system: [SYSTEM]

user: 4. 展开方法 在独立口语中，大部分中国考生的痛点集中在如何进行细节展开。托福官方指南的独立题目评分标准中指出，满分的答案需要做到well-developed和sufficient [ 3 ] 15秒有限的准备时间内，大部分考生可以想到1~2个理由。但是如何把想到的理由进行细节论述，需要使用不同的修辞方法，即展开方法。根据Stirling， B.，托福中常用的修辞方法有cause-and-effect， compare-and-contrast， illustration， narration， process， description， definition， classification共八种。 [ 6 ] 本文接下来将会以TPO48 Task2为例：Some people like to shop in large grocery stores and department stores. Other people prefer to shop in small specialty stores or shops. Which do you prefer? Explain why. [ 3 ] 讲解八种修辞方法在托福独立口语中的运用。 4.1. 因果Cause-and-Effect 因果即围绕给出的理由陈述前因后果。如在前面的范例答案1中，为了论证在大超市购物更加方便，可以先陈述前因：In the supermarket， there is a variety of products to choose from. 之后得出后果：So I can get everything I need all in one place. 4.2. 对比Compare and Contrast 对比可以用来描述两个或多个人，事物以及观点的不同和相同之处。 [ 6 ] 使用对比论证时，考生可以尝试针对理由先说自己选择的选项的好处，再反过来陈述一下另外一个选项有哪些缺点，这样也可以让我们的论证更加细节。如在论证shopping in a big supermarket is more convenient这个理由时，也可以采取对比论证，先说在大超市购物如何方便： When you go to a big supermarket， you can get all the things you need in one trip as you can find literally everything in there. 再解释在小的专门店购物如何不方便： Whereas if you shop in small specialty stores， you need to make multiple trips. Maybe to the butcher’s for some meat， and the coffeeshop for some coffee， then to the baker’s to get some bread， which can be quite troublesome， especially if these places are far away from each other. 4.3. 举例子Illustration 在举例子时，可以尝试针对大的、较为宽泛的概念进行列举。举例论证可以使观点更加有说服力，使抽象的概念更容易理解。 [ 11 ] 如In the supermarket， there is a variety of products to choose from. So I can get everything I need all in one place. 这个细节论述中，everything是一个较为宽泛的概念，所以可以尝试列举在超市可以买到的东西，you know， from vegetables， fruits， snacks to even electronics and clothes and stuff. 来细化everything这个概念。 当然，也可以围绕理由给出个人经历来进行例证。如在范例答案2中使用的烧烤的例子：For example， I held a barbecue party at my house last week with some of my friends， and I had a very long shopping list. So， I just went to the supermarket in my neighborhood and did my shopping there， and I got everything I need， from vegetables， fruits， meat， drinks and snacks and even some coals for the barbecue. It really helped save a lot time compared with running from different stores. 但是在举个人经历的时候，需要考生注意，例子一定要足够细节。可以尝试在平时练习举例时使用5W1H的方法来填充细节。即：What， Where， When， Who， Why以及How。 [ 12 ] What was the occasion? — A barbecue party. Where was it? — At my house. When was it? — Last Week. Who was there? — Some of my friends. Why did you go shopping in a big supermarket? — Because I had a very long shopping list. How was it convenient? — I got everything I need， from vegetables， fruits， meat， drinks and snacks and even some coals for the barbecue. It really helped save a lot time compared with running from different stores. 4.4. 叙述Narration 叙述是一种把事件按照时间先后顺序描述的修辞方法。 [ 6 ] 如在论证shopping in large grocery stores and department stores is more efficient and fast这个理由时，可以使用narration的方法进行论证：Yesterday I got up at 8AM， and then I got a call from my friends saying that they wanted to come over for lunch. So after that I quickly had my breakfast and dropped by the supermarket in my neighborhood and picked up a few things that I want to cook. Then I got back home at 10AM and started cooking. By the time they arrived， the food was already served on the table. 4.5. 过程Process 过程与叙述类似，同样描述了时间顺序。但是进程是一种把事件按照优先顺序上的先后进行描述的修辞方法。 [ 6 ] 使用在例题当中，如果想要描述shopping in small specialty stores is super inconvenient，可以使用process的修辞方法。如：Imagine you need to pick up a few things from the butcher’s and the green grocer’s. First， you will need to drive to the butcher’s. Then， find a place to park. Next， go there and pick up the things you want. Then， walk all the way back to your car and put everything in the trunk. And then drive to the green grocer’s， and do all these thing all over again. It is just so troublesome. 在此答案中，通过描述开车去肉店和蔬菜店的过程，可以论述去小商店购物有多么不方便。 4.6. 描述Description 描述的修辞方法通过使用形容词和副词在读者/听者的脑海里形成一幅画面。在使用描述时，可以描述口感，观感，触感，味道以及声音。 [ 6 ] 在例题中，如果想要描述the vegetables and fruits in the greengrocer’s is usually fresher than in the supermarket. 可以说In the supermarket， the food is usually pre-packaged. But in a greengrocer’s， you can see everything lying on the shelves， and decide whether the fruits and vegetables are fresh or not， you can pick it up and smell it， and if the shop owner is nice， you can even taste it before you buy it. 4.7. 下定义 Definition 定义是对于人，事，物或地点的详细描述。下定义的目的是为了给读者/听者可能陌生的概念进行解释说明。 [ 6 ] 针对本道例题，可以说In the supermarket， you can literally find anything that you want. For example， there was one time when I really needed a HDMI cable，which is a cable you use to transmit video and audio signals between devices， for my presentation， and I could not find it in any shop near my apartment. Then I decided tocheck out the supermarket and eventually found it there. 在以上的回答中，HDMI cable可能对于听者来说是一个陌生的概念，所以需要下定义：…I really needed a HDMI cable， which is a cable you use to transmit video and audio signals between devices…来辅助理解。 4.8. 分类Classification 分类是把人，事，物按照种类、等级或性质分别归类。 [ 6 ] 在本题中，如果想要论述You can easily find what you want in a supermarket. 可以使用classification说：because in a supermarket， they categorize everything by aisles， so you can easily find dry goods， frozen goods， cleaning products and so on. 在以上的回答中，dry goods， frozen goods， cleaning products就是把超市中常见的商品分类，并结合超市会按照通道来划分区域，来解释很容易找到自己想要的东西。 以上八种都是在独立口语答题时非常好用的细节展开的方法，考生们可以在自己平时的练习过程中尝试加以运用，锻炼自己输出细节的能力，从而在考场上能够在有限的时间内，给出详尽的细节论述。