system: [SYSTEM]

user: 5. 案例详解 5.1. TOEFL Primary 2级阅读官方样题中的批判思维考查 首先，按照布鲁姆的思维等级划分，记忆回溯(remember and recall)是最低级别的思维技巧(skill set)。意思是从记忆中检索重复信息或某概念的能力，也是人类幼儿从蹒跚学步起，接触数字，字母，颜色等等信息以后，最先开始调用的能力。这一技能当中的具体动作包括：数数，涂鸦，简单描述，识别，打标签，罗列，匹配，引用，回忆，背诵，搜寻，选择，列队，简单讲述等。 比记忆回溯(remembering and recalling)高一个等级的思维能力称为理解(understanding)，在早期教育阶段涉及最多，要求学生能够做到解读，推断，建构意义，解释多种来源的信息。阅读是最常见的理解技能运用流程。这一技能当中的具体动作包括：总结，识别，例证，解释，预测，重评，回顾，报告，意译。 再接下来更高一级的思维技巧叫应用(applying)。意思是在新的条件下运用习得的材料。或在新境况下执行材料。通常应用这个思维技巧会于中学阶段习得，其中的具体动作包括：应用，连贯的表达，列表，计算，解释说明，报告，角色扮演，解决问题，应用等。 下面我们以TOEFL Primary官方样题为例，具体分析一下各个题目对应的思维能力等级以及具体动作分类： 5.1.1. 题型一：议论文阅读 P20 (32， 33) Hot air balloons are special balloons that are very large and can fly in the sky. Hot air balloons can even carry people! People can stand in big baskets attached to the bottom of the balloon and fly up in the air. The balloon floats up into the air because of hot air. When air is heated， it becomes lighter and it rises on top of the colder air. That’s why there is a small flame at the bottom of the balloon. This small fire heats the air inside the balloon. The hot， light air inside the balloon causes it to go up into the air. 1. Why does hot air rise? (A) Because it is light (B) Because it is clean (C) Because it is small 2. What is the reading about? (A) When to travel in a hot air balloon (B) Who rides hot air balloons (C) How hot air balloons fly 原文结构是这样的，首先给出文章内容主题，关于热气球，泛泛介绍了一下热气球能升空还能载人。接下来就升空这一特点给出原理和流程，因为热空气比冷空气轻，所以当气球底端的火焰加热空气的时候，轻的热空气会往上飘，并聚集于气球顶端，气球就飞起来了。 题目1：考查为何轻气球会飞，需要理解原文中的因果关系以后解释说明，故而动作定义为demonstration，思维等级属于3级Apply。 题目2：是标准的主旨题，询问全文主旨是什么，故而动作属于conclude总结，思维等级属于2级understanding理解。 Animals protect themselves from danger in many different ways. Some animals changes colors so other animals cannot see them. The white-faced owl is a bird that has an interesting way to scare away other animals. White-faced owls changes their shape when they meet dangerous animals. For example， if the owl sees another animal that is the same size， the owl will puff its feathers and wings so that it looks really big. But if this owl sees a large bird， it will make itself look very thin， as if it is sick. These owls pretend to be sick and thin so that larger birds will not want to eat them. 1. What is the reading about? (A) How an animal protects itself (B) How an animal changes color (C) How animals talk to one another 2. When does a white-faced owl look sick and thin? (A) When it sees a bird of the same size (B) When it sees a smaller bird (C) When it sees a larger bird 本文考查两道题目，其中第一题和前文第二题相同，属于标准主旨题，询问全文主旨是什么，故而动作属于conclude总结，思维等级属于2级understanding理解。 第二题考查原文用什么证明了动物如何保护自己的具体事件，猫头鹰看到比自己大的动物会让自己看上去病态且瘦弱，属于例证，故而动作定义为illustrate，属于2级思维understanding。 5.1.2. 题型二：手工流程 How to Make a Puppet If you have one sock but not the other， what can you do? Have some fun and make a puppet! A puppet is a toy you put on your hand. Learn how to make on with a sock. Things you need: • One sock • Glue • A pair of scissors • 2 buttons • Colored paper Directions: 1) Put your hand inside the socks. Practice opening and closing the sock with your hand so it looks like a mouth talking. 