broadleaf and mixed forests", "temperate coniferous forests", "brown bear", "Japanese macaque", "Japanese raccoon dog", "small Japanese field mouse", "Japanese giant salamander", "forests", "Japanese" ], "sentence": "Japan has nine forest ecoregions which reflect the climate and geography of the islands. They range from subtropical moist broadleaf forests in the Ry\u016bky\u016b and Bonin Islands, to temperate broadleaf and mixed forests in the mild climate regions of the main islands, to temperate coniferous forests in the cold, winter portions of the northern islands. Japan has over 90,000 species of wildlife as of 2019, including the brown bear, the Japanese macaque, the Japanese raccoon dog, the small Japanese field mouse, and the Japanese giant salamander.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "German Christian" ], "sentence": "In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an \"Aryan Jesus\" who fought against the Jews." }, { "keywords": [ "isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands", "breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands", "Japan", "United States", "Australia", "Rabaul", "New Zealand" ], "sentence": "Soon after, the United States, with support from Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Islander forces, began major ground, sea and air operations to isolate Rabaul by capturing surrounding islands, and breach the Japanese Central Pacific perimeter at the Gilbert and Marshall Islands." }, { "keywords": [ "South China Sea", "Java Sea", "Indian Ocean", "bombed the Allied naval base", "Darwin", "Japan", "Australia" ], "sentence": "Japanese forces also achieved naval victories in the South China Sea, Java Sea, and Indian Ocean, and bombed the Allied naval base at Darwin, Australia." }, { "keywords": [ "Philippine Commonwealth", "in the Philippines", "clearing Leyte", "the Philippines" ], "sentence": "In the Pacific theatre, American forces accompanied by the forces of the Philippine Commonwealth advanced in the Philippines, clearing Leyte by the end of April 1945." }, { "keywords": [ "Lochner era", "freedom of contract" ], "sentence": "The more conservative members of the court upheld the principles of the Lochner era, which saw numerous economic regulations struck down on the basis of freedom of contract." }, { "keywords": [ "Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker" ], "sentence": "Carl Friedrich von Weizs\u00e4cker said \"I think it's dreadful of the Americans to have done it." }, { "keywords": [ "Tripartite Pact", "French Indochina", "Italy" ], "sentence": "After Roosevelt announced a $100\u00a0million loan (equivalent to $2.1\u00a0billion in 2022) to China in reaction to Japan's occupation of northern French Indochina, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact with Germany and Italy." }, { "keywords": [ "Reichswehr", "officers" ], "sentence": "Non-commissioned officers (NCOs) were not limited by the treaty, thus this loophole was exploited and as such the number of NCOs were vastly in excess to the number needed by the Reichswehr." }, { "keywords": [ "Yalta Conference", "prisoners of war", "Little White House", "founding conference", "United Nations", "United States", "Warm Springs, Georgia" ], "sentence": "When Roosevelt returned to the United States from the Yalta Conference, many were shocked to see how old, thin and frail he looked. He spoke while seated in the well of the House, an unprecedented concession to his physical incapacity. During March 1945, he sent strongly worded messages to Stalin accusing him of breaking his Yalta commitments over Poland, Germany, prisoners of war and other issues. When Stalin accused the western Allies of plotting behind his back a separate peace with Hitler, Roosevelt replied: \"I cannot avoid a feeling of bitter resentment towards your informers, whoever they are, for such vile misrepresentations of my actions or those of my trusted subordinates.\" On March 29, 1945, Roosevelt went to the Little White House at Warm Springs, Georgia, to rest before his anticipated appearance at the founding conference of the United Nations.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "attack on Pearl Harbor", "Occident", "Henry L. Stimson", "Franklin D. Roosevelt", "the Occident" ], "sentence": "On 3 November, Nagano explained in detail the plan of the attack on Pearl Harbor to the Emperor. On 5 November Emperor Hirohito approved in imperial conference the operations plan for a war against the Occident and had many meetings with the military and T\u014dj\u014d until the end of the month. On 25 November Henry L. Stimson, United States Secretary of War, noted in his diary that he had discussed with US President Franklin D. Roosevelt the severe likelihood that Japan was about to launch a surprise attack and that the question had been \"how we should maneuver them [the Japanese] into the position of firing the first shot without allowing too much danger to ourselves.\"\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Cabinet" ], "sentence": "It was in his October 1917 letter to the attention of his Cabinet colleagues that he penned the plan of attack for the next year that would bring final victory to the Allies." }, { "keywords": [ "Agadir Crisis" ], "sentence": "During the Agadir Crisis of April 1911, when there was a threat of war between France and Germany, Churchill suggested an alliance with France and Russia to safeguard the independence of Belgium, Denmark and the Netherlands to counter possible German expansionism." }, { "keywords": [ "cinema of South Korea", "\u20a9", "South Korea", "cinema", "box office", "films", "theater" ], "sentence": "South Korean films enjoyed a \"Golden age\" during the late 1950s, and 1960s. By 2005 South Korea had become one of few nations to watch more domestic than imported films in theaters due largely to laws placing limits on the number of foreign films able to be shown per theater per year. In the theaters, Korean films must be played for 73 days per year since 2006. On cable TV 25% domestic film quota will be reduced to 20% after KOR-US FTA.