Druvith/medqa1 huggingface dataset:
Question:  What is (are) Lymphomatoid papulosis ?
Answer: Lymphomatoid papulosis is a skin disorder that is characterized by crops of self healing skin lesions that look cancerous under the microscope but are actually benign (non-cancerous). Lesions contain unusual cells that are similar to those found in some lymphomas (cancers of the lymphatic system).
Question:  What are the symptoms of Lymphomatoid papulosis ?
Answer: What are the early signs of lymphomatoid papulosis? Patients may present with multiple skin papules (raised bumps) that can occur anywhere on the body but most often on the chest, stomach, back, arms, and legs. The papules appear in crops and may be mildly itchy. They may develop into blood or pus-filled blisters that break and form a crusty sore before healing completely. Lesions tend to spontaneously heal with or without scarring within 2-8 weeks of appearing.
Question:  What causes Lymphomatoid papulosis ?
Answer: What causes lymphomatoid papulosis? The cause of lymphomatoid papulosis is unknown, but it is associated with a proliferation of atypical T-cells. T-cells are specific white blood cells involved in immune responses.
Question:  What are the treatments for Lymphomatoid papulosis ?
Answer: How might lymphomatoid papulosis be treated? Localized mildly itchy skin lesions may be treated with mid- to high-potency topical steroids to hasten healing, or with more aggressive topical therapies (e.g.,phototherapy) to suppress the disease and the possibility of progression to lymphoma. Low-dose weekly methotrexate has been used to suppress the condition with some success, however the treatment effects are not lasting. Oral psoralen plus UVA phototherapy may also effectively treat and suppresses the disease. A few reports have found that following treatments may also help with disease suppression: Topical carmustine Topical nitrogen mustard Topical MTX Topical imiquimod cream Intralesional interferon Low-dose cyclophosphamide Chlorambucil Medium-dose UVA-1 therapy Excimer laser therapy Dapsone
Question:  What is (are) Senior Loken Syndrome ?
Answer: Senior Loken syndrome is a rare disorder characterized by the combination of two specific features: a kidney condition called nephronophthisis and an eye condition known as Leber congenital amaurosis. It can be caused by mutations in one of at least six genes. The proteins produced from these genes are known or suspected to play roles in cell structures called cilia. These microscopic, finger-like projections stick out on the surface of cells and are involved in signaling pathways that transmit information between cells. Cilia are important for the structure and function of many types of cells, including certain cells in the kidneys. They are also necessary for the perception of sensory input (such as vision, hearing, and smell). Senior Loken syndrome is inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Senior Loken Syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Senior Loken Syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Senior Loken Syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of retinal pigmentation 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Hypertension 90% Multicystic kidney dysplasia 90% Polycystic kidney dysplasia 90% Short stature 90% Visual impairment 90% Abnormality of the renal tubule 50% Abnormality of bone mineral density 7.5% Cataract 7.5% Cone-shaped epiphysis 7.5% Congenital hepatic fibrosis 7.5% Incoordination 7.5% Anemia - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Heterogeneous - Nephronophthisis - Polydipsia - Polyuria - Stage 5 chronic kidney disease - Tapetoretinal degeneration - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Lymphocytic colitis ?
Answer: Lymphocytic colitis is form of microscopic colitis, a condition that is characterized by inflammation of the colon (large intestines). As the name suggests, microscopic colitis can only be diagnosed by examining a small sample of colon tissue under a microscope. In lymphocytic colitis, specifically, the tissues and lining of the colon are of normal thickness, but an increase in the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) is observed. Signs and symptoms of the condition may include chronic, watery diarrhea; abdominal pain, cramping, and bloating; weight loss; nausea; dehydration; and/or fecal incontinence. The underlying cause of lymphocytic colitis is currently unknown; however, scientists suspect that autoimmune conditions, medications, infections, genetic factors, and/or bile acid malabsorption may contribute to the development of the condition. Treatment is based on the signs and symptoms present in each person and may include certain medications, dietary modifications, and in rare cases, surgery.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Neurofaciodigitorenal syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Neurofaciodigitorenal syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Neurofaciodigitorenal syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the antitragus 90% Abnormality of the metacarpal bones 90% Abnormality of the tragus 90% Atresia of the external auditory canal 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Frontal bossing 90% Intrauterine growth retardation 90% Large earlobe 90% Low-set, posteriorly rotated ears 90% Malar flattening 90% Midline defect of the nose 90% Muscular hypotonia 90% Prominent nasal bridge 90% Short stature 90% Triphalangeal thumb 90% Abnormality of the distal phalanx of finger 50% Abnormality of the elbow 50% Abnormality of the philtrum 50% Corneal dystrophy 50% Cryptorchidism 50% Epicanthus 50% Hypertelorism 50% Mandibular prognathia 50% Pectus excavatum 50% Plagiocephaly 50% Ptosis 50% Renal hypoplasia/aplasia 50% Abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Bifid nose - EEG abnormality - Intellectual disability - Prominent forehead - Unilateral renal agenesis - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Congenital myasthenic syndrome associated with acetylcholine receptor deficiency. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of the immune system - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Decreased fetal movement - Decreased muscle mass - Decreased size of nerve terminals - Dental malocclusion - Dysarthria - Dysphagia - Easy fatigability - EMG: decremental response of compound muscle action potential to repetitive nerve stimulation - Facial palsy - Feeding difficulties - Gowers sign - High palate - Infantile onset - Long face - Mandibular prognathia - Motor delay - Muscle cramps - Muscular hypotonia - Nonprogressive - Ophthalmoparesis - Ptosis - Respiratory insufficiency due to muscle weakness - Skeletal muscle atrophy - Strabismus - Type 2 muscle fiber atrophy - Variable expressivity - Weak cry - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome ?
