system: [SYSTEM]

user: 2. 化学成分研究 2.1. 芭蕉根的化学成分研究 芭蕉根是贵州特色苗药，目前报道的芭蕉根化学成分多达157个，包括酮类、醇类、醛类、烯烃和酸类等化合物，其中醇类化合物为36个，占总发现化合物的23.684%，其次为酮类化合物33个，占总化合物的21.711%，而醛类和酯类化合物各为26、24个，分别占总化合物的17.105%和15.789%，酸类成分数量较少，占总化合物的6.579% [ 8 ] - [ 15 ]。关于芭蕉根的化学成分研究多集中于小极性部位，如从芭蕉根乙酸乙酯部位提取分离得到2′，3，4′-三羟基黄酮(32)、3，3'-双羟基苯甲酮(40)和2，4-二羟基-9-(4′-羟基苯基)-菲烯酮(30)、羽扇豆酮(56)、β-谷甾醇(57)等化学成分。此外，芭蕉根还体现出了较好的食用价值，芭蕉根中含有的16种氨基酸，包含有苏氨酸、甘氨酸等7种人体必须氨基酸及蛋白 [ 16 ] [ 17 ]。芭蕉根中含有的化合物见表1。 Table 1 The main chemical components of Musa basjoo rhizom 序号 No. 英文名字 English Name 参考文献 Ref. 1 1-octadecene [ 9 ] 2 (E)-β-farnesene [ 15 ] 3 (E)-Caryophyllene [ 15 ] 4 1-pentadecene [ 13 ] 5 1-docosene [ 9 ] 6 1-hexadecene [ 9 ] 7 1-tetradecene [ 9 ] 8 α-Calacorene [ 15 ] 9 α-Cubebene [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 10 α-copaene [ 13 ] 11 α-Garjunene [ 15 ] 12 α-Copaene [ 15 ] 13 α-Selinene [ 15 ] 14 β-Elemene [ 15 ] 15 γ-cadinene [ 13 ] 16 Styrene [ 15 ] 17 calamenene [ 13 ] 18 Junipene [ 15 ] 19 Selin-4，7(11)-diene [ 15 ] 20 squalene [ 13 ] 21 Cadina-1，4-diene [ 15 ] 22 Calarene [ 15 ] 23 α-Ylangene [ 15 ] 24 2-tridecanone [ 13 ] 25 2，3-octanedione [ 9 ] 26 (4E， 6E)-1，7-bis (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl) hepta-4，6-dien-3-one [ 10 ] 27 (E， E)-3，5-Octadien-2-one [ 15 ] 28 2-nonanone [ 13 ] 29 2，3-Octanedione [ 15 ] 30 2，4-dihydroxy-9-(4′-hydroxyphe nyl)-phenalenone [ 8 ] [ 15 ] 31 2，6-di (t-butyl)-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2，5-cyclohexadien-1-one [ 9 ] 32 2′，3，4′-trihydroxyflavone [ 8 ] [ 15 ] 33 2-Butanone [ 15 ] 34 2-Heptanone [ 15 ] 35 2-methoxy-9-phenyl-phenalen-l-one [ 10 ] 36 2-hydroxy-4-(p-methoxyphenyl)-phenalen-1-one [ 10 ] 37 2-hydroxy-9-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-1H-phenalen-1-one [ 11 ] 38 2-Nonanone [ 15 ] 39 2-Vndecanone [ 15 ] 40 3，3′-bis-hydroxyanigorufone [ 8 ] [ 15 ] 41 3-Methyl-4-Heptanone [ 15 ] 42 3-methyl-Hexan-2-one [ 15 ] 43 3-Octen-2-one [ 15 ] 44 3-oxo-7，8-dihydro-α-ionone [ 9 ] 45 4′-dehydroxyirenolone [ 10 ] 46 4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-9-phenyl-1H-phenalen-1-one [ 10 ] 47 5-methyl-3-methylene-5-Hexen-2-one [ 15 ] 48 6-methyl-5-Hepten-2-one [ 15 ] 49 (E， E)-farnesylacetone [ 13 ] 50 (E)-ocimenone [ 13 ] 51 piperitenone [ 13 ] 52 2-heptanone [ 13 ] 53 Camphor [ 15 ] 54 (E)-geranylacetone [ 13 ] 55 irenolone [ 8 ] [ 10 ] [ 15 ] 56 lupenone [ 14 ] 57 β-sitosterol [ 14 ] 58 (S)-3-ethyl-4-Methylpentanol [ 15 ] 59 10-epi-γ-eudesmol [ 13 ] 60 1-Hexanol [ 15 ] 61 1-Pentanol [ 15 ] 62 1-Penten-3-ol [ 15 ] 63 1-Octen-3-ol [ 15 ] 64 2-ethylhexanol [ 13 ] 65 24-methylenecycloartanol [ 9 ] 66 benzeneethanol [ 9 ] 67 2-methyl-1-Butanol [ 15 ] 68 2-methyl-2-hexanol [ 9 ] 69 2-methyl-4-Heptanol [ 15 ] 70 2-ethyl-1-Hexanol [ 15 ] 71 3-methyl-1-Butanol [ 15 ] 72 3-Methyl-2-Hexanol [ 15 ] 73 3-methyl-3-hexanol [ 9 ] 74 3-methyl-4-Heptanol [ 15 ] 75 3-Octanol [ 15 ] 76 L-linalool [ 13 ] 77 p-cymen-8-ol [ 9 ] 78 α-terpineol [ 9 ] 79 1-α-terpineol [ 13 ] 80 α-cedrol [ 13 ] 81 Stigmasterol [ 15 ] 82 dihydro terpineol [ 9 ] 83 trans-(1S，2S)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-acenaphthene-1，2-diol [ 10 ] 84 linalool [ 9 ] [ 15 ] 85 Heptanol [ 15 ] 86 Nonanol [ 15 ] 87 Hexadecanol [ 15 ] 88 cis-3-phenyl-acenaphthene-1，2-diol [ 10 ] 89 Ethanol [ 15 ] 90 Isobutanol [ 15 ] 91 1-hexanol [ 13 ] 92 phytol [ 13 ] 93 (E)-2-nonenal [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 94 (E， E)-2，4-heptadienal [ 13 ] 95 (Z)-4-heptenal [ 13 ] 96 (E)-2-Octenal [ 15 ] 97 (Z)-3-Hexenal [ 15 ] 98 (Z)-4-Heptenal [ 15 ] 99 (E)-2-Butanal [ 15 ] 100 17-octadecenal [ 13 ] 101 2-methyl-Butanal [ 15 ] 102 3，4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde [ 8 ] [ 15 ] 103 3-methyl-Butanal [ 15 ] 104 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde [ 11 ] 105 9，12-Octadecadienal [ 15 ] 106 benzaldehyde [ 9 ] [ 13 ] 107 decanal [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 108 E-2-hexanal [ 13 ] 109 nonanal [ 9 ] [ 13 ] 110 Hexadecanal [ 15 ] 111 tetradecanal [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 112 pentadecanal [ 13 ] 113 heptenal [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 114 Pentanal [ 15 ] 115 octanal [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 116 Isobutanal [ 15 ] 117 hexanal [ 13 ] [ 15 ] 118 hexadecanal [ 13 ] 119 atraric acid [ 9 ] 120 nonoic acid [ 9 ] 121 myristic acid [ 9 ] 122 pentadecanoic acid [ 9 ] 123 vanillic acid [ 11 ] 124 linoleic acid [ 9 ] 125 oleic acid [ 9 ] 126 lauric acid [ 9 ] 127 palmitic acid [ 9 ] [ 13 ] [ 14 ] 128 Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate [ 15 ] 129 γ-nonalactone [ 9 ] 130 ethyl ferulate [ 11 ] 131 Methyl plamitate [ 15 ] 132 Ethyl propionate [ 15 ] 133 butyl butylate [ 9 ] 134 bis-(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate [ 10 ] 135 trans-phydroxycinnamic acid ethyl ester [ 11 ] 136 Methyl caproate [ 15 ] 137 Ethyl Caproate [ 15 ] 138 methyl glycol phthalate [ 9 ] 139 Phthalic acid-(2-ethyl) hexyl ester [ 11 ] 140 dibutyl phthalate [ 11 ] 141 methyl ester 7，10，13-hexadecatrienoic acid [ 13 ] 142 Diethyl carbonate [ 15 ] 143 methyl linolenate [ 13 ] 144 Octodecyl acetate [ 9 ] 145 Bornyl acetate [ 15 ] 146 Butyl acetate [ 15 ] 147 Methyl acetate [ 15 ] 148 Ethyl acetate [ 15 ] 149 Isoamyl acetate [ 15 ] 150 Ethyl isobutyrate [ 15 ] 151 methyl palmitate [ 9 ] 152 ethyl palmitate [ 9 ] 153 cis-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-acenaphthene-1，2-diol [ 18 ] 154 trans-(1S，2S)-3-phenyl-acenaphthene-1，2-diol [ 18 ] 155 8-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-acenaphthylen-1-one [ 18 ] 156 rel-(3S，4aR，10bR)-3-(4′-methoxyphenyl)-8-hydroxy-9-methoxy-4a，5，6，10b-tetrahydro-3H-naphtho[2，1-b] [ 19 ] 157 7-hydroxy-2-phenylnaphthalene-1-carboxylic acid ethyl ester [ 19 ] 表1. 芭蕉根的主要化学成分 2.2. 芭蕉茎的化学成分研究 目前对于芭蕉茎化学成分方面的研究较少，在芭蕉茎中共鉴定出化合物67个，其中醛类化合物有17个，占总化合物的25.373%，其次是醇类化合物，占总化合物的23.881%，而酯、酮类化合物较少，分别占总化合物的19.403%和20.90% [ 15 ]。另有报道芭蕉假茎中含388.21 mg/g的总糖、113.95 mg/g的还原糖和6.79 g/100g的氨基酸 [ 20 ]。芭蕉茎的主要化学成分见表2。 Table 2 The main chemical components of Musa basjoo pseudoste 序号 No. 英文名字 English Name 参考文献 Ref. 158 Ethanal [ 15 ] 159 Isobutanal [ 15 ] 160 (E)-2-Butanal [ 15 ] 161 (Z)-2-Butenal [ 15 ] 162 3-methyl-Butenal [ 15 ] 163 2-methyl-Butenal [ 15 ] 164 Pentanal [ 15 ] 165 Hexanal [ 15 ] 166 (Z)-3-Hexenal [ 15 ] 167 (Z)-4-Heptenal [ 15 ] 168 Heptanal [ 15 ] 169 (E)-2-Heptenal [ 15 ] 170 Octanal [ 15 ] 171 (E)-2-Octenal [ 15 ] 172 Nonanal [ 15 ] 173 Decanal [ 15 ] 174 1，3，4-trimethyl-3-cycloh exene-1-carboxaldehyde [ 15 ] 175 Ethanol [ 15 ] 176 Isobutanol [ 15 ] 177 1-Butanol [ 15 ] 178 1-Penten-3-ol [ 15 ] 179 3-methyl-1-Butanol [ 15 ] 180 2-methyl-1-Butanol [ 15 ] 181 1-Pentanol [ 15 ] 182 3-Methyl-3-Hexanol [ 15 ] 183 1-Hexanol [ 15 ] 184 3-Methyl-2-Hexanol [ 15 ] 185 Heptanol [ 15 ] 186 1-Octen-3-ol [ 15 ] 187 2-ethyl-1-Hexanol [ 15 ] 188 Linalool [ 15 ] 189 Nonanol [ 15 ] 190 α-Terpineol [ 15 ] 191 2-Butanone [ 15 ] 192 3-methyl-Hexan-2-one [ 15 ] 193 5-methyl-3-methylene-5-Hexen-2-one [ 15 ] 194 2-Heptanone [ 15 ] 195 3-Methyl-4-Heptanone [ 15 ] 196 2，3-Octanedione [ 15 ] 197 6-methyl-5-Hepten-2-one [ 15 ] 198 3-Ochen-2-one [ 15 ] 199 (E， E)-3，5-Octadien-2-one [ 15 ] 200 2-Nonanone [ 15 ] 201 Camphor [ 15 ] 202 2-Vndecanone [ 15 ] 203 α-Ionone [ 15 ] 204 β-Ionone [ 15 ] 205 Methyl acetate [ 15 ] 206 Ethyl acetate [ 15 ] 207 Ethyl propionate [ 15 ] 208 Ethyl isobutyrate [ 15 ] 209 Diethyl carbonate [ 15 ] 210 Butyl acetate [ 15 ] 211 Ethyl-2-methylbutyrate [ 15 ] 212 Isoamyl acetate [ 15 ] 213 Ethyl Caproate [ 15 ] 214 Bornyl acetate [ 15 ] 215 Methyl myristate [ 15 ] 216 Methyl palmitate [ 15 ] 217 Ethyl pentadecanoate [ 15 ] 218 Styrene [ 15 ] 219 β-Elemene [ 15 ] 220 Junipene [ 15 ] 221 Calamenene [ 15 ] 222 10-Heneicosene [ 15 ] 223 (Z)-Limonene oxide [ 15 ] 224 11-Tricosene [ 15 ] 表2. 芭蕉茎的主要化学成分 2.3. 芭蕉叶的化学成分研究 目前已鉴定出芭蕉叶的化学成分共85个，包括醇类、醛类、酮类、酯类、烯烃和酸类化合物等。其中醇类化合物最多为28个，占总化合物的32.941%，其次是醛类，占总化合物的18.824%，而酮、烯烃类化合物分别为14和13个，占总化合物的16.471%和15.294%，酯类和酸类化合物较少，各占比为12.941%和2.353% [ 21 ] [ 22 ]。芭蕉叶的主要化学成分见表3。 Table 3 The main chemical components of Musa basjoo lea 序号 No. 英文名字 English Name 参考文献 Ref. 225 1-Hexanol [ 15 ] 226 1-Pentanol [ 15 ] 227 1-Penten-3-ol [ 15 ] 228 1-Octen-3-ol [ 15 ] 229 2，4，4-trimethyl-2-Cyclohexen-1-ol [ 15 ] 230 2-heptanol [ 22 ] 231 2-hexenol [ 22 ] 232 2-methyl-1-Butanol [ 15 ] 233 2-ethylhexylalcohol [ 22 ] 234 3，7-dimethyl-1，6-octadiene-3-alcohol [ 22 ] 235 3-hexenol [ 22 ] 236 3-methyl-1-Butanol [ 15 ] 237 3-Methy-2-Hexanol [ 15 ] 238 3-octanol [ 22 ] 239 4-methyl-1-(1-methyl ethyl) ringAlkyl-3-ene-1-ol [ 22 ] 240 α，α，4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-methanol [ 22 ] 241 α-ginsenol [ 22 ] 242 Benzenemethanol [ 21 ] 243 Linalool [ 15 ] 244 Alcohol already [ 22 ] 245 spathulenol [ 22 ] 246 Pentanol [ 15 ] 247 Neoisomenthol [ 15 ] 248 Cedar alcohol [ 22 ] 249 Ethanol [ 15 ] 250 Isobutanol [ 15 ] 251 Guaiacol [ 22 ] 252 Plant alcohol [ 22 ] 253 (E)-2-Heptenal [ 15 ] 254 (E， E)-2，4-heptadienyl aldehyde [ 22 ] 255 (Z)-3-Hexenal [ 15 ] [ 22 ] 256 (Z)-2-Butenal [ 15 ] 257 1，3，4-trimethyl-3-cyclohexene-1-carboxaldehyde [ 15 ] 258 2-methyl-Butanal [ 15 ] 259 3-methyl-Butanal [ 15 ] 260 Benzaldehyde [ 22 ] 261 Heptanal [ 15 ] 262 Hexanal [ 15 ] 263 Nonanal [ 15 ] 264 Hexadecanal [ 15 ] 265 Pentanal [ 15 ] 266 Octyl aldehyde [ 15 ] [ 22 ] 267 Isobutanal [ 15 ] 268 Palmitic aldehyde [ 22 ] 269 2，3-Octanedione [ 15 ] 270 2-Butanone [ 15 ] 271 2-sec-Butylcyclopentanone [ 21 ] 272 3-[(E)-4'，8'-Dimethyl-3'，7'-nonadienyl]-3-cyclohexe nyl methyl ketone [ 21 ] 273 3-methyl-Hexan-2-one [ 15 ] 274 6-methyl-5-Hepten-2-one [ 15 ] 275 α-Ionone [ 15 ] 276 β-Ionone [ 15 ] 277 Pyrrolidin-2-one [ 21 ] 278 Camphor [ 15 ] 279 Hexahydrofarnesylacetone [ 21 ] 280 Bicyclic[2，2，1]-1，7，7-trimethyl (1R)-2-heptanone [ 15 ] 281 tetrahydroionone [ 21 ] 282 Geranyl acetone [ 22 ] 283 Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate [ 15 ] 284 4，8，12，16-Tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide [ 21 ] 285 Ethyl benzene [ 15 ] 286 Ethyl Caproate [ 15 ] 287 Palmitic acid ethyl ester [ 21 ] 288 Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate [ 21 ] 289 Dihydroactinidiolide [ 21 ] 290 Methy acetate [ 15 ] 291 Ethyl acetate [ 15 ] 292 Ethyl isobutyrate [ 15 ] 293 Methyl Stearate [ 15 ] 294 Glyceryl palmitate [ 21 ] 295 1-Docosene (CAS) [ 21 ] 296 α-Cubebene [ 15 ] 297 α-Muurolene [ 15 ] 298 β-Elemene [ 15 ] 299 σ-Cadinene [ 15 ] 300 Styrene [ 15 ] 301 Gu Ba ene [ 22 ] 302 Junipene [ 15 ] 303 caryophyllene [ 22 ] 304 neophytadiene [ 21 ] 305 α-Copaene [ 15 ] 306 (+)-Cycloisosativene [ 15 ] 307 α-Ylangene [ 15 ] 308 syringic acid [ 22 ] 309 palmitic acid [ 21 ] [ 22 ] 表3. 芭蕉叶的主要化学成分 2.4. 芭蕉花的化学成分研究 芭蕉花中鉴别出化合物24个，包括烯烃类、醛类、醇类和酸类化合物等。其中烯烃类化合物较为丰富，其次为酯类化合物 [ 6 ] [ 11 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ]。此外，有学者发现有花粉和无花粉的芭蕉花化合物存在一定差异，在有花粉中芭蕉花中鉴定出了亚油酸丁酯和棕榈酸乙酯等化学成分，而在无花粉的芭蕉花中鉴定出了2-甲基丁醛和壬醛等化学成分 [ 25 ]。芭蕉花主要化学成分见表4。 Table 4 The main chemical components of Musa basjoo flowe 序号 No. 英文名字 English Name 参考文献 Ref. 311 Nonacosene [ 6 ] 312 11-Tricosene [ 6 ] 313 10-Heneicosene [ 6 ] 314 1，19-Eicosadiene [ 6 ] 315 (Z)-9-Tricosene [ 6 ] 316 (Z)-12-Pentacosene [ 6 ] 317 (E， E)-2，4-Decadienal [ 6 ] 318 Pentadecanal [ 6 ] 319 Tetradecanal [ 6 ] 320 Octadecanal [ 6 ] 321 Nonanal [ 6 ] 322 Heptanal [ 6 ] 323 buein [ 23 ] 324 (E)-2-Nonenal [ 6 ] 325 Sterol [ 11 ] 326 1-Hexacosanol [ 6 ] 327 (2R，3S)-5，7，3'，4'，5'-pentahydroxyflavonol [ 23 ] 328 Ethyl palmitate [ 6 ] 329 Caffeic acid methyl ester [ 23 ] 330 3-(3，4-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-(3，4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-methoxycarbonyl ethyl [ 23 ] 331 (Z)-14-Tricosenyl formate [ 6 ] 332 1，7-bis(3，4-dihydroxyphenyl)-heptane [ 23 ] 333 Palmitic acid [ 6 ] 334 Linoleic acid [ 6 ] 表4. 芭蕉花主要化学成分