\nThe cinema of South Korea had a total box office gross in the country in 2015 of \u20a9884\u00a0billion and had 113,000,000 admissions, 52% of the total admissions.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Yamaguchi", "Hiroshima" ], "sentence": "Yoshie Oka, a Hijiyama Girls High School student who had been mobilized to serve as a communications officer, had just sent a message that the alarm had been issued for Hiroshima and neighboring Yamaguchi, when the bomb exploded." }, { "keywords": [ "multilayer perceptron", "stochastic gradient descent", "Shun'ichi Amari", "internal representations", "stochastic gradient descent", "training", "perceptrons" ], "sentence": "The first deep learning multilayer perceptron trained by stochastic gradient descent was published in 1967 by Shun'ichi Amari. In computer experiments conducted by Amari's student Saito, a five layer MLP with two modifiable layers learned internal representations to classify non-linearily separable pattern classes. In 1987 Matthew Brand reported that wide 12-layer nonlinear perceptrons could be fully end-to-end trained to reproduce logic functions of nontrivial circuit depth via gradient descent on small batches of random input/output samples, but concluded that training time on contemporary hardware (sub-megaflop computers) made the technique impractical, and proposed using fixed random early layers as an input hash for a single modifiable layer. Instead, subsequent developments in hardware and hyperparameter tunings have made end-to-end stochastic gradient descent the currently dominant training technique.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "A Mathematician's Apology", "aesthetic", "pure mathematics", "G." ], "sentence": "G. H. Hardy in A Mathematician's Apology expressed the belief that the aesthetic considerations are, in themselves, sufficient to justify the study of pure mathematics." }, { "keywords": [ "Byzantine Empire" ], "sentence": "During most of its existence, the Byzantine Empire was the most powerful economic, cultural and military force in Europe." }, { "keywords": [ "deficit spending" ], "sentence": "The deficit spending proved to be most profound and went into the purchase of munitions for the armed forces." }, { "keywords": [ "Vardar offensive", "Dobro Pole", "Dojran Lake", "Battle of Dobro Pole", "Skopje", "Bulgaria", "Serbia", "Allies", "offensive" ], "sentence": "Allied forces started the Vardar offensive on 15 September at two key points: Dobro Pole and near Dojran Lake. In the Battle of Dobro Pole, the Serbian and French armies had success after a three day long battle with relatively small casualties, and subsequently made a breakthrough in the front, something which was rarely seen in World War I. After the front was broken, Allied forces started to liberate Serbia and reached Skopje at 29 September, after which Bulgaria signed an armistice with the Allies on 30 September.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Japanese invasion of China", "Nazi Germany", "Soviet Union", "World War II", "World War I" ], "sentence": "With World War II looming after 1938 in addition to the Japanese invasion of China and the aggression of Nazi Germany, Roosevelt gave strong diplomatic and financial support to China as well as the United Kingdom and the Soviet Union while the U.S. remained officially neutral." }, { "keywords": [ "Russian", "romanized", "[r\u0250\u02c8s\u02b2ij\u0259]", "Eastern Europe", "Northern Asia", "largest country in the world by area", "eleven time zones", "land boundaries with fourteen countries", "world's ninth-most populous country", "Europe's most populous country", "largest city", "Moscow", "Saint Petersburg", "Novosibirsk", "Yekaterinburg", "Nizhny Novgorod", "Chelyabinsk", "Krasnoyarsk", "Kazan" ], "sentence": "Russia (Russian: \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u044f, romanized:\u00a0Rossiya, [r\u0250\u02c8s\u02b2ij\u0259]), or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. It is the largest country in the world by area, extends across eleven time zones, and shares land boundaries with fourteen countries. It is the world's ninth-most populous country and Europe's most populous country. The country's capital and largest city is Moscow. Saint Petersburg is Russia's cultural centre and second-largest city. Other major urban areas in the country include Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Nizhny Novgorod, Chelyabinsk, Krasnoyarsk, and Kazan.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "deflation", "credit crunch", "aggregate demand" ], "sentence": "A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption, which results in declining aggregate demand and additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral." }, { "keywords": [ "Pan-Slavist", "cosmopolitanism", "Jews" ], "sentence": "The government increasingly promoted Pan-Slavist sentiment, while encouraging increased criticism of cosmopolitanism, particularly the idea of \"rootless cosmopolitanism\", an approach with particular repercussions for Soviet Jews." }, { "keywords": [ "World War II", "World War I", "mobilization" ], "sentence": "The American mobilization for World War II at the end of 1941 moved approximately ten million people out of the civilian labor force and into the war.\nThis finally eliminated the last effects from the Great Depression and brought the U.S. unemployment rate down below 10%.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Cartesian", "coordinates" ], "sentence": "In this approach, a point on a plane is represented by its Cartesian (x, y) coordinates, a line is represented by its equation, and so on.