Transesophageal echocardiography in myocardial revascularization: II. Influence on intraoperative decision making
This study was conducted to determine how transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) guides intraoperative decision making during myocardial revascularization. Although its usefulness in influencing clinical decision making during cardiac valvular surgery is well documented, the clinical utility of TEE in patients undergoing myocardial revascularization is less clear. We studied the performance of five community-based, full-time cardiac anesthesiologists during 75 surgical procedures. All patients were monitored with radial artery and pulmonary artery catheters as well as biplane TEE. Immediately after each clinical intervention, the anesthesiologist was asked to determine how real-time TEE influenced the therapy, which single monitor was most influential, and why each therapy was initiated. Of the 584 interventions, TEE was the single most important guiding factor in 98 instances (17%). Interventions involving fluid administration contributed to 277 of 584 (47%) of the total clinical decisions. TEE was the most important monitor influencing fluid administration in 82 of 277 instances (30%), versus the pulmonary artery catheter in 20 of 277 instances (7%). TEE was the single most important monitor in guiding other therapies as follows: antiischemic therapy, 8 of 38 = 21%; vasopressor or inotrope administration, 4 of 115 = 3%; vasodilator therapy, 1 of 38 = 3%; antiarrhythmic medications, 0 of 16 = 0%; and depth of anesthesia, 1 of 72 = 1%. In 2 of 75 patients (3%), critical surgical interventions were made solely on the basis of TEE. Also, TEE was found to act in concert with other monitors in 254 of 584 interventions (43%). TEE is often influential in guiding decision making in myocardial revascularization when incorporated as a routine monitor in the intraoperative setting. Information from TEE has been most commonly used to guide the management of fluid administration and institution of antiischemic therapy. In a small subset of patients, TEE appears to be useful in guiding critical surgical interventions.