Closed circuit anaesthesia: A new approach
A logical development of the closed circuit is described, from a basic resuscitation device, through various modifications, to a circle system incorporating an oxygen demand valve, adsorbers for both carbon dioxide and halothane, and some specific safety features. The behaviour of the circuits has been investigated in relation to elimination of nitrogen, concentrations of halothane and circuit leaks. © 1977 Copyright: Macmillan Journals Ltd.