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "E", "Allies", "Europe" ], "sentence": "In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics." }, { "keywords": [ "ethnic Georgian", "Gori", "Russian Empire", "Russian Orthodox", "Russian Social Democratic Labour Party", "Vladimir Lenin", "Bolshevik", "extortion", "Pravda", "Siberia", "October Revolution", "one-party state", "Politburo", "Russian Civil War", "Polish\u2013Soviet War", "Soviet Union's establishment", "bureaucracy", "his death", "ruling triumvirate", "Lev Kamenev", "Grigory Zinoviev", "socialism in one country", "party's ideology", "Leon Trotsky", "New Economic Policy", "first five-year plan", "rapid industrialisation", "command economy", "agricultural collectivisation", "dekulakisation", "a famine in 1930\u20131933", "Great Purge", "Gulag", "forced labour camps", "Old Bolsheviks", "Red Army", "Soviet Union" ], "sentence": "Born to a poor ethnic Georgian family in Gori in the Russian Empire (now Georgia), Stalin initially trained to become a Russian Orthodox priest before abandoning his studies in 1899 and joining the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He raised funds for Vladimir Lenin's Bolshevik faction via robberies, ransom kidnappings, and extortion, and edited its newspaper, Pravda. Repeatedly arrested, he underwent several internal exiles to Siberia. After the Bolsheviks seized power in the October Revolution of 1917 and created a one-party state under the renamed Communist Party, Stalin joined its governing Politburo. He served in the Russian Civil War and the Polish\u2013Soviet War before overseeing the Soviet Union's establishment in 1922 as general secretary, a position which he used to appoint loyalists from the party's growing bureaucracy. During Lenin's illness and after his death in 1924, Stalin formed a ruling triumvirate with Lev Kamenev and Grigory Zinoviev, which broke apart in 1925. Under Stalin, \"socialism in one country\" became central to the party's ideology, and his rivals (including Leon Trotsky) were expelled or capitulated. In 1928, Stalin broke with the New Economic Policy and launched the first five-year plan, which saw rapid industrialisation and created a highly-centralised command economy. Forced agricultural collectivisation and dekulakisation contributed to severe disruptions in grain production and a famine in 1930\u20131933 which killed millions. In 1936\u20131938, Stalin orchestrated the Great Purge, in which more than a million were imprisoned, largely in the Gulag system of forced labour camps, and at least 700,000 executed, including many Old Bolsheviks and Red Army officers.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "its colonies" ], "sentence": "The war cost Japan its colonies and millions of lives." }, { "keywords": [ "spacetime", "gravitation", "space" ], "sentence": "According to it, the observed gravitational attraction between masses results from the warping of spacetime by those masses." }, { "keywords": [ "Culinary Institute of America", "Katharine Angell", "Frances Roth", "France" ], "sentence": "In 1946, the Culinary Institute of America was founded by Katharine Angell and Frances Roth." }, { "keywords": [ "deflation" ], "sentence": "Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation, industrial production bottomed out in March 1933, and investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933." }, { "keywords": [ "Mount Einstein", "Chugach Mountains", "Alaska" ], "sentence": "Mount Einstein in the Chugach Mountains of Alaska was named in 1955." }, { "keywords": [ "division by zero", "motion", "ancient Greek", "Zeno of Elea", "paradoxes", "limit", "infinite series", "area", "infinite" ], "sentence": "Calculus is also used to gain a more precise understanding of the nature of space, time, and motion. For centuries, mathematicians and philosophers wrestled with paradoxes involving division by zero or sums of infinitely many numbers. These questions arise in the study of motion and area. The ancient Greek philosopher Zeno of Elea gave several famous examples of such paradoxes. Calculus provides tools, especially the limit and the infinite series, that resolve the paradoxes.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "urban areas" ], "sentence": "About 82% of Americans live in urban areas, including suburbs; about half of those reside in cities with populations over 50000." }, { "keywords": [ "He Zizhen", "zh" ], "sentence": "In 1928, Mao met and married He Zizhen, an 18-year-old revolutionary who would bear him six children.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Czech", "Czechs" ], "sentence": "Czech literature and culture played a role on at least two occasions when Czechs lived under oppression and political activity was suppressed. On both of these occasions, in the early 19th century and then again in the 1960s, the Czechs used their cultural and literary effort to strive for political freedom, establishing a confident, politically aware nation.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "V\u00e1clav Havel", "V\u00e1clav Klaus", "2003 election" ], "sentence": "In 1993, the Republic's first president, V\u00e1clav Havel, had little difficulty achieving victory on the first round of the first ballot, but his re-election bid proved bumpier. In 1998, he was elected with a cumulative seven-vote margin on the second round of the first ballot. By contrast, his successor, V\u00e1clav Klaus, has required the full measure of the process. He narrowly won election on the third ballot at the 2003 election and on the sixth (second attempt, third ballot) in 2008. Both his elections were won in the third round. His biggest margin of victory was two votes.\n" }, { "keywords": [ "Manhattan Project", "Major General", "General" ], "sentence": "This work was consolidated within the newly-created Manhattan Engineer District, which became better known as the Manhattan Project, eventually under the direction of Major General