Druvith/medqa1 huggingface dataset:
Question:  What are the symptoms of Mental retardation x-linked with cerebellar hypoplasia and distinctive facial appearance ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Mental retardation x-linked with cerebellar hypoplasia and distinctive facial appearance? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Mental retardation x-linked with cerebellar hypoplasia and distinctive facial appearance. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Aplasia/Hypoplasia of the cerebellum 90% Cognitive impairment 90% Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder 50% Autism 50% Muscular hypotonia 50% Neurological speech impairment 50% Seizures 50% Strabismus 50% Abnormality of the mouth 7.5% Cerebral cortical atrophy 7.5% Cryptorchidism 7.5% Deeply set eye 7.5% Frontal bossing 7.5% Incoordination 7.5% Long face 7.5% Macrotia 7.5% Ventriculomegaly 7.5% Cerebellar hypoplasia - Delayed speech and language development - Disorganization of the anterior cerebellar vermis - Enlarged cisterna magna - Gait ataxia - Hyperactivity - Hypotelorism - Infantile onset - Intellectual disability - Long nose - Macrocephaly - Mandibular prognathia - Micropenis - Microphallus - Nystagmus - Prominent forehead - Prominent supraorbital ridges - Retrocerebellar cyst - Scrotal hypoplasia - Short philtrum - Spasticity - X-linked recessive inheritance - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What are the symptoms of GOSR2-related progressive myoclonus ataxia ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of GOSR2-related progressive myoclonus ataxia? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for GOSR2-related progressive myoclonus ataxia. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Absence seizures - Areflexia - Ataxia - Atonic seizures - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Difficulty walking - Dysarthria - Elevated serum creatine phosphokinase - Myoclonus - Progressive - Scoliosis - Tremor - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Macrothrombocytopenia progressive deafness ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Macrothrombocytopenia progressive deafness? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Macrothrombocytopenia progressive deafness. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal bleeding - Abnormality of the eye - Abnormality of the urinary system - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Bruising susceptibility - Giant platelets - Progressive sensorineural hearing impairment - Prolonged bleeding time - Thrombocytopenia - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Kaposi sarcoma ?
Answer: Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a cancer that develops from the cells that line lymph or blood vessels. It usually appears as tumors on the skin or on mucosal surfaces such as inside the mouth, but tumors can also develop in other parts of the body (including the lymph nodes, lungs, or digestive tract). The abnormal cells of Kaposi sarcoma cause purplish, reddish blue, or dark brown/black skin lesions (macules, nodules, plaques) on the legs and the face. These lesions may look bad, but they usually cause no symptoms. However, when the lesions are in the lungs, liver, or digestive tract, they may cause serious problems like gastrointestinal bleeding or trouble breathing. Kaposi sarcoma is caused by infection with a virus called the Kaposi sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). Kaposi sarcoma is classified into four types based upon the different populations in which it develops: classic (which presents in middle or old age), endemic (described in sub-Saharan indigenous Africans), iatrogenic (associated with immunosuppressive drug therapy) and AIDS-associated (epidemic KS). Options for treatment may include local therapy, radiation therapy, chemotherapy and biologic therapy (immunotherapy). The main aim is to restore immunity.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Kaposi sarcoma. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Hepatomegaly 90% Splenomegaly 90% Abdominal pain 50% Chest pain 50% Abnormal blistering of the skin 7.5% Abnormal immunoglobulin level 7.5% Abnormality of temperature regulation 7.5% Abnormality of the pleura 7.5% Anemia 7.5% Arthritis 7.5% Ascites 7.5% Diabetes mellitus 7.5% Erectile abnormalities 7.5% Generalized hyperpigmentation 7.5% Glomerulopathy 7.5% Gynecomastia 7.5% Hypertrichosis 7.5% Hypothyroidism 7.5% Lymphadenopathy 7.5% Lymphedema 7.5% Peripheral neuropathy 7.5% Proteinuria 7.5% Renal insufficiency 7.5% Secondary amenorrhea 7.5% Skin rash 7.5% Subcutaneous hemorrhage 7.5% Tapered finger 7.5% Thrombocytopenia 7.5% Weight loss 7.5% Autosomal dominant inheritance - Edema - Hypermelanotic macule - Neoplasm - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 16 ?