Answer: Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome is a disease in which the activity of smooth muscle throughout the body is impaired. This leads to widespread problems including blood vessel abnormalities, a decreased response of the pupils to light, a weak bladder, and weakened contractions of the muscles used for the digestion of food (hypoperistalsis). A certain  mutation in the ACTA2 gene has been shown to cause this condition in some individuals.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome? Symptoms for people with multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome can include the following : Congenital mydriasis (fixed dilated pupils) Patent Ductus Arteriosus Vascular problems including aneurysms Gastrintestinal problems Weak bladder Lung disease White matter abnormalities Changes consistent with MoyaMoya disease The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Multisystemic smooth muscle dysfunction syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal dominant inheritance - Cerebral aneurysm - Cryptorchidism - Hyperperistalsis - Intestinal malrotation - Mydriasis - Patent ductus arteriosus - Pulmonary hypertension - Retinal infarction - Tachypnea - Thoracic aortic aneurysm - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Gangliocytoma ?
Answer: Gangliocytoma is a rare type of central nervous system (CNS) tumor made up of mature neurons. Gangliocytomas may occur in all age groups but most often occur in people between the ages of 10 and 30. The most common site is the temporal lobe of the brain, but they can arise anywhere in the CNS including the cerebellum, brainstem, floor of the third ventricle, and spinal cord. They are among the most frequent tumors associated with epilepsy. Signs and symptoms may depend on the tumor's location and may include seizures (most commonly); increased brain pressure; endocrine disorders; and focal symptoms. Gangliocytomas are generally slow-growing and usually do not become malignant. Treatment involves surgical removal of the tumor. Click here to view a separate page about dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum (also called Lhermitte-Duclose disease).
Question:  What are the symptoms of Gangliocytoma ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of gangliocytomas? Signs and symptoms caused by the presence of a gangliocytoma can vary depending on the tumor's location. Seizures are the most common symptom. Other symptoms may include increased brain pressure, endocrine disorders, and focal symptoms. Gangliocytomas can also be asymptomatic (cause no symptoms) and may be diagnosed incidentally on imaging studies.
Question:  What is (are) Kimura disease ?
Answer: Kimura disease is a rare, benign, chronic disorder that causes inflammation of tissue (nodules) under the skin of the head or neck.  These nodules tend to recur despite treatment. The cause of this condition is unknown, but may be due to an immune response.
Question:  What are the treatments for Kimura disease ?
Answer: How might Kimura disease be treated? For individuals with symptoms caused by Kimura disease, surgery to remove the nodules is the treatment of choice; however, the nodules often reappear after surgery. Steroids (such as prednisone), taken by mouth or via an injection in the skin, can shrink the nodules but rarely result in a cure. Other, less common, treatments include oral pentoxifylline, medication that supresses the immune system (such as cyclosporine), radiotherapy, and a combination of all trans-retinoic acid and prednisone. It is important to consult with your healthcare provider before taking any medication.
Question:  What is (are) Dermatitis herpetiformis ?