2) Now that you know where the puppet’s mouth is， you need to decide where you want to put the eyes. Take your hand out of the puppet and glue two buttons where you want the eyes to be. 3) With scissors， cut the colors paper into long pieces. This is the puppet’s hair. 4) Take one of the long pieces of colored paper and put some glue on one end. Glue it above the puppet’s eyes. Do this for each piece of paper. Now your puppet has hair. Your puppet is done. Now you can play with your puppet and pretend that it can talk. You can even put on a show for your family and friends! 1. What do you need for the first step? (A) Sock (B) Two buttons (C) Colored paper 2. What are the buttons used for? (A) The puppet’s eyes (B) The puppet’s hair (C) The puppet’s clothes 3. What is the last step before your puppet is done? (A) Gluing buttons on the sock (B) Gluing colored paper to the sock (C) Cutting colored paper into pieces 题目1：要求学生找出第一步所需的材料，具体动作属于sequence，列步骤，思维等级属于一级 remembering and recalling记忆回溯。 题目2：要求学生找出纽扣的用法，需要学生阅读directions当中的第二个步骤如何做一个木偶的脸之后，的出结论，纽扣是当眼睛用的，因而动作定义为Identify，属于一级remembering and recalling 题目3：考查木偶完成之前的最后一步。要求学生首先能够remembering and recalling 到最后一个自然段的定位点“Your puppet is done.” 之后阅读step 4，在木偶完成之前的最后一步是粘头发，动作recall，思维层级1级，remembering and recalling. 5.1.3. 题型三：小说 Read a story about Amy and Betsy. Answer questions 1-4. “I want to go camping like you and Dad did a few weeks ago，” Betsy said to her older sister Amy. “I will like it.” “I am not so sure， Betsy，” Amy explained. “You need to be older， and you have to be brave in the forest. I think that the wild animals will scare you.” This made Betsy angry. If her sister could do it， she could， too! She wanted to show Amy that she was brave. “Amy， we can ask mom if we can camp out tonight in the yard behind our house. I can show you that I can stay out there the whole night and not be scared.” “That is a good idea， Betsy. And when you get scared， I will be there to take care of you!” Amy said， Betsy wanted to show that Amy was wrong. That night， Betsy and Amy were in a tent behind their house. They used two small flashlights to read books to each other. Amy tried to scare her sister， but Betsy was not scared. Suddenly， Betsy saw a dark shadow covering the side of the tent. She smiled because she knew that the shadow belonged to their cat， Max. Betsy turned to Amy， and Amy’s eyes were wide open. Amy shouted， “Wild animals!” Max burst into their tent， happy to see the children. Betsy was happy， too. She showed that she was not afraid to go camping. 1. What is the story about? (A) Taking care of a pet (B) Learning how to play a new game (C) Camping behind a house 2. Where did Amy go with her dad? (A) To the forest (B) To the park (C) To the school 3. Why did Amy and Betsy use flashlights? (A)To make shadows (B) To read books (C) To find their pet 4. Why did Betsy smile at the end of the story? (A) Because she saw her father (B) Because she knew the cat was outside the tent (C) Because she saw a wild animal 题目1：考查全文主旨，即小说主要内容。需要学生通读全文以后给出答案，因此动作定义为conclude，总结，思维等级属于understanding。 题目2：考查小说当中的一个小细节，即，Amy跟爸爸去哪里露营了，需要学生找到第二自然段人物对话中的in the forest，并在选项当中重复。