Answer: Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 16, also know as infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, is characterized by decreased levels of mitochondrial complexes. The symptoms and signs described include an enlarged heart muscle (hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) and fatty liver (hepatic steatosis), as well as eye problems, headache, paralysis of one side of the body, Leigh-like lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), kidney insufficiency and neurological disease. It is caused by mutations in the MRPL44 gene, which results in mitochondrial dysfunction. The cases described seem to be inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern. Treatment is supportive.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 16 ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 16? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Combined oxidative phosphorylation deficiency 16. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Autosomal recessive inheritance - Elevated hepatic transaminases - Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - Increased serum lactate - Infantile onset - Microvesicular hepatic steatosis - Variable expressivity - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome ?
Answer: Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is a disorder of the neuromuscular junction. The neuromuscular junction is the site where nerve cells meet muscle cells and help activate the muscles. This syndrome occurs when antibodies interfere with electrical impulses between the nerve and muscle cells. It may be associated with other autoimmune diseases, or more commonly coincide with or precede a diagnosis of cancer such as small cell lung cancer. Symptoms may include muscle weakness, a tingling sensation in the affected areas, fatigue, and dry mouth. Treatment of a underlying disorder or cancer is the first priority of treatment.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome ?
Answer: What are the symptoms of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome? Signs and symptoms of Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome may include: Weakness or loss of movement that varies in severity: Difficulty climbing stairs Difficulty lifting objects Need to use hands to arise from sitting or lying positions Difficulty talking Difficulty chewing Drooping head Swallowing difficulty, gagging, or choking Vision changes: Blurry vision Double vision Difficulty maintaining a steady gaze Other symptoms may include blood pressure changes, dizziness upon rising, and dry mouth
Question:  What causes Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome ?
Answer: What causes Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome? Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome is the result of an autoimmune process which causes a disruption of electrical impulses between nerve cells and muscle fibers. In cases where Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome appears in association with cancer, the cause may be that the bodys attempt to fight the cancer inadvertently causes it to attack nerve fiber endings, especially the voltage-gated calcium channels found there. The trigger for the cases not associated with cancer is unknown.
Question:  What are the treatments for Lambert Eaton myasthenic syndrome ?
Answer: How might Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome be treated? Medications and therapies used to treat Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome may include anticholinesterase agents (e.g., Pyridostigmine), guanidine hydrochloride, plasmapheresis (where blood plasma is removed and replaced with fluid, protein, or donated plasma) or IV immunoglobulins, steroids (e.g., prednisone), azathioprine or cyclosporine, and/or 3,4-diaminopyridine. 3,4-diaminopyridine is available in Europe and may be available in the U.S. on a compassionate use basis. While there has been some evidence that either 3,4-diaminopyridine or IV immunoglobulin can improve muscle strength and nerve to muscle cell communication, the degree of benefit (i.e., how much symptoms are improved) still needs to be determined.
Question:  What is (are) Pachydermoperiostosis ?
Answer: Pachydermoperiostosis is a rare disorder characterized by clubbing of the fingers and toes; thickening of the skin of the face (pachyderma); excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis); and new bone formation associated with joint pain. Other features may include congenital heart disease and delayed closure of fontanelles. This condition typically appears during childhood or adolescence, often around the time of puberty, and progresses slowly for about ten years. Both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive inheritance has been reported. Mutations in the HPGD gene have been found in those with the autosomal recessive form of this condition.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Pachydermoperiostosis ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Pachydermoperiostosis? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Pachydermoperiostosis. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Abnormal cortical bone morphology 90% Abnormality of epiphysis morphology 90% Abnormality of the fontanelles or cranial sutures 90% Bone pain 90% Osteomyelitis 90% Seborrheic dermatitis 90% Abnormal hair quantity 50% Abnormality of the fingernails 50% Abnormality of the knees 50% Abnormality of the scalp 50% Abnormality of the tibia 50% Acne 50% Arthralgia 50% Arthritis 50% Clubbing of toes 50% Coarse facial features 50% Joint swelling 50% Limitation of joint mobility 50% Osteoarthritis 50% Osteolysis 50% Ptosis 50% Abnormality of the gastric mucosa 7.5% Anemia 7.5% Aseptic necrosis 7.5% Cerebral palsy 7.5% Deviation of finger 7.5% Gastrointestinal hemorrhage 7.5% Genu varum 7.5% Growth hormone excess 7.5% Gynecomastia 7.5% Hepatomegaly 7.5% Impaired temperature sensation 7.5% Malabsorption 7.5% Neoplasm of the lung 7.5% Neoplasm of the skin 7.5% Palmoplantar keratoderma 7.5% Reduced bone mineral density 7.5% Scoliosis 7.5% Short palm 7.5% Splenomegaly 7.5% Arthropathy - Autosomal dominant inheritance - Autosomal recessive inheritance - Clubbing - Clubbing of fingers - Congenital onset - Cutis gyrata of scalp - Disproportionate tall stature - Eczematoid dermatitis - High palate - Hyperhidrosis - Large fontanelles - Long clavicles - Osteolytic defects of the phalanges of the hand - Osteopenia - Osteoporosis - Palmoplantar hyperkeratosis - Patent ductus arteriosus - Pectus excavatum - Periosteal thickening of long tubular bones - Redundant skin - Thickened calvaria - Thickened skin - Wormian bones - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What are the treatments for Pachydermoperiostosis ?