Answer: Dermatitis herpetiformis is a rare, chronic, skin disorder characterized by groups of severely itchy blisters and raised skin lesions. These are more common on the knees, elbows, buttocks and shoulder blades. The slow onset of symptoms usually begins during adulthood, but children can also be affected. Other symptoms may include fluid-filled sores; red lesions that resemble hives; and itchiness, redness and burning. The exact cause of this disease is not known, but it is frequently associated with the inability to digest gluten. People with this disease are typically treated with the drug dapsone.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Dermatitis herpetiformis ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Dermatitis herpetiformis ? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Dermatitis herpetiformis . If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal blistering of the skin 90% Autoimmunity 90% Hypermelanotic macule 90% Malabsorption 90% Microcytic anemia 90% Pruritus 90% Recurrent fractures 90% Urticaria 90% Eczema 50% Bone pain 7.5% Edema 7.5% Lichenification 7.5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What are the treatments for Dermatitis herpetiformis ?
Answer: How might dermatitis herpetiformis be treated? The antibiotic dapsone is extremely effective in treating this condition. Symptomatic improvement may occur in as little as several hours after the first dose. However, dapsone may cause serious side effects and requires regular monitoring by a physician. When this medication is used to relieve the symptoms of dermatitis herpetiformis, it should be taken in the smallest effective dose and for the shortest period possible. In some cases, immunosuppressive medications may be used. These medications do not appear to be as effective. A strict gluten-free diet is also recommended to help control the disease. Following this diet may eliminate the need for medications and prevent later complications.
Question:  What is (are) Baller-Gerold syndrome ?
Answer: Baller-Gerold syndrome is a rare condition characterized by the premature fusion of certain skull bones (craniosynostosis) and abnormalities of bones in the arms and hands, sometimes referred to as radial ray anomalies. Many cases of Baller-Gerold syndrome are caused by mutations in the RECQL4 gene. These cases are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. In a few reported cases, the characteristic features of Baller-Gerold syndrome have been associated with prenatal exposure to a drug called sodium valproate which is used to treat epilepsy and certain psychiatric disorders.  Treatment may include surgery for treatment of craniosynostosis or reconstruction of the index finger to functional thumb. The symptoms of Baller-Gerold syndrome overlap with features of Rothmund-Thomson syndrome and RAPADILINO syndrome which are also caused by the RECQL4 gene. Researchers are trying to determine if these conditions are separate disorders or part of a single syndrome with overlapping signs and symptoms.
Question:  What is (are) 22q11.2 duplication syndrome ?
Answer: 22q11.2 duplication syndrome is a condition caused by an extra copy of a small piece of chromosome 22 which contains about 30 to 40 genes. The features of this condition vary widely, even among members of the same family (intrafamilial variability). Affected individuals may have intellectual or learning disability, developmental delay, slow growth leading to short stature, and weak muscle tone (hypotonia). Many people with the condition have no apparent physical or intellectual disabilities. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner, with about 70% genes of affected individuals inheriting the condition from a parent. In other cases it occurs as a de novo mutation (new genetic change) in an individual; however, individuals with a de novo mutation can can pass the duplication to their children. Researchers are working to determine which duplicated genes may contribute to the developmental delay and other problems that sometimes affect people with this condition. Duplication is not detectable by karyotype and most of the people with 22q11.2 duplication syndrome are identified by a special technique known as chromosomal microarray. Treatment depends on the symptoms and includes an individualized educational program. Read more out chromosome 22.
Question:  What are the symptoms of 22q11.2 duplication syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of 22q11.2 duplication syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for 22q11.2 duplication syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormality of chromosome segregation 90% Abnormal nasal morphology 50% Abnormality of the pharynx 50% Abnormality of the voice 50% Cleft palate 50% Cognitive impairment 50% Epicanthus 50% High forehead 50% Hypertelorism 50% Malar flattening 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Narrow face 50% Neurological speech impairment 50% Abnormality of immune system physiology 7.5% Abnormality of the aorta 7.5% Abnormality of the philtrum 7.5% Abnormality of the upper urinary tract 7.5% Anterior creases of earlobe 7.5% Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the thymus 7.5% Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 7.5% Autism 7.5% Displacement of the external urethral meatus 7.5% Hearing impairment 7.5% Hypoplastic left heart 7.5% Microcephaly 7.5% Obsessive-compulsive behavior 7.5% Ptosis 7.5% Scoliosis 7.5% Seizures 7.5% Stereotypic behavior 7.5% Tetralogy of Fallot 7.5% Transposition of the great arteries 7.5% Ventricular septal defect 7.5% Abnormality of cardiovascular system morphology - Abnormality of the pinna - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Delayed speech and language development - Depressed nasal ridge - Growth delay - High palate - Intellectual disability - Low-set ears - Nasal speech - Specific learning disability - Sporadic - Velopharyngeal insufficiency - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.