所以动作定义为find，思维等级属于remembering and recalling。 题目3：第三题考查小说当中的一个情节，即，小姐妹一起用手电筒读书，需要学生首先定位flashlight出现的位置，即动作find，然后读情节，read the books，最后选出选项to read books，动作recall，跟find同属remembering and recalling。 题目4：本题考查Betsy微笑的原因，需要学生首先阅读整个情节，找到smile出现的位置，有标志词because，即首先find，思维等级属于remembering and recalling，接着得知她微笑的原因是知道影子属于宠物猫，动作属于explain，思维等级属于understanding。 5.1.4. 题型四：图表公告类阅读 例1： 1. Evan likes to learn about famous people from the past. He goes to the (A) 1st floor (B) 4th floor (C) 5th floor 答案answer：B 解析Explanation：根据题干中的“the past”可知，Evan想读的书籍跟历史相关，通知当中，历史书后面的波折号表示，书位于第四层。故而答案选B。 2. Carol has a library card and wants to check out a book. She goes to the (A) ground floor (B) 1st floor (C) 2nd floor 答案answer：B 解析Explanation：根据题干中的card可知，Carol要用卡check out books，因而舍弃(A) ground floor， 选择(B) 1st floor。 3. Ana plans to visit a country far away. She needs a book from the (A) 2nd floor (B) 3rd floor (C) 5th floor 答案：A 解析Explanation：根据题干中的visit a country可知，Ana需要出游，因而需要旅游书，去(A) 2nd floor找。 4. Gary wants to read about frogs. He goes to the (A) 1st floor (B) 2nd floor (C) 3rd floor 答案：C 解析Explanation：根据题干可知，Gary想读青蛙方面的知识，属于生物学science，因而要去(C) 3层找。 第一题：要求学生能够把famous people from the past summarize成history历史，故而思维等级是2： Understanding。 第二题：要求学生能够回原文去找到checkout，并重复ground floor这个单词。动作归属find and recall，均属于remembering and recalling。 第三题：要求学生能够理解visit a country faraway是travel的一种，属于illustrate，同属understanding。 第四题：frog属于science当中的biology，两个单词是例子和概念的关系，故而动作属于classify，思维等级4：analyzing。 例2： 1. What does Asher do on Wednesday? (A) Empty the trash (B) Wash the dishes (C) Clean his bedroom 答案：A 解析Explanation：本题考查的是值日表格的阅读。根据Asher，Wednesday这两个题干信息找到要倒垃圾这个信息。接着选(A)倒垃圾作为正确答案。 2. When does Veronika clean her bedroom? (A) Monday (B) Wednesday (C) Friday 答案：B 解析Explanation：根据题干，首先找到clean bedroom收拾卧室，再找到Veronika，对应的是周三，故而选B作为正确答案。 3. Who empties the trash on Friday? (A) Asher (B) Veronika (C) Byron 答案：C 解析Explanation：根据题干，首先找到empty the trash倒垃圾，再找到Friday周五，对应的是Byron，故而选C作为正确答案。 4. When does Asher wash the dishes? (A) Monday (B) Wednesday (C) Friday 答案：A 解析Explanation：根据题干，首先找到wash the dishes刷盘子，再找到Asher，对应的是Monday，故而选A作为正确答案。 本题设置均为，读图表，动作列表chart思维等级3：applying；接下来找信息并重述动作find and recall，思维等级1：remembering and recalling。 5.1.5. 题型五：读句子选词 例1：Seasons do this. Leaves do this. People do this when they put on different clothes. They_______. (A) end (B) change (C) fall 本题要求学生通过三个现象推测总结共同属性，动作属于compare and summarize。4级 analyzing和2级understanding同时发生。 例2：You borrowed a book from the library. You think it is on your table. You want to read it， but it is not there. The book is______. (A) owned (B) bought (C) lost 本题目要求学生基于题干给出的借书、预测在桌上，结果发现不在这三个现象，推测一个可能合理的结果，即，(C) lost，书丢了。动作为推测infer，思维等级4：analyzing。 例3：There are many things to drink in your kitchen. For example， you can drink some juice. Or， you can drink some water instead. You have a______. (A) friend (B) choice (C) gift 本题要求学生匹配情景与相应定义，同样时果汁和水，被人赠送的时候叫做gift，在厨房里自取的时候叫choice，动作compare and identify，思维等级同时启用1级remembering and recalling，以及4级 analyzing。 例4：You are waiting in line at the water fountain. Your friend is in front of you. She tells you to drink first. She tells you to____. (A) go ahead (B) calm down (C) pick out 本题要求学生匹配词汇在语境下的含义，即paraphrase，思维等级2：understanding。 