CVE-2023-52489
In the Linux kernel, the following vulnerability has been resolved:

mm/sparsemem: fix race in accessing memory_section->usage

The below race is observed on a PFN which falls into the device memory
region with the system memory configuration where PFN's are such that
[ZONE_NORMAL ZONE_DEVICE ZONE_NORMAL].  Since normal zone start and end
pfn contains the device memory PFN's as well, the compaction triggered
will try on the device memory PFN's too though they end up in NOP(because
pfn_to_online_page() returns NULL for ZONE_DEVICE memory sections).  When
from other core, the section mappings are being removed for the
ZONE_DEVICE region, that the PFN in question belongs to, on which
compaction is currently being operated is resulting into the kernel crash
with CONFIG_SPASEMEM_VMEMAP enabled.  The crash logs can be seen at [1].

compact_zone()			memunmap_pages
-------------			---------------
__pageblock_pfn_to_page
   ......
 (a)pfn_valid():
     valid_section()//return true
			      (b)__remove_pages()->
				  sparse_remove_section()->
				    section_deactivate():
				    [Free the array ms->usage and set
				     ms->usage = NULL]
     pfn_section_valid()
     [Access ms->usage which
     is NULL]

NOTE: From the above it can be said that the race is reduced to between
the pfn_valid()/pfn_section_valid() and the section deactivate with
SPASEMEM_VMEMAP enabled.

The commit b943f045a9af("mm/sparse: fix kernel crash with
pfn_section_valid check") tried to address the same problem by clearing
the SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP with the expectation of valid_section() returns
false thus ms->usage is not accessed.

Fix this issue by the below steps:

a) Clear SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP before freeing the ->usage.

b) RCU protected read side critical section will either return NULL
   when SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP is cleared or can successfully access ->usage.

c) Free the ->usage with kfree_rcu() and set ms->usage = NULL.  No
   attempt will be made to access ->usage after this as the
   SECTION_HAS_MEM_MAP is cleared thus valid_section() return false.

Thanks to David/Pavan for their inputs on this patch.

[1] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-mm/994410bb-89aa-d987-1f50-f514903c55aa@quicinc.com/

On Snapdragon SoC, with the mentioned memory configuration of PFN's as
[ZONE_NORMAL ZONE_DEVICE ZONE_NORMAL], we are able to see bunch of
issues daily while testing on a device farm.

For this particular issue below is the log.  Though the below log is
not directly pointing to the pfn_section_valid(){ ms->usage;}, when we
loaded this dump on T32 lauterbach tool, it is pointing.

[  540.578056] Unable to handle kernel NULL pointer dereference at
virtual address 0000000000000000
[  540.578068] Mem abort info:
[  540.578070]   ESR = 0x0000000096000005
[  540.578073]   EC = 0x25: DABT (current EL), IL = 32 bits
[  540.578077]   SET = 0, FnV = 0
[  540.578080]   EA = 0, S1PTW = 0
[  540.578082]   FSC = 0x05: level 1 translation fault
[  540.578085] Data abort info:
[  540.578086]   ISV = 0, ISS = 0x00000005
[  540.578088]   CM = 0, WnR = 0
[  540.579431] pstate: 82400005 (Nzcv daif +PAN -UAO +TCO -DIT -SSBSBTYPE=--)
[  540.579436] pc : __pageblock_pfn_to_page+0x6c/0x14c
[  540.579454] lr : compact_zone+0x994/0x1058
[  540.579460] sp : ffffffc03579b510
[  540.579463] x29: ffffffc03579b510 x28: 0000000000235800 x27:000000000000000c
[  540.579470] x26: 0000000000235c00 x25: 0000000000000068 x24:ffffffc03579b640
[  540.579477] x23: 0000000000000001 x22: ffffffc03579b660 x21:0000000000000000
[  540.579483] x20: 0000000000235bff x19: ffffffdebf7e3940 x18:ffffffdebf66d140
[  540.579489] x17: 00000000739ba063 x16: 00000000739ba063 x15:00000000009f4bff
[  540.579495] x14: 0000008000000000 x13: 0000000000000000 x12:0000000000000001
[  540.579501] x11: 0000000000000000 x10: 0000000000000000 x9 :ffffff897d2cd440
[  540.579507] x8 : 0000000000000000 x7 : 0000000000000000 x6 :ffffffc03579b5b4
[  540.579512] x5 : 0000000000027f25 x4 : ffffffc03579b5b8 x3 :0000000000000
---truncated---
CVSS v3.1 Score: 4.7 (MEDIUM)
CVSS v3.1 Vector: CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H
Affected Products: linux_kernel, debian_linux
Related CWEs: CWE-362
Related CAPECs: CAPEC-29, CAPEC-26
References: https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/3a01daace71b521563c38bbbf874e14c3e58adb7, https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/5ec8e8ea8b7783fab150cf86404fc38cb4db8800, https://git.kernel.org/stable/c/68ed9e33324021e9d6b798e9db00ca3093d2012a
CWE: CWE-362