Answer: How might pachydermoperiostosis be treated? Treatment for pachydermoperiostosis mainly focuses on the specific signs and symptoms present in each individual. Bone and joint pain may be treated with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids or colchicine. A vagotomy, a surgical procedure in which certain branches of the vagus nerve are cut, may in some instances improve joint pain and swelling. Skin-related symptoms may be treated with retinoids. Plastic surgery may be performed to improve facial appearance in some individuals. Surgery may also be performed to treat clubbing of fingers and/or toes.
Question:  What is (are) Mondor disease ?
Answer: Mondor disease is a rare condition that is characterized by scarring and inflammation of the veins located just beneath the skin of the chest. The affected veins are initially red and tender and subsequently become a painless, tough, fibrous band that is accompanied by tension and retraction of the nearby skin. In most cases, the condition is benign and resolves on its own; however, Mondor disease can rarely be associated with breast cancer. Although the condition most commonly affects the chest, Mondor disease of other body parts (including the penis, groin, and abdomen) has been described, as well. Mondor disease is thought to occur when pressure or trauma on the veins causes blood to stagnate. In most cases, the condition arises after recent breast surgery, but it can also be associated with physical strain and/or tight-fitting clothing (i.e. bras). Treatments are available to help relieve symptoms until the condition resolves.
Question:  What are the symptoms of Torg Winchester syndrome ?
Answer: What are the signs and symptoms of Torg Winchester syndrome? The Human Phenotype Ontology provides the following list of signs and symptoms for Torg Winchester syndrome. If the information is available, the table below includes how often the symptom is seen in people with this condition. You can use the MedlinePlus Medical Dictionary to look up the definitions for these medical terms. Signs and Symptoms Approximate number of patients (when available) Arthropathy - Coarse facial features - Corneal opacity - Generalized osteoporosis - Gingival overgrowth - Osteolysis involving bones of the feet - Osteolysis involving bones of the upper limbs - The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) has collected information on how often a sign or symptom occurs in a condition. Much of this information comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. The frequency of a sign or symptom is usually listed as a rough estimate of the percentage of patients who have that feature. The frequency may also be listed as a fraction. The first number of the fraction is how many people had the symptom, and the second number is the total number of people who were examined in one study. For example, a frequency of 25/25 means that in a study of 25 people all patients were found to have that symptom. Because these frequencies are based on a specific study, the fractions may be different if another group of patients are examined. Sometimes, no information on frequency is available. In these cases, the sign or symptom may be rare or common.
Question:  What is (are) Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids ?
Answer: Hereditary diffuse leukoencephalopathy with spheroids (HDLS) is a neurological condition characterized by changes to certain areas of the brain. A hallmark of HDLS is leukoencephalopathy, which is damage to a type of brain tissue called white matter. Another common finding is axon damage due to swellings called spheroids. Damage to myelin and axons is thought to contribute to many of the neurological signs and symptoms seen in people with this condition, including the personality changes, loss of memory, changes in motor skills and dementia. HDLS is caused by mutations in the CSF1R gene. It is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.