例5：This word describe some colors. People use this work to talk about the light from the sun. This word can also describe a smart person. (A) clear (B) bright (C) clever 本题考查多义词。要求一个单词，能够同时具有描绘颜色，描绘光线，描绘人的功能。所以需要学生去比较compare三个单词，排除clever这个单功能词，再contrast对比clear和bright的不同，clear不可以描述人，所以选bright， 思维等级4：analyzing分析 例6：You have four piece of candy. You want to share the candy with three friends. You give on piece of candy to each friend. Now everyone has the same amount of candy. You are being______. (A) proud (B) fair (C) difficult 本题考查用两个事件进行推测，首先你有4块糖，分给3个朋友，每人一个。然而这并不足以让人定性这种行为的动机是为了fair公平，还是proud——为了炫耀自己糖多才分享的，还是第四块糖不知道怎么分difficult，才给了每人一个。因而需要加上另外一条证据作为辅助，everyone has the same amount，人人糖量一样才是目的。于是此时可以选择(B) fair公平。作为正确答案。动作compare and contrast， summarize。思维等级4：analyzing和思维等级2：understanding同时发生。 5.2. KET阅读中的批判思维考查 5.2.1. 题型一：Matching匹配 1. Young people and their parents may choose different meals. 2. You can eat here in the evenings。 3. The waitress will show you where to sit。 4. You can stay the night here. 5. You should not usually use this door to go outside. A. FIRE EXIT ONLY—NO ENTRANCE TO GARDEN. B. Bed and Breakfast Only ￡24.95. C. This way to the restaurant garden. E. Dinner is served in the restaurant. F. There is a special children’s menu-please ask your waitress. F. Galaxy Restaurant We have high chairs for young children. G. RIVERSIDE RESTAURANT: Please ask us to find you a table. H. Antec Computers: All staff must use light entrance 8 p.m.~6 a.m. 在做匹配是，学生首先需要阅读两列短文字信息，且尽力记住，在匹配的过程当中，首先用到的就是recall这个思维等级1：remembering and recalling的动作。 题目1：young people and their parents may choose different meals. 对应There is a special children’s menu-please ask your waitress，首先，要通过young people和children进行paraphrase来定位，different meal对应special menu。思维等级2：understanding。过程当中还要排除B、C、D、F、G这几个也关于饭馆的选项，同时排除F这个即关于饭馆，又提及young children，期间用到了compare and contrast，思维等级4：Analyzing分析。 题目2：You can eat here in the evenings 对应Dinner is served in the restaurant。同样用到compare and contrast，思维等级4：Analyzing分析。Paraphrase，思维等级2：understanding。 剩余的不多赘述，同样是1、2、4级别的思维技巧同时发生。 5.2.2. 题型二：Part 2填空 例1：On Saturdays， a lot of people visit the library where Elena works and it is always______. A. busy B. heavy C. strong 填空通常考查动词和形容词。形式如上，需要学生首先阅读题干，接着通过总结a lot of people visit the library 总结出busy，动作conclude，思维等级2：understanding。 例2: “The job is______because I meet a lot of different people.” Elena says. (A) friendly (B) interesting (C) favourite 原文题干给出because，可依此infer，Elena给这个工作下的褒义的形容的一句是见到很多不一样的人，接着contrast A、B、C三个选项，(A)友好和(C)最佳选择不匹配，因而选interesting。思维等级4：Analyzing 例3：Elena has to put all the books back on the_____shelf. (A) good (B) possible (C) right 本题题干中给出has to，引导学生思考，一个图书管理员必须，不得不做的是把书放回哪种架子上，此处已动用recalling，要求学生首先唤起常识。之后再compare and contrast，(A)好的，(B)可能的都不符合不得不，或者说“图书馆存书规矩”这一常识，故而选right对的。思维等级4：analyzing。 例4：Sometimes people______to return their books on time. A. think B. forget C. mind 本题的核心落点在于sometimes，由此副词，首先限定人们选择的动词的频率，且此动作是关于on time准时的。(A) think，(C) mind从语法上来说都可以放回空里，但是关于还书准时这件事情，think to是常识，频率过高，mind to需要特殊情景，是小概率事件，能够达到sometimes频率的事件，只有forget。需要考生做到compare and contrast，思维等级4。